Building Bridges

to a United Kenya:
from a nation of blood ties
to a nation of ideals

A REPORT BY THE PRESIDENTIAL TASKFORCE

ON BUILDING BRIDGES TO UNITY ADVISORY
OCTOBER 2019
 Presidential Taskforce on Building Bridges to Unity Advisory,
Kenyatta International Convention Centre, Nairobi.

His Excellency the President of the Republic of Kenya

and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces,
Hon. Uhuru Kenyatta, CGH,
State House,
Nairobi.

23 October 2019

Your Excellency,

You appointed this Taskforce by Gazette Notice No. 5154, published on 31 May 2018. It
was our privilege, as per the mandate, to evaluate the national challenges outlined in the Joint
Communiqué of ‘Building Bridges to a New Kenyan Nation’, and having done so, make
practical recommendations and reform proposals that build lasting unity. We conducted
comprehensive public consultations that included meetings with citizens in all 47 counties,
hearing from elected leaders at the National and County levels, senior state officers,
constitutional commissions, civil society and professional organisations, cultural leaders,
the private sector, and subject-matter experts.

The Face of Kenya was captured in this process: more than 7,000 citizens from all ethnic
groups, genders, cultural and religious practices, and different social and economic sectors
were consulted. The Taskforce heard from more than 400 elected leaders past and present;
prominent local voices from the community; and young people who added their voice to
citizens in the Counties; 123 individuals representing major institutions, including
constitutional bodies and major stakeholders in the public and private sectors; 261 individuals
and organisations who sent memoranda via (e)mail; and 755 citizens who
offered handwritten submissions during public forums in the Counties.

The result is the following policy, administrative reform proposals for each identified challenge
area.

Continued…
Contents

Abbreviations and Acronyms 6

Executive Summary 7

Reading the BBI Report 17

Chapter 1: Notable issues that Kenyans must deal with 20

Chapter 2: Lack of a national ethos 29

Major recommendations 30

Chapter 3: Responsibilities and rights 36

Major Recommendations 38

Chapter 4: Ethnic antagonism and competition 43

Major Recommendations 44

Chapter 5: Divisive elections 47

Major Recommendations 49

Chapter 6: Inclusivity 56
Major Recommendations 58

Chapter 7: Shared prosperity 62

Major Recommendations 65

Chapter 8: Corruption 72
Major Recommendations 74

Chapter 9: Devolution 79
Major Recommendations 81

Chapter 10: Safety and security 87

Major Recommendations 89

Chapter 11: Commissions and cross-cutting issues 93

Chapter 12: Conclusion 97

ANNEX 1: Detailed recommendations 99

ANNEX 2: Joint communiqué: building bridges 126

ANNEX 3: Participation 134

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 5
Abbreviations and Acronyms
BBI Building Bridges Initiative

CRA Commission on Revenue Allocation

CSO Civil Society Organisation

DPP Director of Public Prosecutions

EACC Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission

ECD Early Childhood Development

GDP Gross Domestic Product

IEBC Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission

JSC Judicial Service Commission

MCA Member of County Assembly

MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies

MP Member of Parliament

M-PESA Mobile Money Transfer Service in Kenya

NCIC National Cohesion and Integration Commission

NHIF National Hospital Insurance Fund

NIS National Intelligence Service

NPS National Police Service

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

NIS National Intelligence Service

PSC Public Service Commission

PWDs Persons with Disabilities

SRC Salaries and Remuneration Commission

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 6
Executive Summary
The Building Bridges to Unity Advisory Presidential Taskforce has submitted this report which
reflects some of the most extensive public consultations ever undertaken by a similar body in
Kenyan history. The Taskforce visited all 47 Counties, and it heard from an inclusive group of
citizens from every Constituency that paid attention to gender, ethnic and religious diversity,
youth, elders, persons living with disability, civil society, and the public and private sectors.
The Face of Kenya was captured in this process.

The Taskforce heard from more than 400 elected leaders past and present; prominent local
voices from the community; and young people who added their voice to citizens in the
Counties. This included more than 35 Governors and their Deputies as well as dozens of
Senators, MPs, and MCAs in the Counties and in Nairobi. Submissions were given by 123
individuals representing major institutions, including constitutional bodies and major
stakeholders in the public and private sectors; 261 individuals and organisations who sent
memoranda via (e)mail; and 755 citizens who offered handwritten submissions during public
forums in the Counties. Kenyans made their views heard as individual citizens, institutionally,
and based on diverse interests and experiences. This report reflects their views and insights.

Kenyans feel Kenyan when political competition and the use of ethnicity as an organising tool
are at rest between elections. Across the country, they are extremely concerned at the poor
values we express as a people and a leadership crisis at multiple levels, reflected above all in
the continuing elevated levels of corruption. Kenyans are tired of elections that bring the
economy to a standstill every few years and feel that politics has become too adversarial while
trying to entrench itself in every facet of their waking lives. They would like a more stable and
predictable politics that is democratic and produces governance at the National and County
levels that is inclusive of our ethnic, religious, and regional diversity.

While a major focus of this report, again reflecting what we heard from Kenyans, is about
Government and the Public Service, the country is far more worried by the lack of jobs and
income. This has led to so much poverty, inequality and frustrated hopes, that our continuity
as a unified and secure country is uncertain should we persist in the present course. We
desperately need a shift in our economic paradigm if we are to provide enough jobs to our
youth and have enough revenue to meet the service and welfare needs of Kenyans.

This report is structured to respond to the nine major national challenges to a united Kenya
that were contained in the Joint Communiqué issued following the famous ‘Handshake’ of 9
March 2018.

However, before going forward, the Taskforce would like to give a special note of thanks and
recognition to Rt. Hon. Raila A. Odinga, EGH. As earlier indicated, the Taskforce was
responding to the Joint Communique that was agreed by the two leaders. Their bold step and
support in establishing this process have become milestones in the building of bipartisanship
and unity in Kenyan history, and further afield.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 7
Knowing well the Kenyan tendency to keep report-reading light, and thus to focus mostly on
executive summaries, we urge every Kenyan to go deeper into the report. The different
chapters are linked and missing the context and analysis in one leads to a shortfall in
understanding the recommendations in others.

The nine core challenges in the order they are presented in the report are: lack of a national
ethos; responsibilities and rights of citizenship; ethnic antagonism and competition; divisive
elections; inclusivity; shared prosperity; corruption; devolution; and safety and security.

The major recommendations are made at the end of each of the chapters dealing with these
challenges, while Annex 1 lists the recommendations in detail. The challenges are preceded
by key observations made by the Taskforce in the ‘notable issues’ chapter on matters of such
gravity that the Taskforce feels impelled to share them. They frame many of the specific
recommendations that will follow, and therefore should be regarded as integral to the report.

National ethos: We lack shared beliefs, ideals and aspirations about what Kenya can become
if we all subscribed to a national ethos that builds and reinforces our unity. This report is a
historic opportunity for us to begin willingly defining, developing and subscribing to an
enduring collective vision that would lead to a united Kenya equal to all its major challenges.
It would appreciate and honour excellence in leadership, in the civic practices of citizenship,
and in our care and consideration of one another. Such an ethos would be deeply respectful
of differences in culture, heritage, beliefs and religions. Its character would guide and constrict
the planning and actions of the State to the benefit of the people of Kenya. The journey to
developing such a national ethos begins by accepting the desperate need for it. That is the
most important recommendation made in this report.

Kenya is made up of cultures that have endured for many generations, and that have at their
core the development of ethical and honourable people. Our national ethos will emerge from
expanding our sense of belonging beyond our blood ties so that we come to regard every
Kenyan, and our collective existence as a nation, to be worthy of our personal commitment
and ownership. We will need to have conversations and initiatives that allow us to
innovatively combine the young, dynamic and urbanising cultures with the enduring wisdom
of our diverse cultures.

This is bottom-up work, starting in the family and the community, supported by initiatives that
embrace the positive cultures, beliefs and ideals of Kenya’s diverse communities and
facilitated by civil society, the private sector, and State institutions. It will become embedded
in the formal education system, starting from the earliest age and lasting for a lifetime,
religious and cultural institutions, the media, and our arts sector. It will not be an ethos made
of a single note but will be a complex song of many voices that are inspired by the desire to
contribute to, own and build a nation to which we all belong. A Kenya in which a Kenyans’
character of embracing hard-work, honesty, integrity, and respectful behaviour will be
recognised and rewarded.

Among other important recommendations, the Taskforce believes it is profoundly important

that we give ourselves an official and inclusive national history, of every community, and

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 8
stretching back a thousand years. Knowledge of our histories is necessary for us to see far into
the future. The Taskforce has also recommended the formation of an Ethics Commission to sit
under the Office of the President that will keep track of and support the diverse efforts to
develop, build and entrench a new national ethos.

Responsibilities and rights of citizenship: Kenya is increasingly a nation of distinct individuals

instead of an individually distinct nation. And we have placed too much emphasis on what the
nation can do for each of us — our rights — and given almost no attention to what we each
must do for our nation: our responsibilities. The Taskforce calls for us to develop a
responsibility and execution culture through mechanisms embedded in schools. There is also
a recommendation that leaders in Public Service personally use the services they govern, to
increase ‘skin in the game’. The need for educated parenting is flagged as key to raising healthy
and responsible children in an increasingly complex and fast-changing Kenya. The duties
articulated in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights should be included in civics
curriculums as Kenyans undergo continuous training throughout their lives. The Taskforce also
believes that Kenyan holders of dual citizenship should be equal citizens. The Kenyan
constitution, reflecting the deepest shared ideals of our nation, makes it a requirement that
the human rights of every Kenyan be protected by all Kenyans and by every organ and office
of the State. At present, unfortunately there is an emerging political practice that seeks to
create two-lanes to citizenship whereby one group of citizens, by virtue of their dual
citizenship, should not have the equal rights to serve in Government. Regarding Kenyans with
dual citizenship as being somehow untrustworthy or unworthy amounts to discrimination and
a lowered standard of protection and recognition. Kenyans willing to serve should be judged
according to their character and track record and not presumed to have split loyalties that
compromise their integrity or patriotism. Furthermore, there is little argument about how
valuable the learning, remittances and voice of Kenyans in the diaspora are to the prosperity
and well-being of Kenyans. Many members of the Diaspora, if not the majority, yearn to return
home to serve their fellow Kenyans, while hoping that their children, born abroad, will one
day also return home and take up their place. The limits to the ability of holders of dual
citizenship from serving Kenyans should therefore be highly limited. One such acceptable
instance is in regard to the defence forces, which constitutionally are ‘responsible for the
defence and protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic’. This means
that, in defence of Kenya, they may be called on to take up arms against the armed forces of
other countries in which they may hold citizenship. In this rare, but still possible scenario,
there would be potential legal penalties for the Kenyan with dual citizenship if Kenya’s defence
forces undertake hostile actions against his or her other country of citizenship. In light of these
observations, the Taskforce recommends that the only limit to State service by Kenyans with
dual citizenship be the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence forces, members of the defence
forces, and the membership of the Defence Council.

Ethnic antagonism and competition: These are a major threat to Kenya’s success and to the
very continuity of our country. The Taskforce calls for us to do away with a winner-take-all
model for the Presidency and opt for a more consociational model that works best for
ethnically divided societies. All political parties should also be compelled to reflect the Face of
Kenya in ethnic, religious, regional, and gender terms. Individual Kenyans should be educated,

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 9
exposed, and incentivised to respect ethnic and religious diversity, and this principle should
be reflected in the Public Service. In addition, the per capita share of national resources for
every Kenyan should be carefully balanced to account for every Kenyan being treated as equal,
as the Constitution makes clear, while ensuring that those who have been marginalised in the
past, or are being marginalised at present, are given extra help where they need it. Regional
integration should be accelerated to change the ethnic calculus of our politics with the East
African Community project to achieve political federation following confederation being
accelerated. To ensure that we deepen our unity, the Taskforce recommends that the
President, as the symbol of national unity, should benefit from the private advice of eminent,
experienced, and honourable citizens serving in a Council of Advisors on a non-salaried basis.

Divisive elections: In our rush to adopt, and even mimic, foreign models, particularly from the
democratic West, we have forged a politics that is a contest of us versus them. And we have
chosen our ‘us’ and ‘them’ on an ethnic basis, especially in competing for the Presidency,
which is the highest office in Kenyan politics. Lack of inclusivity is the leading contributor to
divisive and conflict-causing elections. Kenyans associate the winner-take-all-system with
divisive elections and want an end to it. The Taskforce recommends a system that addresses
our unique needs, especially in forging a homegrown or autochthonous national Executive
structure with an Executive President who will be Head of State and Government and
Commander-in-Chief, and be the central symbol of national unity, who appoints a Prime
Minister to deliver on the day-to-day implementation of policy. The President shall be elected
through universal suffrage. For a candidate to be declared the winner of the presidential
election, he or she must win 50% + 1 of the presidential votes and at least 25% of the votes
cast in each of more than half of the Counties, as is now the case. The President will remain
the Head of State and Government, Commander-in-Chief, and be the central symbol of
national unity. He shall chair the Cabinet that compromises the Deputy President, the Prime
Minister, and Cabinet Ministers. The Taskforce has called for the retaining of the present two-
term limit of presidential terms.

A Prime Minister – The role of a Prime Minister will be crucial in strengthening inclusivity and
accountability. It will ensure that the work of Government is better overseen by Parliament,
while also ensuring greater inclusivity from political parties with strength in the National
Assembly. Within a set number of days following the summoning of Parliament after an
election, the President shall appoint as Prime Minister, an elected Member of the National
Assembly from a political party having a majority of Members in the National Assembly or, if
no political party has a majority, one who appears to have the support of a majority of MPs.
The nominee shall not assume office until his or her nomination is first confirmed by a
resolution of the National Assembly supported by a majority vote of the members. The
nominee for Prime Minister shall not assume office until his or her appointment is first
confirmed by a resolution of the National Assembly supported by an absolute majority vote
of MPs. If the Prime Minister nominee is not confirmed, the President shall have another set
number of days to make another appointment. This process shall continue until there is a
successful nomination for Prime Minister; a measure to ensure that this process is not
indefinite, and that governance is continuous should be considered. The Prime Minister may
be dismissed by the President or through a vote of no confidence in the National Assembly.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 10
The Prime Minister shall have authority over the supervision and execution of the day-to-day
functions and affairs of the Government. He or she shall be the Leader of Government
Business in the National Assembly. On the President’s tasking, the Prime Minister will chair
Cabinet sub-committees. In the exercise of his authority, the Prime Minister shall perform or
cause to be performed any matter or matters which the President directs to be done. The
Prime Minister will continue to earn his or her salary as a Member of Parliament with no
additional salary for the prime ministerial role.

The Taskforce recommends that to avoid the politicisation of the Public Service, the
Permanent or Principal Secretaries will not be subject to Parliamentary approval. Their
accountability will be strictly administrative and technical. The work of these senior
administrative officers will be coordinated by the Permanent/Principal Secretary in the Office
of the Prime Minister who will chair the Technical Implementation Committee of
Principal/Permanent Secretaries.

Cabinet – The Cabinet is a crucial part of the Executive arm of Government. Similarly, its
structure is critical to an inclusive and efficient Government. The current debate on whether
the Cabinet adds enough value in governance and delivery has revolved around three key
issues. The first issue has been whether it ought to be a cabinet of technocrats (like the
American system) or whether it should be composed of elected Members of Parliament (akin
to the British parliamentary system). There is discontent with the current system, judging from
what Kenyans told the Taskforce. The Taskforce proposes that the Cabinet be structured as
follows:

• The President will appoint Cabinet Ministers after consultation with the Prime
Minister. The Ministers shall be responsible for the offices that the President
establishes in line with the Constitution.
• The Cabinet shall be drawn from both parliamentarians and technocrats with the latter
being made ex-officio Members of Parliament upon successful Parliamentary
approval.
• The Taskforce is also recommending that the Cabinet Secretary be renamed Cabinet
Minister.
• To ensure more effective political direction and Parliamentary accountability, there
shall be a position of Minister of State that will be appointed from members of the
National Assembly and taking direction in their ministerial duties from Cabinet
Ministers. These Ministers of State will continue to earn their salary as MP with no
additional salary for their ministerial role. The Taskforce further recommends
eliminating the post of Chief Administrative Secretary.

The runner-up of the Presidential election becomes an ex-officio Member of Parliament and
the Leader of the Official Opposition if his or her party is not represented in the Government,
or of a coalition of Parliamentary parties not represented in the Government. The Leader of
the Official Opposition shall be enabled to have a Shadow Cabinet to challenge the
Government’s positions in Parliament.

Representation

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 11
A critical part of the Taskforce’s recommendations is on representation. The success and
sustainability of democracy, to a great extent, depends on the fairness of representation in
the electoral system. Kenyans expressed a powerful attachment to their right to fair
representation that is accessible and responds to their needs. In light of this, the Taskforce
strongly recommends that whatever form reforms to representation take, that they accord to
the following principles if Kenyans are to be fairly and equally represented:

• That the people’s choice, as reflected in the election of their representatives, including
in Party primaries and nominations, shall be upheld through fair, free and transparent
elections. This principle should be provided for in the Political Parties Act.
• Individuals included in any Party lists shall initially have undergone a process that uses
transparent public participation in the Counties even before any other vetting
procedure is used. This principle should be provided for in the Political Parties Act.
• That there shall be the equalisation of representation and equality of citizenship, as
much as possible, by ensuring that each Kenyan vote has the same status and power,
as envisaged in the Constitution.
• Parties should be compelled through the Political Parties Act to be consistent with the
Constitution to meet the Gender Rule and other Constitutional measures of inclusion
through their party lists. This will equalise both genders in political terms, rather than
creating a parallel system that creates a sense of tokenism.
• Party lists for Members of County Assemblies shall follow the same principles and
processes of public participation, elections and vetting as the National Assembly. This
will ensure that the people and parties can ensure that there is accountability in a
direct manner.
• The existing constituencies will be saved, including the protected seats because they
have become key for representation of sparsely populated areas.
• The nomination lists through parties should be completed in a transparent process
governed by the political parties overseen by the Registrar of Political Parties and the
IEBC.

There are also recommendations by the Taskforce on changes to the Independent Electoral
and Boundaries Commission.

Inclusivity: In its consultations, the Taskforce heard a lot about the desire for inclusivity and
came to understand that Kenyans have a very particular ethnic interpretation of this principle
that is changing fast, particularly due to rapid urbanisation. The Taskforce found that Kenyans,
at core, interpret inclusivity in very political terms as ‘who gets what, when and how’, and
focus on the authoritative allocation of resources and values. They therefore yearn for more
inclusion in executive power, at the National and County levels, as articulated in the section
on divisive elections. Connected to this is Kenyans’ need for fair and equal representation, and
their desire to respond to the inequality in the power of the vote that has grown over the
years, with some areas needing many more votes to elect a representative. The Taskforce
makes major recommendations on increasing inclusivity on a political, economic, social,
religious, cultural, youth, and gender basis. It also seeks to reduce the ironic phenomenon of
those marginalised at the national level being responsible for marginalising others in the

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 12
Counties. A critical aspect of inclusivity is that it must be perceived as reality, especially in job
allocation in the Public Service, which should reflect the ethnic, religious, regional, and cultural
Face of Kenya, and should be free of corruption in recruitment. An elevated concern is in
corruption in the recruitment of Kenyans into the disciplined services, which causes incoming
officers to be inducted into a bribe-demanding culture right from the start of their careers.
The Taskforce recommends an out-of-the-box solution to utilise private sector recruitment
companies with internationally reputable brands to help in filling the recruitment pool for the
disciplined services in a way that reflects merit and the Face of Kenya.

Shared prosperity: We need an economic revolution, to build an economy that can produce
the jobs we need, urgently. Kenyans speaking in every consulting session run by the Taskforce,
in every County, spoke of their problems fed by poverty and joblessness or under-
employment. No country has progressed based on such disparities — including corruption,
exclusion, increasing poverty, hunger, unemployment and persistent inequalities — while
lacking a common national character. The single most important matter facing Kenyans when
it comes to shared prosperity is generating enough jobs and employment, particularly for
young people.

It is not enough to merely improve our economic output and present rates of investment: we
must entirely transform the way our economy operates if we are to deal with the present lack
of jobs. It is therefore crucial for us to build an economy that is founded on the principles and
practices of value creation, and that rejects the extractive model as the primary mode of
economic activity. This will require a new economic paradigm for jobs and prosperity that
raises national domestic savings beyond 25%, that enables rapid growth of labour-intensive
manufacturing through deeper regional integration, and that uses economic coordination by
the State though not State ownership to grow markets and industries. Kenya will become
more prosperous, with far more jobs created, if we deepen our regional integration with
neighbouring countries in achieving a genuine common market underpinned by eventual
political federation.

The future of the global economy is in innovation and invention using intellectual property,
genes, and the living bodies of knowledge developed by generation after generation of our
people. Kenyan laws must be fashioned to protect these resources fiercely, and the
Government structured to project compliance throughout the world. This should be
accompanied by frameworks for use that maximise the ability of Kenyans to build upon these
properties. To build actual wealth and jobs, a surge in entrepreneurship will be needed, and
should be provided through widespread training, and macro- and micro-economic policies
that favour start-ups and small growing businesses.

We will need to think big and long term if we are building an industrialised economy that
meets the needs of the current and future generations. We must start with a 50-year plan that
has as its aim, Kenya joining the world’s most prosperous, shared and sustainable economies.
To ensure that our prosperity is indeed shared, the Taskforce calls for the entrenching of
Article 43 on economic and social rights in political platforms and national policy. It also
recommends using scarce public resources for development not bureaucracy by targeting a

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 13
ratio or ceiling, written into law of 70:30 for development versus recurrent expenditure. In
addition, young people should be allowed more employment and livelihood chances by
Government making it easier for small businesses to compete and grow.

Corruption: The growing public perception of Kenya having a rigged system that rewards
cronyism and corruption, as opposed to the productive and hardworking, is the greatest risk
to Kenya’s cohesion and security. Tackling corruption is the single most important mission
Kenya has now. Many Kenyans told the Taskforce that it is the lure of illicit financial gain
through the holding of elected or appointed positions that drives much of the aggressive and
negative ethnicization and even militarisation of political competition. The Taskforce makes
major and actionable recommendations on freeing Kenya from cartel capture; that Public
Officers should not be in business with Government; and that wealth declaration forms should
be made public including a written narrative of how wealth above Kshs 50 million was
acquired. It also calls for making Kenya a 100% e-services nation by digitising all Government
services, processes, payment systems, and record keeping. These services must be secured
from criminal tampering. The Taskforce calls for more resignations to show that leaders in
executive positions should take responsibility for disasters on their watch by resigning. The
Taskforce has also recommended that strong reforms need to be undertaken to increase
public confidence in the Judiciary, which at the moment is relatively low. The Taskforce
understands that core constitutional principles in Kenya are the separation of powers,
between arms of Government, and accountability to the people of Kenya. This means that in
undertaking reforms, the independence of the Judiciary must be protected as a fundamental
principle, while the Judiciary should be accountable in a clear manner to the sovereign people
of Kenya.

Devolution: Devolution has largely been a success. However, devolution is still frustrated by
serious challenges that if unaddressed, will raise questions about its political and economic
sustainability. Kenyans overwhelmingly told the Taskforce that they wanted their Counties to
remain as they are but with services further decentralised to the ward level; and that each
ward should benefit by receiving at least 30% of the development fund in each five-year term.
Kenyans want far better service delivery and for development projects to receive enough
oversight to prevent wastage and corruption. Kenyans told the Taskforce that they lament the
devolution of corruption and impunity to the County Governments and called for strong anti-
corruption measures to be taken. The same calls for inclusion that were made by Kenyans
regarding the National Government were made for the Counties. The ‘winner-take-all’
phenomenon in Counties, following elections, is said by many Kenyans to lead to
discrimination, inequality, and inequity in resource distribution.

The Taskforce calls for the retention of the 47 Counties and for support to the voluntary
process of Counties forming regional economic blocs. Depending on further consultation with
Kenyans, consider that while Kenyans are strong supporters of devolution and their counties,
they also want better value for money and more money to be used for development as
opposed to high recurrent and administrative costs. Perhaps there is a way that the 47
Counties can be maintained as the focus of development implementation and the provision
of services, while representation and legislation are undertaken in larger regional blocs. It

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 14
recommends increasing the resources to the Counties by at least 35% of the last audited
accounts and ensuring that the focus is on service delivery in the settled and serviced areas,
including for people living near the furthest boundaries.

Public resources should follow people not land mass. Meaning that services provided by the
Counties must be as equal as possible by population, and there should be investment in critical
areas such as health, agriculture, and the urban areas, while taking account of past and
existing marginalisation. The aim should be for all Kenyans to have to cover the same distances
to access public services. The Taskforce proposes changes to the County Executive, including,
but not limited to, the running mate of every candidate for the position of Governor being of
the opposite gender. Steps should be taken to strengthen the ability of the Members of
County Assemblies in providing proper oversight on the County Government. At a minimum,
this should be done by ensuring that the transmission and management of County Assembly
budgets are insulated from arbitrary or politically-motivated interference by County
Executives; these processes should also be subjected to rigorous public finance management
processes. Recognising the critical importance of growing the national economy, the
Taskforce calls for Counties to encourage their residents to be more entrepreneurial, and to
compete for investment from other parts of the country, and abroad, to flow into the County.
In addition, a recommendation is made to strengthen dialogue and the integration of
communities in the Counties, especially those that are multi-ethnic, with a focus on ensuring
minorities are heard and respected.

Safety and security: Kenyans told the Taskforce that they do not feel sufficiently safe and
secure. The Taskforce noted the dangerous region Kenya is in and the continuing threats of
terrorism, failing or fragile states and countries with territorial ambitions, police abuses and
rogue illegal actions that violate human rights. The Taskforce strongly recommends that the
value of a Kenyan life impacted by violence, insecurity and poor safety standards should be
the same across Kenya in terms of police response, investigation and prosecution. A life in an
upscale Nairobi suburb should be equally protected as one in Loima village. It also calls for
every incoming President within three months of taking office to publish a comprehensive
National Security and Safety Strategy and renew it two years later. It should be pro-active,
preventive, and pre-emptive, while reflecting the priorities and needs of the entire
Government as well as all sectors of society. There is also an urgent need to strengthen the
performance and public-service orientation of the National Police Service, as well as
supporting the mental health and wellness of officers.

Commissions and cross-cutting issues — The Taskforce recommends the transfer of work
reporting on, promoting and enforcing ethical conduct to a proposed Ethics Commission (in
the chapter on National Ethos). This will mean separating the obligation to conduct criminal
investigations from the obligation to promote and enforce ethics in Public Service.

It also calls for strengthening the Directorate of Criminal Investigations to complement the
independence of the criminal-justice system which includes the Director of Public
Prosecutions and the Judiciary. There should also be an in increase in the resources for the
Director of Public Prosecutions to enable effective prosecutions.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 15
The Taskforce strongly recommends that regulation in Kenya be simplified and made more
transparent and predictable. This can start with the rationalising of the mandates of
regulatory bodies to ensure lack of duplication, and to ease transparency, affordability and
prompt service to enable higher levels of regulatory compliance.

The Taskforce has recommended that it is critical that every organ and arm of Government be
accountable to the people of Kenya. That means that every independent commission must
have internal accountability systems that clearly and transparently separate the power of
appointment and promotion from that of interdiction and censure. In addition, rigorous audits
that inquire into value for money and upholding sound principles of public finance
management should apply to every arm of government and every public institution.

The Taskforce in listening to views on resource sharing, and the provision of services has come
to the conclusion that Nairobi, by virtue of being the national capital and an extra-territorial
seat of the United Nations, which has the city as its third global headquarters, is dissimilar to
other counties. The Kenyan people look to the capital as the seat of all arms of Government
and as a critical location for their civic participation in national life. This means that the
Commission of Revenue Allocation formula would struggle to take into consideration this
special status of Nairobi and the demands for services that come with it. Further to this
consideration as capital city, the 26 March 1975 agreement between the Republic of Kenya
and the United Nations regarding the headquarters of the UN Environment Programme in
Nairobi agrees actions by the National Government that touch on the environment,
infrastructure, amenities, public services, and accessibility of the headquarters. To
demonstrate the far-reaching implications of the agreement, consider its agreement that ‘the
headquarters seat shall be supplied with the necessary services including without limitation
by reason of this enumeration, electricity, water, sewerage, gas, post, telephone, telegraph,
local transportation, drainage, collection of refuse and fire protection…’ It also holds that ‘in
case of any threatened interruption of such services, the appropriate Kenyan authorities shall
consider the needs of UNEP as being of equal importance with those of essential agencies of
the Government…’ These actions are agreed with the National Government and not the
County Government. The status of Nairobi as host of a global UN headquarters is a big reason
why it has become a diplomatic hub with dozens of countries establishing missions that will
allow them representation at UNEP and other UN bodies governed from Nairobi. These
missions in turn demand a minimum level of services and facilitation from the National
Government. The Taskforce recommends that Nairobi be accorded a special status as capital
city that allows the National Government the means to provide the services and facilitation
necessary to maintaining it as a capital city and as a diplomatic hub. At the same time, such a
special status should not impede the rights of the Kenyan people to representation at the
ward and parliamentary levels.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 16
Reading the BBI Report
1. The Taskforce proposes that this report be read, as much as possible, in its entirety.
The more we examined the challenges Kenya is facing, the more interconnected they
appeared. While there is considerable interest in the more political recommendations
the Taskforce is making, we strongly believe that reading them in isolation from the
rest of the report will detract from their successful application. For this reason, we
have chosen to append the major recommendations at the end of every chapter rather
than summarising them at the beginning of this report. More detailed
recommendations for the Government, civil institutions, and individuals charged with
implementation are to be found in table form in the appendices.

2. The Taskforce offers this advisory report in humility and deep gratitude for the
thousands of Kenyans who shared their considered and constructive views with us. We
are grateful for the millions more people who have enthusiastically embraced BBI as
part of a historic opportunity to effect lasting positive change in our country. We are
also profoundly conscious of the magnitude of the task we were set, and our
momentous opportunity to communicate Kenyans’ insights and knowledge clearly and
as concisely as possible. This report encapsulates the core concerns we heard from
Kenyans — citizens in their thousands and many experts, leaders, and representatives
of civil, business, religious, academic, and political institutions. We pray that as many
Kenyans as possible will read this report, taking note of its spirit as much as its letter,
and treating it as an opportunity to begin the journey we must undertake together to
build a united and prosperous Kenya. We ask for forgiveness, in advance, for any
shortcomings or lapses in this report that reflect our limits as individuals and as a
group.

3. We are also thankful to the numerous Kenyans who assisted us in carrying out this
task. From our secretariat and researchers, we got willing effort and confidentiality;
thank you. We are thankful for the Government and security officers who ensured that
we were safe and well taken care of. To the members of civil society who dovetailed
their advocacy efforts with our drive to hear from Kenyans by sending us memoranda
and engaging us, thank you. Above all, we are thankful to the thousands of Kenyans
who took off time from work to share their views and insights; this report is dedicated
to you and our national quest to become a united and prosperous country.

