Submarine Pen
Submarine Pen
pen Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Submarine pen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A submarine pen (UBootBunker in German) is a bunker that is
designed to protect submarines from air attack. The term is
generally applied to submarine bases constructed during World
War II, particularly in Germany and the occupied countries,
which were also known as Uboat pens (after the phrase "U
boat" to refer to German submarines).
Contents
1 Background
Surrendered German Uboats moored
2 General
outside the Dora 1 bunker in Trondheim,
3 Types of bunker Norway, May 1945
4 Locations
4.1 Germany
4.1.1 Bremen
4.1.2 Danzig
4.1.3 Hamburg
4.1.4 Helgoland
4.1.5 Kiel
4.1.6 Wilhelmshaven
4.2 France
4.2.1 Bordeaux
4.2.2 Brest
4.2.3 La Rochelle/La Pallice
4.2.4 Lorient
4.2.5 StNazaire
4.3 Norway
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4.3 Norway
4.3.1 Bergen
4.3.2 Trondheim
5 The Allied bombing offensive
6 Post War
6.1 Croatia
7 References
8 External links
Background
Among the first forms of protection for submarines were some opensided shelters with partial wooden
foundations that were constructed during the first World War. These structures were built at the time when
bombs were light enough to be dropped by hand from the cockpit. By the 1940s, the quality of aerial
weapons and the means to deliver them had improved markedly.[1]
The mid1930s saw the Naval Construction Office in Berlin give the problem serious thought. Various
factions in the navy were convinced protection for the expanding Uboat arm was required. An RAF raid on
the capital in 1940 plus the occupation of France and Great Britain's refusal to surrender was enough to
trigger a massive building programme of submarine pens and air raid shelters.
By the autumn of 1940, construction of the "Elbe II" bunker in Hamburg and "Nordsee III" on the island of
Heligoland was under way. Others swiftly followed.
General
It was soon realised that such a massive project was beyond the Kriegsmarine, the Todt Organisation (OT)
was brought in to oversee the administration of labour. The local supply of such items as sand, aggregate,
cement and timber was often a cause for concern. The steel required was mostly imported from Germany.
The attitudes of the people in France and Norway were significantly different. In France there was generally
no problem with the recruitment of men and the procurement of machinery and raw materials. It was a
different story in Norway. There, the local population were far more reluctant to help the Germans. Indeed,
most labour had to be brought in.[2] The ground selected for bunker construction was no help either: usually
being at the head of a fjord, the foundations and footings had to be hewn out of granite. Several metres of
silt also had to be overcome.[3] Many of the workers needed were forced labour, most especially the
concentration camp inmates supplied by the SS from camps near the pens.
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The incessant air raids caused serious disruption to the project, hampering the supply of material,
destroying machinery and harassing the workers. Machinery such as excavators, piledrivers, cranes,
floodlighting and concrete pumps (which were still a relatively new technology in the 1940s) was
temperamental, and in the case of steamdriven equipment, very noisy.[4]
Bunkers had to be able to accommodate more than just Uboats; space had to be found for offices, medical
facilities, communications, lavatories, generators, ventilators, antiaircraft guns, accommodation for key
personnel such as crewmen, workshops, water purification plants, electrical equipment and radio testing
facilities. Storage space for spares, explosives, ammunition and oil was also required.
Types of bunker
Four types of bunker were constructed:
Covered lock
These were bunkers built over an existing lock to give a Uboat some protection while it was at its
most vulnerable i.e. when the lock was emptying or filling. They were usually constructed with new
locks alongside an existing structure.
Construction bunker
Used for building new boats
Fittingout bunkers
After launch, many Uboats were fittedout under their protection
Shelter for operational boats and repair bunkers
This was the most numerous type. There were two types that were built either on dry land or over the
water. The former meant that Uboats had to be moved on ramps; the latter enabled the boats to come
and go at will. Pumping the water out enabled dry dock repairs to be carried out. Some bunkers were
large enough to allow the removal of periscopes and aerials.
There is no truth in the rumour of an underground bunker on Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. This
'story' was gleaned from a similar situation in Le Havre in France when captured Uboat men were
interrogated by the British.[5]
Locations
Pens were constructed in the northern coastal ports of the Reich and in many occupied countries.