4. The March 2018 ‘handshake’ between His Excellency President Uhuru Kenyatta and
the Right Honourable Raila Odinga, was a historic moment in sealing a bipartisan
accord to build national unity and work together to face some of the most daunting
challenges the country faces. The public embrace and applause of this gesture was,
and remains, extremely strong such that the ‘handshake’ has taken on an iconic and
historic status. Their consideration of the discord and weakening national cohesion
following the 2017 election season, led them to identify the following challenges set
out in this report as key threats to national unity. They then committed to working
together, alongside other Kenyans, to face these challenges in a united manner for the

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 17
 sake of a Kenya that is cohesive and peaceful. President Uhuru Kenyatta subsequently
sought advice on the course of action to take, even as he, and Rt Hon Raila Odinga,
consulted widely with other leaders and Kenyans. President Kenyatta formed the
Taskforce on Building Bridges to Unity Advisory with a mandate that it consult citizens,
leaders, institutions, civil society, the private sector, the religious sector, and other
stakeholders to recommend to him solutions that he will share with relevant
institutions and processes. Though there are other important challenges, the
Taskforce focused specially on nine major ones as per its mandate. In hindsight, having
held broad public and expert consultations, it is even clearer today that these
challenges are the key ones facing a Kenya that aspires to build shared prosperity,
peace, and a unity that respects difference and diversity.

5. This report was compiled through nationwide public participation and drawing on the
expertise and perspectives of institutional leadership of Public Service entities, the
private sector, religious and cultural associations, and dozens of elected leaders. The
views of Kenyans were collated and analysed. The emerging insights were debated for
inclusion in the report’s diagnosis of the challenges and potential solutions to them.
Annex 3 contains names of elected and cultural leaders, major NGOs and associations,
and others who participated in the expert and institutional consultations at the
Kenyatta International Conference Centre. There is also a list that includes the elected
leadership and NGOs that shared their views during the Taskforce’s consultations in
the 47 Counties. During these County visits, at least 20 citizens were drawn from every
constituency with care being made to ensure that the full ethnic and religious diversity
was captured, as well as gender, age, people with disabilities, the private sector, and
different livelihoods. This has been an extensive exercise of public participation that
has included at least 7,000 Kenyans, many who are elected or in civil society
representing millions more Kenyans.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 18
Chapter 1
Notable issues that Kenyans
must deal with

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 19
Chapter 1: Notable issues that Kenyans must deal with
6. As the BBI Taskforce traversed the country, it took note of serious challenges that call
for deep reflection by all Kenyans, and especially leaders at all levels, if we are to truly
manage to build a united, peaceful and prosperous Kenya. They are laid out below and
will hopefully spark constructive conversations. They frame many of the specific
recommendations that will follow, and therefore should be regarded as integral to the
report.

7. A NATION OF IDEALS VERSUS A NATION OF BLOOD TIES — For Kenya to be a united

nation, it must be bound by shared ideals and aspirations and not by blood and soil. If
anything, the politics of ethnicity stretch and tear at our national bonds by pitting
those with shared blood ties against other ethnicities in a struggle for power. A nation
bound by shared ideals and aspirations is a projection of hope that has its gaze set
upon the future of the country. It is a nation that is built in the present by a politics
that can be competitive but never descends into a contest between friends and
enemies. This is not where Kenya is today. The many Kenyans who spoke to the
Taskforce testified to our lack of a unifying ethos. We seem to know only how to
oppose, whether it is colonialism or other ethnic groups. We saw how easily many
Kenyans in positions of responsibility, and even of leadership, take on a weary cynicism
when it comes to appreciating Kenya as a unified nation with the potential for
greatness. We know that this cynicism comes from the repeated disappointments that
have characterised so much of our history as an independent country —
disappointments that might even seem to justify corruption and the deepening of an
‘us versus them’ mentality. Yet ultimately, we will only genuinely be able to embrace
our enormous potential when we can collectively glimpse a nation of ideals and
excellence in the future. Our collective sacrifices and efforts will be needed to build
this future day by day.

8. KENYA IS RUNNING OUT OF TIME — Kenyans know we have to change our trajectory,
our social and economic software, and the way we are governed, if we are to avoid
catastrophic failure, or, just as bad, a continuing downward drift into sustained
poverty, misery, instability, and conflict. We have designed political and economic
systems that are not fit for purpose, and we continue to tempt fate by building on their
failures to the detriment of most of our people. We must either change together, and
stop the few who resist change for selfish and corrupt reasons, or our potential as a
people will go unfulfilled. It is time Kenya proved to itself, and to the world, that an
African country can rise to the highest economic, political, and security heights.
Individual Kenyans, in large numbers, show us every day what it takes to beat elite
global competition for achievement and honours. We have it in us to replicate their
individual feats at scale; we can become the first African country this century to have
a powerful and inclusive national vision and be truly wealthy, have more jobs than job
applicants, to offer fairness and security to all, and develop a golden age of the arts,
industry, and invention. The world and Africa are waiting for such a country, which will

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 20
 herald a new age in human affairs by creating a template of success that shall be
emulated by a billion Africans. Nothing stands in our way except ourselves.

9. YOUNG PEOPLE FEEL LEFT OUT — Kenyans aged 15–24 make up 20.3% of the
population, far above the world average of 15.8%, and they are all aware of the acute
shortfall in opportunities to gain decent employment. The number and quality of jobs
available to young Kenyans is far less than what is required. The gap is so serious that
it is taking on the proportions of a crisis, one that has serious implications for our
country. Young people, broadly speaking, feel that their needs and aspirations are not
being met by the economic, social, and cultural structures in place today. Yet they are
the majority. It is not enough to merely improve on the status quo; we must utterly
transform how our economy operates. We must undertake radical measures to change
the dynamics and structures that have led them to feel this way. Failure to do so puts
at risk one of the greatest opportunities Kenya will ever have — of having most young
citizens who are willing to work — and increases the risk of instability, division, and
even conflict. The Taskforce concluded from its consultations — both with the young
men and women who shared their views, and the experts — that we must shift our
economic paradigm and the politics that feed it to allow for rapid, large-scale
investment. We believe that such an economy is radically different from our present
model. The recommendations made in the chapter on shared prosperity should be
taken seriously and implemented with ambition and determination.

10. KENYA HAS A TRUST DEFICIT — High degrees of social trust have sustained all lasting
and successful nations: trust by the majority of people in their leaders and institutions,
in the cultural norms and pathways that lead us from childhood to adulthood, for our
personal and family prospects in economies that are trusted to reward effort and
minimise corruption and the abuse of power. The nine major challenges to our unity
outlined in the Joint Communiqué are made so intractable by an entrenched trust
deficit. This lack of trust by citizens in the political process, in public institutions, in
their elected leaders, and in the economic system to reward merit and effort over
cronyism, blocks our sense of belonging to, owning and building a unified nation. The
trust deficit manifests itself in our politics most of all and makes us hold onto identities
and interests that we have politically weaponised against each other. It is trust we
must build if Kenya is to be a peaceful, prosperous and fair nation.

11. KENYANS DISRESPECT THE LAW AT ALL LEVELS — It is a common and all-pervasive
phenomenon in Kenya that we — leaders and citizens alike — have a noticeable and
destructive inclination to disrespect the law. This phenomenon is particularly evident
among Public Officers, who commonly ignore the law and too often subordinate it to
the pursuit of their personal interests. It makes for a Kenya that largely has the correct
legislation and policies but seems unable to implement them, leading to a widespread
cynicism which itself feeds and spreads impunity. If there is a single action that would
greatly change Kenya it is that those Public Officers who refuse to implement laws or
to properly discharge duties placed on them by law, or disobey court orders, should
be appropriately punished. Just as dangerous as impunity is the shaping of the law by

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 21
 special interests that use it to reshape, in their favour, competition in our economy,
how regulations are designed and implemented, and even how budgeting and use of
public resources are undertaken. The capture of our laws, and even part of the State
system, by special interests that we call cartels risks confirming the dangerous
sentiment that the economic system and Government decision-making are rigged
against hardworking citizens and law-abiding small businesses. It should be regarded
as a matter of urgent national security interest to ensure that special interests do not
rig the economic system against those without access and influence in the great offices
of State.

12. IN KENYA THERE IS NO TOMORROW, ONLY TODAY — Every country that has made
the leap into prosperity and long-term stability has been able to sustain a national
vision through an extended period. Across generations. In Kenya, by contrast, there is
limited public appreciation of how our efforts today contribute to our collective future,
as a country and as a people. This reflects our lack of a collective vision, and contributes
to the short-term, selfish interests that feed corruption, the wastage of public
resources, environmental destruction, and a poor culture of maintenance. When
money is known as ‘pesa ya serikali’ it is something to plunder not respect; indeed,
people who try to save public money are dismissed and even rebuked. Our leaders
must lead, or get out of the way, in the crafting of a 100-year vision of Kenya that has
as its aim the achievement of a shared prosperity to rival any on earth, and for a Kenya
where security and sovereignty are safeguarded generation after generation. Such a
vision would need to be powerful and binding enough to serve as a guiding star to
successive Governments and generations. It is needed, and this moment of
momentous change is the time to develop and launch one.

13. KENYA MUST NURTURE AND PROMOTE ITS TALENTED CITIZENS — We cannot help
but notice the huge surge of Kenyan excellence across sectors when compared to
countries of a similar economic level. We also notice that such success is usually
achieved outside of Government resources and initiatives. Ninety per cent of Kenyans
leading the world in their discipline do it by investing in themselves and competing for
opportunities. One has only to think of our athletes, like Eliud Kipchoge and Brigid
Kosgei, and the team that represented us at the 2019 World Athletics Championships
in Doha; or the students from Strathmore University who recently won a Moot Court
competition in world trade law against some of the best law schools in the world.
Witness, too, the passion and selflessness that drove Peter Tabichi to win the Global
Teacher Prize 2019. The World Giving Index conducted by a global polling firm on
behalf of a major charity looked at how people in more than 125 countries have given
their time and money to causes that they care about in the last 10 years. It found that
Kenya is Africa’s most generous country, the eleventh in the world overall, and the
second most improved. All this shows that Kenyans are making progress, and the world
is noticing. But meanwhile, they must contend with more than 40 regulatory agencies,
badly spent Government resources that rarely invest in their efforts, and policies that
seek to control Kenyans, rather than freeing them up. Yet it is the Kenyans with
courage, ambition, and great ideas who are going to build the efforts, across all

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 22
 sectors, that lift our country and provide opportunities for millions of others. All
Government policy must be examined for its positive or negative effect on individual
Kenyans and small businesses that are not powerful and connected. We should be
unleashing our full potential and not getting in its way.

14. THE KENYAN FAMILY IS IN CRISIS AND WE ARE SUFFERING A FAILURE OF PARENTAGE
— In all the areas that the Taskforce visited to consult with citizens, there was a
common concern regarding the indiscipline of children. Parents accepted
responsibility for how families are turning out, and many felt that they had failed in
their duty to guide and instruct effectively. They noted the breakdown in traditional
forms of authority in the raising of children; the despair that was leading to elevated
levels of depression and suicide among young people; the prevalence of domestic
violence; and the occurrence of child abuse and incest. The fact that most of the
population is young makes it imperative that as a nation we undertake a major effort
to strengthen parenting skills, in a way that blends tradition and the needs of a
dynamically changing Kenya. Each home, family, community, religious organisation,
and school should develop a system to build parenting skills — which include the
protection of children from abuse — for all new parents so that they know how to
properly instruct, correct, rebuke, and support their children. So important is this
mission that we believe that the President, as the constitutional symbol of national
unity, should annually report on the State of the Family during the annual State of the
Nation Address to the joint Houses of Parliament.

15. WE MUST BAKE A BIGGER NATIONAL CAKE — The Taskforce noted from its
discussions with Kenyans that political ideas regarding prosperity dwell mostly on
sharing rather than creating. Our national anthem states that ‘plenty be found within
our borders’, and indeed there is a strong impression that Kenya is a wealthy country
with plenty for all, if only it were shared. Yet the truth is a grimmer one: Kenya may
have found its way to the lower-middle income tier globally, but we are a relatively
poor country with some of the lowest GDP per capita figures, scoring low on the
Human Development Index, and with low-to-declining agricultural and industrial
production. The mismatch between the size of our national economy and our personal
and collective desires for material progress is dangerous. Into that gap can jump
opportunistic politicians who do not care to explain the reality, or to craft policies that
really make a positive impact. The politics such figures feed on and propagate would
divide Kenyans, driving down productivity even more as they introduce policies of
redistribution and the over-regulation of productive enterprises. We as a people must
build an economy that is dominated by value creation and not value extraction. The
latter, unfortunately, greatly characterises our economy at present. Our value
extraction economy is dominated by parasitic entities who always seek unfair
advantages and try to escape from competition, particularly from small and growing
businesses. It utilises tax avoidance schemes and offshore structures; it is an
unaccountable free rider on public resources and public goods; it privatises profit while
seeking bailouts from the public for its losses; it is singularly focused on debt and
financialisation, and capturing the poorest in schemes that initially promise financial

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 23
 inclusion but have become sophisticated shylock schemes; and it often uses fraud,
cronyism, and even violence to capture State institutions, policies, and processes..

16. We have confused value extraction with capitalism. This has shaped a deformed and
dead-end capitalism whose failures can lead to the even greater disaster of centrally
planned redistribution — resulting in even greater poverty and misery. Among
countries that have transitioned from poverty to wealth in the last 50 years, the source
of transformation has been value creation. The single most important thing that any
Government can do for the Kenyan people is to facilitate the energy and genius of
Kenyans by building an economy dominated by value creation. At the core of such an
economy is accountability by economic actors — companies, entrepreneurs, and
regulators — to consumers, customers, clients, employees, and the broader
community. It is an economy that would use the SGR to export more goods to the
world, rather than just to import for consumption. It would be globally competitive in
terms of skills, production costs, quality standards, logistics, and regulatory burdens.
It would reward companies building value, keep taxes at a minimum, enable small
businesses to compete against larger ones, and safeguard its economic policymaking
and regulation from capture by major companies and cartels. It would be an economy
that is deeply integrated with the rest of the region. We must make the creation of
wealth a key part of our national philosophy. It must be expected from everyone and
every institution to add value to their customers, employees, the community in which
they operate, and to services and products that make a tangible positive impact for all
Kenyans.

17. KENYANS FEEL LET DOWN BY THEIR LEADERS IN ALL SPHERES OF LIFE — Listening to
Kenyans talk about their leaders, the Taskforce came to the conclusion that the
country has a leadership crisis. Whether in the local community or religious
organisations or politics, leaders in Kenya are failing and Kenyans are feeling let down.
In our consultations, it emerged that Kenyans pay close attention to political leaders
in both positive and negative ways. On the one hand, they treat them as special people
and grant them great prestige. On the other hand, Kenyans told the Taskforce that
their political leaders are the major cause of their woes. Kenyans feel that they mostly
live in peace with one another but are driven apart by the way politicians weaponize
identity and division for the sake of selfish and corrupt interests. We strongly
recommend that we find a way to raise barriers that will keep out those with a track
record of fraud, corruption, division, and incitement, to utilise party nomination lists
to increase competence in National and County legislatures, and to undertake
continuous civic education at all ages and in all sectors.

18. PUBLIC SERVICE IN KENYA IS A FAVOUR, NOT A RIGHT — The 2010 Constitution
changed the basis on which power is derived and public offices are established. The
Constitution clearly stated that all power belongs to the people and those who wield
it do so as delegates of the people. Despite this, Kenyans are complaining that public
servants in all branches of Government continue to treat them arrogantly and people
often must plead or bribe for services. Our Public Officers have yet to internalise an

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 24
 understanding that the power and authority assigned to them is a public trust that
they are meant to use for the benefit of the people, not for their personal
aggrandisement. All inquiries made by the Taskforce showed that the problem is not
in training or induction. Neither is it due to lack of rules or a lack of effort to deal with
the problem. We have come to the conclusion that there is a deep-rooted problem in
the attitude of Public Officers — at all levels — to providing service to Kenyans. It is a
matter of urgency that we conduct an independent performance audit and overhaul
the Public Service, implementing the recommendations of the audit in a way that is
linked to a public strategy for reform. We realise that public sector reform is difficult,
particularly given the deeply entrenched interests within the system that are resistant
to change.

19. KENYANS ARE INSENSITIVE TO PEOPLE LIVING WITH DISABILITIES — Too many of us
do not regard disability as something that we ourselves can suffer or that can be
suffered by a person dependent on us. Disability is looked at as someone else’s curse.
The traditional view of people living with disability as condemned by fate persists, and
we have created a separate world for them to live in rather than struggling to integrate
them into our society. Everywhere the Taskforce visited, people living with disability
complained that they were patronised by the rest of society and treated as incapable
of taking care of their own lives and interests. We need to interrogate our attitudes
towards our brothers and sisters living with disability. A review of the way we have
handled matters respecting people living with disabilities shows that we do not regard
their concerns as equally urgent as those of the rest of society. For instance, we have
taken an inordinately long time to formulate a policy on disability. We have also taken
too long to align the law on disability to the 2010 Constitution. In fact, even the old Act
has never been fully implemented. We urgently need to give due attention to
integrating people with disabilities to live as full members of society with equal rights
and equal opportunities as guaranteed by the Constitution. It is also important that
people living with disabilities choose their own representatives and not have
nominated representatives be chosen for them by parties.

20. THE PROBLEM IS MOSTLY IN OUR SOFTWARE, NOT OUR HARDWARE — Overall, the
Taskforce notes that Kenya’s greatest obstacles are our attitudes and behaviours. We
struggle to take responsibility for our actions or our responsibilities. When was the last
time a senior Government or company official resigned on a matter of conscience after
a disastrous development — not because he or she was directly guilty, but as a way of
acknowledging their responsibility? We believe that such an official would instantly
become a national hero! At present it is always someone else’s fault. Our fingers are
always pointed out to accuse others, to throw on the mantle of victimhood, and very
rarely to raise a hand and play our individual role. Others are corrupt, even as we
personally offer and solicit bribes. Our churches and mosques are packed to the rafters
with fervent worshippers, yet many, outside those hours of worship, behave in ways
that are in direct contradiction of our faith. We cannot fix Kenya until we first fix
ourselves as individuals. Having said all this, it is not enough for this Taskforce to sound
like our interest is only in lecturing Kenyans. We believe that it is possible to change

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 25
 the software of our country through a great moral and ethical reawakening from the
bottom up. Many of the recommendations in this report focus on what must be done,
by all of us, to achieve this. We should mention a few qualities that are essential if we
are to become a country that is an example of greatness to the world. We must reduce
the penetration of electoral competition into every sphere of our communities and
forums: enough with our funerals, weddings, and self-help efforts becoming perpetual
platforms for political warfare, incitement, and negative manipulation of our feelings.
Let the politicians keep their politics to electioneering time, and then engage us in
strengthening our communities, economies, and wellbeing. We must also reject those
known to be corrupt and abusive of their public office from places of honour among
us. Praising the corrupt is encouraging corruption and increasing it. The cultures and
heritage of every Kenyan community give pride of place to the honourable, the wise,
and those who enlighten and uplift; let us not replace what has stood for numerous
generations with a new culture of praising those who undermine our young country.

21. MOST INJUSTICES IN KENYA ARE SWEPT UNDER THE CARPET — We have adopted a
system of sweeping injustices under the carpet. Year after year, Kenyans suffer from
many forms of abuse and injustice, including when they are carrying out their political
rights during elections. They seek redress. Commissions are launched and author
reports that stay on the shelves, unimplemented. The institutions and leaders who
have the responsibility to provide justice, rehabilitation and redress, never complete
their work. Often, they do not even begin. Frustration piles on suffering, trust is lost as
citizens become alienated from their own Government, and progress in achieving the
ideals we need to embrace to build a united Kenya is frustrated. In many parts of the
country, Kenyans told the Taskforce of their past suffering at the hands of the State.
They protested the lack of responsiveness to the findings of past Commissions and
some even asked openly whether this Taskforce was going to join that trend. The
Taskforce is profoundly aware of the bipartisan and patriotic basis of the Handshake
that launched the Joint Communiqué to which this report responds. The Taskforce
recommends that the implementation of the recommendations of this report, many
which are far-reaching, should include the interests and needs of the victims of
historical injustices. Including ensuring that the relevant Chapter 15 commissions
effectively carry out their mandates that touch on historical injustices.

22. KENYANS FEEL INSECURE — The Taskforce heard from Kenyans about chronic
insecurity and lack of safety. News headlines and everyday conversations are filled
with stories of domestic violence, which destroys psychological wellbeing and even
kills. Sexual abuse and violence are making the home and other protected spaces like
schools, religious centres, and workplaces feel threatening and unwelcoming. Brutal
criminals violently waylay Kenyans on country paths and break into their homes. Drug
dealers induce promising young people into ruin. Radicalisers mix with our children in
spaces that should be safe to induce them into becoming terrorist murderers. Food
bought at enormous expense for our loved families makes us sick enough that we must
use all our savings in search of medical care. In all these instances, the institutions that
should prevent these harms and respond to them with justice, rehabilitation, and

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 26
 redress often underperform. Channels for victims reporting safely and without stigma
or further exploitation are rare. The effect is an insecure people, unable to trust that
citizenship grants a minimum guarantee of safety and security. It is imperative to
shaping a united and prosperous future that the safety and security of all Kenyans
should be the major preoccupation of all Government efforts. Institutions that
regulate food and drugs must have their mandates rationalised and their operations
made more effective. The security services must draw up strategies that are rooted in
human security and responsive to the harms befalling individual Kenyans.

23. A NATIONAL CONVERSATION — We need a national conversation on the country we

want our children and their children to live in, a Kenya three generations from today,
and on how our day-to-day behaviour and attitudes will help to build it. This should
start with the launch of the BBI report starting a national conversation to discuss its
findings. This civic interaction should be carried out by as many communities,
churches, mosques, temples, associations, clubs, civil society groups, and citizens as
possible, with the aim of driving honest and open conversations and a bottom-up
consensus on the nation we want to build. The conversation should be aided by
technology and townhall meetings. The leaders who drive this process of change
should go out and speak to Kenyans and listen to them. A powerful national consensus
will emerge, not only on the contents of the BBI report but also on the New Kenya for
our children’s children — a future for which we are willing to make sacrifices today.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 27
Chapter 2
Lack of a national ethos

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 28
Chapter 2: Lack of a national ethos
“Naomba tu nikisema ya kwamba let it be a collective
social responsibility tujue ya kwamba nyumba mzuri
inaanzia kutoka kwa msingi”. A resident of Meru County.

A nation is founded on a national ethos

24. We lack shared beliefs, ideals and aspirations about what Kenya can become if we all
subscribed to a national ethos that builds and reinforces our unity. This report is a
historic opportunity for us to begin willingly defining, developing and subscribing to an
enduring collective vision that would lead to a united Kenya equal to all its major
challenges. It would appreciate and honour excellence in leadership, in the civic
practices of citizenship, and in our care and consideration of one another. Such an
ethos would be deeply respectful of differences in culture, heritage, beliefs and
religions. Its character would guide and constrict the planning and actions of the State
to the benefit of the people of Kenya. The journey to developing such a national ethos
begins by accepting the desperate need for it. That is the most important
recommendation made in this report.

25. The thousands of Kenyans who spoke to the Taskforce, from every social class, all
wanted their children, and their children’s children, to prosper, to be safe and
respected, and to enjoy equal opportunities and rights like every other Kenyan.
Kenyans told the Taskforce of our being a people suspended in a sort of purgatory
between our traditional heritage and a vision of Westernisation as a superior form of
modernisation to aspire to. ‘Kusema ukweli sisi ni kama tumepotea sana sababu moja
ni vile tumekosa zile sheria za mila zetu, desturi zetu’, said a Kenyan to the Taskforce.
Many spoke of our suffering from broken historical narratives, a disconnection from
our pre-colonial societies, and a sense that together, as African peoples, we are not
the equal of others from distant lands. Kenyans yearn for a national ethos of cultural
pride, one that allows us to reconcile our traditions with the new and dynamically
changing world around us.

26. Kenyan communities have adapted successfully to change throughout history, and
they can continue to do so. The country is composed of diverse cultures that for many
generations located at their core the development of ethical and honourable people.
Our national ethos will emerge from a trusting expansion of our circles of brotherhood
such that we regard every Kenyan, and our collective existence as a nation, to be
worthy of our commitment and ownership. We will need to have conversations and
initiatives that allow us to innovatively combine the young, dynamic and urbanising
cultures with the enduring wisdom of our diverse cultures.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 29
27. This is bottom-up work, starting in the family and the community, supported by
initiatives that embrace the positive cultures, beliefs and ideals of Kenya’s diverse
communities and facilitated by civil society, the private sector, and State institutions.
It will become embedded in the formal education system, starting from the earliest
age and lasting for a lifetime, religious and cultural institutions, the media, and our arts
sector. It will not be an ethos made of a single note but will be a complex song of many
voices that are inspired by the desire to contribute to, own and build a nation to which
we all belong. A Kenya in which a Kenyans’ character of embracing hard-work, honesty,
integrity, and respectful behaviour will be recognised and rewarded.

28. Even as the Taskforce recommends sustained action to build a national ethos, it is
aware that this has been tried in the past with mixed success. Recall the slogans from
the past that encapsulated campaigns driven by the State: Uhuru na Kazi, Harambee,
and Fuata Nyayo. Without being overly critical, and admittedly with the benefit of
hindsight, the Taskforce observed that the behaviour of the State and its leadership
was too often at odds with what it was preaching. The slogans became just that —
slogans, which were daily contradicted by those who mouthed them loudly on public
platforms.

29. Instead, Kenyans must build from the ground up, guided by some of the
recommendations made below, but informed by diverse approaches, in every
community, sector, or institution. In short, Kenya must undertake a sustained bottom-
up and top-down civic, cultural and social initiatives that, at a minimum, transform
Kenyans, and particularly the young, into individuals with a respect for others and a
readiness to serve and assist others in a way that shows integrity.

30. A major part of strengthening our national ethos is included in the Taskforce’s
consultations and recommendations on responsibilities and rights. The two should be
read together.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

31. The most crucial national task is to think big and long-term — Elections will come and
go with different administrations in place, but Kenya will endure. We need a vision of
the Kenya we want to exist in 3 generations or 100 years. It will be a country that makes
a special contribution to humanity, perhaps by being the spark for a resurgence of
vibrant, prosperous and confident African civilisations throughout the continent. We
must undertake a major consultation, in the form of a national conference, of Kenyans
of every age, class, ethnicity, belief, and philosophy with the single aim to produce a
vision of a unique Kenyan civilisation 100 years from today. Processes that allow
Kenyans to sustain this vision beyond electoral cycles and politics should be supported
in academia and think tanks.

32. That vision must stand alongside an official and inclusive history — we should give
ourselves a definitive, evolving, and inclusive official history.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 30
 A. The Kenya National Archives and Documentation Service should be renamed the
Official Historian and National Archives Service. The re-energised body should have
its mandate broadened to be a pivotal point in collaborative and professional
efforts, by libraries, universities, museums and individual historians, to research,
analyse and present a thorough and definitive Kenyan history to Kenyans and the
world.

B. The institution should be led by an established and highly regarded scholar of

African history or a world-class expert on library science or curating. It should have
a board with representation from the Ministries of Heritage and Education;
domestic and foreign universities; domestic and foreign museums of history and
heritage; curators; artists; citizens and elders.

C. H.E. President Uhuru Kenyatta should commission an Official History of Kenya

whose production will be led by an Office of the Historian resident in the National
Archives. This history should go back 1000 years and provide an accurate and
definitive account of the settlement of Kenya by the present inhabitants; the
political, economic, and cultural histories of all ethnic groups in Kenya; the role of
women throughout this history; an account of the international slave trade and
colonialism; the anti-colonial struggles; the post-colonial history of every part of
the country; and contemporary histories including those of urban areas and newly
formed communities in Kenya.

D. Inside the Official Historian and National Archives Service should be a working staff
of professional historians, librarians, curators, and professionals from other
relevant fields of expertise such as philosophy, anthropology, theology, politics,
and the sciences to name a few.

E. The work should be connected to the mission of the National Museums, publicly
funded, cultural centres, the Ministry of Education and all public bodies
undertaking curriculum development, training and education of Kenyans. Its work
should be shaped in such a way that it can be presented and understood by all
Kenyans, and particularly students and young people.

33. We must become comfortable in our own African skin — The Taskforce recommends
that Government undertake initiatives that harmonise modern Kenyan identity with
our diverse African cultures so that we are Africans comfortable in our skin and not
operating between two, or more sometimes contradictory worlds.

A. Strengthen the Ministry of Culture and Heritage to build and promote cultural
policies that are linked to the Counties’ promotion of cultural activities. The
Ministry should also be able to do more to document, protect, and promote
ancient and historical monuments of national importance.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 31
 B. County Governments should be empowered to discharge their Constitutional duty,
according to Schedule 4, to promote cultural activities and implement the
Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions Act 2016.

C. Replace Boxing Day on 26th December with a National Culture Day for celebrating
culture and learning about other Kenyans’ cultures (this could also be done on 1st
January).

D. Link Elders to formal mediation processes recognised by the legal system through
training and certification opportunities, and ensure they are well connected with
judicial and Government institutions nationwide.

E. The Ministry of Culture and Heritage should use public participation and input from
experts to codify an official pantheon of Kenyan heroes who reflect Kenya’s values
and ethos, our fight for democracy and freedom, our aspirations and our
outstanding achievements. These heroes should be included in museum displays,
curriculums and displays.

F. The officially recognised living national heroes should receive State support if they
are vulnerable or destitute.

34. All of us have a responsibility — Every major sector of the country must take its role
and responsibility seriously in building a national ethos out of the country’s diverse
cultures, interests, and groupings. The following activities, while they do not form a
comprehensive list, should be undertaken:

A. Senior national and political leadership should take the lead in promoting the
importance of this national moment for forging a renewed and strengthened
national ethos. Our leaders must live what they preach on the national ethos.

B. There must be a renewed focus among parents and mentors on teaching morality,
including sacred truths whose importance stretches beyond the individual.

C. Elders and cultural leaders should commit to strengthening the moral and service
ethos passed to the young and including in it a civic component. Insert civic
education into traditional and communal rituals for passage into adulthood. There
should be a specific effort made to insert the call to service and integrity, as
citizens, in all ceremonies of passage into adulthood of Kenya’s cultural and
religious communities — for example, in circumcision ceremonies.

D. The media can build up or tear down. Kenyans need media that hold the powerful
to account. Equally, Kenya needs media that uplift us through investing in quality
local content. The media should build programming around Kenyan histories and
showing us what is exceptional about ourselves.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 32
 E. Kenyans should learn service from the earliest age. In schools, and particularly
boarding schools, students should carry out work and exercise responsibilities that
demand their effort and service to the community.

F. All students should be involved in structured volunteer initiatives that serve the
poor and needy beyond the school gates. These initiatives should reflect values of
compassion, empathy, cooperation, and responsibility.

G. Religious groups, including churches, mosques, and temples, should play a strong
role in strengthening the national ethos by mainstreaming ethics training and
awareness in their activities.

H. The National Government, working with private sector associations, should

develop and launch a National Volunteers Network that identifies the need for
volunteers and gives formal certification for the work done. This should use
technology to identify people or organisations with a need for volunteers and link
them to willing groups in schools, homes, and workplaces. In schools, it should
include adult volunteers and mentors engaging with students. School holidays can
be used for students’ volunteering work, in environments that are different from
where they live or go to school.

I. There should be a compulsory curriculum — throughout a Kenyan’s formal

education — instilling in the learner at an early age, a sense of national ethos
rooted in ethics, morals, and integrity. You should not be able to graduate without
having completed these courses.

35. A full-time focus on ethics — The EACC should be focused on stopping economic
crimes and given constitutional protection as a Chapter 15 Commission. Its ethics
mandate should be redirected to an Ethics Commission to be under the Office of the
President. The NCIC should be subsumed in the Ethics Commission and its mandate
brought in line.

A. Monitor and publicly report on the ethical state of public life throughout the
country while providing widespread and accessible ethics and public leadership
training.

B. The re-mandated body on ethics should advise the President on ethical standards
across the whole of public life in Kenya.

C. It should monitor and report to the public on the standards of conduct of all public
office holders.

D. Undertake annual integrity, ethics and efficiency surveys of all Government

entities, and the perceptions of Kenyans, and then publicise the results.

E. Strengthen the linking of cultural systems of ethics with Kenya's constitutional

values.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 33
36. Link the cultural values and modern norms of Kenyans as reflected in rites of passage
to constitutional values and principles, and the responsibilities and rights of
citizenship. This can be achieved through policy guidance from the Ministry of Culture
and Heritage and the County Governments implementing measures that encourage
and enable all Councils of Elders or community leaders to formalise rites of passage to
include both genders, and to incorporate into them national values and citizen rights
and responsibilities.

37. Develop and implement enforcement mechanisms for the Leadership and Integrity
Act that capture and act on breaches. We have lost track of the enforcement of
Chapter 6 on National Values and have few working mechanisms. The present focus
on financial impropriety, as important as it is, excludes other important breaches of
our national values such as bullying, misleading the public, discrimination, and
demeaning public office; these may not amount to criminal behaviour but are clearly
breaches of the Constitution.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 34
Chapter 3
Responsibilities and rights

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 35
Chapter 3: Responsibilities and rights
38. To develop, engrain and implement our national ethos, every individual Kenyan is
going to need to embrace, in our personal conduct, the responsibilities and rights we
have as citizens. To investigate the status of responsibilities and rights in Kenya, the
Taskforce had the privilege to speak to Kenyans who make immense sacrifices for us
all.

39. We heard of our young Kenyan soldiers bravely fighting, and sometimes making the
ultimate sacrifice, to protect our homeland from murderous terrorists. Just across the
border, as the Taskforce consulted with Kenyans on our side of the border with
Somalia, we were protected by police officers who undertake daily patrols in search of
militants who regularly try to waylay them with improvised explosive devices.

40. The Taskforce learned that Kenya is sustained by many actions that are not captured
by the television cameras or lauded by headlines. Across the length and breadth of
Kenya, many patriots rise to heal, encourage, rescue, and sacrifice, all because of their
profound feeling of responsibility. If it were not for their efforts, and those from others
who have since passed on, Kenya may possibly not even exist in the form we know it.

41. However, the Taskforce was also told of deep concerns by many Kenyans that there
are still far too many who do not know what their responsibilities to the country are.
The point was frequently made that lacking a sustained civic education, and given the
lack of trust among Kenyans, our national sense of responsibility to the public good
and Kenya is far from where it should be. The Taskforce heard from Kenyan after
Kenyan that we are increasingly a nation of distinct individuals instead of an
individually distinct nation; and that we have placed too much emphasis on what the
nation can do for each of use — our rights — and given almost no attention to what
we each must do for our nation: our responsibilities. Our sense of being wenye inchi is
not strong enough for many of us to resist the lure of corruption and dishonesty that
compromise Public Service, leading to insecurity and even disasters.

42. Our attitudes to responsibilities and rights are rooted in our history, which must be
understood if we are to forge an approach to these two key pillars of citizenship that
allows us to craft a strong national ethos.

A history of responsibilities and rights in Kenya

43. Responsibilities and rights in pre-colonial times — For most of our histories, African
nations were egalitarian in nature and founded on the understanding that' ‘I am
because you are’. This sharing of responsibilities created a system in which the right to
enjoy food and protection was reliant on the duties undertaken by members to ensure
the continuity of the community. In pre-colonial African society, the taking up of
responsibilities was a dominant feature of becoming an adult and a citizen. There is
important work that needs to be undertaken in documenting this aspect of our history.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 36
44. Responsibilities and rights during colonialism — Under colonial rule, our pre-colonial
system of responsibilities and duties was replaced by a Western model of formalised
education which was established and reproduced for the sake of maintaining the
domination and hegemony of the British. This new foreign system of social relations
altered many of our socio-economic, cultural and political structures. We adopted
modernisation as a project to eject our indigenous knowledge systems as they came
under ferocious ideological and even violent assault from the coloniser.

45. Responsibilities and rights in post-independence Kenya — Our independence in 1963

led to the introduction of formal (legal) rights in Kenyan society, beginning with the
enactment of our inaugural Constitution in 1963. As was the case under colonial rule,
the 1963 Constitution failed to acknowledge the responsibilities that had always
existed in and held together our communities in African society. Instead, the 1963
Constitution over-emphasised the place of rights, setting in motion the challenge of a
responsibility-light and rights-heavy society which we currently face in Kenya today.

46. Under the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 — An exploration of our responsibilities must
begin with an assessment of the Preamble to the 2010 Constitution. The word
‘preamble’ stems from the Latin word praeambulus, which means ‘to walk before’. It
follows that the framers of our 2010 Constitution envisaged that the long journey of
progressively implementing our current Constitution in its true essence must begin
with the set of key steps which we agreed to and set out in the Preamble. While often
overlooked, the Preamble paints a vivid picture of the range of fundamental
behaviours and attitudes which we each must embrace as our individual and collective
duties to one another, if we are to give life to the letter and spirit of our current
Constitution. Reflecting the underlying spirit, philosophy, intent, facts, and
assumptions in our Constitution, the Preamble contemplates a society in which we the
people of Kenya previously held and will perpetually hold to the following individual
and collective duties, that:
• We acknowledge the supremacy of the Almighty God of all creation;
• We hold in high esteem people who struggled to procure our nation’s freedom
and justice;
• We celebrate and tolerate our ethnic, cultural and religious diversity and in so
doing endeavour to live peaceably as a nation;
• We respect and sustain our environment as a bequest which we received and
will impart to future generations;
• We uphold a commitment to nurturing and protecting our individual and
collective well-being;
• We recognise the aspirations of all our fellow Kenyans towards a humane
Government, predicated on equality, freedom, democracy, social justice,
human rights and the rule of law; and

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 37
 • We exercise our sovereign and inalienable right to determine the form of
governance in Kenya.

47. Kenyans can be proud of the inalienable rights they have won and articulated in
Chapter 4’s Bill of Rights, which also recognises that with every right there are
responsibilities. Article 24 provides the general principles on the limitation of those
rights.

48. Despite being tucked away in our Constitution’s Preamble, this set of expectations are
essential pre-conditions which we meet if we, as citizens of Kenya, are to enact our
Constitution not just into law but into our lives and if we are to ultimately to bequeath
it to future generations of Kenyans in both letter and spirit.

49. Whereas the 2010 Constitution briefly outlines the above-mentioned expectations of
Kenyan citizens, it nevertheless remains heavily skewed towards articulating the rights
of citizens, many of which are consistent with those set out in rights previously
guaranteed under the 1963 Constitution.

50. Other legal responsibilities and rights rooted in the Constitution — There are laws
that enhance Constitutional provisions in areas such as the payments of taxes; political
participation; electoral conduct; public participation in legislation, policy-making and
public financing; and the responsibility to hold public institutions and offices
accountable. Wider individual responsibilities to which we are all beholden as citizens
include responsibilities towards other individuals, our families, communities and
country.

51. At the institutional level, the responsibilities of our private institutions as corporate
citizens pertain to the promotion of the rights of employees and engagement in
corporate social responsibility. Correspondingly, all private actors have duties that
include honouring their contractual obligations; preventing the facilitation of
corruption; and, as employers, in ensuring employees enjoy their employment rights.

52. A huge part of the work of strengthening citizens’ embrace of both responsibilities and
rights dovetails with the Taskforce’s consultations and recommendations on national
ethos. They should ideally be read together.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

53. Recognise that the responsibilities and rights of Kenyans are rooted in the individual
and enable the knowledge and attitudes that strengthen responsible citizenship —

A. For you to enjoy your rights, another Kenyan must discharge their responsibility.
This means that every one of us must also accept our responsibilities if the rights
we argue for so strongly are to ultimately to be respected for all of us.

B. This responsible attitude must be ingrained in the behaviour of every one of us,
from the youngest possible age.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 38
 C. Kenyans have God-given rights that must now stand alongside a Kenyan Charter of
Citizen Responsibilities that is inspired by the National Anthem and the National
Values, and includes a Patriot’s Pledge to the Nation and the Constitution of Kenya
(for schools, workplaces, and official national and public events)

D. We must ensure that the mechanisms and attitudes in the Public Service protect
Kenyans to safely exercise their responsibilities, for instance when willing to
whistleblow or report a crime. That means there should be strong whistleblower
protections and responsive and accessible communication channels, manned by
reliable and trustworthy personnel.

E. There is an urgent need for continuous and widespread civic education on rights
and responsibilities. Civic education should be prioritised in Government policies
and initiatives, both nationally and in Counties. This includes a specific ongoing
civic education campaign that is continuous and is based on innovative approaches
that do not utilise the typical workshopping model; for instance, the use of barazas.
Citizenship education should be provided at all stages of education through to the
undergraduate level.

F. Develop a responsibility and execution culture because there is a national deficit

in execution and the acceptance of individual responsibility. To build a culture of
responsibility and effective implementation is not intuitive, it must be deliberately
inculcated in people from their upbringing, our communal and national ethos, and
in their training and education.) To this end, Kenyan schools should draw all
students into chores and responsibilities that uplift and provide for the school and
the broader community. This will help to develop a culture of responsibility, and
getting tasks done. Schools, at every level, should also actively encourage and
enable volunteering for those in need in the communities or institutions close to
the school.

G. The citizen’s responsibilities and rights should be incorporated in the cultural,

religious, and communal processes of initiation and religious and cultural
education (based on all religions having expectations of engaged citizenship).

54. ‘Skin in the game’ and responsibility of leadership — Part of choosing to be a Cabinet
member or to be a Principal Secretary, and their equivalent in the Counties, is to be
ready to have 'skin in the game’ in using the services that you develop and manage on
behalf of all Kenyans. If it is good enough for Kenyans, it should be good enough for
you. The Ministerial Code should include Ministers making use of services for their own
personal and family needs. For instance, the children of the Education Minister should
make use of public schools; the Health Minister should use public healthcare; and so
forth. All Ministers should use public facilities and services. These principles should be
reflected in the Counties with the County Executives.

55. Effective parenting is learned — Educated parenting is important to raise healthy and
responsible children in an increasingly complex and fast-changing Kenya. Like the

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 39
 classes many churches insist be taken by couples planning to wed, to ensure that they
know how to uphold marriage, there should be similar efforts to strengthen parenting.
To put this into action, an inter-ministerial Taskforce should be formed to develop a
generic and simple parenting curriculum and make it available to religious and cultural
institutions, health centres, and sub-chiefs and chiefs for the widest possible
dissemination.

56. Entrench ethics awareness, training and accountability in the workplace — Every
Public institution, non-governmental organisation, and company should develop an
integrity and ethics strategy that includes training and safe ways to report infractions
and make it part of evaluating departments and managers.

57. Growing through being of service — All Kenyans should voluntarily give six months of
their lives to national service between the ages of 18 and 26 as a means of developing
personal responsibility through service to others. All Kenyans should be encouraged to
give their time to volunteering and service. There should be a national volunteer
network that allows efforts that need volunteers to sign on and be connected to those
who want to serve; this network should also offer certification of completed
volunteering stints. Incentives, including by making this a requirement of applying for
Public Service jobs, should be considered.

58. Utilise the duties articulated in the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights to
develop civic training on responsibilities — Every Kenyan citizen, in upholding our
responsibilities and rights shall be guided by the African Charter on Human and
Peoples Rights, to which Kenya is a party, and specifically the Articles below:

Article 27 —

1. Every individual shall have duties towards his family and society, the State and
other legally recognised communities and the international community.

2. The rights and freedoms of each individual shall be exercised with due regard to
the rights of others, collective security, morality and common interest.

Article 28 — Every individual shall have the duty to respect and consider his fellow beings
without discrimination, and to maintain relations aimed at promoting, safeguarding and rein-
forcing mutual respect and tolerance.

Article 29 — The individual shall also have the duty:

1. To preserve the harmonious development of the family and to work for the
cohesion and respect of the family; to respect his parents at all times, to maintain
them in case of need;

2. To serve his national community by placing his physical and intellectual abilities at
its service;

3. Not to compromise the security of the State whose national or resident he is;

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 40
 4. To preserve and strengthen social and national solidarity, particularly when the
latter is threatened;

5. To preserve and strengthen the national independence and the territorial integrity
of his country and to contribute to its defence in accordance with the law;

6. To work to the best of his abilities and competence, and to pay taxes imposed by
law in the interest of the society;

7. To preserve and strengthen positive African cultural values in his relations with
other members of the society, in the spirit of tolerance, dialogue and consultation
and, in general, to contribute to the promotion of the moral well-being of society;

8. To contribute to the best of his abilities, at all times and at all levels, to the
promotion and achievement of African unity.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 41
Chapter 4
Ethnic antagonism and
competition

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 42
Chapter 4: Ethnic antagonism and competition
59. If we do not find a better way to manage our diversity, particularly in the competition
for power, then it will be our collective ruin. Even those who benefit from dividing us
along ethnic lines will lose, and their children, and children’s children, will lose when
this mode of competition runs out of room, as it eventually will.

60. Competition for resources, recognition and power are inevitable, and even natural,
where human beings are concerned. Kenya is an African country made up of multiple,
ancient nations that were often defined along linguistic and ethnic lines — with varying
political and cultural models of governance. They competed and even fought over
resources — whether these were pasture, water, livestock or land. Over time,
neighbouring nations and communities developed and implemented mechanisms for
the regulation and settlement of these conflicts.

61. The coming of the modern State as a colonial enterprise — which was racially defined
and placed in opposition to our African nations — led to the recruitment of ethnic
division and manipulation as a tool for the exploitation and governance of the colony.
Colonialism was a winner-take-all system that entrenched the principle of ‘might is
right’ and used the control of the State as the excuse for dispossession and oppression.
At independence, we inherited the winner-take-all model particularly for the
Presidency, with ethnic and racial identities as the primary vehicles for political
competition. Our system is at odds with the consensus-led model of settling political
and social differences that is characteristic of almost every ethnic and cultural
community in Kenya.

62. An ethnically driven politics that ends with a winner-take-all model contradicts political
and cultural cultures in Kenya that have lasted for much longer than we have been
Kenyans. It does not offer us the capable leaders who will offer a strong vision and rally
us to implement national visions that uplift us. And it will certainly keep us forever in
one form of ethnic-based conflict or another, leading to the loss of lives and frustrating
our desire for a peaceful and prosperous Kenya.

63. This problem is not unique to Kenya: tribalism is present in our entire region and all
over the world. Tribalism as a form of competition and antagonism does not just
belong to ethnic groups, there are different forms of tribal attachment that are
equally, if not more, destructive. What matters is the amount of cultural, social and
political innovation that a country can produce to build itself structures that minimise
group antagonism.

64. One of the major ways we can escape the trap of ethnicised political competition is to
more deeply integrate with our neighbouring countries, and to achieve the political
federation that is the ultimate objective of the East African Community. Deeper
integration, at the political level, will lead to today’s ethnic politics being swallowed by
much larger populations so that any one group in Kenya is a small minority in the
federated region. There is already an official EAC process underway to get to a

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 43
 Federated East African Community through an initial process of confederation that
allows each country to retain its sovereignty for a period while converging legally,
policy-wise, and administratively in preparation for federation.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

65. Build and strengthen the ties that bind us — The Taskforce also recommends that
throughout their education, and in sustained civic education for non-students,
Kenyans be exposed to — and incentivised to respect — ethnic and religious diversity,
and for this principle to be reflected in the Public Service. Specifically, the measures
required to implement this recommendation are as follows:

A. School curriculums should feature compulsory components on history, cultural

diversity, knowledge of the major religions including traditional ones, and the
relationship between the Constitution and our cultures/religions.

B. Ensure that secondary boarding schools that are publicly funded have
representation from different Counties amounting to at least 50% of the student
body.

C. Align the National Museums of Kenya to this mission.

D. Promote and support inclusive cultural centres in every County.

66. Do away with a winner-take-all model for the Presidency and opt for a more
consociational model that works best for ethnically divided societies — The
Taskforce proposes that we transform our political system to be more in line with the
consensus-driven traditions of our people, and to reduce the appeal of ethnicity as our
primary mode of political competition, which takes on a do-or-die quality. We take this
to mean principally that we should do away with a winner-take-all model for the
Presidency and opt for a more consociational model that works best for ethnically
divided societies. The Executive should reflect what is commonly known as the Face of
Kenya in a way that inclusively reflects the political will of Kenyans and does not simply
mean making appointments based on ethnicity.

67. Make resource distribution to be fair and felt to be fair — Decrease conflict over
national resource distribution by treating all Kenyans as equal — this should take into
account population, needed investment in health and agriculture, service provision,
and access to natural resources and livelihood opportunities. The per capita share of
national resources for every Kenyan should be carefully balanced to account for every
Kenyan being treated as equal, as the Constitution makes clear, while ensuring that
those who have been marginalised in the past, or are being marginalised at present,
are given extra help where they need it. The institutions responsible for resource
distribution should report their work clearly and understandably to all Kenyans.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 44
68. Baraza la washauri — That the President as a symbol of national unity should benefit
from the private advice of eminent, experienced, and honourable citizens serving in a
Council of Advisors on a non-salaried basis.

69. Accelerate regional integration — One of the major ways we can escape the trap of
ethnicised political competition is to more deeply integrate with our neighbouring
countries, and in particular to achieve the Political Federation that is the ultimate
objective of the East African Community Treaty which is already part of our laws and
Government. Deeper integration, at the political level, will lead to today’s ethnic
politics being swallowed by much larger populations with any one group in Kenya
being a small minority in the Federated country. There is already an official EAC
process underway to get to a Federated East African Community through an initial
process of Confederation that allows each country to retain its sovereignty for a period
while converging legally, policy-wise, and administratively in preparation for
Federation.

70. Institutionalisation of national political parties — All political parties should be

compelled to reflect the Face of Kenya in ethnic, religious, regional, and gender terms.
A significant reason for our ethnicised politics is the lack of a strong referee in the
political field. The existing referee, the Registrar of Political Parties, should be
strengthened and supported so that the office is assertive, independent, and
proactive. This should be done while taking note that the since the creation of this
office in 2007, it has lacked a substantive Registrar in breach of the Constitution and
the Political Parties Act. Strengthening this crucial office can be achieved by
undertaking the following actions:

A. Recruit and appoint a substantive Registrar and ensure that this position is
maintained in future.

B. In recruiting for the Registrar, the requirements should be comparable to that of a

Chairperson for a Chapter 15 commission.

C. Strengthen the Office of the Registrar in monitoring the implementation of the

political parties’ Code of Conduct, and sanctioning where necessary.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 45
Chapter 5
Divisive elections

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 46
Chapter 5: Divisive elections
71. Our politics have taken on the aspect of a conflict that every five years threatens to
destroy lives, and even puts the continuity of our country at risk. It allows those we
charge with responsibility, from the high offices of State, to our schools, churches, and
mosques, to manifest the worst in themselves and to degrade our trust even further.

72. In our rush to adopt, and even mimic, foreign models, particularly from the democratic
West, we have forged a politics that is a contest of us versus them. And we have chosen
our ‘us’ and ‘them’ on an ethnic basis, especially in competing for the Presidency.

73. The Presidency is the highest office in Kenyan politics. Competition for it is the leading
contributor to divisive and destabilising elections. If we maintain the status quo, it will
mean that every five years Kenyans will risk crisis, ethnic division, and possibly even
violence. At the core of this challenge is the desire for inclusion in the governance of
the country, at the highest levels, and representation to access resources.

74. Kenyans, by and large, believe that they will gain personally from being the clients of
a successful political leader, with that success being gained by victory in elections.
Despite the decentralisation of decision-making and resource allocation through
devolution, there is still a strong belief across the country that winning the Presidency
will lead to an unequal allocation of public resources and service delivery with the
ethnic group of the winner taking a disproportionate share. One Kenyan who
communicated his views to the Taskforce said, ‘People want their own in power
because resources go with the Presidency’.

75. The Taskforce learned that Kenyans overwhelmingly hope for elections that deliver
predictable stability, peace, and an opportunity to reward good governance and
relevant political platforms. The cycle of division, and the risk of political and even
violent crises, every five years is roundly condemned throughout the country. Kenyans
associate the winner-take-all-system with divisive elections and want an end to it.

Winner-take-all-system

76. The winner-take-all system, as it is understood by Kenyans, is a political system in

which an alliance defined by ethnicity wins an election and the elected candidate
proceeds to assume exclusive control of the National and County-level Executive and
makes decisions that are perceived to exclude the interests of ethnic alliances that
were on the losing side of the election.

77. Ironically, the aftermath of elections often brings perceptions that parts of the winning
ethnic coalition are also excluded. Even where the winner appoints members of
different ethnic groups, including from the communities on the losing side, they are
seen more as tokens rather than meaningful expressions of the political will of their
communities. All the present constitutional and legal provisions for public
participation and the division of powers between the Executive, Parliament, the

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 47
 judiciary and the host of independent commissions, have not succeeded in shifting
Kenyans’ perception that their country is governed by a winner-take-all system.

78. This is a challenge that Kenyans have recognised for the last twenty years. Prior to the
2010 Constitution, we had a plurality system in which the Presidential candidate won
by having more votes than any other and at least 25% of the vote in five provinces.
Recognising the need for a higher degree of representation, the present Constitution
changed this to the 50%+1 system with provision for a run-off if the first vote does not
attain the threshold. Even this has not satisfied Kenyans’ desire for greater
representation of their political interests in the Executive. Kenyans told BBI that they
want not just to see the ‘Face of Kenya’ in ethnic terms included in the high table of
power, at the National and County levels, but that they want those who take seats
around it to be politically and socially accountable to them.

79. With the perceived high stakes of the winner-take-all system, elections for the
President have taken the quality of a do-or-die affair, which leads to extreme
scepticism and mistrust of the electoral process. The importance of the outcome for
major politicians is so high that there is either the strong temptation either to rig votes
or to reject the results of credible elections. Divisive elections are the result, with such
enormous political pressure applied to the IEBC that it is almost certain to be judged a
failure by one side or the other. Unfortunately, since ethnicity is the main currency of
such intense electoral competition, it eventually takes on the character of a conflict
between ethnic groups, leading to the ethnic antagonism that has undermined
national unity and compromised security and stability.

Delivering a system that addresses our unique needs

80. Kenyans told the Taskforce that they want to trust that Government will be guided by
approaches that deliver equality and equity in governance and the utilisation of public
resources. While the Constitution and law have attempted to deliver the oversight
necessary to achieve this, and tried to address the need for inclusivity, the high level
of corruption suggests that office holders still exercise a level of discretion that is open
to abuse and the exclusion of other Kenyans.

81. Kenyans noted that few communities have had a chance to have their member as
President because under the present system the Presidential election is in effect a
form of ethnic census. For more Kenyans, drawn from different ethnicities, to have a
chance to lead the country it is necessary for there to exist strong, multi-ethnic, and
nationwide parties that permit leaders of stature to grow; these may come from any
number of ethnic groups. Kenyans had different proposals on how to change the
political system. Common to these proposals was a desire for greater inclusivity,
equality, fairness, equity, and accountability in the distribution of resources and for
the top leadership table to seat not only their ethnic brethren but individuals who
express their political will as expressed by parties and electoral outcomes.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 48
82. Kenyans have been in a process of institutional reform for decades. The debates about
the extent of change required in our political institutions have been extensive and have
too often been guided by partisan and short-term political interests. The political class,
whose members draw most of their political support from their leadership of ethnic
communities, has been shy and hesitant to accept, in fundamental terms, that the
transformative reform of Kenya into a truly united and successful country can only be
achieved by meeting the ethnicization of political competition head-on. It is difficult
for a political class that owes so much to ethnicity as a rallying tool to have the will to
reduce its importance. There is a need for enlightened and determined leadership to
shift this paradigm, and by doing so to lay the foundations for a stable politics for
generations to come.

83. However, even as a new structure of the Executive is under consideration, it is useful
to remember that the very size and inefficiency of Government is at the heart of the
current debate. It is equally useful to bear in mind that a model that works for Kenya
must entail cohesive and strong leadership that can offer decisiveness and democratic
and accountable governance without the paralysis usually induced by bureaucratic
infighting that arises where the constitutional parameters are ill-defined or open to
multiple interpretation. It is therefore crucial that inclusivity and diversity in Executive
power be balanced against the necessity for effective Government. We must make
decisive changes to every other part of our system of selecting leadership and
governance, if we are to overcome divisive elections.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

84. An autochthonous national executive structure 1 — As a country, since we won

independence, we have experimented with the three major Western models of
executive government. Between 1963 and 1964, we had a pure Parliamentary system;
we felt it was not serving us. Between 1964 and 2007, we had a hybrid semi-
presidential system; we felt it was not serving us. Between 2008 and 2013, we had a
hybrid cohabitation system under the National Accord; we felt it was not serving us.
Since 2013, we have had a pure Presidential system; but Kenyans are agreed that they
do not want a winner-take-all system. All these models since independence were
borrowed and did not reflect our unique needs as Kenyans. Listening to Kenyans across
the country and hearing their views reveals that they want a home-grown, inclusive
system that reflects not only the pre-colonial political structure but also our day-to-
day autochthonous system. Kenyans want to see the inclusion of different political,
and identity interests in the Executive, while also wanting to directly vote for their
President. Kenyans told the Taskforce that while they appreciate the increased
accountability of the parliamentary model, they also want to vote directly for a
President holding executive power to offer decisive leadership. They also want to have
a President who leads an Executive that enjoys overwhelming support from across the

1 Meaning a homegrown system

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 49
 country, and from the bulk of ethnic communities. Kenyans also told the Taskforce that
they want a strong opposition and a Parliament that will hold the Executive
accountable through applied checks and balances.

The kind of autochthonous, home-grown executive structure that responds to our political
realities, sought by Kenyans is broad-based and inclusive, and has the following
characteristics:

A. Running for and winning the Presidency — The President shall be elected through
universal suffrage. For a candidate to be declared the winner of the Presidential
election, he or she must win 50% + 1 of the Presidential votes and at least 25% of
the votes cast in each of more than half of the Counties, as is now the case.

B. An Executive President —The President will remain the Head of State and
Government and the Commander-in-Chief. He or she shall be the central symbol
of National Unity. The President will chair the Cabinet, which compromises the
Deputy President, the Prime Minister, and Cabinet Ministers.

C. The Executive, under the authority of the President, shall have the power to
determine the policy of the Government in general, while the Ministers under the
leadership of the Prime Minister, shall be collectively responsible in the National
Assembly for the execution of the affairs of the Government.

D. Term limit — Retain the present two-term limit for the role of President.

E. Deputy President —The Deputy President is the running mate to the President.
The Deputy President shall deputise the President.

F. Prime Minister — Within a set number of days following the summoning of

Parliament after an election, the President shall appoint as Prime Minister, an
elected Member of the National Assembly from a political party having a majority
of Members in the National Assembly or, if no political party has a majority, one
who appears to have the support of a majority of MPs.

G. Approval by Parliament — The nominee for Prime Minister shall not assume office
until his or her appointment is first confirmed by a resolution of the National
Assembly supported by an absolute majority vote of MPs. If the Prime Minister
nominee is not confirmed, the President shall have another set number of days to
make another appointment. This process shall continue until there is a successful
nomination for Prime Minister. A measure to ensure that this process is not
indefinite, and that governance is continuous should be considered. The Taskforce
would also like to point out that some members of the public expressed concern
that the use of simple majorities may find it a challenge to guarantee inclusivity in
Kenyan politics. There were proposals made for raising the bar and requiring higher
majorities. The Taskforce members felt that this is a matter for a larger national
conversation.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 50
 H. Dismissal — The Prime Minister may be dismissed by the President or through a
vote of no confidence in the National Assembly that wins an absolute majority.

I. Leader of the Official Opposition — The runner-up of the Presidential election

becomes an ex-officio Member of Parliament and the Leader of the Official
Opposition if his or her party is not represented in the Government, or of a
coalition of Parliamentary parties not represented in the Government.

J. Need for a strong opposition — The party or coalition of parties that is not in
Government shall be the Official Opposition.

K. Shadow Cabinet — The Leader of the Official Opposition shall be enabled to have
a Shadow Cabinet to challenge the Government’s positions in Parliament. This will
include the ability to have adequate provision of quality research on the policy and
legislative agenda of the Government.

L. Question Time — The Opposition will play a key role in Prime Ministerial and
Ministerial Question Time sessions in Parliament. Question Time is an opportunity
for MPs to question Government Ministers about matters for which they are
responsible.

85. The Role of the Prime Minister —

A. The Prime Minister shall have authority over the supervision and execution of the
day-to-day functions and affairs of the Government.

B. The Prime Minister shall be the Leader of Government Business in the National
Assembly.

C. On the President’s tasking, the Prime Minister will chair Cabinet sub-committees.

D. In the exercise of his authority, the Prime Minister shall perform or cause to be
performed any matter or matters which the President directs to be done.

E. The Prime Minister will continue to earn his or her salary as a Member of
Parliament with no additional salary for the prime ministerial role.

F. The Principal Secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister will chair the Technical
Implementation Committee of Principal/Permanent Secretaries.

G. To avoid the politicisation of the Public Service, the Permanent or Principal

Secretaries will not be subject to Parliamentary approval. Their accountability will
be strictly administrative and technical.

86. A mixed cabinet — The cabinet is a crucial part of the Executive arm of Government.
Similarly, its structure is critical to an inclusive and efficient Government. The current
debate on whether the Cabinet adds enough value in governance and delivery has
revolved around three key issues. The first issue has been whether it ought to be a

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 51
 cabinet of technocrats (like the American system) or whether it should be composed
of elected Members of Parliament (akin to the British parliamentary system). There is
discontent with the current system, judging from what Kenyans told the Taskforce. The
Taskforce proposes that the Cabinet be structured as follows:

A. The President will appoint Cabinet Ministers after consultation with the Prime
Minister.

B. The Ministers shall be responsible for the offices that the President establishes in
line with the Constitution.

C. The Cabinet shall be drawn from both parliamentarians and technocrats, with the
latter being made ex-officio Members of Parliament upon successful Parliamentary
approval.

D. The Taskforce is recommending that the Cabinet Secretary be renamed Cabinet

Minister.

E. To ensure more effective political direction and Parliamentary accountability,

there shall be a position of Minister of State that will be appointed from members
of the National Assembly and taking direction in their ministerial duties from
Cabinet Ministers. These Ministers of State will continue to earn their salary as MP
with no additional salary for their ministerial role.

F. Eliminate the post of Chief Administrative Secretary.

87. Representation in the electoral system — It is crucial that whatever form reforms to
representation take, that they accord to the following principles if Kenyans are to be
fairly and equally represented:

A. That the people’s choice, as reflected in the election of their representatives, including
in Party primaries and nominations, shall be upheld through fair, free and transparent
elections.

B. Individuals included in any Party lists shall initially have undergone a process that uses
transparent public participation in the Counties even before any other vetting
procedure is used.

C. That there shall be the equalisation of representation and equality of citizenship, as

much as possible, by ensuring that each Kenyan vote has the same status and power,
as envisaged in the Constitution.

D. Parties will be compelled through the Political Parties Act to be consistent with the
Constitution to meet the Gender Rule and other Constitutional measures of inclusion
through their party lists. This will equalise both genders in political terms, rather than
creating a parallel system that creates a sense of tokenism.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 52
 E. Party lists for Members of County Assemblies shall follow the same principles and
processes of public participation, elections and vetting as the National Assembly. This
will ensure that the people and parties can ensure that there is accountability in a
direct manner.

F. All the existing 290 constituencies will be saved, including the protected seats because
they have become key for representation of sparsely populated areas.

G. Devolve political parties to have strong County based party branches that will allow
the people to have the political forums and avenues to hold their elected leaders
accountable throughout a term and not just during elections.

H. The nomination lists through parties should be completed in a transparent process

governed by the political parties overseen by the Registrar of Political Parties and the
IEBC.