Germany
Pens protecting construction of the Type XXI submarine were located in Hamburg (Blohm & Voss),
Bremen (AG Weser), and Danzig (F. Schichau).[6][7][8]
Bremen
The "Hornisse" bunker was not started until 1944 in Bremen; it was never completed.[9]
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"Valentin" was the largest bunker in Germany. Begun in 1943, it was built to accommodate the Type XXI
submarine construction programme. It too was never completed. Postwar, the area was used as a test site
for new bombs. Most of the damage done to the bunker was inflicted at this time.[10] The labour needed was
supplied from concentration camps
locally such as Neuengamme in
Hamburg.
Valentin: 53°13′00″N 08°30′15″E
Hornisse:
53°07′01.5″N 08°44′04″E
Danzig
Being out of range of Allied aircraft, no
pens were built in Danzig (now Gdańsk
in Poland).
Hamburg
Forced concentration camp labour at Uboat pens in Bremen, 1944
The city was the site of two structures,
"Elbe II" and "Fink II". The Finkenwerder bunker was constructed by 1,700 slave labourers over four years.
After capture, it was demolished with 32 tonnes of bombs.[11]
Elbe II: 53°31′43″N 09°57′08″E
Fink II: 53.541°N 09.854°E
Helgoland
The "Nordsee III" bunker in Helgoland was one of the oldest submarine pens, being started in 1940. It was
left alone until near the end of the war when it was attacked by the RAF and like most of the facilities on
the island, completely destroyed. It was also used after the end of the war for testing new weapons. No trace
of the pen has survived.[12]
54.177199°N 07.893521°E
Kiel
This town was constantly bombed in World War II, the targets often being the "Kilian"and "Konrad"
bunkers. They were started in 1941 and 1942 respectively. The latter was used for the construction of
Seehund midget submarines.[13]
It was in "Kilian" that U4708 was probably the only submarine to be lost in a bunker. Misguided bombs
from an air raid on the town caused what might today be called a tsunami to cross the Förde and enter the
bunker. Oberleutenant zur See HansGerold Hauber, the captain of U170, had courted ridicule by ordering
all hatches on his boat to be closed, despite being in the bunker. "This simple precaution saved U170 from
sinking while lying next to U4708".[14]
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Wilhelmshaven
A Uboat bunker in Wilhelmshaven was planned but never got beyond the preliminary stage.[15]
France
The German occupying forces built many Uboat pens in the Atlantic ports of France in Bordeaux, Brest,
La Rochelle/La Pallice, Lorient and SaintNazaire. Almost 4.4 million cubic metres of concrete were
used.[16]
Bordeaux
An unnamed bunker and bunkered lock were constructed in Bordeaux, the
fourth largest French city at the start of the war. Both structures were
started in 1941; the bunkered lock was not finished by war's end. The main
building was larger than those in other locations; this was to allow supply
boats and minelayers to use it. The Italian Navy established the Betasom
base at Bordeaux. The port was also the target of a British commando raid
the socalled Cockleshell Heroes.[17]
Submarine pen at Bordeaux 44°52′11″N 0°33′31″W
Brest
The Brittany port only had one bunker, but it was the largest; it was also
unnamed.[18] Started in 1941, the plans were modified many times before
completion a year later.
By February 1942 the RAF had lost interest in the area; most of the town
had already been destroyed and they did not possess large enough bombs
to seriously threaten the bunker. Between February 1942 and early 1943,
apart from a few American aircraft, the place was left alone. The German Uboat pens at Brest
garrison surrendered to US forces in September 1944. They had had
sufficient explosives to cripple the bunker but did not use them due to the
proximity of a hospital.[19]
48°22′00″N 04°31′20″W
La Rochelle/La Pallice
Only six kilometres separate La Rochelle and La Pallice so they are usually considered as one port. An
unnamed bunker was built at La Pallice; it was started in April 1941. Similar building techniques to those
used in St. Nazaire were employed. Due to the relative ease of construction, the main structure was ready
for its first Uboats six months later. A bunkered lock was begun in June 1942. It was completed in March
1944. Scenes for the film Das Boot (1981) were shot in La Pallice.
46°09′31″N 01°12′34″W
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Lorient
The largest Uboat base was in
Lorient. Three bunkers, "Keroman
I", "II" and "III", the "Scorff"
bunker and two "Dom" bunkers,
east and west, were all begun in The UBoat pens at La Rochelle
Construction of the Uboat 1941. Two more were in the
base at La Pallice, 1942 planning stage.