88. Changes to the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission —

(a) A mechanism be devised that gives leaders of parliamentary political parties a role
in the recruitment of Commissioners of IEBC. In nominating candidates to be
Commissioners, the political party leaders should nominate individuals who are
non-partisan, with a record of accomplishment and integrity, and who are not
known political supporters or activists of the party.

(b) From the views received from Kenyans by the Taskforce, faith in the IEBC remains
low. The Taskforce therefore recommends that we go to the next election with a
clean slate to strengthen faith in the institution.

(c) All IEBC staff should be employed on a three-year contract, renewable only once,
if their performance is good. Otherwise, it will be terminated. This will prevent the
continuation of errors by enabling each Commission at one time in its term to make
appointments.

(d) Returning officers should be hired through a process like that used for
commissioners, with the involvement of public participation. At the end of the
process of recruiting returning officers, IEBC should receive reports on what their
decision is and the basis on which they made the decision. This should be available
to the public.

(e) Returning officers should be contracted on a part-time basis and should not
oversee more than one general election.

(f) Any person with at least fifteen (15) years management experience at senior level
should qualify to apply for Chairmanship of IEBC. It should not be the preserve of
lawyers. However, one of the Commissioners should be a lawyer.

(g) All current senior officers of IEBC should be vetted.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 53
 (h) Separate the duties of Secretary and Chief Executive Officer; make the Chairman
of the Commission the Chief Executive Officer.

(i) The composition of the Commission must reflect the Face of Kenya on all levels.

(j) Explore ways to enact provisions that reduce the disproportionately high costs of
our elections. The party list system is one.

(k) Reform present electoral system to ensure it is simple, accurate, verifiable, secure,
accountable and transparent as mandated by Article 86 of the Constitution.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 54
Chapter 6
Inclusivity

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 55
Chapter 6: Inclusivity
89. Kenya is blessed with a diverse population in terms of race, ethnicity, culture, religion,
and social and economic circumstances. Added to this are perspectives informed by
people’s gender, age, and disability status. This diversity means that citizens’ interests,
priorities, capabilities, and experiences are highly complex. It also means that there is
a massive store of solutions and approaches to our many challenges, if we are open to
utilising our diversity. One of the greatest strengths of democracy and public policies
run on behalf of all citizens is the ability to tap into that diversity, to allow different
Kenyans from many backgrounds to contribute fully in our political, economic, social
and cultural life. This requires that Kenya be inclusive.

90. In its consultations, the Taskforce heard a lot about the desire for inclusivity and came
to understand that Kenyans have a very particular ethnic interpretation of this
principle that is changing fast, particularly due to rapid urbanisation. Despite the
constitution’s attempts to entrench inclusivity, in general the political elite and its
followers and supporters are certain that missing being represented in the Executive
branch is exclusion. There also exists a political elite of professionals and opportunity
seekers who believe that only by their fellow ethnic being in the Executive can they
get access to the resources, jobs, and opportunities accessed through Government.
They in turn are also connected to millions more economically disadvantaged Kenyans
who have been brought up on systems of patronage that seem to demand that one or
more of their own must be in power for their lot to improve.

91. It is no exaggeration to argue that ethnic mobilisation for the sake of capturing
executive power is the most potent organising and rallying force in Kenyan political
life. The premium placed on the control of executive power to control State resources
poses a clear danger to the stability of the constitutional order. The current debate on
changes to the structure of the Executive, coming after the highly divisive and
politically volatile 2017 electoral season, has reopened these fault lines in the structure
of the political and constitutional order.

92. The common thread that runs through most of the current proposals for reform is the
theme of dissipating executive authority: both as a way of taming the potential for
executive overreach, and as a way of broadening the political leadership.

93. Broadly speaking, Kenyans recognise that not every ethnic community can be
represented at the top of Government; inclusion therefore does not mean every ethnic
group having its chosen individuals lead the Executive and the other heights of the
National and County Governments. Kenyans believe there is inclusion when there is
no perceived or real capture of the national or County Executive by narrow ethnicised
interests whose decision-making in resource sharing excludes those of other ethnic
groups.

94. According to Kenyans who made presentations to the Taskforce, the following are the
essential qualities of inclusivity:

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 56
 A. That Government appointments are manifestly reflective of the Face of Kenya.

B. That there is equal representation of all Kenyans regarding the ability to vote.

C. That decision-making visibly flows from deliberations, debates, and participation

by people who reflect most political interests in Kenya.

D. Women want to take their place in leadership at all levels and believe that
measures to comply with the two-thirds Gender Rule and ensure women are visible
in leadership will establish a more level playing field when it comes to electoral
competition.

E. That the Government in its decisions, and actions responds positively and visibly
to the needs and concerns of most Kenyans as expressed in their absolute
numbers, ethnicity, and Counties of residence.

F. That the Government does not regard itself as being in the exclusive service of the
majority but is also a protector of minorities such as people with disabilities, and
ethnic and religious groups with low populations.

G. That the Government in the implementation of its policies needs to respond

particularly strongly to the needs and concerns of young people, women, and
people living with disabilities.

H. That the economically vulnerable have as much say in how the Government works,
and who it serves, as the prosperous and privileged.

I. That there is no abuse of economic power by individuals or networks to manipulate

or dominate political outcomes and the actions of all branches of Government.

J. That Government visibly respects the diverse cultures and religious practices of
Kenyans.

95. For the purpose of making recommendations on inclusivity that are in line with
Kenyans’ understanding, and the other areas of recommendation, the Taskforce will
define inclusivity as the highest degree of responsiveness by decision-makers in the
Government to the interests of social/ethnic groups and the needs and concerns of
distinct constituencies such as young people, women, people with disabilities, and
elders, among others, as expressed by their elected representatives, by petition, or
directly through referenda. It is also about the levels of representation, with many
Kenyans increasingly speaking out about feeling under-represented.

96. The Taskforce found that Kenyans, at core, are motivated in their approach to voting
by this conception of politics as ‘who gets what, when and how’ and the authoritative
allocation of resources and values. Connected to the need for inclusion in executive
power, at the National and County levels, as articulated in the section on divisive
elections, is Kenyans’ need for fair and equal representation. It is a core principle of
inclusion and participation in our democracy that every adult has a right to vote, and

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 57
 that every Kenyan, no matter their age should be represented to accord to the one
man, one vote democratic principle.

97. The challenge appears to be implementation. For example, Article 21 (2) compels the
State to take legislative, policy and other measures, including the setting of standards,
to achieve the progressive realisation of the rights guaranteed under Article 43;
namely health, accessible and adequate housing, adequate food of acceptable quality,
clean and safe water, social security and education. Another conspicuous example is
the gender make-up in Parliament. In other words, our institutions have failed us in
applying inclusive strategies which would improve inclusion.

98. Kenyans and our institutions need to become more inclusive with Public Officers and
citizens alike recognising and assuming their responsibilities. The aim is to focus on
Kenyans’ wellbeing and standards of living in the State’s formulation and
implementation of policies. This calls for a change in attitudes and our understanding
of the importance of diversity.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

99. Kenyans are yearning for inclusivity on a political, economic, social, religious,
cultural, age, and gender basis.

A. Political inclusion — At the heart of citizenship is equality, as recognised by the

Constitution. To guarantee equality of representation, which is fundamental to
inclusion, every Kenyan vote should as much as possible have equal power at the
ballot box. Please see other relevant recommendations in the chapter on divisive
elections.

B. Economic inclusion — The National Government policies to generate economic

development should be undertaken with equality and equity throughout the
country. In addition, please see the recommendations in the chapter on shared
prosperity.

C. Protect freedom of religious association and faithful Kenyans from fraud —

Ensure that all churches, mosques and temples are properly recorded in a public
register; and that their finances are subjected to an annual independent audit that
is publicly posted where every member of the congregation can see it and
submitted to the registering authority.

Representatives of the Muslim community also made strong representations to

the Taskforce on wanting an appellate court within the Kadhi court system.

D. Cultural inclusion — Invest in promoting, and building trust in indigenous

knowledge, cultural technologies embedded in traditions and practices, foods and
medicines.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 58
100. The marginalised should not marginalise others — Evident from the Taskforce’s
consultations in the counties was a strong sentiment that some communities that
complained about marginalisation at the national level were themselves guilty of
marginalising minorities in their respective Counties. It became clear that the reforms
to increase inclusivity at the national level should be equally reflected at the County
level.

101. The Public Participation Rapporteur — Strengthen the quality, transparency, and
inclusion in public participation processes required by the Constitution by establishing
an Office of the Public Participation Rapporteur. The office would be mandated to
conduct all public participation on behalf of all State and non-State entities
undertaking policy and operational initiatives that Constitutionally require public
participation. The Public Participation Rapporteur should keep a publicly accessible
and accurate record of public participation and be responsive to institutions seeking
its services. In addition to the role of strengthening the transparency and effectiveness
of public participation, add to the office a mandate that enables public interest
litigation in a way that is insulated from supplier/vendor influence. An example of how
this can work in a democracy is available in India model.

102. Transparency in business lobbying — Linked to protecting public participation,

minimise the disproportionate power of unelected networks and individuals that
utilise economic power and even corruption to shape governance and policymaking in
their own interests, leading to lower inclusion for Kenyans. In this regard, the Office of
the Public Participation Rapporteur should have the legal power to record all business
lobbyists who seek to interact with offices and individuals to influence legislation,
policy and regulation on behalf of businesses. This record should be placed in the
public domain.

103. Employment in the Public Service should reflect the ethnic, religious, regional and
cultural Face of Kenya and be free of corruption in recruitment. We note with
profound concern that recruitment into the Public Service, and especially the
disciplined services, has been corrupted with potential recruits having to pay bribes
that cause many to start their careers with an act of corruption. We must innovate to
solve this crisis.

A. Regarding the disciplined services and forces, consider utilising a consortium of

private sector recruitment companies with internationally reputable brands to
help in filling the recruitment pool for the disciplined services in a way that reflects
merit and the Face of Kenya.

B. Ensure that recruitment into the Public Service reflects the Face of Kenya. Where
there is no candidate, required to attain the Face of Kenya, with the right
qualifications, the Public Service Commission and County Governments should be
empowered to undertake professional search and development for minority
candidates to increase their chances of qualifying for the positions.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 59
 C. The Public Service Commission should be enabled to publicise its annual report on
diversity in the Public Service.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 60
Chapter 7
Shared prosperity

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 61
Chapter 7: Shared prosperity
104. Our Kenyan anthem sets out the dream of prosperity our forefathers had for us at
independence. We sang then, and continue to sing, ‘raha tupate na ustawi’, ‘Tuungane
mikono, pamoja kazini’. We dreamt of prosperity that is built by coming together and
working for it. Fifty-six years later, we have well compared to our region but remain
one of the world’s poorer countries.

105. There is extreme poverty and hunger in parts of the country. Unemployment and
underemployment, particularly of the young people, is high. We suffer from extreme
income inequality, with our form of economic growth not closing the gap. There are
irrational incentives against innovation, growth and job creation, together with too
many Kenyans lacking decent income and investment in Kenya being frustrated by
persistent gatekeeping and rent-seeking by those in Government.

106. Starting and doing business in Kenya, particularly for youth-led small businesses, is an
invitation to innumerable obstacles, unlike in other countries where entrepreneurs are
encouraged and assisted to venture. It also matters who you are, who you know and
where you live. Kenyans continue to experience inequalities in access to education,
health, infrastructure, clean drinking water, wastewater management, and to factors
and boosters of production. These challenges are made worse by poor policy
coherence, and the absence of an economic vision that can enable us to break out of
our present circumstances.

107. Kenyans speaking in every consulting session led by the Taskforce, in every County,
spoke of their problems fed by poverty and joblessness or underemployment. They
complained of Government not facilitating their ventures through the provision of an
environment that is conducive to doing business, and of being left to suffer in the
hands of brokers. No country has progressed based on such disparities — corruption,
exclusion, increasing poverty, hunger, unemployment, persistent inequalities, and the
lack of a common national character. Our present path puts Kenya on non-sustainable
development grounds and exposes us to overwhelming political risks. We need an
environment conducive for shared prosperity amongst members of the current
generation and between the current and future generations, because, as a nation, we
are as rich as the poorest in our society. The Taskforce completed its consultations
with a profound sense of unease at the lack of employment among young people and
the ills that follow this circumstance.

Our challenge is building an economy that can generate jobs

108. The single most important matter facing Kenyans when it comes to shared prosperity
is generating enough jobs and employment, particularly for young people. It is not
enough to merely improve our economic output and present rates of investment: we
must entirely transform the way our economy operates if we are to deal with the
present lack of jobs.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 62
109. It is critical that the correct diagnosis be given for what ails us if we are to genuinely
build shared prosperity in Kenya. The Taskforce, after listening to thousands of
Kenyans, and many experts and groups, believes that only an honest self-assessment
will allow us to reach conclusions that can be used to genuinely deliver. A lot of the
public commentary on ‘shared prosperity’ is dominated by how to share the cake, and
far less is about how to grow it so that there is enough opportunity and wealth to build
the Kenya we want. We are a country of almost 50 million people of sound mind and
body. We are more educated than any previous generations of Kenyans, and more
exposed to the world and all its ideas, technologies and industries. Yet we continue to
languish in the bottom league of global prosperity, while being a country that can
simultaneously be celebrated for its technology sector and its vibrant and mixed
economy, which now even exports oil.

110. In the decades since we gained independence, dozens of countries, mostly in Asia,
have gone from the same economic starting point as Kenya to become extremely
wealthy. They followed the famous maxim by Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew, who argued:
‘No country has become a major economy without becoming an industrial power’.

111. Kenya has tried many of the same reforms, particularly regarding liberalisation.
However, while our economy is growing healthily by most measures, it has failed to
achieve the escape velocity we need to achieve widespread prosperity.

112. After half a century, we should admit that what we are doing is necessary but
insufficient to meeting our goal of transformation. The fact is that the overwhelming
number of low- and middle-income developing countries like Kenya have been unable
to close the gap with the high per capita incomes of the so-called developed world.
The ones that have, such as the Asian Tigers, are exceptions to the rule. So persistent
and longstanding is this dynamic that economists have called it an ‘income trap’.

113. Yet, due to the exponentially greater access to information and aspirations that are
influenced by standards from the developed countries, many Kenyans expect far more
than their parents and grandparents ever did. The gap between what the economy can
bear in terms of employment and consumption and the expectations of citizens,
particularly the young who are most globalised in their tastes, creates the risk of
political and social instability. In a country that has strong political divisions based on
ethnicity, solutions to reduce economic inequality can take a dangerous ethnic
dimension. It is easy for ethnic politics to be used in the service of ethnicised or area-
driven economic measures of redistribution.

114. It is therefore crucial for all Kenyans to be aware that shared prosperity goes beyond
sharing what we have. It entails producing a lot more — enough that we can come
close to meeting our globalised and escalating expectations. We must build an
economy that is built on the principles and practices of value creation, and that rejects
the extractive model as the primary mode of economic activity.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 63
115. It is also critical to national unity and peace that economic development throughout
the country should not be uneven to the extreme. While it is impossible to guarantee
that all parts of the country are exactly the same in terms of economic growth, the
Government should try and be seen to try all available means to ensure that Kenyans
from every part of the country have equal opportunities to participate in a growing
and prosperous economy. We should note that this is a mission that can only be
achieved by the Government working closely with the private sector, not by it seeking
to take control of ever larger parts of the economy.

A new economic paradigm for jobs and prosperity

116. Kenyans’ expectation that the Government should intervene to offer economic relief
and assistance demands that public revenues grow strongly over an extended period.
Elevated levels of borrowing must not be what closes the gap between revenues and
expectations. Rather the focus should be on increasing domestic national savings — to
at least 25% of GDP — and taking all efforts to incentivise and coordinate the growth
of labour-intensive manufacturing, particularly aimed at neighbouring countries. We
should embrace economic coordination (not State ownership), and exponentially grow
the number of entrepreneurs by ensuring that the ease of doing business for start-ups
and small businesses is dramatically increased. It is their growth into profitability that
will allow the Government the revenues to meet the service delivery and welfare
needs of Kenyans.

117. Most Kenyans make their living on farms and with their livestock. Rent-seeking and
gatekeeping have deeply harmed these sectors: there are cartels in the agricultural
sector that frustrate both producers and consumers. They use State power and rigged
processes, including their undue influence in politics, without adding any value, to
seize illicit and corrupt profits. This leads to poverty and lack of competitiveness for
the farmer and means that consumers must use a sizeable percentage of their income
on food — leading to malnutrition and political instability. We urge the State and the
principals to ensure that clear processes to attack this status quo are undertaken. A
suitable beginning would be a NIS-led audit of the processes enabling cartels in the
agricultural sector, leading to executive action under the anti-corruption and
Government reform agenda. New appointees to these sectors should be vetted for any
business or material linkages with known members or networks of cartels. Taking
these actions will increase inclusiveness throughout Kenya by allowing Kenyans more
opportunities. Their money will go further and what they purchase will be safer.

118. Kenya will become prosperous because of selling goods and services to neighbouring
countries. To achieve this at scale, producing the jobs that Kenyans need, the
Government needs to accelerate the process of confederation as a step toward
political federation as agreed in the East African Community. Kenya then will become
a country that is the key driver of trade, investment and manufacturing that serves the
East African region while linking it to the capital and markets of the Indian Ocean rim.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 64
119. In short, we must seek an economic paradigm that sharply raises productivity;
encourages the development of labour-intensive village-level factories; makes a
serious attempt to help grow the livestock and maritime industries; and has a low
tolerance for entrenched cartels that abuse economic and political power to distort
markets. The economy must be grounded in a State that is a determined seeker and
creator of new, competitive domestic and foreign markets; and that carefully balances
between competitiveness and sustainability in regulation and taxation.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

120. We need an economic revolution — Internalise and act on the fact that the present
trajectory of the Kenyan economy will be unable to produce the employment and
income opportunities that can come close to the expectations of young Kenyans. We
need a fundamental change of course in how we manage the economy to be able to
achieve ‘escape velocity’ and create a high-employment, high-productivity, value-
creation, and exporting economy. The following measures deserve thoughtful
consideration:

A. A 50-year plan — We need to think big and long term if we are to build an economy
that meets the needs of the current and future generations. Start with a 50-year plan
that is more political than it is technocratic, for it to last past any one electoral cycle.
It should have as its aim Kenya joining the world’s most prosperous, shared and
sustainable economies. This is eminently doable.

B. Promote, encourage and incentivise local investment and by the Kenyan Diaspora. A
key part of this is ensuring that domestic national savings are high if Kenyans are going
to be able to invest in Kenya.

C. Embrace economic coordination (not State ownership) to achieve labour-intensive

manufacturing export to the East African region, raise national savings rates beyond
25% of GDP, and exponentially grow the number of entrepreneurs while ensuring that
the ease of doing business for start-ups and small businesses is dramatically increased.

D. Build markets as if they are public goods — The State should be in the business of
continuous market creation in aggressively opening markets for labour-intensive
manufactured Kenyan goods in neighbouring countries through deeper integration.

E. Lending to priority sectors — the Government should provide legal and regulatory
guidelines for banks to lend a part of their portfolio to priority sectors such as micro,
small and medium businesses, export credit, manufacturing, housing, education,
health, renewable energy, sanitation and waste management, and agriculture
(including livestock and fishing). The banks, if lacking enough specialisation, will be
enabled to shift the float to a specially designated development bank with the relevant
capabilities.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 65
 F. Industrialisation needs to be a leading Government aim and narrative — Only
industrialisation is going to truly harness Kenyan talent and ambition to drive
sustained national prosperity. It is crucial for Kenyans and their Government to resist
the growing narrative that Kenya and African countries cannot industrialise because
of the pace of technological change for instance in areas such as robotics. Regional
integration offers us many opportunities to sharply raise manufacturing and
industrialisation. Government should prioritise the coordination of measures that
drive Kenya’s industrialisation and develop this into a strong narrative promoted to all
citizens. Active incentives and coordination should back this effort to achieve lower-
technology labour intensive industrialisation; entrepreneurship-led industrialisation;
and uplifting service and innovation sectors with manufacturing characteristics.

G. Secure Kenyan inventions, genetic resources, traditional knowledge and cultural

expressions as forms of property protected by the law and policy — The future of
the global economy is in innovation and invention using intellectual property,
genetics, and the living bodies of knowledge developed by our communities over
many generations. Kenyan laws must be fashioned to protect these resources fiercely,
and the Government must work to guarantee compliance throughout the world. This
should be accompanied by frameworks for use that maximise the ability of Kenyans
to build upon these properties.

H. Savings are investment — Undertake a major effort to increase national domestic

savings to at least 25% of GDP if Kenya is going to develop the ability to drive
investment in multiple sectors, including labour-intensive manufacturing base to
produce enough jobs for Kenyans. There should be tax and regulation incentives and
schemes for educational and retirement savings, and other major guaranteed
Harambee items Kenyans know they will need to pay for — from funerals to weddings,
and even housing.

I. Diaspora remittances — Go beyond attracting remittances to offering incentives,

protections and processes to allow the Kenyan Diaspora to hold more of its savings in
Kenya.

J. Employment conferences — Hold a major employment conferences in every County,

with senior representation from relevant National Government actors, to determine
the steps in regulation and economic management needed to immediately and
sharply raise the number of jobs available to young Kenyans.

K. Spend on development and not just bureaucracy — Increase spending on

development as a proportion of Government revenue to make more public goods and
services available to Kenyans. Target a ratio or ceiling, written into law, of at least
70:30 for development versus recurrent expenditure. Developmental expenditure, for
instance in paying for the salaries of agriculture and livestock extension officers or
their public health counterparts, should be moved into the development basket.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 66
 L. Fairness — National spending should be fair and seen to be fair. Planning should
respond to a published and updated index that assesses the needs and opportunities
in every part of the country and criteria identified by the Constitution that contribute
to shared prosperity.

M. Taxes — The tax base needs to be broadened, but it is crucial that overall taxation in
Kenya be low relative to competitor economies regionally and globally. Consider
innovative approaches to simplify taxation, including a consideration of a flat tax for
every income category above a living wage. The flat tax would lower tax fraud,
encourage compliance and cut down on corruption in the assessment of taxes.

N. Punish not just tax evasion but also those who facilitate such evasion in the private
sector and in Government.

O. Properly regulate loan apps which are driving up indebtedness of poor Kenyans to
destructive effect with their shylock-level interest rates and borrowing from multiple
platforms.

P. Build the economy from the grassroots — Reforms to economic planning and policy
should prioritise the simplest manufacturing opportunities in labour-intensive sectors
such as agriculture, livestock, and fishing, and seek to grow their technological
capabilities through time. The same should apply for government at the National and
County levels promoting cottage industries, with their formation as a key metric in
policymaking.

Q. Expand agricultural and livestock extension and advisory services and ensure that they
include advice on clear standards and market linkages.

R. Improve market linkages for farmers that enable them to gain a greater share of the
retail price through information. Provide the proper incentives to the private sector
and cooperatives, and the necessary coordination, to build a cold chain system
throughout the country.

S. Treat corruption in those implementing agriculture- and livestock-impacting projects

as a priority in anti-corruption efforts.

T. Invest in and promote research that enhances Kenyan productivity and

competitiveness, particularly in the agricultural and livestock sector.

121. Entrenching Article 43 on economic and social rights —

A. The National Government should develop policy and standards to guide the
conscious implementation of the Constitution Article 43 on economic and social
rights.

B. Each County Government should also develop policy and standards to guide the
conscious implementation of Article 43 economic and social rights in respect to
devolved functions.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 67
 C. Party manifestos — all elective leaders and the election manifestos of their
political parties should consciously implement Article 43 on Economic and Social
Rights. This would invite requiring all Political Parties to formulate a vision and
policies for the implementation of the Bill of Rights (which includes Economic and
Social Rights) as part of their election campaign manifestos.

D. An index to measure progress — The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics should

employ a national Human Development Index that domesticates the UN version
and expands it to include Article 43 on economic and social rights. It should also
include assessment of the progress in County initiatives in devolved functions. The
report should be published annually and made accessible online.

122. Beware corruption undermining efforts to promote shared prosperity — Beware the
risks of corruption, cartel creation, and abuse of economic power in import
substitution schemes that can lead to lower-quality and unsafe products. Kenya has
been here before. Instead, seek to adopt the approach of the Asian Tigers in having a
stronger focus and investment in export promotion, which will need firms and
products to be more internationally competitive and therefore more productive.

123. Secure future generations from unsustainable debt and environmental destruction

A. Do not burden our children’s economic futures by taking on unsustainable debt. Every
generation of Kenyans must live within their means, and not eat our children’s future
by taking on debt that is used for unproductive consumption and does not lead to
clear gains in national prosperity.

B. Utilise genuine and transparent public participation — through the proposed Office of
the Public Participation Rapporteur — to balance the need for greater economic
growth with the need to protect our environment and biodiversity for future
generations.

C. The private betting industry is leading to hopelessness and greater poverty. The
taskforce recommends that the private betting industry be replaced with a
Government-run national lottery whose proceeds, as is the case in other countries,
are used for activities that uplift the youth, sports, culture and other social activities
beneficial to citizens.

124. Use scarce public resources for development not bureaucracy —

A. Increase spending on development as a proportion of Government revenue to

increase public goods and services to Kenyans. Target a ratio, written into law, of
at least 70:30 for development versus recurrent expenditure.

B. There should be a clarification of the legal and administrative powers of the

Salaries and Remuneration Commission to ensure that it oversees all salary reviews
and changes.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 68
 C. Enforce the powers of the Salaries and Remuneration Commission to rationalise all
public sector salaries in the country and address the large discrepancies in income.

D. Pooling of facilities in the Public Service and use of technology to take note of
dormant facilities (especially conferencing facilities before there is any hiring of a
hotel).

E. Elimination of wasteful expenditure in National and County Government by

bringing established laws and regulations to bear that ensure that items such as
new cars or office refurbishments for incoming senior officials follow proper
procedure in planning, budgeting and procurement.

F. Eliminate all sitting allowances for Public Officers on salary.

125. Nurture and open opportunities for children and youth to show their initiative,
innovation, and entrepreneurship.

A. Increase employment and livelihoods by making it easier for small businesses to

compete and grow at low cost and with minimal constraints.

B. Develop and launch a national ease of doing business index for small Kenyan
businesses rather than relying on foreign indexes that are designed for global
comparison. This should be a comparative annual assessment by KNBS that is
disaggregated by geography — Counties, cities, and towns — and is publicised.

C. Minimise taxation of new and small businesses by giving them a tax holiday of at
least 7 years as a support to youth entrepreneurship and job creation.

D. Aggressively promote entrepreneurship skills from an early age.

E. Creativity and sports — Make serious efforts to coordinate, incentivise and drive
the growth of the creative industries and sports, among other sectors in which
young Kenyans show enormous potential and interest.

F. Identify and invest in special talent and special needs at the Early Childhood
Development stage.

G. Encourage the private sector to form a national, non-profit foundation, chaired

by the President, that provides mentoring, training, and support tools to aspiring
business owners aged 18-35. It should match the young entrepreneurs with a
business development adviser and a nationwide network of volunteer mentors. All
Corporate Social Responsibility programmes should be encouraged to include this
component. Link the foundation’s entrepreneurs with Government youth funds.
The foundation should also provide work readiness, entrepreneurship and
financial literacy training — using classroom volunteers — in schools starting from
the age of 12 until graduation.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 69
 H. To help young people form businesses, open an advice desk in every Huduma
Centre manned by a business development expert.

I. Self-employment and technical education — Give all Kenyans equal access to a

minimum level of quality education that leads to employment or entrepreneurial
opportunity. It is critical that we get rid of the idea that technical work is for those
who have failed in academics by creating two equal paths between academic and
technical training.

126. Government development actions should be undertaken in every County —

A. No one area should lose out because of Government development initiatives in

another area — Coordinate National and County planning on development and
ensure that as national projects are implemented, the areas that are adversely
affected should benefit from remedial development policies. Strengthen inter-
governmental consultation in the planning of national projects.

B. Development for every County — In its actions to coordinate, incentivise, and

invest in economic development, the National Government should make sure that
it leverages unique strengths and opportunities in every County.

C. No Kenyan Left Out — The ‘Kubadili Plan’: As part of ensuring that all Kenyans
have access to quality services which are foundational to putting people onto the
path of shared prosperity, the Taskforce proposes a Kubadili Plan to bring
marginalised wards to the level generally enjoyed by the rest of the country. The
plan will be to identify the Wards which are most marginalised, at present and
historically. Implementation should start with the Wards ranked last. Develop a
plan to build schools, health facilities, roads, water, electricity, and police stations,
in a way that the people of the whole Ward have access to them; and ensure that
the facilities are built in all the Wards within a period of three years.

D. Not just business plans: focus on product development — Every County should
establish Product Development Parks that allow young entrepreneurial Kenyans to
have the benefit of expert advice on how to make the journey from promising idea
to the development of a marketable product.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 70
Chapter 8
Corruption

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 71
Chapter 8: Corruption
128. The growing public perception of Kenya having a rigged system that rewards cronyism
and corruption, as opposed to the productive and hardworking, is the greatest risk to
Kenya’s cohesion and security. Tackling corruption is the single most important
mission Kenya has now.

129. So ubiquitous is the abuse of public trust that the thieves are often praised and put on
podiums while the honest are called fools for refusing to partake of graft. So common
is the corruption in our transactions that we compromise our birth rights, safety, and
security, our dignity, our relationships, our responsibilities, and even all our other
rights. It has led to many of our children believing that honesty is a devalued principle,
and so with every passing generation honour recedes even further from our shores.
We are all responsible, but leaders at every level, and in every sector, bear special
responsibility. Their abuse of office is the leading driver of our dishonest society.

130. Since the promulgation of the 2010 Constitution, attempts to enact legislation to give
effect to the broad constitutional principles against corruption have been largely
ineffective. This is due to the vested interests in the political and business class that
seek self-enrichment through manipulating the budgeting and spending of public
resources. Among the public, there is almost total consensus that this area of the
Constitution requires urgent attention. At one level there is concern that the current
institutional architecture, which should ensure integrity in the Public Service, is either
inadequate or misconceived. At another level, institution after institution set up to
enforce public integrity and fight corruption has come up short.

131. Many Kenyans told the Taskforce that it is the lure of illicit financial gain through the
holding of elected or appointed positions that drives much of the aggressive and
negative ethnicization and even militarisation of political competition. The majority
would agree that the stability and success of Kenya’s constitutional order depends a
great deal on the integrity and transparency of Kenyan leadership at every level and
branch of Government. It is therefore imperative for this provision in the constitution
to have enough teeth to shape the membership and behaviour of the leadership class.

132. Corruption, defined here simply as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain, is
common at all levels of Kenyan society. It had led to extremely low trust by citizens
towards public institutions, deeply undermined service delivery, and contributes to
national and human insecurity. Participating in corruption comes at relatively low cost;
there are no real barriers to entry for the unethical and unqualified. It is a threat to
national prosperity, continuity, and morale.

133. Adoption and implementation of Chapter Six of the Constitution has proven
inadequate, despite the substantial amounts of legislation, policy, and political
pronouncement on this challenge of corruption and lack of integrity by those
entrusted with public office. At core, the profound concern is that the challenge is

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 72
 beyond legislation and lies in the fact that political, executive, legislative and judicial
cultures not supporting integrity initiatives.

134. H.E. President Uhuru Kenyatta has issued firm directives that would have gone a long
way to preventing, deterring and punishing corruption in Kenya. Unfortunately,
several of them have not been implemented while others have been frustrated by
corruption fighting back. The Taskforce believes that all further recommendations
must begin with a call for the full implementation of the directives that the President
has issued in the last few years.