"Keroman I" was unique in that it
required its Uboats to be "hauled out of the water, placed on a many
wheeled buggy and then transported into the bunker on a sliding bridge
system." This arrangement might have been more vulnerable to air raids,
but damage was minimal and it had the advantage of the Uboat not
needing a dry dock. "Keroman II", being landlocked, was served by the Keroman I and Keroman III,
same system. Lorient
Keroman I: 47°43′45″N 03°22′12″W
Keroman II: 47°43′52″N 03°22′18″W
"Keroman III" was more conventional, as was the "Scorff" bunker. The two "Dom" bunkers, (socalled
because of their resemblance to the religious building, Dom means 'cathedral' in German), were located
around a massive turntable which fed Uboats into the covered repair bays.
Keroman III: 47°43′38″N 03°22′02″W
Scorff: 47°45′02″N 03°20′53″W
Dom (East): 47°43′56″N 03°22′02″W
Dom (West): 47°43′55″N 03°22′07″W
Karl Dönitz, head of the Uboat arm and later the chief of the German navy, had his headquarters at nearby
Kernevel.
StNazaire
The construction of the SaintNazaire submarine base began with a of a
noname bunker was commenced in 1941, as was a bunkered lock.[20] (But
it should be noted that elsewhere in the reference, it states that "the
excavations" for the bunkered lock were begun in October 1942).[21]
47°16′33″N 02°12′09″W
The pens were not affected by the British commando raid in March 1942,
Roof of the Uboat base in whose main objective were the Normandie dock gates.
Saint Nazaire.
Norway
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Norway is to some extent ruled by its weather. Building submarine pens was often hampered by snow and
ice; the ground might have been chosen, but the occupation of France only a few months after Norway's
surrender rather overshadowed the Scandinavian country as far as bunkers for Uboats was concerned.
Nonetheless, a requirement for protection was identified. With the liberation of France in 1944, Norway
regained its importance, but for barely a year.
The Norwegian bunkers in Bergen and Trondheim were originally designed to have two floors, the lower
one for Uboats, the upper one for accommodation, workshops and offices. However, with the project
running six months late, plans for the second storey were abandoned.[22]
Bergen
Control of the Bergen project came under the German Naval Dockyard. Construction of "Bruno"
commenced in 1941, with a Munichbased firm taking the lead. A shortage of labour was, along with the
acquisition of raw materials in sufficient quantities and poor weather was always going to cause problems.
Specialised machinery had to be imported, as did accommodation that could stand up to the harsh
Norwegian winter.
In a bid to increase its protection, the bunker had granite blocks, each about a cubic metre in size,
positioned on its roof. The shortage of cement ensured that the blocks could not be properly stuck down.[23]
Trondheim
Work on "Dora II" started in 1942. It was not completed. "Dora I" had started the previous year, shortly
after Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. This was fortuitous, as a ready supply of
Russian prisoners of war (POW)s (all volunteers), became available. Despite any number of precautions
being taken when putting in the foundations, Dora I developed a noticeable sag of 15 cm (5.9 in). It did not
seem to bother the submariners as much as the builders.[24]
The Allied bombing offensive
Uboat facilities first became a bombing priority in March 1941 [25] and again during the Combined
Bomber Offensive. The bunkers did not suffer as much as their surroundings until August 1944 when a new
type of bomb was used against them, the "Tallboy".[26]
Uboat yards and pens were the primary objectives for the US Eighth Air Force from late 1942 to early
1943.[27][28] In the course of the war, the Allies used Operation Aphrodite radiocontrolled aircraft, "Bat"
guided bombs, "Disney" rocketassisted bombs, Tallboy and Grand Slam deep penetration bombs to attack
the Uboat pens.