135. Cartels are one of the greatest obstacles to the achievement of honest government
that wins the trust of citizens, investors, and all fair-minded stakeholders in Kenya’s
political and economic system. These cartels have been born out of a system of
governance and public service that allows individuals and groups to block, redirect, or
distort service provision, policymaking, policy implementation, and political and
technical oversight. This rent-seeking and gatekeeping in the Public Service has led to
corruption and the growth of a hidden layer of power and influence — what Kenyans
popularly term ‘cartels’ — that seeks to shape public policy for its own benefit. No
matter what reforms are undertaken in the political system, the inability to eliminate
the hold of cartels on Kenya’s systems of budgeting, regulation, procurement, and the
shaping of markets will mean that our national desire for an inclusive Kenya will come
to nothing. The Taskforce strongly recommends that far-reaching initiatives to
eliminate rent-seeking and gatekeeping be applied with determination. Key to them is
reform of Government decision-making processes to ensure the mapping and
elimination of perverse incentives.

136. Prevention is better than cure — Rather than chase after the corrupt and fraudulent
after they have committed their crimes, we should prioritise prevention and ensure
we are hiring managers with a record of effective and accountable management.
Foremost should be building systems that facilitate, promote and enable ethical
conduct and responsibility in public resource management. Practically, that means
that ethics training and assessment should be regular features at every level of the
Public Service. Deterrence can be assisted using spot checks and sting operations.
Incentives for promotion will emerge from performance assessment frameworks for
mid to senior level officers that incorporate ethics and anti-corruption. For instance,
promotions of managers in a position to have known about corruption scandals or
investigations at departments and agencies should be frozen. to incorporate their
support in the anti-corruption fight.

137. As a common-sense proposal, it should be a noted that the privatisation of

Government owned entities undertaking business functions can reduce corruption and
add to efficiency and cost effectiveness. Even those who believe in the greater role of
the State in the economy can acknowledge that the Public Sector needs to prove that
it has corruption under control before being entrusted with the trust to run services
better than the private sector. Until such a State is in place, Kenyans’ public resources

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 73
 are better protected by shrinking the footprint of the state and allowing greater
competition in the provision of services. Therefore, at a minimum, there should be a
clearer and tougher rethink on what functions in government can be better delivered
by a competitive private sector.

138. At a minimum we should undertake the following major recommendations, including

those in longer list contained in Annex 1.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

139. Free Kenya from cartel capture — The perception of a rigged economy is one of the
greatest risks to a secure, stable and united Kenya. It serves as a major incentive for
the utilisation of divisive ethnic politics.

A. Undertake a rigorous intelligence-led review of the hold of cartels in crucial aspects of

the economy and the public systems of budgeting, procurement, regulation and the
rigging of markets.

B. Banks and banking executives that are found to be laundering money and enabling
corruption should be sentenced to heavy fines and jail terms. In cases of repeated
offences, the Central Bank should endeavour to withdraw licenses and levy other
heavy penalties.

C. Utilise anti-corruption sting campaign that targets lawyers, judges and legislators
especially in cases that are difficult to prosecute due to the evidential component.

D. Punish facilitators of tax evasion and money laundering in the private sector.

E. Carry out a thorough audit of negative legal, policy, and administrative incentives in
the public service that undermine value for money, fairness in service delivery, and
effectiveness. Turn the findings into policy initiatives and implement them.

F. In addition to any custodial sentence of those found guilty of economic crimes, include
punitive fines with the proceeds being used to assist vulnerable Kenyans.

G. Incentives for whistleblowing — Provide material incentives for information that

leads to successful asset seizure and/or prosecution for corruption-related crimes.
Consider offering a 5% share of proceeds recovered from anti-corruption prosecutions
or actions to the whistleblower whose information is necessary to the success of the
asset seizure or successful prosecution. This should be done with due regard for the
privacy and safety of the whistleblower.

140. Use prevention and deterrence by ensuring widespread ethics awareness, rewarding
whistleblowing and assessments of performance –

A. Incorporate ethics and performance assessment training in every Public Service course
required for promotion or transfer.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 74
 B. Raise ethical workers by requiring that educational curricula from the earliest to the
most advanced levels should specifically include ethics and civics components as a
major prerequisite for graduation.

C. Review the Cabinet Secretaries’ and Principal Secretaries’ performance assessment

framework to incorporate their support for the anti-corruption fight.

D. Establish a whistleblowing mechanism (including protection) for whistleblowers

working in the Public Service.

E. All contracts for senior appointees should have clear and practical performance
benchmarks with rules for layoffs on failure to perform. Also, review all senior officers
on contract biannually and lay off appointees who have not performed or whose MDAs
have been implicated in corruption.

141. Protect media freedom to expose corruption but ensure that false allegations and
defamation do not frustrate service delivery to the people.

142. Public Officers should not be in business with the Government — Address conflicts
of interest by reducing Public Officer involvement in business with the Government.

A. No Public Officer can do business with the Government.

B. The spouse of a Public Officer shall not do business with the Government but can
engage in the private sector.

C. To engage in business outside Government, outside of his/her regular working hours,

a State Officer and senior Public Officer shall obtain prior approval from the Reporting
Officer of his/her State body. This approval shall need to document that the work or
business is not prohibited by separate legislation and does not constitute a conflict of
interest or an obstacle to orderly performance of regular tasks and does not impinge
upon the reputation of the Public Service.

D. A Public Officer shall be obliged to submit a written report to the ethics and integrity
commission (new) any financial or other interest in which he/she, his/her spouse or
common-law partner, child or parent may have in the decisions of the MDA in which
he/she is employed or the Government.

E. The spouse or common-law partner, child or parent of a Public Officer shall be obliged
to submit a written report to the proposed Ethics Commission of any financial or other
interest in which he/she, his/her may have in the decisions of the MDA that employs
the public servant.

F. A Public Officer shall be obliged to submit written notification to his/her immediate

superior of ownership of shares and bonds or financial and other interest in companies
with which the State body in which he/she is employed is performing administrative
operations, and which may constitute a conflict of interest.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 75
 G. Senior Public Officers who represent the Government on the boards of private
companies should clearly indicate any personal conflicts of interests in matters under
deliberation.

H. A Public Officer shall not make decisions nor participate in decision-making which
effects the financial or other interests of his/her spouse or common-law partner, child
or parent; individuals or legal persons with whom he/she has had formal or business
contacts within the past five years; individuals or legal persons who have financed
his/her election campaign within the past five years.

143. Wealth declaration forms should be made public — The leadership and senior
management of National and County Government Executives, elected and senior
Judicial Officers should adhere to public personal wealth and financial disclosure that
includes a written narrative of how wealth above Kshs 50 million was acquired. This
includes the President, the Cabinet, Governors, Principal Secretaries, CEOs and
Chairpersons of Parastatals and Companies with GOK shareholding. The declaration
should be filed and made available on the websites of their respective service
commissions, and should include shareholdings, remunerated employment, family
and business trusts, real estate, government contracts, registered directorships,
partnerships, liabilities, bonds, investments, savings/investment accounts, any asset
worth over Kshs. 10 million, any other substantial sources of income, gifts over Kshs
50,000 in the course of duty, sponsored travel by non-government entities, and
membership of any organisations that may present a conflict of interest.

144. Resignation — Leaders should take political responsibility for negligent or poor-quality
Government actions that lead to disasters by resigning to allow Kenyans to see that a
new direction in management is possible. Leaders and managers should understand
that resignation is not only appropriate where direct responsibility is established: it
helps start with a new slate so the changes that the institution requires can be
undertaken. It shows an honourable regard for the Kenyan people, and bravely
assumes responsibility.

145. Digitisation — Make Kenya a 100% e-services nation by digitising all Government
services, processes, payment systems, and record keeping and ensure they are
secured from criminal tampering.

146. Cut down on wastage and moral jeopardy of Government Owned Entities being
careless managers in expectation of Government bailouts —

A. Strengthen the capacity of the Controller of Budget to be able to detect and

respond in a timely manner to misappropriation, wastage, and illegal processes.
B. As H.E. the President directed in November 2015, streamline parastatals through
a renewed focus on core business and cutting down on wastage by enacting the
Parastatal Reforms Bill, and not building up the moral jeopardy of some depending
on infusions of public resources to stay in business.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 76
 C. Rationalise all government owned enterprises and enact GOE Bill to bring all GOEs
expenditures under control with common user benchmarks, independent
valuations of projects and value for money audits on completed projects.

147. Increase public confidence in the Judiciary — Increase public confidence in the
Judiciary recognising that the core constitutional principles in Kenya are the separation
of powers, between arms of Government, and accountability to the people of Kenya.
The independence of the Judiciary must be protected as a fundamental principle, but
it should also be accountable to the people of Kenya.

A. Create the position of Special Magistrates and Judges to deal with the most
grievous cases of drug trafficking, corruption, terrorism, and other serious criminal
offences and make special security arrangements for these magistrates and judges
to be provided for by the State.

B. The powers of the Judicial Service Commission to discipline judges should be

expanded so that the Commission can legally deal with lesser disciplinary offences
by judges that affect the value of justice delivered without resulting to the
Constitutional measure of removal from office.

C. To strengthen the process of responding to complaints in the judiciary, the Office

of the Judiciary Ombudsman needs to be revamped to be accessible and
responsive to the public.

D. Advertise to Kenyans that they have a choice to take their complaints about
members of the judiciary to the Judiciary Ombudsman or the Commission on
Administrative Justice.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 77
Chapter 9
Devolution

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 78
Chapter 9: Devolution
149. The 2010 Constitution created a devolved system of government whose aim was to
decentralise power and increase access to services across the country. In terms of
creating a major departure in the governance of the country and the management of
public resources, devolution has largely been a success.

150. However, devolution is still frustrated by serious challenges that, if left unaddressed,
will raise questions about its political and economic sustainability.

151. Kenyans overwhelmingly told the Taskforce that they wanted their counties to remain
as they are but with services further decentralised to the Ward level. They want far
better service delivery and for development projects to receive enough oversight to
prevent wastage and corruption. Kenyans want the means to report projects that are
being shoddily developed, and to see this information acted on by the relevant
institutions. They also wanted the duplication of roles by County and National Public
Officers eradicated, and most of their tax funds allocated to development projects. A
majority of those speaking to the Taskforce want funds to County Governments
increased with more functions being devolved. Kenyans want to be consulted, through
the public participation process, on planning and budgeting.

152. Though devolution has improved inclusion and service delivery, a sizeable number of
the challenges we experienced prior to 2010 still trouble us. Some of the institutional
reforms that should have been carried out to align governance with the new
constitutional imperatives are yet to take place. Treating Kenyans as if they have no
right and power in policies, laws, budgeting and development projects is the order of
the day. Counties are suffering from corruption, nepotism, delays in decision-making,
development of projects not relevant to the needs of a locality, and inefficient and
ineffective delivery of services.

153. The two levels of government have also faced corruption, ethnic antagonism, a bloated
workforce, divisive elections, duplication of roles, citizens’ lack of capacity to hold
leaders accountable, inequality, exclusion and marginalisation, lack of integrity, State
capture, a deficit in safety and security, and skewed resource allocation.

154. Most of the views on devolution given by Kenyans to the Taskforce revolved around
the following issues: (a) the revenue share between National and County
Governments; (b) how to resolve exclusivity and marginalisation in the Counties; (c)
how the Counties can more effectively carry out their mandates; and (d) how to
enhance the economic growth in Counties, and their ability to raise revenue without
discouraging economic dynamism due to red tape. The overriding concern for Kenyans
is to identify and deal effectively with these challenges facing devolution.

155. The Constitution set the aggregate minimum transfer to Counties at a minimum of 15
per cent of centrally collected revenues based on the latest audited national revenue

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 79
 receipts. The Constitution also mandates additional transfers depending on functions
delegated to counties.

156. There is much to be said for the greater devolution of resources, particularly financial
ones, but this should be guided by effective implementation and accountability. These
should be central criteria to the entrusting of monies from the central public purse.
Increased revenue flows to Counties should also follow functions. Most of the
submissions given to the Taskforce advocated for more resources to be given to
Counties but also that they should be more accountable and more inclusive in their
programming. Kenyans called for increased and more effective oversight and auditing,
specifically focused on the need to tame corruption; monitor County spending; reduce
recurrent expenditure; increase citizen participation in spending decisions; do away
with the tendency of politicians to reward cronies and family with employment; and
reduce the wage bill.

157. The same calls for inclusion that were made by Kenyans regarding the National
Government Executive were made for the Counties. The ‘winner-take-all’
phenomenon in Counties, following elections, is said by many Kenyans to lead to
discrimination, inequality and inequity in resource distribution. Ethnic minorities not
perceived to be part of a winning coalition, or who, for some reason, are not political
supporters of the County regime in place, are often excluded. The cruel irony is that
Article 174(e) of the Constitution provides that one of the objectives of devolution in
Kenya is ‘to protect and promote the interests and rights of minorities and under-
served or discriminated-against communities.’ It is for this reason that the Taskforce
strongly feels that measures leading to greater inclusion, equality, equity, and basic
fairness at the National level should be mirrored in the Counties, both in law, policy
and administration.

158. One of the challenges identified that compromises County service delivery is the
arbitrary, nepotistic or crony recruitment of human resources that ignores merit and
inclusivity. There remain strong concerns that despite the existence of the County
Service Boards, hiring is still deeply unfair. To solve this, it was proposed that the
independence of the Public Service Commission should be replicated at the County
level. Such a function would be responsible for the recruitment of the County staff,
setting reimbursement levels that are in harmony with the National Government,
ensuring inclusivity, and raising the skills and capabilities of those employed. There is
ample scope for County Government to also embrace performance management with
clear metrics to enhance staff effectiveness. Steps should also be taken to strengthen
the ability of the Members of County Assemblies in providing proper oversight on the
County Government.

159. To enhance economic growth in the Counties is crucial otherwise the devolution
experiment will stall and even reverse. What is crucial is for Counties to be guided by
a greater focus on being competitive in attracting their residents to be more
entrepreneurial, and for investment from other parts of the country, and abroad, to

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 80
 flow into the County. At the core of this is for the County Government’s regulation and
revenue collection to not crush incentives for investment and innovation. It cannot be
exaggerated how important it is for every County to establish and publicise an
Entrepreneurship and Investment Code that it implements in predictable and effective
manner. Even as the Counties raise local revenue, they must keep red tape to a
minimum while being aware that they are in competition not only with other Counties
but with other countries and their internal regions. We are in a global economic race
and must equip ourselves to prosper.

160. There is a nationwide lament that corruption has permeated both the Executive and
legislative arms of County Governments. This impedes service delivery and
development and may generate disaffection with the system of devolved government.
County governments were blamed for excesses, corruption, and failure to improve
service delivery. It was also noted that political interests tend to override public service
delivery. There was a strong perception that the procurement of goods and services
was undertaken in disregard of procurement laws and best practices, and that the
process was characterised by patronage and nepotism, misallocation of funds, and
other governance ills. Local leaders were also accused of outright impunity and
perpetual pursuit of selfish interests. If corruption in Counties is not brought to heel,
it will eventually lead to the failure of devolution, as citizens seek different governance
and management models. Of great concern, as well, has been the inability of the
Counties to mobilise their own domestic resources and to properly account for those
that they receive.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

161. Retain the 47 Counties and support the voluntary process of Counties forming
regional economic blocs — By and large, Kenyans are happy with devolution and
would like for the existing 47 counties to remain in existence. However, there was a
strong enough sentiment that needs further consultation with Kenyans. It noted that
while Kenyans are strong supporters of devolution and their counties, they also want
better value for money and more money to be used for development as opposed to
high recurrent and administrative costs. Perhaps there is a way that the 47 Counties
can be maintained as the focus of development implementation and the provision of
services, while representation and legislation are undertaken in larger regional blocs.

162. Increase the resources to the Counties by at least 35% of the last audited accounts.
Money follows functions. We urgently, and comprehensively, need to complete the
costing of National and County functions. Money for devolved functions should be for
service delivery to Kenyans, meaning that the CRA, in its allocation formula, should
focus on the distance from the centre of the County to its furthest area as opposed to
the general size of the County. It should also target key areas such as agriculture,
health and the rapid urbanisation occurring in all.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 81
 A. In accordance with the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution, complete the transfer
of functions from the national to County Government, cost the transferred
functions, and ensure that money follows function. In the case of concurrent
functions, avoid duplication and wastage.

B. Parastatals carrying out County functions should be either wound up or

restructured. This should be synchronised with the implementation of the already
completed parastatal reforms policy.

C. The allocation process should be simple for all citizens to understand, and should
be guided by equality, equity, and special needs, in that order.

D. Public resources should follow people not land mass – The increase of monies to
the Counties must be guided by a revenue allocation formula that is informed by
population, and then takes into account devolved and urgent needs such as health;
agriculture, which accounts for the majority of livelihoods and includes livestock
and fishing; education (ECD); and the provision of a basic share for all Counties to
share equally. It must be focused on service delivery to settled and serviced areas,
meaning services from the centre to the furthest point in the County rather than
land mass. In addition to the formula, areas that have hitherto been marginalised
should be uplifted through the Equalisation Fund for a set period.

E. Make monies generated by Counties more transparent and better managed. And
create an incentive for the transparent generation of resources by Counties by
providing more money from the national kitty linked to this.

F. The Commission on Revenue Allocation should assess what Counties should be

collecting and factor it into the annual allocation.

G. County Integrated Development Plan should be linked to a transparent assessment

of the development needs of each Ward.

H. Cut taxes in relation to Auditor General audits — It is better that money remains
in Kenyans’ pockets until there is more accountability and governance on its use at
the National and County levels. Then taxes can be increased with improvement.

163. Changes to the County executive —

A. The running mate of every candidate for the position of Governor should be of the
opposite gender.

B. Filling vacancies — Where a vacancy, for any given reason, occurs in the Deputy
Governor’s office, and the Governor fails to appoint a replacement within 90 days,
the Speaker of the County Assembly, with the approval of the Assembly, shall
nominate a Deputy Governor.

C. Limit arbitrary, nepotistic or crony recruitment of human resources that ignores

merit and inclusivity. It is proposed that the independence of the Public Service

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 82
 Commission should be replicated at the County level. Such a function would be
responsible for the recruitment of the County staff, setting reimbursement levels
that are in harmony with National Government, ensuring inclusivity, and raising
the skills and capabilities of those employed.

164. The healthcare function — Kenyans need far better healthcare if this country is to be
productive and prosperous. Paying for healthcare eats into family savings and prompts
rash sales of land, which sometimes lead to future conflict. To this end, the following
should be undertaken:

A. Health Service Commission – Even as we retain health as a devolved function, the

human resourcing element should be transferred to a Health Service Commission.

B. Health function should remain with the Counties and funds should follow
functions.

C. We need a far stronger focus on preventive and primary care.

D. NHIF administrative costs should be cut down sharply through using technology,
cutting down on corruption and increasing productivity. These administrative costs
should be at 5–10%.

E. Kenyans need a Patients’ Bill of Rights to tackle the following issues: Billing is filled
with corruption and inflation when Kenyans are at their most vulnerable. No
hospital should hold people forcefully. There should be consequences for
misdiagnosis. All facilities must be obliged to stabilise emergency cases. All patients
are owed polite and considerate service.

165. County Government spending — Supervision of County Spending, investment and

employment is failing at multiple levels which is leading to copious amounts of waste
and corruption that compromise Devolution which is otherwise very popular with
Kenyans. The response should be much stronger oversight by the responsible bodies,
actions to cut wasteful costs, and assign a greater proportion of County finances being
assigned to development.

A. Financing the development of each Ward to at least 30% of the County

development budget within the five-year term.

B. The ratio between development spending and recurrent expenditure in the

counties should match the national one at 70:30.

C. Strengthen the oversight independence of County Assemblies by ensuring that the

transmission and management of County Assembly budgets are insulated from
arbitrary or politically-motivated interference by County Executives; these
processes should also be subjected to rigorous public finance management
processes.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 83
 D. Limit the number of people that may be employed in the County Government by
providing a set, nationwide, ratio, as a ceiling, between County population and
number of employees. Also fix the maximum number of Ministries that a Governor
may establish.

E. There are significant savings in eliminating duplication of functions and jobs

between National and County Government. Also, rationalise jobs within the
County Governments, particularly where there is over-staffing or duplication.

F. To stop the abandonment of incomplete projects with each change of

administration, the Treasury should not release monies to the new Governor
before obtaining a list of incomplete projects and a plan for their completion. In
cases where the incoming Governor does not want to complete a project, there
should be a detailed explanation of the legitimate cause for it being halted.

G. Projects initiated in the final year of an electoral cycle should receive extra scrutiny
from the Controller of Budget, the County Assembly, the Senate, and all oversight
authorities.

H. Strengthen the office of the Auditor General, which should be devolved to oversee
Counties’ accounts and to report them in an accessible and straightforward way.

I. The Controller of Budget should assess, verify, and confirm that monies released
has been applied to the stated objectives before the release of the next tranche.

J. Counties to budget more development money to respond to specific needs in the

Wards rather than granting a lump sum to Counties or constituencies.

K. Commission on Revenue Allocation to change its revenue allocation formula —

particularly in allocating funds for the marginalised — to target Wards in the
County budgets.

L. Bureau of Statistics to provide an objective and localised measure of the wellbeing

and human security, including environmental sustainability, of Kenyans to measure
national, County, and Ward performance.

M. Conditional grants can be used to encourage collaboration between Counties, and

the formation of blocs that improve development planning and delivery.

166. Counties also must grow the economic pie — Counties should be guided by a greater
focus on being competitive in attracting their residents to be more entrepreneurial,
and for investment from other parts of the country, and abroad, to flow into the
County.

A. At the core of this is for the County Government’s regulation and revenue
collection to not crush incentives for investment and innovation.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 84
 B. Biashara mashinani — There should be high-priority efforts by every County to
support local groups to develop businesses through partnerships. The County
Government should ensure that small and emerging businesses are easy to start,
and that they find it easy to navigate regulations and bureaucracy and to get their
goods to market in a timely way.

C. Every County to establish and publicise an Entrepreneurship and Investment Code

that it implements in predictable and effective manner.

D. Even as the Counties raise local revenue, they must keep red tape to a minimum
while being aware that they are in competition not only with other Counties but
also with other countries and their internal regions.

167. No double taxation and double regulation at the National and County level — The
inter-governmental mechanisms should be developed and clarified to ensure that this
aim is consistently met.

168. More cohesive Counties — Strengthen dialogue and integration of communities in the
Counties, especially those that are multi-ethnic, with a focus on ensuring minorities
are heard and respected.

A. More transparent and well-structured public participation can be assisted by the

Public Rapporteur office that the Taskforce is recommending. In addition,
Governors should hold one-day open forums to update citizens on the state of
delivery and governance in the Counties.

B. Utilise Elders to strengthen cohesion and mediate conflicts.

C. More cultural awareness and respect programming by County Governments.

D. Integration of schools in the County.

E. More shared development and dialogue projects by communities that have had
histories of conflict.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 85
Chapter 10
Safety and security

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 86
Chapter 10: Safety and security
170. Kenyans told the Taskforce that they do not feel sufficiently safe and secure. From
those who represented victims of terrorism, to others victimised by domestic
terrorism, mistreatment at the hands of security personnel, and a lack of trust in
policing, millions of Kenyans do not feel as secure as they should. The same was the
view of the security experts who presented their views to the Taskforce. As a result,
the Taskforce observes, with great concern, that we will struggle to become a truly
united and prosperous country if we do not have a security system that is responsive
to the needs and rights of citizens, and that is trusted and embraced by them.

171. It is therefore crucial that all Kenyans — and not just the security officials — have a
deeper understanding of the trends and dynamics driving insecurity in Kenya, the
region, and the world.

172. We live in a tough neighbourhood — We are building a constitutional democracy in a

region beset by authoritarianism, failed states, and terrorism driven by global terrorist
organisations, and, nearby, the volatile and fragile Middle Eastern states are projecting
their rivalries to the Horn of Africa. We are also deepening our democracy and
increasing our civil liberties at the very moment there is a global spread of ideologies
of hatred, division and subjugation.

173. Non-conventional threats — Most security threats that the Kenyan state and people
face are non-conventional: from irregular war to politically instigated civil strife and
violence, violent extremism, organised crime, and secessionism, conventional threats
are in the minority. However, even conventional threats in the form of the long-term
risk of our territory being claimed by other states with an irredentist or expansionist
agenda must be prepared for and deterred robustly.

174. The scale of the terrorist threat, especially when its capabilities are escalated by
hostile states, is evident in its causing of state collapse in the Middle East and in large
swathes of the Sahel and West Africa. An unholy alliance of transnational criminal
networks and state sponsors is adding to the potency of the threat. This is not a passing
phenomenon, as the last 20 years of yet-to-succeed global campaigns to eradicate
major terrorist have shown. This is a generational challenge, and any democratic polity
in a neighbourhood like the Horn of Africa will need to harden itself against this form
of militant-ideological activity.

175. Our territorial integrity — There is also a growing sense that some countries could in
time attempt to compromise the territorial integrity of Kenya. We cannot ever let that
happen. It is crucial that there be strong measures to deter such attempts, and that
Kenya, in line with our Constitution and international law, be ready to preempt any
attempts to breach our sovereignty and national security.

176. Safety from enemy propaganda — In dealing with non-state threats to Kenya and
Kenyans, emanating from terrorist or militant organisations, we must take strong

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 87
 measures to ensure that their attacks and propaganda do not undermine our social
and religious cohesion. Fighting terrorism effectively is therefore ultimately about
safeguarding the constitutional order itself from a global enemy implacably opposed
to the Constitution, secular government, freedom of religion, and democracy.

177. Corruption and security — Corruption has cost Kenyan lives by enabling our enemies’
planning and operations. There have been entrenched cartels and corrupt special
interests in the security sector for decades. Some deny our front-line security
personnel the proper equipment, allowances and support that they need to be able to
protect us properly. Others so vastly inflate procurement costs, while providing wrong
equipment to our disciplined services, that it leads to lost lives, and weaker-than-
required capabilities.

178. Ethnicity and insecurity — A trend with critical implications for our security is the
persistence of ethnicity as an organising principle of political competition. It has
unfortunately turned our elections into tense affairs that require an extra-ordinary
national security effort. That should not be the case. Organised crime and corruption
cartels take advantage of this ethnic game to try and control procurement, regulation
and law enforcement. All to the detriment of our security, the hopes of our people and
their trust in Government.

179. Conflicts between groups that sometimes accord to County boundaries are leading
to significant levels of violence in various parts of the country. Each boundary dispute
should receive specific and consistent attention.

180. Severe weather events — In Kenya and the region, severe weather events are
increasingly having a very negative impact on the energy, water, pasture, and food
nexus. This is leading to conflict and communal wars over territory and boundaries.
Droughts are also undermining food security leading to conflict-driving population
movements that in turn drive conflict. Losses of pasture and livestock lead to violent
restocking that is now linked to organised crime.

181. Poor disaster preparedness and response — Kenyans have become used to news of
disasters that claim many lives that could have been saved if we had prompt, well-
equipped, and well-structured disaster response. Many of these are entirely
predictable: for instance, we know that annually there will be floods that endanger
lives and yet year after year, Kenyans are drowned.

182. Urbanisation and insecurity — Our towns and cities are growing fast. Africa has by far
the fastest rate of urbanisation in recorded history. Yet most of this urbanisation lacks
industrialization. Combined with the ‘youth bulge’, this leads to a jobless, despairing
youth population that is accommodating to terrorist recruitment, militant politics, and
criminality.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 88
183. A secure Kenya is not going to be won only by security personnel and institutions. Every
arm of Government, all Ministries and County Governments, as well as citizens, civil
society, and the private sector have important roles to play.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

184. Every life in Kenya has equal value — The value of life impacted by violence, insecurity
and poor safety standards should be the same across Kenya. We must put a stop to
the fact that there are different consequences in various parts of the country. A life
lost to murder in the poverty-stricken Loima and Mathare should receive equal
prevention, investigation, and prosecutorial attention as one in a wealthy Nairobi
suburb. Making this change requires the equal distribution of policing resources,
prosecutions and prevention efforts.

185. A people-owned National Security Strategy — Recognising that security belongs to

citizens, we need a human-security approach reflected in a comprehensive National
Security and Safety Strategy (every two years and by every incoming President within
three months of taking office) that is owned by the people and the whole of
Government. It should be pro-active, preventive, and pre-emptive.

186. Lower vulnerability to resource conflicts, disasters, emergencies and food

insecurity— Ensure Kenyans are less vulnerable to natural and man-made disasters
and emergencies by taking the following measures:

A. Operationalise a comprehensive National Emergency, Disaster and Crisis

Management Strategy rooted in law that is linked to County, sub-County and Ward
level disaster response plans that are renewed periodically.

B. Link the National Disaster Risk system to the Contingencies Fund (Article 208) in
the Act establishing it.

C. Put in place preemptive and prompt response strategies to common major

disasters such as flooding and drought.

D. As part of the National Strategy, clarify the various levels and types of emergencies
whose response is led by National Government and Counties. These should be
linked to the separate National and County Contingencies Funds.

E. Prevent communal resource conflicts by ensuring that County boundaries are

drawn to maximise sharing of water and pasture, among other resources.

F. Safe food — Protect consumers of food and medicine from dangerously procured,
grown, or developed products that harm their health and wellbeing.

187. Terrorism is a continuing risk to Kenyans that needs multiple tools to address it, not
just security — Counter terrorism will only succeed if it is powerfully linked to political,

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 89
 social and cultural defences that reduce the pool of recruits, and delegitimise the aims
of our enemies.

A. Mainstream and coordinate the prevention of radicalisation and violent

extremism initiatives in the Ministries responsible for health, education, youth,
culture and heritage, as well as other relevant governmental bodies.

B. Defend Kenya against terrorists by implementing regulated protective security

standards for all sectors, and particularly highly trafficked properties owned by the
private sector.

C. Invest in innovation and coordination to strengthen every part of the counter-

terrorism system with a focus on making Kenyan terrorism prevention (also
referred to as countering violent extremism) world-class in its tools and policies.

D. As the Victim Protection Trust Fund is operationalised, it should pay special

attention to the victims of terrorism whose victimisation is directly intended to
intimidate all Kenyans and our political, social and religious choices.

E. Cybersecurity — At a minimum, we must fundamentally strengthen our national

cybersecurity capabilities, particularly because our economy is increasingly digital
and online. Our ambition to remain a regional financial centre and for our people
to find work in and through technology demands the continuous strengthening of
national cybersecurity skills, processes, laws, and institutions.

F. Foreign affairs — Review diplomatic relations with state sponsors of terrorism,

religious extremism, and expansionism or irredentism. Ensure diplomacy is shaped
and resourced to deal with the emerging threats before they demand a hard
security response. It is particularly important that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
in terms of budget allocation, be in the same cluster as the Department of Defence,
the National Intelligence Service, and other security organs.

G. Private security — Professionalise and better regulate private security companies

and guards to deliver better service that is more integrated with State security and
adheres to higher standards.

188. Police performance, and mental health and wellness — Strengthen the performance
and service orientation of the National Police Service and support the mental health
and wellness of officers.

A. Clarify Key Performance Indicators for police commanders from the level of IG
downward linked to publicly reported national crime and insecurity statistics
(annual crime and security report from the Ministry of Interior that is
disaggregated based on counties, gender, and citizen perceptions). Link these to
promotions and incentives.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 90
 B. Eliminate corruption in recruitment by instituting heavy penalties for corrupting
the process.

C. Create a transparent human resources system that is digital and with clear
guidelines and processes for promotion and transfer. The standards of promotion
into leadership and management must reflect measurable past performance,
including internal courses and exams as well as citizen complaints of abuse and
corruption.

D. Support integrity and effectiveness in the NPS by recognising and rewarding

excellence, dedication and sacrifice by officers and citizens.

E. As a matter of priority, put in place accessible and resourced mental health and
wellness counselling and treatment for police officers. Particular attention should
be paid to those in frontline roles that expose them to extreme trauma. All
measures should also be taken to keep families together.

189. Secure citizens from personal threats —

A. Redress boundary conflicts that threaten national and societal security —

Establish a commission(s) to address current boundary conflicts until they are
solved. Among the areas with current boundary conflicts are Meru with Isiolo;
Meru with Tharaka Nithi; Baringo – Turkana; Garissa with Tana River; Kisumu with
Vihiga; Kisumu with Nandi; Laikipia with Samburu; Turkana with West Pokot; West
Pokot with TransNzoia; Nyandarua with Laikipia; Kitui with Meru; Elgeyo -
Marakwet with West Pokot; Makueni – Machakos - Kajiado.

B. Protect whistleblowers — Enable court procedures that guarantee the protection

of the safety and security of informants, whistleblowers and witnesses, particularly
regarding terrorism, serious transnational crimes, and corruption.

C. Care for pedestrians and cyclists — Every new road in an urban area should be
legally required to also have a sidewalk for pedestrians and specified lanes for
cyclists. Signage should be clear.

D. Citizen conflict resolution — Increase citizen skills in conflict resolution and

mediation throughout a Kenyan’s educational life. Achieve this by including conflict
resolution, negotiation and counselling skills in the curriculum at all levels of
primary and secondary education.

E. Prioritise combatting gender and sexual violence by focusing and resourcing

specific policing and prevention measures against sexual and gender-based
violence.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 91
Chapter 11
Commissions and
cross-cutting issues

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 92
Chapter 11: Commissions and cross-cutting issues
191. NAIROBI – Nairobi, by virtue of being the national capital and an extra-territorial seat
of the United Nations, is dissimilar to other counties. The Kenyan people look to the
capital as the seat of all arms of Government and as a critical location for their civic
participation in national life. This means that the Commission of Revenue Allocation
formula would struggle to take into consideration this special status of Nairobi and the
demands for services that come with it. Further to this consideration as capital city,
the 26 March 1975 agreement between the Republic of Kenya and the United Nations
regarding the headquarters of the UN Environment Programme in Nairobi agrees
actions by the National Government that touch on the environment, infrastructure,
amenities, public services, and accessibility of the headquarters. To demonstrate the
far-reaching implications of the agreement, consider its agreement that ‘the
headquarters seat shall be supplied with the necessary services including without
limitation by reason of this enumeration, electricity, water, sewerage, gas, post,
telephone, telegraph, local transportation, drainage, collection of refuse and fire
protection…’ It also holds that ‘in case of any threatened interruption of such services,
the appropriate Kenyan authorities shall consider the needs of UNEP as being of equal
importance with those of essential agencies of the Government…’ These actions are
agreed with the National Government and not the County Government. The status of
Nairobi as host of a global UN headquarters is a big reason why it has become a
diplomatic hub with dozens of countries establishing missions that will allow them
representation at UNEP and other UN bodies governed from Nairobi. These missions
in turn demand a minimum level of services and facilitation from the National
Government. The Taskforce recommends that Nairobi be accorded a special status as
capital city that allows the National Government the means to provide the services
and facilitation necessary to maintaining it as a capital city and as a diplomatic hub. At
the same time, such a special status should not impede the rights of the people of
Nairobi to representation at the Ward and Parliamentary levels.

192. Separate the obligation to conduct criminal investigations from the obligation to
promote and enforce ethics in public service. The work of reporting on, promoting and
enforcing ethical conduct will go to the proposed Ethics Commission recommended in
the chapter on national ethos.

193. Every independent commission must have internal accountability systems that clearly
and transparently separate the power of appointment and promotion from that of
interdiction and censure.

194. Rigorous audits that inquire into value for money and upholding sound principles of
public finance management should apply to every arm of government and every public
institution.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 93
195. Strengthen the Directorate of Criminal Investigations to complement the
independence of the criminal-justice system, which includes the Director of Public
Prosecutions and the Judiciary.

196. Significantly, increase the amount of resources to the Director of Public Prosecutions
to enable effective prosecutions.

197. Rationalise the mandates of regulatory bodies to ensure lack of duplication, and to
ease transparency, affordability and prompt service to enable higher levels of
regulatory compliance.

198. Strengthen the Government Chemist to increase its effectiveness in carrying out its
mandate.

199. Create a unified and assertive food safety and regulation regulatory body.

200. Senate and National Assembly — The Taskforce has made substantial
recommendations to change the Executive branch. There is therefore need to review
the checks and balances system in the legislature to ensure that the National Assembly
and the Senate are fit for purpose.

201. Harmony in running Commissions — In order to redress the power struggles that have
characterised Chapter 15 Commissions, make the Chairpersons also be the Chief
Executive Officers. This recommendation shall not apply retrospectively.

202. Picking Commissioners for IEBC — A meeting of Party Leaders of Parliamentary

Political Parties shall nominate by consensus the persons to be appointed by the
President as IEBC commissioners. The candidates should meet the criteria spelt out in
the Constitution and the law and they should be non-partisan, with a record of
integrity and accomplishment, and who are not known members of a political party
and have no record of taking public positions in support of a party.

203. Part-time commissioners — Half of the Commissioners in Chapter 15 Commissions,

except for the IEBC, should serve on a part-time basis.

204. Article 249(3) has been violated and this has compromised the ability of Chapter 15
Commissions and independent offices to adequately and independently carry out their
mandates. At the same time, the Commissions and independent offices should also be
subjected to stringent reviews by relevant bodies to ensure that they carry out their
duties as mandated.

205. Consolidate administrative tribunals — Presently, virtually every statute setting up

some regulatory authority or other also sets up some appeal tribunal to resolve
matters arising from the regulators exercise of its statutory authority. The relationship
between the regulator and the tribunal has largely defeated the very essence of
impartial adjudication of disputes. In addition, the sheer number of tribunals set up in
this manner makes them a huge and unnecessary drain on national resources. It is

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 94
 proposed to create one National Administrative Appeals Tribunal under which
separate thematic appeals tribunals may be managed (for example, power and energy,
sports, and environment).

206. Reduce the number of regulatory bodies by undertaking a major effort to simplify
harmonise and their mandates. The focus should be on fewer and better implemented
regulations, with a premium against corruption in this process.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 95
Chapter 12
Conclusion

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 96
Chapter 12: Conclusion
Kenya is at cross-roads. On the present trajectory, we will risk our continuity as a democracy
and a safe and secure country as our political culture and economic model destroy the fragile
bonds between us. Kenya has the unusual genius of being open to change. This means that
our mistakes, for instance in the post-election violence of 2007-2008, as terrible as they were,
have been followed by a pragmatic readiness to change. However, our narrow personal and
sectarian interests, particularly in the political class, have frustrated genuine transformative
actions. We cannot go on in that way, not now. The risks to our country are too great, and the
2017 election season demonstrated very clearly that we cannot afford to repeat these cycles.
This report, with all its imperfections, is a genuine step to a new Kenya that should be
embraced by all Kenyans and people of goodwill. That it was born from the Handshake
between Kenya’s leading political leaders suggests that there is the necessary political will to
see it implemented. This is a major turning point in our history and resolute steps by Kenya’s
leaders will be a major legacy that will be remembered for generations
to come.

The Taskforce urges these leaders, and their counterparts in other parties, to form a large
umbrella movement to rally support for these critical recommendations. There should also be
effective Technical Committees to turn the report’s recommendations into the legal, policy
and administrative measures required for implementation. An implementation team in the
Presidency, reporting directly to the President, should then be formed to quickly put these
measures into effect in the next 18 months. If we are determined in taking these actions,
Kenya will rise as the first African nation in generations to scale the global heights of peace,
shared prosperity and strong cohesion. We have it in us to achieve these heights, and the
courage to face this moment is all it takes.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 97
Annexes

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 98
ANNEX 1: Detailed recommendations

National Ethos

SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

1 Kenyans need to think big and long-term. Elections will come We must undertake a major consultation, in the form of an
and go with different administrations in place, but Kenya will inclusive national conversation culminating in a major
endure. We need a vision of the Kenya we want to exist in 3 conference with the single aim of producing a vision of a unique
generations or 100 years: a country that makes a special Kenyan civilisation 100 years from today.
contribution to humanity, perhaps by being the spark for a
resurgence of vibrant, prosperous, and confident African
civilisations throughout the continent.

2 • Kenyans as a people must be transformed into individuals 1. Families, parenting, and mentorship: There must be a
with a respect for others and involvement in service that renewed focus on teaching morality, including sacred
reflects integrity. Seen this way, Kenya is today suffering a truths whose importance stretches beyond the individual.
leadership deficit at multiple levels and sectors, including 2. Elders and cultural leaders should commit to
Government, civil society, and the religious sector. As a strengthening the moral and service ethos passed to the
country, we must strengthen leadership across all young and including a civic component in traditional and
branches of Government by building mechanisms that communal rituals for passage into adulthood, for example
weed out the undeserving, promote relevant experience, in circumcision ceremonies. This way, traditional and
success, and integrity, and offer transparent and fair paths communal processes, rituals, and philosophies of service
to positions of leadership. and integrity will be linked to the nation. There should be
• Rather than a top-down process, we should build the a specific effort to insert the call to service and integrity, as
national ethos from the existing cultural ethos of Kenyan citizens, in all ceremonies of passage into adulthood of
communities which have clear processes of developing Kenya’s cultural and religious communities.
leadership, service, and legitimacy. These should be linked 3. Religious groups, including churches, mosques, and
to the nation from the bottom up, respecting diversity. temples should play a strong role in strengthening the
national ethos by rooting it in their activities.
• The aim is to grow leadership in Kenya as a form of service
and integrity to others. 4. Media: Kenya needs media that uplift us through investing
in quality local content. The media should build
programming based on Kenyan histories to show us what
is unique about ourselves.
5. Schools: Kenyans should learn service from the earliest
age. In schools, and particularly boarding schools, students
should be given work and responsibilities that demand
their effort and service to the community.
6. All students should be involved in structured volunteer
initiatives that serve the poor and needy beyond the
school gates. These initiatives should reflect values of
compassion, empathy, cooperation, and responsibility.
7. Form a National Volunteers Network that identifies needs
for volunteers and provides certification for the work
done. This should use technology to identify needs for
volunteers and then link organisations to willing groups in
schools, homes, and workplaces.
8. In schools, volunteers and mentors should engage with
students. School holidays can be used for volunteering
work, in environments that are different from where
children live or go to school.
9. There should be a compulsory curriculum — throughout a
Kenyan’s formal education — instilling in the learner, at an
early age, a sense of national ethos rooted in ethics,
morals, and integrity. You should not be able to graduate
without having completed these courses.
10. Workplaces should embrace Corporate Social
Responsibility initiatives that include activities to build the
national ethos.

3 Develop and implement enforcement mechanisms for the 1. Strengthen the Act to ensure it properly implements
Leadership and Integrity Act that capture and act on breaches. Chapter 6, and, if necessary, replace it with a new Bill.
We have lost track of the enforcement of Chapter 6 on National 2. Enforcement mechanisms should be present in all public
Values and have few working mechanisms. The present focus on entities and particularly for service commissions such as
financial impropriety, as important as it is, disregards other the PSC, JSC, and PSC, and Article 235 bodies.
important breaches of our national values such as bullying, 3. All Service commissions should live up to the
misleading the public, discrimination, and demeaning public implementation of Chapter 6 and the Leadership and

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 99
 SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

office, among others, that may not amount to criminal Integrity Act — especially in terms of disciplinary
behaviour but are clearly breaches of the Constitution. processes, contracting, responding to complaints, renewal
of contracts, and promotions reflecting impartial
assessments of compliance.

5 Strengthen the capability of national leadership at the Cabinet 1. All Cabinet Ministers should have a demonstrable track
level by selecting individuals who enjoy public and professional record of integrity that allows them public respect and the
respect. high regard of public officers who will serve under them.
2. All Presidents will issue a Ministerial Code that binds those
Ministers appointed into Cabinet and that reflects national
values and ethos.

6 Link the cultural values and norms of Kenyans reflected in rites Ministry of Culture and Heritage to encourage all Councils of
of passage to constitutional values and principles and the rights Elders or community leaders nationwide to formalise rites of
and responsibilities of citizenship. passage to include both genders, and to incorporate into them
national values and citizen rights and responsibilities.

7 There should also be a harmonisation between our diverse 1. Strengthen the Ministry of Culture and Heritage. A people
cultures and modern Kenyan identity so that we are a people who care about their national ethos will ensure that this is
who are not at odds internally. one of the most important Government bodies.
Replace Boxing Day on 26 December with a National
Culture Day for celebrating culture and learning about
other Kenyans’ cultures (this could also be done on 1
January).
2. The elders should be linked to each other, and with public
bodies, through a large annual conference that deliberates
on how culture will inform policy initiatives and regional
engagement.
3. National of elders should be enabled to participate in
regional, continental, and international engagement with
their counterparts on issues such as ethical leadership;
responsible parenting; using traditional rites of passage to
strengthen citizenship; inter-communal respect and
dialogue; conflict prevention, mediation, and resolution;
protection of heritage and history; and ethics and integrity.
This should be done through the linkages provided by the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Tourism, the
Copyright Board, Kenya Wildlife Service, and other
relevant parts of the Government.
4. Link elders to formal mediation processes recognised by
the legal system through training and certification
opportunities and connect them with judicial and
Government institutions nationwide.
5. Ministry of Culture and Heritage should use public
participation and expert input to codify an official
pantheon of Kenyan heroes who reflect Kenya’s values and
ethos, our fight for democracy and freedom, our
aspirations, and our outstanding achievements. These
heroes should be included in museum displays,
curriculums and showcases.
6. The officially recognised living national heroes should
receive modest public support if they are vulnerable or
destitute.
7. Each County should implement the Protection of
Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions Act 2016
by offering cultural activities and centres that celebrate all
cultures in the County and others nationally.

8 • We have it in us to build the foundations of a vibrant Kenyan 1. The Kenya National Archives and Documentation Service
civilisation by giving ourselves the gift of knowing, should be renamed the Official Historian and National
respecting, and engaging with our diverse histories. Archives Service.
2. The re-energised body should have its mandate broadened
• A major part of Africa’s malaise and present demoralisation to be a central point in collaborative and professional
arises from our histories being articulated by parties and efforts by libraries, universities, museums, and individual
groups who have dominated us and sought to benefit from historians to research, analyse, and present a thorough
our ignorance, division, and low morale. and definitive Kenyan history to Kenyans and the world.
• As is recognised worldwide, a people who do not know and 3. The institution should be led by an established and highly
cannot articulate their own story cannot ever rise to their regarded scholar of African history or a world-class expert
on library science or curating. It should have a board with

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 100
 SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

full greatness. We therefore recommend that Kenyans give representation from the Ministries of Heritage and
themselves a definitive and inclusive official history. Education; domestic and foreign universities; domestic
and foreign museums of history and heritage; curators;
artists; and elders.
4. President Uhuru Kenyatta should commission an official
history of Kenya whose production will be led by an Office
of the Historian resident in the National Archives. This
history should go back 1000 years and provide an accurate
and definitive account of the settlement of Kenya by the
present inhabitants; the political, economic, and cultural
heritage of all ethnic groups in Kenya; the role of women
throughout history; an account of the international slave
trade and colonialism; the anti-colonial struggles; the post-
colonial history of every part of the country; and
contemporary histories including those of urban areas and
newly formed communities in Kenya.
5. Inside the Official Historian and National Archives Service
should be a working staff of professional historians,
librarians, curators, and professionals from other relevant
fields of expertise such as philosophy, linguistics,
anthropology, theology, economic historians, politics, and
the sciences.
6. The work should be connected to the mission of the
National Museums, publicly funded cultural centres, the
Ministry of Education, and all public bodies undertaking
curriculum development, training, and education of
Kenyans.
7. Its work should be shaped in such a way that it can be
understood by all Kenyans, and particularly students and
young people.
8. Liaise and partner with United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in shaping
this effort.

9 We must make work a reflection of character and skill, and a 1. Technical education and TIVET should be rebranded to
path to self-worth and respect, even as we work to increase the communicate the value of craftsmanship as being more
total number of jobs and to raise income levels. than a job and income — it is a reflection of expertise and
character.
2. Offer transparent, fair, and accessible paths for
recognition of craftsmanship and a hierarchy of expertise.
3. Map all Counties for unique craft expertise; promote it, up-
skill it, and connect to markets.
4. Map the unique cottage and handmade industries in each
County and broaden opportunities by encouraging better
linkage to markets, strengthening the skills of the young,
and linking it to high standards.

10 The happiness of Kenyans, and their wellness and mental health, 1. Ministry of Health should have a Department of
should be supported. Happiness, Wellness, and Mental Health dedicated to
working on policies and standards in this area. They should
be promoted to Counties that have the health mandate.
This should also be linked to the Ministry of Culture to
ensure that the programmes and approaches are informed
by Kenya’s cultural institutions and their approaches to
wellness and mental health.
2. As part of the work on the Human Development Index,
Kenya should produce a disaggregated Happiness Index.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 101
Responsibilities and Rights

SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

1 Kenyans have God-given rights that must now stand alongside a 1. Inspired by the national anthem and the national values,
Kenyan Charter of Responsibilities. create a Charter of Citizen Responsibilities that includes a
Patriot’s Pledge to the Nation and the Constitution of Kenya
(for schools, workplaces, and official national and public
events).
2. The Charter should not be based on single words but should
articulate who the ideal Kenyan is and what he or she does
in relating to others.

2 Educated parenting is important to raise healthy and 1. Many churches insist that couples attend classes before
responsible children in an increasingly complex and fast- their wedding, to ensure that they know how to uphold
changing Kenya. marriage; there should be similar efforts to strengthen
parenting.
2. An inter-ministerial Taskforce should be formed to develop
a generic and simple parenting curriculum and make it
available to religious and cultural institutions, health
centres, and sub-chiefs and chiefs for the widest possible
dissemination.

3 Part of choosing to be a Cabinet member or to be a PS, and their 1. The Ministerial Code should include Ministers in charge of
equivalent in the Counties, is to be ready to have ‘skin in the services making use of those services for their own personal
game’ in using the services that you develop and manage on and family needs. For instance, the children of the Minister
behalf of all Kenyans. If it is good enough for Kenyans, it should of Education should make use of public schools; the health
be good enough for you. minister should use public healthcare; and so forth. All
Ministers should use public facilities and services.
2. These principles should be reflected in the Counties with the
County Executives.

5 A major part of responsibility is to children. Their abuse or 1. The penalties of child abandonment should be stiff and
mistreatment by parents, or any other adults, should be heavily implemented.
punished by law and community shaming. It is also a national 2. Strengthen the mechanisms of child protection and support
responsibility that no child should be abandoned or homeless. of the abandoned.

6 There is an urgent need for continuous and widespread civic 1. Civic education should be prioritised in Government policies
education on rights and responsibilities. and initiatives, nationally and in Counties. This includes a
specific ongoing civic education campaign that is continuous
and is based on innovative approaches that do not utilise the
typical workshopping model; for instance, the use of
Barazas.
2. Citizenship education should be provided at all levels up to
undergraduate.

7 Entrench ethics awareness, training, and accountability in the Every public institution, non-governmental organisation, and
workplace. company should develop an integrity and ethics strategy that
includes training and safe ways to report infractions and include it
in the evaluation of departments and managers.

8 Develop a responsibility and execution culture in all young 1. Kenyan schools should draw all students into chores and
Kenyans. (There is a national deficit in execution and the responsibilities that uplift and provide for the school and the
acceptance of individual responsibility. A culture of broader community. This will inculcate a culture of
responsibility and effective implementation is not intuitive: it responsibility, and getting tasks done.
must be deliberately grown in people from their upbringing, our 2. Schools, at every level, should actively encourage and enable
communal and national ethos, and in their training and student volunteering for those in need in the communities
education.) or institutions close to the school.

9 All Kenyans should give six months of their lives to national 1. Government departments should draw up Corporate Social
service between the ages of 18 and 26. Responsibility initiatives linked to this.
2. Encourage Volunteer Clubs in all schools.
3. Plans should be devised for involving those not in school.
4. There should be a national volunteer network that allows
efforts that need volunteers to sign on and be connected to
those who want to serve; this network should also offer
certification of completed volunteering stints. Incentives,
including by making this a requirement of applying for Public
Service jobs, should be considered.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 102
 SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

10 The citizen’s rights and responsibilities should be incorporated The Ministry of Culture and Heritage should ensure that all
in the cultural, religious, and communal processes of initiation cultural and religious initiation or passage ceremonies feature a
and religious and cultural education (on the basis of all religions common module or portion on a Kenyan citizen’s rights and
having expectations of engaged citizenship). responsibilities.

11 Mental health is key to a healthy nation of engaged citizens. A special taskforce should be formed to find solutions on making
mental health care accessible, lowering the stigma against those
suffering, and support for home carers.

Ethnic Antagonism and Competition

SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

1 Do away with the winner-take-all model in the national Ensure that the Executive reflects the Face of Kenya and
Executive. inclusively executes the political will of Kenyans rather than
merely making appointments on the basis of ethnicity.

2 Support the role of the President as a symbol of national unity. Develop a Council of Advisors made up of individuals who have
had eminent and clearly honourable careers in the public service,
in the private sector, academia, the arts and sports, the religious
sector, and eminent elders. It will provide private advice on
upholding national unity to the Head of State on a non-salaried
basis.

3 Ensure that political parties are ethnically inclusive in terms of Set enforcement mechanisms in the Political Parties Act.
membership and paths to leadership, and that they are
continually regulated to ensure that they do not become
vehicles of ethnic exclusion.

5 Respond proactively and preventively to potential violent 1. Insert and operationalise the National Steering Committee
conflicts over pasture and water that divide communities and for Peacebuilding’s early warning and early response
feed into broader ethnic antagonism. mechanism on resource-based conflicts in the National
Emergency, Disaster, and Crisis Management system.
2. Strengthen cross-border early warning and response
mechanisms and coordinate how multiple ministries plan
and implement their programmes in ASAL areas.
3. Strengthen the connection of early warning and response to
elders and Peace Committees to reduce the time that
elapses before action to prevent conflict. Also allow for
Peace Committee members to provide confidential and
protected information.

6 Increase respect for ethnic and religious diversity, while 1. Curriculums throughout schooling should feature
entrenching pluralism. compulsory components on history; cultural diversity;
knowledge of the major religions including traditional ones;
and the relationship between the Constitution and our
cultures/religions.
2. Ensure that secondary boarding schools that are publicly
funded have representation from different Counties
amounting to at least 50% of the student body.
3. Align the National Museums of Kenya to this mission.
4. Promote and support inclusive cultural centres in every
County.

7 Increase the interaction and knowledge of difference among To this end, the Ministry of Education should deliberately and
Kenyans — especially among students — to allow us to be more transparently ensure that public boarding schools and universities
inclusive. have students from different parts of the country. There should
be special efforts to integrate schools to include communities that
have been known to fight over resources such as water and
pasture.

8 Utilise Alternative Dispute Mechanisms that reduce conflict and 1. Offer elders training and official registration as mediators
division. recognised by the legal system.
2. Encourage the judiciary to set aside room in courts around
the country to mediators drawn from the elders.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 103
 9 Change our ethnic political calculus by aggressively driving the As a way to reunite our cross-border communities, and change our
East African Community integration process. present ethnic political calculus, while building a more prosperous
economy, accelerate the process of East African Community
Confederation as a step towards political federation.

10 Mainstream the mission to strengthen cultural integration and Transfer the integration responsibilities of the NCIC to the
pluralism into the Cabinet to enable it to have a bigger Ministry of Culture/Heritage, the Ministry of Education, and MDAs
implementation platform. and commissions charged with civic education.

11 Ensure that the Face of Kenya is reflected in employment in the Where there is no candidate with the right qualifications, the PSC
public sector, in terms of both seniority and numbers, in should be empowered to undertake professional search and
accordance with the Constitution. development for minority candidates to increase their chances of
qualifying for the positions.

12 Support the Registrar of Political Parties to be an assertive, Strengthen the Registrar of Political Parties by:
independent, and independent-minded office. 1. Ceasing the practice of appointing Acting Registrars to head
the office.
2. Recruit a substantive Registrar.
3. Strengthen the capabilities of the Office of the Registrar to
monitor and punish hate speech and ethnic profiling by
politicians and political parties.
4. Remove the legal enforcement power against hate speech
from the NCIC to the Registrar of Political Parties and to DCI
when it comes to criminal infringement.

Divisive Elections

SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

1 Make the Executive structure more inclusive. 1. Running for and winning the Presidency — The President
shall be elected through universal suffrage. For a candidate
to be declared the winner of the Presidential election, he or
she must win 50% + 1 of the Presidential votes and at least
25% of the votes cast in each of more than half of the
Counties, as is now the case.
2. An Executive President — The President will remain the
Head of State and Government and the Commander-in-
Chief. He or she shall be the central symbol of National
Unity. The President will chair the Cabinet, which
compromises the Deputy President, the Prime Minister, and
Cabinet Ministers.
3. The Executive, under the authority of the President, shall
have the power to determine the policy of the Government
in general, while the Ministers under the leadership of the
Prime Minister, shall be collectively responsible in the
National Assembly for the execution of the affairs of the
Government.
4. Term limit — Retain the present two-term limit for the
position of President.
5. Deputy President — The Deputy President is the running
mate to the President. The Deputy President shall deputise
the President.

2 The President shall appoint a Prime Minister. 1. Within a set number of days following the summoning of
Parliament after an election, the President shall appoint as
Prime Minister, an elected Member of the National
Assembly from a political party having a majority of
Members in the National Assembly or, if no political party
has a majority, one who appears to have the support of a
majority of MPs.
2. Approval by Parliament — The nominee for Prime Minister
shall not assume office until his or her appointment is first
confirmed by a resolution of the National Assembly
supported by an absolute majority vote of MPs.
3. If the Prime Minister nominee is not confirmed, the
President shall have another set number of days to make
another appointment. This process shall continue until there

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 104
 SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

is a successful nomination for Prime Minister. A measure to

ensure that this process is not indefinite, and that
governance is continuous should be considered. The
Taskforce would also like to point out that some members
of the public expressed concern that the use of simple
majorities may find it a challenge to guarantee inclusivity in
Kenyan politics. There were proposals made for raising the
bar and requiring higher majorities. The Taskforce members
felt that this is a matter for a larger national conversation.
4. Dismissal — The Prime Minister may be dismissed by the
President or through a vote of no confidence in the National
Assembly.

3 Role of the Prime Minister 1. The Prime Minister shall have authority over the supervision
and execution of the day-to-day functions and affairs of the
Government.
2. The Prime Minister shall be the Leader of Government
Business in the National Assembly.
3. On the President’s tasking, the Prime Minister will chair
Cabinet sub-committees.
4. In the exercise of his authority, the Prime Minister shall
perform or cause to be performed any matter or matters
which the President directs to be done.
5. The Prime Minister will continue to earn his or her salary as
a Member of Parliament with no additional salary for the
prime ministerial role.
6. The Permanent/Principal Secretary in the Office of the Prime
Minister will chair the Technical Implementation Committee
of Principal/Permanent Secretaries.
7. To avoid the politicisation of the Public Service, the
Permanent or Principal Secretaries will not be subject to
Parliamentary approval. Their accountability will be strictly
administrative and technical.

5 Mixed Cabinet. 1. The cabinet is a crucial part of the Executive arm of

Government. There is discontent with the current system,
judging from what Kenyans told the Taskforce. The
Taskforce proposes that the Cabinet be structured as
follows:
2. The President will appoint Cabinet Ministers after
consultation with the Prime Minister. The Ministers shall be
responsible for the offices that the President establishes in
line with the Constitution.
3. The Cabinet shall be drawn from both parliamentarians and
technocrats with the latter being made ex-officio Members
of Parliament upon successful Parliamentary approval.
4. The Taskforce is also recommending that the Cabinet
Secretary be renamed Cabinet Minister.
5. To ensure more effective political direction and
Parliamentary accountability, there shall be a position of
Minister of State that will be appointed from members of
the National Assembly and taking direction in their
ministerial duties from Cabinet Ministers. These Ministers of
State will continue to earn their salary as MP with no
additional salary for their ministerial role.
6. Eliminate the post of Chief Administrative Secretary.

6 Raise the status of the Opposition and enable it to be more 1. Leader of the Official Opposition — The runner-up of the
effective to increase the accountability of the Government. Presidential election becomes an ex-officio Member of
Parliament and the Leader of the Official Opposition if his or
her party is not represented in the Government, or of a
coalition of Parliamentary parties not represented in the
Government.
2. Need for a strong opposition — The party or coalition of
parties that is not in Government shall be the Official
Opposition.
3. Shadow Cabinet — The Leader of the Official Opposition
shall be enabled to have a Shadow Cabinet to challenge the

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Government’s positions in Parliament. This will include the

ability to have adequate provision of quality research on the
policy and legislative agenda of the Government.

4. The Opposition party will play a key role in Prime Ministerial

and Ministerial Question Time sessions in Parliament.
Question Time is an opportunity for MPs to question
Government Ministers about matters for which they are
responsible.

7 Reform the IEBC. 1. A mechanism be devised that gives leaders of parliamentary

political parties a role in the recruitment of Commissioners
of IEBC. In nominating candidates to be Commissioners, the
political party leaders should nominate individuals who are
non-partisan, with a record of accomplishment and
integrity, and who are not known political supporters or
activists of the party.
2. From the views received from Kenyans by the Taskforce,
faith in the IEBC remains low. The Taskforce therefore
recommends that we go to the next election with a clean
slate to strengthen faith in the institution.
3. All IEBC staff should be employed on a three-year contract,
renewable only once, if their performance is good.
Otherwise, it will be terminated. This will prevent the
continuation of errors by enabling each Commission at one
time in its term to make appointments.
4. Returning officers should be hired through a process like
that used for commissioners, with the involvement of public
participation. At the end of the process of recruiting
returning officers, IEBC should receive reports on what their
decision is and the basis on which they made the decision.
This should be available to the public.
5. Returning officers should be contracted on a part-time basis
and should not oversee more than one general election.
6. Any person with at least fifteen (15) years management
experience at senior level should qualify to apply for
Chairmanship of IEBC. It should not be the preserve of
lawyers. However, one of the Commissioners should be a
lawyer.
7. All current senior officers of IEBC should be vetted.
8. Separate the duties of Secretary and Chief Executive Officer;
make the Chairman of the Commission the Chief Executive
Officer.
9. The composition of the Commission must reflect the Face of
Kenya on all levels.
10. Explore ways to enact provisions that reduce the
disproportionately high costs of our elections. The party list
system is one.
11. Reform present electoral system to ensure it is simple,
accurate, verifiable, secure, accountable and transparent as
mandated by Article 86 of the Constitution.

8 REPRESENTATION – Equalise representation and equality of 1. That the people’s choice, as reflected in the election of their
citizenship by ensuring that each Kenyan vote has the same representatives, including in Party primaries and
status and power, and that no practice negates the principle of nominations, shall be upheld through fair, free and
‘one man, one vote’. Use one of the solutions in the transparent elections.
neighbouring column. It is crucial that whatever form reforms to 2. Individuals included in any Party lists shall initially have
representation take, that they accord to the following principles undergone a process that uses transparent public
if Kenyans are to be fairly and equally represented. participation in the Counties even before any other vetting
procedure is used.
3. That there shall be the equalisation of representation and
equality of citizenship, as much as possible, by ensuring that
each Kenyan vote has the same status and power, as
envisaged in the Constitution.
4. Parties will be compelled through the Political Parties Act to
be consistent with the Constitution to meet the Gender Rule
and other Constitutional measures of inclusion through their
party lists. This will equalise both genders in political terms,

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rather than creating a parallel system that creates a sense of

tokenism.
5. Party lists for Members of County Assemblies shall follow
the same principles and processes of public participation,
elections and vetting as the National Assembly. This will
ensure that the people and parties can ensure that there is
accountability in a direct manner.
6. All the existing 290 constituencies will be saved, including
the protected seats because they have become key for
representation of sparsely populated areas.
7. Devolve political parties to have strong County based party
branches that will allow the people to have the political
forums and avenues to hold their elected leaders
accountable throughout a term and not just during
elections.
8. The nomination lists through parties should be completed in
a transparent process governed by the political parties
overseen by the Registrar of Political Parties and the IEBC.