A U boat pen concrete target had been built in the at Ashley Walk bombing range in the New Forest,
Hampshire, to assist in preparation for these raids. It consisted of a concrete roof covering three shallow
"pens". After the war it was buried in an earth mound, although its edges are once again visible in places
due to weathering.
Bombing of Uboat pens and yards during World War II
Target
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Target Date Details
10 Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys and six Handley Page
February 15/16
StNazaire Halifaxes; only nine aircraft bombed St Nazaire, in cloudy
1942
conditions. No aircraft were lost but three crashed in England[29]
StNazaire March 7/8 1942 17 aircraft bombed St Nazaire[30]
March 25/26 Minor Operations: 27 aircraft to St Nazaire—one Vickers
StNazaire
1942 Wellington lost[30]
35 Whitleys and 27 Wellingtons bombed German positions
around St Nazaire in support of the naval and Commando raid
to destroy the Normandie dock gates in the port. The submarine
pens were incidental to the raid which was aimed at preventing
March 27/28 use of the drydock by capital ships. The aircraft were ordered
StNazaire
1942 to bomb only if the target had clear visibility. Conditions were
bad, however, with 10/10ths cloud and icing, only four aircraft
bombed at St Nazaire. Six aircraft bombed elsewhere. One
Whitley was lost at sea[30]
The first use of Lieutenant Colonel Curtis LeMay's modification
of formation bombing to stagger threeplane elements within a
squadron and stagger squadrons within a group was the "sixth
raid on Saint Nazaire". With LeMay in command of the 305th
StNazaire January 3, 1943
Bomb Wing, 76 of 101 dispatched aircraft found the target and
used a straight and level bomb run. Seven machines were shot
down and 47 were damaged. The majority of bombs hit the
submarine pens
January 15, The 317th air raid on Lorient dropped 20,000 incendiary
Lorient
1943 bombs[31]
January 16, Two waves of B17 Flying Fortresses inflicted major damage
StNazaire
1943 and killed 27 people[31]
The US VIII Bomber Command dispatched ninetyone B17s
and B24 Liberators to attack the UBoat construction yards at
January 27, Wilhelmshaven, the very first 8th Air Force heavy bomber
Wilhelmshaven
1943 attack directed at Germany itself.[32] Three bombers (one B17
and two B24s) were shot down, only 53 aircraft actually
dropped their bombs on the target due to bad weather conditions
January 23 and
26
Feb 3, 4, 7, 13
Lorient and 16 Lorient was bombed and the city was evacuated[31]
Mar 6
Apr 16
May 17, 1943
170 aircraft attacked in the first large raid on Bremen since
October 1941. 11 aircraft four Wellingtons, two Halifaxes, two
Avro Lancasters, two Short Stirlings and one Avro Manchester
were lost. Bremen recorded this as a heavy attack, the results of
Bremen June 3/4 1943
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_pen which exceeded all previous raids. Housing areas were badly hit
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4124340 to 4130847 (http://web.archive.org/web/2008050820
September 11, 2509/http://home.att.net:80/~jbaugher/1941_4.html), 42001 to
Heligoland
1944 4230031 (http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/1942_1.html), 42
30032 to 4239757 (http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/1942_2.html),
4239758 to 4250026 (http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/1942_2a.h
tml), 4257213 to 4270685 (http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/194
2_3a.html)
October 15,
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October 15, Mission 678A:[45] Two B17s[46] of Operation Aphrodite
Heligoland 1944 attacked the Heligoland Uboat pens[43]
237 Lancasters and seven Mosquitos of No 5 Group attacked
the Uboat pens at Bergen. The area was cloudcovered,
October 28/29 therefore the Master Bomber tried to bring the force down
Bergen below 5,000 ft but cloud was still encountered and he ordered
1944
the raid to be abandoned after only 47 Lancasters had bombed.
Three Lancasters were lost[47]
Mission 693A:[34] One Castor Operation Aphrodite drone lost
October 30,
Heligoland contact, went out of control and crashed near Trollhättan,
1944
Sweden. The other drone was B17 423438[43]
December 15, 17 Lancasters attacked with Tallboy bombs but the target was
IJmuiden
1944 obscured by a smokescreen[37][48]
13 Lancasters of No. 617 Squadron set out to bomb the "Uboat
December 30, pens at IJmuiden" but the raid was abandoned because of bad
IJmuiden
1944
weather[48]
January 12, No. 617 Squadron attacked the Uboat pens with Tallboys,[37]
IJmuiden
1945 but smoke obscured the results[49]
32 Lancasters and one Mosquito of No 9 and No. 617
Squadrons attacked "Uboat pens and shipping in Bergen
harbour". Three Lancasters of No 617 Squadron and one from
January 12, No. 9 Squadron were lost; the Germans told the local people
Bergen[37] 1945 that 11 bombers had been shot down. A local report says that
three Tallboys penetrated the 3½metrethick roof of the pens
and caused severe damage to workshops, offices and stores[49]
36 Lancasters attacked "Uboat pens at IJmuiden" (No. 9
IJmuiden and February 3, Squadron) and "Poortershaven" (No. 617 Squadron) with
Poortershaven 1945
Tallboys without loss. Hits were claimed on both targets[50]
February 8, 15 Lancasters of 617 Squadron dropped Tallboys on the "Uboat
IJmuiden
1945 pens at IJmuiden" without loss[50]
Mission 825: nine of 164 B17s on a 92nd Bombardment Group
February 10, mission against the Uboat pens at IJmuiden, the Netherlands,
IJmuiden
1945 first used the Royal Navy Disney rocketboosted concrete
piercing bomb[34]
73 Lancasters and 10 Mosquitos carried out an accurate attack
February 23/24
Oslo Fjord on a "possible Uboat base at Horten on the Oslo Fjord". One
1945
Lancaster was lost[50]
20 Lancasters of 617 Squadron attacked the Valentin submarine
pens,[52] two Grand Slam bombs penetrated two metres and
Bremen (Farge)[51] March 27, 1945
detonated[53] which rendered the shelter unusable. No aircraft
were lost.[50]
303rd BG (H) Combat Mission No. 348: 38 aircraft were
dispatched to bomb Bremen. The "submarine building yards"
Bremen March 30, 1945
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Bremen March 30, 1945 were the first priority target (PDF (http://www.303rdbg.com/mi
ssionreports/348.pdf))
Hamburg/Finkenwerder April 4, 1945
17 aircraft of 617 Squadron, with Grand Slam and Tallboy
Hamburg April 9, 1945 bombs, successfully attacked the "Uboat shelters". No aircraft
were lost[54]
591 Lancasters and eight Mosquitos of Nos 1, 3 and 8 Groups
attacked Kiel. Three Lancasters were lost. This was an accurate
raid, made in good visibility on two aiming points in the
harbour area. Photographic reconnaissance showed that the
Deutsche Werke Uboat yard was severely damaged, the
Kiel April 9/10 1945 German pocket battleship Admiral Scheer was hit and capsized,
the cruisers Admiral Hipper and the Emden were badly
damaged. The local diary says that "all 3 shipyards" in the port
were hit and that nearby residential areas were severely
damaged[54]
377 Lancasters and 105 Halifaxes of Nos 3, 6 and 8 Groups
attacked Kiel for two Lancasters lost. This raid was directed
April 13/14
Kiel against the port area, with the "Uboat yards" as the main
1945 objective. RAF Bomber Command rated this as "a poor attack"
with scattered bombing[54]
969 aircraft 617 Lancasters, 332 Halifaxes and 20 Mosquitos
of all groups successfully attacked the "Naval base, airfield, &
Heligoland April 18, 1945 town" "almost [creating a] craterpitted moonscape".[54] Three
Halifaxes were lost,[54] the islands were evacuated the following
night
No. 9 and 617 Squadrons used Tallboys against "coastal battery
Heligoland April 19, 1945
positions"[54]
Post War
Croatia
The Yugoslav People's Army used submarines pens as well, one of these is located on island of Vis; it is
carved inside a natural hill and is now abandoned and freely accessible from sea or by foot. Location:
43°4′41.26″N 16°10′53.01″E
References
Notes
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Entrance to submarine pen on Vis,
Croatia.