9 Kenya is suffering a leadership deficit. It can be closed by raising 1. Utilise rigorous public financial disclosure.
the quality of leadership integrity and credibility by those 2. No role in elected or appointed leadership for those who
running for office and appointed to senior offices. have been convicted on criminal charges or disbarred by a
legally recognised professional association.
3. Enforcement mechanisms for Constitutional values and
standards that provide for a high bar on behaviour.

Inclusivity

SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

1 All Public Service should be inclusive of the Face of Kenya made 1. Employment in government (all branches and levels) should
up of the different regions, ethnic groups, and religions. be by merit and should reflect the proportions of ethnic
groups in the country.
2. Where there is no candidate with the right qualifications, the
PSC and County Governments (Article 235) should be
empowered to undertake professional search and
development for minority candidates to increase their
chances of qualifying for the positions.
3. In regard to the disciplined services and forces, consider
utilising a consortium of private sector recruitment
companies with internationally reputable brands (with a
reputable brand to protect) to help in filling the recruitment
pool for the disciplined services in a way that reflects merit
and the Face of Kenya.
4. PSC should be enabled to publicise its annual report on
diversity in the Public Service.

2 The equal power of the vote, or ‘one man, one vote’ is the To guarantee equality of representation, which is fundamental to
fundamental basis of electoral democracy inclusion, every Kenyan vote should as much as possible have
equal power at the ballot box.

3 Utilise party lists and proportional representation to apply the 1. Where a gubernatorial candidate is male, his running mate
Gender Rule to National and County Government leadership, shall be female, and vice versa.
both elected and appointed and to ensure the visible 2. See other relevant recommendations under ‘Divisive
representation of women in positions of leadership. Elections’.

5 Strengthen the legislative framework to support the Legislative review to empower the PSC and any other relevant
enforcement and sanctioning for non-compliance with bodies on enforcement, avenues of complaint by the public, and
Constitutional values and principles in the Public Service. disciplinary measures for non-compliance with national values
and principles.

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6 The different cultures and heritages of Kenyan communities 1. Invest in promoting and building trust in indigenous
should be visibly respected and promoted by the State. knowledge, cultural technologies embedded in traditions
and practices, foods, and medicines.
2. Ministry of Culture and Heritage should enable research,
curating, and display of Kenya’s diverse cultures in a way
that leads to greater understanding and respect for them.
3. National Museums of Kenya should undertake extensive
documentation and display of Kenya’s diverse cultural
heritage, and also contemporary cultural developments that
are hybrids or mixtures of cultures and ways of living.
4. Counties should be encouraged to have cultural museums
and culture days that include the diversity of the people.
5. The official pantheon of heroes should be used in
educational institutions and civic education.
6. Legalise and regulate traditional alcohol.

7 End inadequate and manipulated public participation processes Constitutionally establish an Office of the Public Participation
and ensure that they are adequate in reflecting the views and Rapporteur mandated to conduct all public participation on behalf
insights of Kenyans and are cost-effective. of Government entities at the national and devolved units. In
addition to the role of strengthening the transparency and
effectiveness of public participation, add to the office a mandate
that enables public interest litigation in a way that is insulated
from supplier/vendor influence. An example of how this can work
in a democracy is available in India model.

8 Linked to protecting public participation, minimise the Register all lobbying groups and regulate their engagement of
disproportionate role of unelected networks and individuals public agencies and legislative processes with the Office of the
that utilise economic power and even corruption to shape Public Participation Rapporteur.
governance and policymaking in their own interests.

9 Increase physical access for people with disabilities into Provide clear benchmarks in implementation of the relevant laws
buildings, particularly public ones, and transport. as part of the performance contracts of ministries, departments
and agencies.
Strengthen the Commissions and bodies established by the
legislation relating to people with disabilities.

10 Increase the interaction and knowledge of difference among 1. Ministry of Education should deliberately and transparently
Kenyans — especially among students — to allow us to be more ensure that public boarding schools and universities have
inclusive. students from different parts of the country.
2. Special efforts should be made to integrate schools to
include communities that have been known to fight over
resources such as water and pasture — especially in the
northern part of the country.

11 Increase inclusivity in County Government. All measures to increase inclusivity at the national level should be
reflected in the Counties.

Shared Prosperity

SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

1 We need a total shift in economic paradigm to produce Embrace economic coordination (not state ownership) and
sufficient jobs for our young people and to make an economic labour-intensive manufacturing for export to the region.
pie large enough to generate sufficient revenues to meet the Undertake all efforts to raise national savings rates beyond 25%
service delivery and welfare needs of Kenyans. of GDP, and exponentially grow the number of entrepreneurs by
ensuring that the ease of doing business for start-ups and small
businesses is dramatically increased.

2 A 50-year plan to build an economy that meets the needs of the A 50-year plan that is more political than it is technocratic that has
current and future generations. as its aim Kenya joining the world’s most prosperous, shared and
sustainable economies.

3 Accelerate regional integration to gain access to markets and The Government needs to accelerate the process of confederation
resources, by linking the region to the world as a fulcrum, which as a step toward political federation as agreed in the East African
will lead to strong growth in manufacturing and jobs. Community.

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5 Adopt a bottom-up focus that starts with the agriculture and 1. The state should be in the business of continuous market
livestock sectors, village-level ‘simple’ firms, not a top-down creation in aggressively opening up markets for Kenyan
focus, and have the focus and ambition to dismantle corrupt goods in neighbouring countries; and providing information
cartels, to allow Kenya to achieve ‘escape velocity’ and become to Kenyan producers on what sections of global value chains
an economy that is competitive enough to produce sufficient where we are competitive.
jobs and raise incomes in multiple sectors. 2. Offer entrepreneurs access to product realisation hubs that
give advice on requirements for products and services;
design; purchasing; and process control.
3. Build the economy from the grassroots — reforms to
economic planning and policy should prioritise the simplest
manufacturing opportunities in labour-intensive sectors
such as agriculture, livestock, and fishing, and grow their
technological capabilities through time.
4. Measure the number of village-level firms in agriculture, and
their output, and invest in increasing their numbers and
expanding existing ones. This should be a key metric of
effective economic management and coordination.
5. Expand agricultural and livestock extension and advisory
services and ensure that they include advice on standards
and market linkage. They should lead to production in farms
rising exponentially.
6. Enable irrigation schemes and treat corruption in those
implementing water projects as the top priority in serious
anti-corruption efforts.
7. Promote rural industries despite their primitive technologies
so that Kenya can use the sale of simple value-added goods
to exchange for more sophisticated machinery for use in
higher levels of manufacturing.
8. Measure number of agricultural and livestock workers and
incomes being generated in the sectors and provide
incentives for increases.
9. Continue expanding tarmac and murram roads to ensure all
Kenyan producers have access to markets.
10. Ensure the cost of electricity is low enough and the supply
reliable enough to allow businesses, and particularly
manufacturers to compete internationally.
11. Invest in and promote research that enhances Kenyan
productivity and competitiveness, particularly in the
agricultural and livestock sector.

6 Savings are investment 1. Undertake a major effort to increase national domestic

savings to at least 25% of GDP if Kenya is going to develop
the ability to drive investment in multiple sectors, including
labour-intensive manufacturing base to produce sufficient
jobs for Kenyans. There should be tax and regulation
incentives and schemes for educational and retirement
savings, and other major guaranteed Harambee items
Kenyans know they will need to pay for — from funerals to
weddings, and even housing.
2. Diaspora remittances — Go beyond attracting remittances
to offering incentives, protections and processes to allow
the Kenyan Diaspora to hold more of its savings in Kenya.

7 Public sector salaries The Salaries and Remuneration Commission should rationalise all
public sector salaries in the country to address the huge
discrepancies in income.

8 Lending to priority sectors The Government should deliver a policy that provides legal and
regulatory guidelines for banks to lend a part of their portfolio to
priority sectors such as micro, small and medium businesses,
export credit, manufacturing, housing, education, health,
renewable energy, sanitation and waste management, and
agriculture (including livestock and fishing). The banks, if lacking
sufficient specialisation, will be enabled to shift the float to a
specially designated development bank with the said capabilities.

9 Strengthen consumer protection, particularly for borrowers Properly regulate loan apps which are driving up indebtedness of
poor Kenyans to destructive effect with their shylock-level
interest rates and borrowing from multiple platforms.

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10 Industrialisation needs to be a leading Government aim and Only industrialisation is going to truly harness Kenyan talent and
narrative ambition to drive sustained national prosperity. It is crucial for
Kenyans and Government to resist the growing narrative that
Kenya and African countries cannot industrialise because of the
pace of technological change for instance in areas such as
robotics. Regional integration offers us ample opportunity to
sharply raise manufacturing and industrialisation. Government
should make a top aim to coordinate the measures that drive
Kenya’s industrialisation and make this into a strong narrative
promoted to all citizens. The effort should be backed by active
incentives and coordination to achieve lower-technology labour
intensive industrialisation; entrepreneurship-led industrialisation;
and uplifting service and innovation sectors with manufacturing
characteristics.

11 Secure Kenyan inventions, genetic resources, traditional The future of the global economy is in innovation and invention
knowledge and expressions as forms of property protected by using intellectual property, genetics, and the living bodies of
the law and policy knowledge developed by generation after generation of our
communities. Kenyan laws must be fashioned to protect these
resources fiercely, and the Government structured to project
compliance throughout the world. This should be accompanied by
frameworks for use that maximise the ability of Kenyans to build
upon these properties.

12 Beware the risks of corruption, cartel creation, and abuse of Have a stronger focus and investment in export-promotion, which
economic power in import substitution schemes that can lead to will need firms and products to be more internationally
worse products at higher prices. competitive and therefore more productive.

13 Article 43 on Economic and Social Rights should be progressively 1. The National and County Governments should develop
and consciously implemented by all elective leaders and the policy and standards to guide the conscious implementation
election manifestos of their political parties. of Article 43 Economic and Social Rights.
2. Article 43 on Economic and Social Rights should be
progressively and consciously implemented by all elective
leaders and the election manifestos of their political parties.
This would require all political parties to formulate a vision
and policies for the implementation of the Bill of Rights
(which includes Economic and Social Rights) as part of their
election campaign manifestos.

14 Every generation of Kenyans must live within their means, and 1. There should be a limit on debt that recognises its danger to
not take on debt that is used for unproductive consumption and economic stability and the prosperity of future generations.
does not lead to clear gains in national prosperity. 2. Establish a Sovereign Fund that allows for savings in case of
emergencies or extraordinary circumstances in the future.
3. In the annual State of the Nation Address, the President
should outline the level of indebtedness in terms of its
relationship to Government revenues, GDP, and the trends
in debt acquisition or payment for the following year.
He/she should also outline the measures being taken to
balance the budget through management of expenditure
and the reforms being undertaken to move any loss-making
parastatal to profitability.

15 Increase spending on development as a proportion of 1. Sharply reduce recurrent expenses — particularly salaries,
government revenue to increase public goods and services to travel and leisure, and allowances — in favour of
Kenyans. development spending.
2. There should be a clarification of the legal and
administrative powers of the Salaries and Remuneration
Commission to ensure that it oversees all salary reviews and
changes.
3. Pooling of facilities in the Public Service and use of
technology to take note of dormant facilities (especially
conferencing facilities before there is any hiring of a hotel).
4. Elimination of wasteful expenditure — for instance, no new
cars or office refurbishments for incoming Ministers or PSs
without oversight.
5. Eliminate all sitting allowances for Public Officers on salary.
6. Target a ratio, written into law, of 70:30 for development
versus recurrent expenditure.
7. Eliminate wasteful expenditure in National and County
Government by bringing established laws and regulations to

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 SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

bear that ensure that items such as new cars or office

refurbishments for incoming senior officials follow proper
procedure in planning, budgeting and procurement.

16 Deliver constitutionally mandated initiatives and government 1. CRA to change its revenue allocation formula — particularly
programmes aimed at the poorest and most vulnerable to in allocating funds for the marginalised — to target Wards in
Wards that meet the criteria and not to Counties, so that all the County budgets.
those who have been left behind can be supported by national 2. No Kenyan Left Out — The ‘Kubadili Plan’ to bring
resources. marginalised Wards to the level generally enjoyed by the
rest of the country. Identify the Wards which are most
marginalized, at present and historically. Implementation
should start with the Wards ranked last. Develop a plan to
build schools, health facilities, roads, water, electricity, and
police stations; and ensure that the facilities are built in all
the Wards within a period of three years.

17 Subsidies should be justified and not permanent. With the exception of sectors or assets that specifically impact the
security of the Kenyan people, national cohesion, and the
continuity of the State, the Government should not give subsidies
when resources for development are so scarce. Where subsidies
are given, there should be a reasonable expectation, reflected in
an official planning document, that the sector or enterprise is
working to be competitive enough to not need the subsidies.

18 The private betting industry is leading to hopelessness and Replace the private betting industry with a Government-run
greater poverty. national lottery whose proceeds, as is the case in other countries,
are used for activities that uplift the youth, sports, culture and
other social activities beneficial to citizens.

19 Role of professionals. Professional associations’ processes for mediation and

professional censure should be revitalised as a matter of law and
brought into the Chapter 6 universe.

20 Lifetime ethics education and awareness. Educational curricula from the earliest to the most advanced
educational levels should specifically include ethics and civics
components as a major prerequisite for examination and
graduation.

21 Provide an objective and localised measure of the wellbeing and The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics should devise a national
human security of Kenyans as a way to measure national, Human Development Index that domesticates the UN version and
county, and Ward performance. expands it to include Article 43 on Economic and Social Rights. The
report should be published annually.

22 Minimise Government taking on debt to fund soaring recurrent 1. With the exception of states of national emergency or war
expenditure. — that are formally declared — Government debt should
strictly be for (Cabinet-approved and budgeted)
development projects.
2. There should be penalties and sanctions for those who
breach this condition.

23 Increase the capability of the educational system to identify and Identify and invest in special talent and special needs at the Early
respond to special needs. Childhood Development stage.

24 Balance the need for greater economic growth with the need to 1. Coordinate and harmonise environmental law and its
protect our environment and biodiversity for future counterparts in mining and petroleum.
generations. Also, avoid the oil and mineral resource curse, as 2. Include initiatives in conservancy, agriculture and all areas
well as resource nationalism, as we increase national, County, subject to foreign investment for profit and non-profit.
and local wealth from our national resources. 3. Simplify and clarify community and citizen engagement by
investors, including utilisation of the Office of the Public
Rapporteur.

25 Transition from subsistence farming into developing more 1. Incentivise, encourage, and up-skill young people to take up
commercial farms and ranches, by bringing in a new generation farming and modern livestock rearing as an entrepreneurial
of farmers. activity.
2. Encourage irrigation and dryer-climate farming.
3. More comprehensive training of farmers on dealing with
weather cycles.

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26 Bailouts to agricultural sectors should be accompanied by strong Farmers should be assisted to be more competitive and
support to farmers to transition to more profitable and productive. In particular, agricultural sectors and crops that need
sustainable crops. frequent infusions of public resources should have plans for
transition to other more profitable crops or to more productivity.

27 End monopolies and cartels in the farming sector that are illicitly 1. Develop and launch a commodities market for agricultural
enforced on behalf of the middlemen against the interest of products.
producers and consumers. 2. Halt restraint of trade in agricultural commodities such as
the Coffee Auction.

28 Undertake all measures to reduce the price of food for the 1. Encourage large-scale commercial agriculture for the
average Kenyan by encouraging higher production by all parties. international market while requiring a percentage to be sold
in the domestic market.
2. Reduce food wastage by incentivising private sector driven
nationwide cold chain.

29 Support farmers and farm production by encouraging and 1. MPesa enables cash and voucher transfers in every part of
pushing for cash/voucher transfers instead of direct food the country.
transfers. This has been found to improve nutrition and support 2. Encourage bilateral and multilateral food aid partners to
farming and is cheaper to implement. utilise cash and voucher transfers; we can start by adopting
this as a component of the Strategic Food Reserves.

30 Utilise national food safety standards to make our agricultural 1. Harmonise the regulation of the food production chains to
products broadly more attractive to international markets, thus deliver safety and transparency.
leading to increased employment. 2. Return the agricultural extension officer to wide use.

31 Increase access to land for commercial investment by young 1. Ensure simple, clear, and affordable legal safeguards for the
people and entrepreneurs by formulating a legal regime that landowner, the entrepreneur, and the investor.
enables investment through a clear and implementable 2. Complete the digitisation of land ownership and give public
agreement between landowners, workers, and financiers. access to the database.
3. Map and publicise Government-owned land open for
commercial leasing under simple and enforceable terms.

32 Increase employment and livelihoods by making it easier for 1. Develop and launch a measure of ease of doing business for
small businesses to compete and grow. small Kenyan businesses and not just foreign investors. This
should be a comparative annual assessment by KNBS that is
disaggregated by geography — Counties, cities, and towns
— and is publicised.
2. Minimise taxation of new and small businesses by giving
them a tax holiday of at least seven years as a support to
youth entrepreneurship and job creation.

33 Promote youth entrepreneurship and skills from a young age 1. Compel the private sector to form a national, non-profit
that goes beyond the provision of funding at start-up. foundation, chaired by the President, that provides
mentoring, training, and support tools to aspiring business
owners aged 18–35. It should match the young
entrepreneurs with a business development adviser and a
nationwide network of volunteer mentors.
2. Seek experienced ‘product realisation’ hubs abroad that are
willing to set up outlets in Kenya that can allow
entrepreneurs to have more knowledge and advice on
developing competitive, market-responsive products for the
domestic and foreign markets.
3. Link the foundation’s entrepreneurs with government youth
funds.
4. The foundation should provide work readiness,
entrepreneurship, and financial literacy training — using
classroom volunteers — in schools from the age of 12 until
graduation.
5. All Corporate Social Responsibility programmes should be
encouraged to include this component.

Give all Kenyans equal access to a minimum level of education 1. Ensure that educational investment and regulation is
that leads to employment or entrepreneurial opportunity. It is delivered according to population numbers and
critical that we abandon the idea that technical work is for those geographical access.
who have failed academically by creating two equal paths Bring parents back to school governance through reforms to
through high school, academic and technical. the Basic Education Act.
2. Promote technical schools — in teenage years — as a real
alternative to the more academic route.

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3. Shared prosperity requires proper nutrition and stimulation

of children soon after birth.

34 Coordinate National and County planning on development and Strengthen the inter-governmental consultation in the planning of
ensure that as national projects are implemented, the areas that national projects.
are adversely affected should benefit from remedial
development policies.

35 Share household prosperity with stay-at-home parents by Clarify this in law so there is standardisation of court decisions
recognising spousal housekeeping as a legitimate contribution with regard to contribution, the duration of marriage, and other
of labour and value that should be reflected in any separation or such factors (see ILO standard and Matrimonial Property Act),
divorce proceedings. with due regard to the Kadhi system.

36 Protect children born out of wedlock. Implement the relevant laws and regulations as a matter of
priority.

37 Increase charitable giving and volunteering by providing Government (KRA) should use the tax code to incentivise
incentives. charitable giving and Corporate Social Responsibility.

38 Keep the tax burden low to allow Kenyans (relative to 1. Take strong steps to consider new approaches to simplify
competitor economies regionally and globally) to better choose taxation, including a careful consideration of the flat tax for
when and how to use their earnings, rather than Government, every income category above a Living Wage/Income of Kshs
which is subject to high levels of wastage and misallocation. 30,000, and its different versions. The new approach should
lower tax fraud, encourage compliance, and cut down on
corruption in the assessment of taxes.
2. Reduce tax evasion by businesses to ensure that revenues
are sufficient while overall taxes are lowered.
3. Punish not just tax evasion but also those who facilitate such
evasion in the private sector and in government.

39 Link top salaries to the lowest in the Public Service and decrease Limit pay increases for public sector workers earning over Kshs
the inequality. 200,000/month.

40 Increase accountability and good performance in the Public 1. Employ Principal Secretaries under contracts with clear and
Service. measurable performance measures that are publicly
accessible.
2. However, knowing that ‘permanent and pensionable’ terms
were to enable the existence of a non-political public
service, it is imperative to ensure that the contracting
approach does not lead to an intimidated and politicised
Public Service. The work of the contracted senior officers
should therefore be assessed using clear benchmarks that
are firewalled from political appointees and that are open
for subsequent review by the PSC for those dismissed.

Devolution

SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

1 By and large, Kenyans are happy with devolution and would like Retain the status quo. Depending on further consultation with
the 47 counties to remain in existence. Kenyans, consider that while Kenyans are strong supporters of
devolution and their counties, they also want better value for
money and more money to be used for development as opposed
to high recurrent and administrative costs. Perhaps there is a way
that the 47 Counties can be maintained as the focus of
development implementation and the provision of services, while
representation and legislation are undertaken in larger regional
blocs.

2 Gendered Governorship Running for the position of Governor and Deputy Governor should
be gendered with the result that where a Governor is a man, the
Deputy shall be a woman or vice versa.

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3 Filling a vacancy in the Deputy Governor’s office 1. The running mate of every candidate for the position of
Governor should be of the opposite gender.
2. Where a vacancy, for any given reason, occurs in the Deputy
Governor’s office, and the Governor fails to appoint a
replacement within 90 days, the Speaker of the County
Assembly, with the approval of the Assembly, shall nominate
a Deputy Governor.

5 Supervision of County spending, investment, and employment is 1. The ratio between recurrent and development spending
not succeeding at multiple levels, which is leading to large should match the national one at 70:30.
amounts of waste and corruption that compromise devolution, 2. Limit the number of persons that may be employed in the
which is otherwise very popular with Kenyans. The response County Government by providing a set, nationwide ratio, as
should be much stronger oversight by the responsible bodies, a ceiling, between County population and number of
actions to cut wasteful costs, and assign a greater proportion of employees.
County finances to development. 3. Strengthen the oversight independence of County
Assemblies by ensuring that the transmission and
management of County Assembly budgets are insulated
from arbitrary or politically-motivated interference by
County Executives; these processes should also be subjected
to rigorous public finance management processes.
4. There are significant savings in eliminating duplication of
functions and jobs between National and County
Government.
5. Rationalise jobs within the County Governments: many are
overstaffed.
6. To stop the abandonment of incomplete projects with each
change of administration, the Treasury should not release
monies to the new Governor before obtaining a list of
incomplete projects and a plan for their completion. In cases
where the incoming Governor does not want to complete a
project, there should be a detailed explanation of the
legitimate cause for it being halted.
7. Oversight of projects initiated in the final year of an electoral
cycle should receive extra scrutiny from the Controller of
Budget, the County Assembly, the Senate, and all oversight
authorities.
8. Strengthen financial systems in the County Governments
with expenditures and budgets available online.
9. Strengthen the office of the Auditor General, which should
be devolved to oversee Counties’ accounts and to report
them in an accessible and simple way.
10. Monies should be released by Controller of Budget after
assessment, verification and confirmation that the previous
tranche has been used as intended.
11. Every development project should have visible signage on
the nature of the project, the contractor, and contacts for
Kenyans to report deficiency or illegality in implementation.

6 Make employment in County Governments more inclusive, The independence of the PSC should be replicated at the County
merit-based and performance focused. level. Such a function would be responsible for the recruitment of
the County staff, setting reimbursement levels that are in
harmony with National Government, ensuring inclusivity, and
raising the skills and capabilities of those employed.

7 Focus more development money to be budgeted in the County 1. Formulate and pass a law on the formation of County blocs,
budgets to respond to specific needs in the Wards rather than a conditional grants, and foreign donor funding and
lump sum to counties or constituencies. investment.
2. CRA to change its revenue allocation formula — particularly
in allocating funds for the marginalised — to target wards in
the County budgets.
3. Bureau of Statistics to provide an objective and localised
measure of the wellbeing and human security, including
environmental sustainability, of Kenyans as a way to
measure national, county, and Ward performance.
4. Conditional grants can be used to encourage collaboration
between counties, and the formation of blocs that improve
development planning and delivery.

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8 Enhance the policies and procedures that enable Counties to 1. At the core of this is for the County Government’s regulation
grow their economies. and revenue collection to not crush incentives for
investment and innovation.
2. Every County to establish and publicise an Entrepreneurship
and Investment Code that it implements in a predictable and
effective manner.
3. Biashara mashinani – Counties should enable local areas and
groups to develop businesses through collaboration and
should ensure ease of starting and running the businesses,
training and linkage with markets and inputs.
4. Digitise all County revenue collection to curb pilferage.
5. Keep red tape to a minimum by being aware that they are
in competition not only with other Counties but also with
other countries and their internal regions.
6. No double taxation and double regulation at the National
and County level: the inter-governmental mechanisms
should be developed and clarified to ensure that this aim is
consistently met.

9 Compel environmentally sustainable mining and oil exploitation Concessional agreements, policies and regulations in mining and
that is predictable, legally sound and commercially viable to oil should be made public in an accessible manner, including clear
increase prosperity in counties. accounting for the public participation and environmental impact
assessments made.

10 Clarify, cost and transfer funds in accordance to National and 1. We must urgently finalise transfer of functions from the
County functions. There is a strong desire in the country for an national to County government; this needs to be done once
increase of national revenues allocated to counties to be at least and for all.
35%. This increase will need to be strongly informed by 2. Once functions are fully transferred from the National
population and factors such as health, agriculture, including Government to County government, the parastatals which
farming, livestock and fishing; and service delivery, not land are currently performing County functions should be
mass, and then by past and ongoing marginalisation. There restructured
should also be a commensurate series of actions to ensure that
3. Money follows functions. We urgently, and
the cost burden of replication in employment and functions is
comprehensively, need to complete the costing of National
eliminated. and County functions. On that basis, there is likely to be an
increase of allocation to counties. Experts and citizens who
spoke to the Taskforce, and research reflecting practices
elsewhere, suggest that Counties will need to receive at least
35% of the last audited accounts of national revenues.
4. The allocation process should be simple for all citizens to
understand, and should be guided by the constitutional
principles, by order of importance of equality, equity, and
special needs.
5. Public resources should follow people not land mass – The
increase of monies to the Counties must be guided by a
revenue allocation formula that is informed by population
and then factors like health, agriculture, including farming,
livestock and fishing; and service delivery, not land mass,
and then by past and ongoing marginalisation (Wards within
Counties, not Counties as a whole).
6. Each Ward should benefit with at least 30% of the
development fund in each five-year term.
7. Make monies generated by Counties more transparent and
better managed.
8. Create an incentive for the transparent generation of
resources by Counties by providing more money from the
national kitty linked to this.
9. CRA to assess what Counties should be collecting and figure
it into the annual allocation.
10. County Integrated Development Plans should be linked to a
transparent assessment of the development needs of each
Ward.
11. Cut taxes in relation to Auditor General audits — it is better
that money remains in Kenyans’ pockets until there is more
accountability and governance on its use at the National and
County levels. Then taxes can be increased with
improvement.

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11 Strengthen dialogue and integration of communities in the 1. More cultural awareness and respect programming by
Counties, especially those that are multi-ethnic, with a focus on County Governments.
ensuring minorities are heard and respected. 2. Take measures to ensure that schools in the County are
ethnically and religiously integrated.
3. More shared development and dialogue projects by
communities that have had histories of conflict.

12 Kenyans need far better healthcare if the country is to be 1. The Constitutional guarantees of health are not being
productive and prosperous. Paying for healthcare eats into effectively implemented.
family savings and even prompts rash sales of land, which 2. Health function should remain with the Counties and funds
sometimes lead to future conflict. should follow functions.
3. We need a far stronger focus on preventive and primary
care.
4. Kenyans need a Patients’ Bill of Rights to tackle the following
issues: Billing is filled with corruption and inflation when
Kenyans are at their most vulnerable. No hospital should
hold people forcefully. There should be consequences for
misdiagnosis. All facilities must be obliged to stabilise
emergency cases. All patients are owed polite and
considerate service.

13 We will not succeed in affording decent healthcare if health National Hospital Insurance Fund administrative costs should be
administrative costs are so high and the amount of seepage cut down sharply through using technology, cutting down on
through corruption also remains high. corruption and increasing productivity. These administrative costs
should be at 5%-10%.

Corruption

SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

1 Recover the reputation of the Public Service for integrity by 1. Incorporate ethics and performance assessment training in
attacking conflicts of interest by reducing involvement in every Public Service course required for promotion or
business and increasing transparency and implementing transfer.
performance benchmarks. 2. Establish a whistleblowing mechanism (including
protection) for whistleblowers working in the Public Service.
3. All contracts for senior appointees should have clear and
practical performance benchmarks with rules for layoffs on
failure to perform. Also, review all senior officers on contract
biannually and lay off appointees who have not performed
or whose MDAs have been implicated in corruption.
4. No Public Officer can do business with the Government.
5. The spouse of a Public Officer shall not do business with the
Government but can engage in the private sector.
6. To engage in business outside Government, outside of
his/her regular working hours, a State Officer and senior
public servant shall obtain prior approval from the Reporting
Officer of his/her State body. This approval shall need to
document that the work or business is not prohibited by
separate legislation and does not constitute a conflict of
interest or an obstacle to orderly performance of regular
tasks and does not impinge upon the reputation of the
Public Service.
7. A Public Officer shall be obliged to submit a written report
to the new Ethics and Integrity Commission on any financial
or other interest in which he/she, his/her spouse or
common-law partner, child, or parent may have in the
decisions of the MDA in which he/she is employed or the
Government.
8. The spouse or common-law partner, child, or parent of a
Public Officer shall be obliged to submit a written report to
the Ethics and Integrity Commission of any financial or other
interest he/she may have in the decisions of the MDA that
employs the Public Officer.

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9. A Public Officer shall be obliged to submit written

notification to his/her immediate superior of ownership of
shares and bonds or financial and other interest in
companies with which the State body in which he/she is
employed is performing administrative operations, and
which may constitute a conflict of interest.
10. Senior Public Officers who represent the Government on the
boards of private companies should clearly indicate any
personal conflicts of interests in matters under deliberation.
11. A public servant shall not make decisions nor participate in
decision-making that affects the financial or other interests
of:
• his/her spouse or common-law partner, child, or parent;
• individuals or legal persons with whom he/she has had formal
or business contacts within the past five years;
• individuals or legal persons who have financed his/her election
campaign within the past five years;
• companies or institutions in which the Public Officer intends
to seek employment;
• or an individual or legal person with whom the Public Officer,
his/her spouse, child, or parent is involved in lawsuits or to
whom they are indebted.

2 Responsibility through resignation. Leaders should take political responsibility for negligent or poor-
quality Government actions that lead to disasters by resigning to
allow Kenyans to see that a new direction in management is
possible. Leaders and managers should understand that
resignation is not only appropriate where direct responsibility is
established: it helps start with a new slate so the changes that the
institution requires can be undertaken. It shows an honourable
regard for the Kenyan people, and bravely assumes responsibility.