1. "HITLER'S Uboat Bases" Jak P Mallmann Showell 2002 Sutton Publishing ISBN 0750926066 p. 1
2. Showell pp.1112
3. Showell pp.12 and 58
4. Showell p.12
5. Showell p.21
6. Bradham, Randolph (2003). Hitler's Uboat Fortresses. pp. 49–51. ISBN 9780275981334. Retrieved
20080709.
7. "Roosevelt and Churchill begin Casablance Conference". This Day in History. history.com. Retrieved
20080709.
8. "World War II Timeline: January 14, 1943January 21, 1943". Russian Army Repels Hitler's Forces: August
1942January 1943. Legacy Publishers. Retrieved 20080709.
9. Showell pp. 7781 190
10. Showell pp. 8182 190
11. Bauer, Eddy (original text) (1966) [1972]. Illustrated World War II Encyclopedia. H. S. Stuttman Inc. p. 2884
(Vol 21). ISBN 0874755204.
12. Showell pp.82, 83 and 85
13. Showell p.190
14. Showell p.17
15. Showell p. 77
16. Showell p. 3
17. Showell pp. 122126
18. Showell p. 81
19. Showell pp. 8594
20. Showell p. 190
21. Showell p. 112
22. Showell p. 58
23. Showell p. 63
24. Showell pp. 56 and 58
25. "Diary 1941". RAF History Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. Raf.mod.uk. 6 April 2005. Retrieved
20120519.
26. Showell pp. 131 and 138
27. Gurney
28. Gurney, Gene (Major, USAF) (1962), The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in
combat, New York: Bonanza Books, p. 84
29. "Campaign Diary February 1942". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved
20070524.
30. "Campaign Diary March 1942". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved
20070524.
31. Bradham
32. "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces, January 1943". www.usaaf.net. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
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32. "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces, January 1943". www.usaaf.net. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
33. "Campaign Diary June 1943". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved
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34. usaaf
35. "Campaign Diary Jul 1944". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved
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36. "Campaign Diary August 1944". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved
20070524.
37. AeroVenture
38. Keable, Jim. "Flight Lieutenant Thomas Clifford Iveson". AeroVenture News. AeroVenture. Retrieved
20080224.
39. wlhoward
40. McKillop, Jack. "Original Smart BombHistory". Technical Intelligence Bulletins July August 2000. Archived
from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved 20071224.
41. thirdseries
42. "US Navy and US Marine Corps Bureau Numbers, Third Series (60010 to 70187)". Encyclopedia of American
Aircraft. Joseph F. Baugher. Retrieved 20070410.
43. Baugher
44. "USAAF Serial Numbers". Encyclopedia of American Aircraft. Joseph F. Baugher. Retrieved 20080206.
45. "8th Air Force 1944 Chronicles". Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved 20070525.
December (http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_194412.php), January (http://www.airwarweb.net/usaaf/8af_194
501.php)
46. [1] (http://384thbombgroup.com/php/One384thAircraft.php?AircraftKey=4230039)
47. "Campaign Diary October 1944". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved
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48. "Campaign Diary December 1944". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown.
Retrieved 19 May 2012.
49. "Campaign Diary January 1945". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved
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50. "Campaign Diary February 1945". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved
20070524.
51. Uboataces "UBoat Bunkers". German UBoat. Uboataces.com. Retrieved 20080302.
52. lostplaces
53. Grube, Christel (February 28, 2006). "SubmarineValentin, BremenFarge". Interessengemeinschaft für
historische Militär, Industrie und Verkehrsbauten. lostplaces.de. Retrieved 20080513.
54. "Campaign Diary April 1945". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Retrieved
20070524.
Bibliography
External links
German World War II Uboat pens in France (http://www.uboatbases.com/en/)
Original Private Color Photographs of war time La Rochelle uboat bunkers (http://www.pixpast.co
m/index.php?search=La+Rochelle)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Bunkers in
title=Submarine_pen&oldid=721351317"
France.
Categories: Bunkers Submarine bases
World War II strategic bombing
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