3 ‘Skin in the game’ and responsibility of leadership Part of choosing to be a Cabinet member or to be a Principal
Secretary, and their equivalent in the Counties, is to be ready to
have 'skin in the game’ in using the services that you develop and
manage on behalf of all Kenyans. If it is good enough for Kenyans,
it should be good enough for you. The Ministerial Code should
include Ministers making use of services for their own personal
and family needs. For instance, the children of the Education
Minister should make use of public schools; the Health Minister
should use public healthcare; and so forth. All Ministers should
use public facilities and services. These principles should be
reflected in the Counties with the County Executives.

5 Stronger investigations and prosecutions. 1. Continuously strengthen the offices of the DPP and the DCI.
2. The Asset Recovery Agency should be transferred to the
Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions for more
efficient management of asset recovery from criminal
suspects.

6 There should be measures to ensure more efficient The Asset Recovery Agency should be transferred to the Office of
management of asset recovery from criminal suspects. the Director of Public Prosecutions.

7 Banks aiding corruption should be held to account. 1. A bank involved in corrupt transactions should be made to
repay all the money laundered through it, with interest.
2. All those involved — offender, handlers of the transaction,
and protectors — should be prosecuted and penalised,
paying for whole or part of the assets laundered through
their bank, plus a fine which should be a percentage of the
laundered monies.
3. The CEO of the bank should also be penalised, paying for
whole or part of the assets laundered through their bank,
plus a fine (which should be a percentage of the laundered
monies), plus jail, without an option of a fine in place of jail.
4. Banks that are repeatedly involved in laundering funds shall
have their licences withdrawn.

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8 Public monies used for bailouts or subsidies should be 1. Emergency bailouts of private sector entities with
accompanied by consequences for wastage and corruption, and Government shareholding, using public resources, should be
there should be clear and dated plans for the enterprises accompanied by visibly tough reforms that include a forensic
returning to profitability. audit, an audit of past executive compensation, a lifestyle
audit, restructuring of management, and a dated plan for
the recovery of the public monies.
2. As H.E. the President directed in November 2015, streamline
parastatals through a renewed focus on core business and
cutting down on wastage, and not building up the moral
jeopardy of some depending on infusions of public resources
to stay in business.
3. Expedite privatisation of Government shareholding in assets
not delivering value to the public and undertake parastatal
reforms.
4. Where subsidies are given, there should be a reasonable
expectation, reflected in an official planning document, that
the sector or enterprise is working to be competitive enough
to not need the subsidies.

9 Code of Conduct for leaders. Ensure leaders in the Public Service have high integrity barriers to
entry by instituting a strict legal and public code of conduct that
includes financial disclosure. All Cabinet Ministers, PSs, and
gubernatorial candidates will be subject to a Code of Conduct
(including wealth disclosure), published financial disclosure
processes, and Parliamentary pre-appointment hearings.

10 Provide material incentives for information that leads to Offer a 5% share of proceeds recovered from anti-corruption
successful asset seizure and/or prosecution for corruption- prosecutions or actions to the whistleblower whose information
related crimes. is necessary to the success of the asset seizure or successful
prosecution. This should be done with due regard for the privacy
and safety of the whistleblower.

11 The leadership and senior management of National and County Publicly accessible declaration of shareholdings, remunerated
Government Executives should adhere to public financial employment, family and business trusts, real estate, government
disclosure. This includes the President, the Cabinet, Governors, contracts, registered directorships, partnerships, liabilities,
Principal Secretaries, and CEOs and chairpersons of parastatals bonds, investments, savings/investment accounts, any asset
and companies with GOK shareholding. worth over Kshs. 10 million, any other substantial sources of
income, gifts over Kshs 50,000 in the course of duty, sponsored
travel by non-government entities, and membership of any
organisations that may present a conflict of interest.

12 Reporting on corruption Protect media freedom to expose corruption but ensure that false
allegations and defamation do not frustrate service delivery to the
people.

13 Increase confidence in the Judiciary. 1. Increase public confidence in the Judiciary recognising that
the core constitutional principles in Kenya are the
separation of powers, between arms of Government, and
accountability to the people of Kenya. The independence of
the Judiciary must be protected as a fundamental principle,
but it should also be accountable to the people of Kenya.
2. Create the position of Special Magistrates and Judges to deal
with the most grievous cases of terrorism, drug trafficking,
corruption and other serious criminal offences and make
special security arrangements for these magistrates and
judges to be provided for by the State.
3. The powers of the Judicial Service Commission to discipline
judges should be expanded so that the Commission can
legally deal with lesser disciplinary offences by judges that
affect the value of justice delivered without resulting to the
Constitutional measure of removal from office.
4. The confidence of the people in the judiciary requires that
the people have confidence in the way complaints against
judicial officers are handled. To strengthen the process of
responding to complaints in the Judiciary, the Office of the
Judiciary Ombudsman needs to be revamped to be
accessible and responsive to the public.
5. Advertise to Kenyans that they have a choice to take their
complaints about members of the judiciary to the Judiciary
Ombudsman or the Commission on Administrative Justice.

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13 Steps should be taken to prevent the abuse of court processes Limit the time given to the completion of economic and
to delay and frustrate justice, especially in regard to highly corruption-related cases.
resourced individuals being prosecuted for corruption.

14 Enforce independent and rigorous audits of public spending to The audit process should be purposeful, with the Auditor General
ensure that it captures value for money. providing Parliament with the following kinds of audit:
• Financial audit of the accounts of all central Government
bodies with two forms of opinion being provided on the
accounts. The first is on whether the accounts provide a true
and fair view; that is, whether they show that the entity has
captured all relevant economic events and applied the
accounting standards correctly. The second is an opinion on
regularity; was the spending undertaken by the department
reflected in the accounts within the department’s authority,
and consistent with the intentions of Parliament.
• The other type of audit should show value for money by
assessing the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness with
which public resources have been deployed in specific areas.
It should determine whether the spending had the effect of
increasing wastage in Government through the unnecessary
purchase of equipment, and replication.

15 Increase the access to counties by the Office of the Auditor Devolve the Office of the Auditor General to the Counties.
General.

16 Strengthen public finance management by adding to the 1. Improve oversight on public procurement and expenditure.
capacity of the Office of the Auditor General. 2. Improve pre-expenditure audit.

17 Increase scrutiny of the public procurement system and No procurement officer should be at post for more than two
personnel and ensure frequent audits. years.

18 Strengthen the capacity of the Controller of Budget to be able 1. Measures that employ technology and faster processes
to detect and respond in a timely manner to misappropriation, should be put in place to monitor and respond quickly to
wastage, and illegal processes. stop public funds being disbursed illegally or in a wasteful
manner.
2. Automate all Government payment systems.

19 Make Kenya a 100% e-services nation by digitising all 1. This should include the ability to offer Kenyans digital
Government services, processes, payment systems, and record- identities, and e-health records and prescriptions.
keeping. 2. Kenyans should be able to vote digitally.

20 As H.E. the President directed in November 2015, streamline Draft and enact the Parastatal Reform Bill and review existing laws
Parastatals through a renewed focus on core business and to ensure alignment.
cutting down on wastage, and not building up the moral
jeopardy of some depending on infusions of public resources to
stay in business.

21 Educational curricula from the earliest to the most advanced This should be structured by the Ministry of Education, and every
levels should specifically include ethics and civics components other institution, private or public, that offers any form of long-
as a major prerequisite for examination and graduation. term instruction to students, young and mature.

22 Senior officials should not use public monies to work in personal Office remodelling budgets, by all branches of Government,
luxury. should only be submitted to Parliament once every three years at
most.

23 Minimise the wastage so visible to the public that sees All budgets for a purchase should include a maintenance
Government vehicles and equipment left unused. component.
Improve oversight over the disposal of Government assets, and
form an ad-hoc, temporary committee to dispose of present
assets that need disposing.

24 As H.E. the President directed in November 2015, align the The Public Procurement Oversight Authority should widely
Government’s price references to the market price. publish an annual price reference list for goods and services.

25 Punish not just tax evasion but also those who facilitate such Accounting and legal firms, KRA, and other Government entities,
evasion in the private sector and in Government. and their personnel, should be subject to harsh penalties for
facilitating tax evasion by individuals and businesses.

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26 Detect and minimise negative incentives in public service that Carry out a thorough audit of negative legal, policy, and
increase corruption, gate-keeping, and rent-seeking. administrative incentives in the public service that undermine
Remove the incentive to finish budgets wastefully before the value for money, fairness in service delivery, and effectiveness.
end of the financial year by giving an incentive to saving money Turn the findings into policy initiatives and implement them.
while delivering on the plans.
Remove the travel incentive.

27 Beyond the punitive approach of jailing the corrupt, seek the Public declaration of recovered stolen assets; name and shame
proceeds of corruption, while ensuring those who have those prosecuted and convicted of corruption.
defrauded or stolen from Kenyans have no place in leadership, Those convicted should be struck from public service and barred
the Public Service, or doing business with the Government. from ever undertaking business with the government.

28 Avoid too-big-to-fail businesses that would need to be bailed Where such companies exist for a period of time, they should be
out with public resources. subject to very strict corporate governance measures.

29 Ensure that there are no private sector entities so large and Strengthen the capacity and independence of the Competition
enjoying a monopoly whose failure or collapse would lead to Authority to minimise the growth into too-big-to-fail.
national catastrophe.

30 A clear national plan, with public buy-in, that delivers public 1. Eliminate replication of job functions at National and County
sector reform and a streamlined County system. This would level, resulting in a lower wage bill.
require a bespoke plan with a clear communications and 2. Harmonise pay of the County and National Governments.
political strategy. 3. Utilise ‘natural wastage’ and a recruitment freeze to lower
the size of the Public Service.

31 Ensure leaders in the public service have high integrity barriers All Cabinet Ministers, PSs, and Governor candidates will be subject
to entry by instituting a strict, clear, and public code of conduct to a code of conduct (including financial disclosure), published
that includes financial disclosure. financial disclosure processes, and Parliamentary pre-
appointment hearings.

32 Link cultural and social systems that award or withdraw 1. Ensure that all the elders, nationwide, who will be guiding
individual and family honour to the war against corruption. young men and women through initiation ceremonies
incorporate a demand that they embrace integrity — that
they protect Kenya daily by embracing other Kenyans and
rejecting the corrupt.
2. Organise a conference of association leaderships on a
framework for integrity in terms of accepting new members.
It should demand that associations that require applications
for membership reject those who are publicly associated
with the abuse of office and corruption.

33 The religious space should be protected from corruption and 1. AG to organise a major conference for churches, mosques,
fraud. temples, and other religious orders, and stakeholders, to
discuss and agree on a regulatory framework, rooted in law,
that will secure the religious space from corruption and
fraud, while improving governance.
2. Ensure that there is a Minister who is substantively charged
with religious matters.

34 Professional associations’ processes for mediation and Professional bodies should have legally backed transparent and
professional censure should be revitalised as a matter of law and publicly responsive disciplinary processes for members who
brought into the Chapter 6 universe. undermine professional standards and the law.

35 Lower the urgency to seek money from corruption to provide for 1. The private sector should consider developing a voluntary
retired life. Officers transitioning from the Public Service to association that seeks to provide decent employment to
private life should have more support to them to effectively find former Public Officers who have served with integrity and
opportunities and employment. effectiveness.
2. Every human resource office, the PSC, and the Department
of Public Service should ensure that there are effective exit
processes that feature career and personal counselling and
even placement services.
3. Pensions should be paid promptly.

36 Monitor and publicly report on the ethical state of public life 1. The EACC should be focused on stopping economic crimes,
throughout the country while providing widespread and and given constitutional protection as a Chapter 15
accessible ethics and public leadership training. Commission, while the ethics mandate should be redirected
to the BBI-recommended Ethics Commission.
2. The re-mandated body on ethics should advise the President
on ethical standards across the whole of public life in Kenya.

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 SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

3. It should monitor and report to the public on the standards

of conduct of all public office holders.
4. Undertake annual integrity, ethics, and efficiency surveys of
all Government entities, and the perceptions of Kenyans,
and then publicise the results.

37 Direct tough anti-corruption and digitisation efforts at the land 1. Rigorously fight corruption in Community and Trust land
buying and selling sector to offer relief and predictability to the sales, at Land Boards, Land Registries, County Councils, and
majority of Kenyans who make a living off land. elsewhere.
2. Appeal to the President to direct his anti-corruption actions
at the land buying and sales sector, and rigorously enforce
the law.

38 Minimise conflict of interest in the Public Service and in the non- Finalise and enact legislation on conflict of interest in the Public
taxpaying NGO. Service and non-taxable NGOs.

39 Kenyans told the Taskforce, ‘The NGO sector claims support for 1. NGO and bilateral and multilateral donor initiatives should
creating employment. And because we are struggling with jobs, be subject to the same public participation requirements as
we struggle to even criticise an NGO that is doing the wrong all other projects and should be mindful of the existing laws
thing. There are some that are good, and some that are bad.’ and policy mandates in carrying out their planning and
‘The suffering of Kenyans is being exploited by so many for their implementation.
own interests. The problems are never ended because there is 2. Register all NGO and donor projects countrywide in an
an incentive for the problem to be sustained.’ accessible register that is also online. It should feature
information on the project, its aims, areas of work, amounts
of money involved, donors, and contact information.

40 Protection, empowerment and honouring of whistleblowers. National awards and support for whistleblowers.

Safety and Security

SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

1 Equalising the value of a Kenyan life in every part of the country. We must bring an end to the situation where there are different
consequences in different parts of the country. Making this
change requires the equal distribution of policing resources,
prosecutions, and prevention efforts.

2 Develop a national security apparatus that is human-centred, Develop and implement a National Security Strategy (every two
owned by the people and able to deal with conventional and years and by every incoming President within three months of
unconventional threats to Kenya and Kenyans. taking office) with clear statistical benchmarks and that adopts an
all-of-government and all-of-society approach coordinated by the
Ministry of Interior and the National Government Administration
Officers, to deliver the following components:
• Deterring and responding to conventional threats; securing
Kenya’s international borders.
• Strategic Communications for security and countering
enemy propaganda.
• Stopping poaching and community resource clashes.
• Integrity, whistleblowing and countering corruption in
security.
• Deterring and dealing with gender-based and family
violence.
• Effective counter insurgency and counter terrorism;
countering transnational crime and money laundering.
• Eliminating vacuums in security provision and making sure
that Kenyan policing meets a ratio per citizen that meets or
exceeds a regional average.
• Conflict early warning and response initiatives for resource
and cross-border conflicts (and cross-boundary conflicts
between communities).
• Environmental protection, and anti-poaching.

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 SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

• National cybersecurity.

3 Link counter-terrorism to political, social, and cultural defences 1. Strengthen the prevention of terrorism framework as
that reduce the pool of recruits, delegitimise the aims of our articulated in the national strategy to counter violent
enemies, and prevent them taking control of the minds of any extremism by mainstreaming it in all relevant Ministries,
part of our population. Departments, and Agencies.
2. Give administrative, coordinating and material support to
the County Action Plans to Prevent and Counter Violent
Extremism.

5 Treat counter terrorism as a long-term response and build it Harden Kenya against terrorist by implementing regulated
with that in mind protective security standards for all sectors, and particularly
highly trafficked properties owned by the private sector.

6 Divide security from response to national emergencies and 1. Create separate Principal Secretary positions for National
disasters. Security and National Emergencies and Disasters.
2. Given the recommended position of Prime Minister, the
Constitutional position of Secretary to the National Security
Council should be utilised to chair the National Security
Advisory Committee, to be responsible for the coordinating
in producing the National Security Strategy, and to offer the
President advice on measures that require multiple state
and civil agencies to respond to emerging threats in a
coordinated manner.

7 Strengthen Parliamentary oversight of security while protecting Ensure that the members of Parliamentary Defence, Security, and
national security information and processes. Foreign Relations Committees are successfully vetted by the
National Intelligence Service and that they are sworn to the
Secrets Act.

8 Strengthen national security leadership Appoint individuals with a clear track record of delivery,
knowledge of security or administration, and strong leadership.

9 Review diplomatic relations with state sponsors of terrorism, It is particularly important that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in
religious extremism, and expansionism or irredentism. Ensure terms of budget allocation, be located in the same cluster as the
diplomacy is shaped and resourced to deal with the emerging Department of Defence, the National Intelligence Service, and
threats before they demand a hard security response. other security organs.

10 Prioritise combatting gender and sexual violence Focus and resource specific policing and prevention measures
against sexual and gender-based violence.

11 Ensure Kenyans are less vulnerable to natural and human-made 1. Operationalise a comprehensive National Emergency,
disasters and hazards. Disaster, and Crisis Management Strategy rooted in law that
is linked to County, sub-county, and ward-level disaster
response plans that are renewed periodically.
2. Link the National Disaster Risk system to the Contingencies
Fund (Article 208) in the Act establishing it.
3. Put in place pre-emptive and early response strategies to
common major disasters such as flooding and drought.
4. As part of the national strategy, clarify the different levels
and types of emergencies whose response is led by National
Government and Counties — these should be linked to the
separate National and County contingencies funds.

12 Create a body to address the current perennial boundary 1. Form a commission(s) to address current boundary conflicts
conflicts. until they are solved. Among the areas with current
boundary conflicts are Meru with Isiolo; Meru with Tharaka
Nithi; Baringo – Turkana; Garissa with Tana River; Kisumu
with Vihiga; Kisumu with Nandi; Laikipia with Samburu;
Turkana with West Pokot; West Pokot with TransNzoia;
Nyandarua with Laikipia; Kitui with Meru; Elgeyo - Marakwet
with West Pokot; Makueni – Machakos - Kajiado.

2. Prevent resource conflicts by ensuring that County

boundaries are drawn to maximise sharing of water and
pasture, among other resources.

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 SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

13 Increase confidence and security of citizens reporting crimes Whistleblowing and reporting system that has the technical
and causes of insecurity. means to protect identities, privacy, and security of the reporting
citizen or witness.

13 Enable court procedures that guarantee the protection of the Create rules in courts that allow for the presentation of
safety and security of informants, whistleblowers, and confidential testimony from whistleblowers, informants, and
witnesses. witnesses, particularly in regard to terrorism, serious
transnational crimes, and corruption.

14 Strengthen our national cybersecurity capabilities. Coordinating at the highest levels, including in the National
Security Council and the National Security Advisory Committee,
undertake the continuous strengthening of national cybersecurity
skills, processes, laws, and institutions.

15 Close gaps or under-secured spaces in the presence and Re-map national policing personnel and resources in line with
response of security in every part of Kenya. population and security needs and adopt staffing measures to
prevent officers from being compromised by organised criminal
groups.

16 Professionalise and better regulate private security companies 1. Private Security Regulatory Authority to pass through state-
and guards to deliver better service that is more integrated with mandated Protective Security Standards to all private
state security and adheres to higher standards. security companies.
2. Private Security Regulatory Authority should deliver a
common curriculum guided by state-provided Protective
Security Standards to the companies and ensure that it is
effectively implemented.
Private Security Regulatory Authority to ensure standards of
supervisors and consider having them be officers retired
honourably from the disciplined services.
3. Private security companies should be forced to have at least
50% of their supervisors be officers who have retired or
resigned from the disciplined and security services with
honour. This will improve the companies’ effectiveness and
inter-operability with state security agencies.
4. Use technology to link the data and information from private
security companies to the National Police Service operations
centres.
5. Link private CCTV of hotels, shopping centres, and other
highly trafficked sites to National Police Service CCTV
monitoring and analysis system (CS-Interior to undertake
gazetted regulations to allow the technological linkage of
CCTV to create broader nationwide coverage that will deter
terrorism and crime.)

17 Protect Kenyans who live next to borders from foreign states or Properly demarcate all Kenyan borders, deter foreign security
raiders and bandits who use violence to suppress or rob our services from making any incursions into Kenya, provide adequate
citizens. infrastructure, and strengthen border security and management
in a way that is responsive to the security of Kenyans living in the
areas.

18 Strengthen performance and service orientation of the National 1. Clarify Key Performance Indicators for police commanders
Police Service, plus support the mental health and wellness of from the level of IG downward linked to publicly reported
officers. national crime and insecurity statistics (annual crime and
security report from the CS, Interior that is disaggregated on
the basis of Counties, gender, and citizen perceptions). Link
these to promotions and incentives.
2. Eliminate corruption in recruitment by instituting heavy
penalties for corrupting the process.
3. Create a transparent human resources system that is digital
and with clear guidelines and processes for promotion and
transfer. The standards of promotion into leadership and
management must reflect measurable past performance,
including internal courses and exams, and citizen complaints
of abuse and corruption.
4. Support integrity and effectiveness in the NPS by recognising
and rewarding excellence, dedication, and sacrifice by
officers and citizens.
5. As a matter of priority, put in place accessible and resourced
mental health and wellness counselling and treatment for
police officers. Particular attention should be paid to those

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 SOLUTIONS ACTION REQUIRED

in frontline roles that expose them to extreme trauma. All

measures should also be taken to keep families together.

19 Increase citizen skills in conflict resolution and mediation Insert conflict resolution, negotiation, and counselling skills in the
throughout a Kenyan’s educational life. curriculum in all levels of primary and secondary education.

20 Protect consumers of food and medicine from dangerously Add food safety to food security.
procured, grown, or developed products that harm their health 1. Harmonise and combine the overlapping mandates for
and wellbeing. regulating food and drug safety into a single actor and
provide transparency, and clear standards and rights of the
consumer.
2. Ensure public health officers are doing their jobs and are
accountable to clear standards and performance indicators
so that there is a stronger preventive approach to public
health.
3. Harmonise the multiple, conflicting, and overlapping food
safety controls through a single Act of Parliament that
should also establish a National Food and Drugs Safety
Authority.

21 Strengthen the strategic food reserve system and add to it Strengthen the strategic food reserve system, make it honest and
animal fodder while linking it to government off-taker schemes. transparent, and add to it reserves of fodder/animal feed for
livestock.

Commissions and Cross-Cutting Issues

SOLUTIONS ACTIONS REQUIRED

1 Nairobi County -- Nairobi, by virtue of being the national capital The Taskforce recommends that Nairobi be accorded a special status
and an extra-territorial seat of the United Nations, which has as capital city that allows the National Government the means to
Nairobi as its third global headquarters, is dissimilar to other provide the services and facilitation necessary to maintaining it as a
counties. The Kenyan people look to the capital as the seat of capital city and as a diplomatic hub.
all arms of Government and as a critical location for their civic
participation in national life. This means that the Commission of
At the same time, such a special status should not impede the rights
Revenue Allocation formula would struggle to take into of the people of Nairobi to representation at the Ward and
consideration this special status of Nairobi and the demands for
parliamentary levels.
services that come with it.

2 Senate and National Assembly functions should take account of Review the checks and balances system in the legislature to ensure
the substantial recommendations to change the Executive that the National Assembly and the Senate roles and functions accord
branch made by the Taskforce. to the proposed Executive structure and other relevant
recommendations.

3 The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission. Separate the obligation to conduct criminal investigations from the
obligation to promote and enforce ethics in public service. The work
of reporting on, promoting, and enforcing ethical conduct will go to
the proposed Ethics Commission recommended in the chapter on
national ethos.

4 Commissions should be more accountable to the people of Every independent commission must have internal accountability
Kenya. systems that clearly and transparently separate the power of
appointment and promotion from that of interdiction and censure.

In addition, rigorous audits that inquire into value for money and
upholding sound principles of public finance management should
apply to every arm of government and every public institution.

5 Strengthen DCI to complement the independence of the Strengthen the capabilities of the Directorate of Criminal
criminal-justice system, which includes the Director of Public Investigations to effectively work with the Director of Public
Prosecutions and the judiciary. Prosecutions.

6 Harmony in governing Commissions. In order to redress the power struggles that have characterised
Chapter 15 Commissions, make the Chairpersons also be the Chief
Executive Officers. This recommendation shall not apply
retrospectively.

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 SOLUTIONS ACTIONS REQUIRED

7 Resourcing of Chapter 15 entities. 1. Implement administratively as provided for in the Constitution

that half of the Commissioners in Chapter 15 Commissions, with
the exception of the IEBC, should serve on a part-time basis. This
should be done prospectively.
2. Article 249(3) has been violated and this has compromised the
ability of Chapter 15 Commissions and independent offices to
adequately and independently. The Commissions and
independent offices should also be subjected to stringent
reviews by relevant bodies to ensure that they carry out their
duties as mandated.

8 Make recruitment and vetting into Chapter 15 commissions to Amend the procedures that make up recruitment and vetting process
comply with qualifying requirements and more responsive to be made responsive to adverse information from State organs and
reports from relevant Government agencies. demanding of all qualifying requirements to have been met.

9 Picking Commissioners for the IEBC. Leaders of political parties to agree on how to generate names of
potential candidates. The candidates to be forwarded to the party
leaders should meet the criteria spelt out in the Constitution and they
should not be party loyalists/activists. Subsequently, the party leaders
sit together and agree on a list of candidates to be interviewed. After
the interviews, nine names of people who meet the constitutional and
legal requirements shall be forwarded to the President for submission
to the Senate.

10 Kenyan food must become safe. Create a unified and assertive food safety and regulation regulatory
body.

11 Simplify and clarify regulation. Rationalise the mandates of regulatory bodies to ensure lack of
duplication, and to ease transparency, affordability, and prompt
service to enable higher levels of regulatory compliance.

12 Improve Government testing for harmful substances Strengthen the National Chemist Laboratory to increase its
effectiveness in carrying out its mandate.

13 Consolidate administrative tribunals. Presently, virtually every It is proposed to create one National Administrative Appeals Tribunal
statute setting up a regulatory authority also sets up an appeal under which separate thematic appeals tribunals may be managed
tribunal to resolve matters arising from the regulator’s exercise (e.g. power and energy, sports, environment).
of its statutory authority. The relationship between the
regulator and the tribunal has largely defeated the very essence
of impartial adjudication of disputes. In addition, the sheer
number of tribunals set up in this manner makes them a huge
and unnecessary drain on national resources.

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 125
ANNEX 2: Joint communiqué: building bridges

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Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 133
ANNEX 3: Participation
The Taskforce visited every of the 47 Counties. Due care was taken to ensure that the Face of
Kenya was captured in this process: The Taskforce consulted more than 7000 citizens from all
ethnic groups, genders, cultural and religious practices and different social and economic
sectors. The Taskforce engaged deeply and widely as shown by the 400+ Elected leaders,
present and past, prominent local voices from the community and youth who added their
voice to citizens in the Counties; 123 individuals representing major institutions, including
constitutional bodies and major stakeholders in the civil and private sector spaces; the 261
individuals and organisations who (e)mailed memoranda; and the 755 handwritten
submissions during public forums in the Counties.

The Taskforce would like to apologise for any individuals names whose names are left out in
the lists below. All participants were highly appreciated, particularly the thousands of citizens
whose views were penetrating and constructive. The report in its recommendations ensured
that the voices and wishes of those who spoke to the Taskforce were treated as equal.

Elected leaders, present and past, prominent local voices from the community and young
leaders who added their voice to that of citizens in the Counties.

COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
MOMBASA 1. H.E Governor Ali Hassan Joho
2. Hon. Suleiman Shakombo
3. Mbwana Abdalla – Senator Mohammed Faki’s representative
4. Rukia Rashid – Chairlady, Kenya National Chamber of Commerce,
Mombasa Chapter
5. Ustad Athuman Said Dhado – Nyali
6. Haki Africa
KWALE 1. Senator Juma Boy
2. Hon. Zuleikha Hassan – Women’s Representative
3. Samuel Maneno – renowned educator
KILIFI 1. H.E Governor Amason Jeffah Kingi
2. Hon. Scolastica Oduor Nominated MCA Malindi
3. Hon. Sabina Tumaini – Nominated MCA
4. Hon. Saumu Sidi
5. Hon. Mary Anzaze Maneno
6. Hon. Elizabeth Buche – Nominated MCA
7. Hon Bishop Benson Chengo – MCA Ganze Ward
8. Hon. Omambere Christopher – MCA Bamba Ward
9. Hon. Renson Kambi – MCA Marafa Ward
10. Hon Felister Meso _ Nominated MCA
11. Hon Margret Namacharo – Nominated MCA
12. Hon John Mwamtusi– MCA Kibarani Ward
13. Ngumbao Marandu PWD rep Magarini
14. Hon Kadhua Jimmy Kahindi – Speaker Kilifi County Assembly
15. Hon Valentine Matsaki Mamanga – Minority Leader Kilifi

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COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
16. Hon Nixon C Mramba – MCA Kakuyuni Ward
17. Hon. Gilbert Peru – MCA Sokoni Ward
18. Hon Alphose Mwayaa – Kayafungo Ward
19. Hon Samuel Ndago Gambo – MCA Shimo la Tewa Ward
20. Hon David Kadenge Dadu – MCA Malindi Ward
TANA RIVER 1. H.E Governor Godhana Dhado
2. Salim Batuy-Deputy Governor
3. Hon. Rehema Hassan – Woman Representative
4. Senator Golich Juma Wario
5. Hon. Said Hiribae MP, Galole
6. Dr. Nuh Nasir Abdi
7. Mohammud Wario
LAMU 1. Hon. Abdul Hakim -Deputy Governor
2. Hon. Ruweida Mohamed Obo
3. Hon Shariff Athman Ali – MP Lamu East
TAITA – TAVETA 1. Senator Jones Mwaruma
2. Hon. Danson Mwashako – Mp Wundanyi
3. Hon. Jones Mlolwa – MP Voi
4. Flumence Mshila – Former MCA- Mwatate
5. Bunge la Wananchi – Voi
6. Former Governor John Mruttu
7. Hon. Thomas Ludindi – Former MP Wundanyi
GARISSA 1. H.E. Governor Ali Bunow Korane
2. Hon. Sophia Abdi Noor – MP Ijara Constituency
3. Hon. Dr. Mohamed Dahir – MP Daadab Constituency
4. Mr. Dubat Ali Amey, Chairman, Northern Kenya Livestock Marketing
Association
5. Hon. Abdi Razak Ismael – MCA Galbet Ward
6. Hon. Abdi Hassan – MCA
7. Mr. Adan Hassan (PWD) – Chairman PWD Garrissa
8. Community Policing Ijara Sub County.
9. Mr. Abubakar Mohammed Adan- Humanitarian Youth Activist and
national Youth Leader
10. Ms. Mariam Hassan – Woman for Peace
11. Mr. Ali Omar Mohamed – Peace Chairman Garrissa
12. Ms. Habiba Ali Noor – Vice Chair Maendeleo ya Wanawake
13. Ms. Fatuma Ahmed – Human Rights Activist
WAJIR 1. H.E. Governor Mohamed Adbdi Mohamud
2. Senator Abdulahi Ali
3. Hon. Fatuma Gedi – Women Rep
4. Hon. Omar Ahmed – MP
5. Hon. Eng. Bashane – MP
6. Hon. Ahmed Abdi Sallan
7. Hon. Mahmoud – Majority Leader

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COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
MANDERA 1. H.E. Ali Ibrahim Roba – Governor Mandera County
2. Mohamed Arai – Deputy Governor
3. Senator Mohamed Maalim Mahamud
4. Hon Mohamed Adan Khalif – Mandera County Assembly Speaker
5. Kassim Lagan Afsiye – Chairman peace Lafi Council of Elders
6. Aden Hussein – Former Councilor Lafi Ward
MARSABIT 1. Mr. Shukri Ibrahim – Governor’s representative
2. Mr. Hassan Mohammed – Imam, Lolangalani Mosque
ISIOLO 3. Senator Fatuma Dullow
4. Senator Abushiro Halake
5. Mr. Mohamed Dubi – former Speaker Isiolo County Assembly
6. Mr. Hassan Wako Wario – Former MP for Isiolo
7. Mr. Adan Jirma – Chairman wa Mwangaza Legal Plot Owners Self Group
8. Isiolo Rights Watch
9. Isiolo Youth for Peace and Network #G40
10. Somali Council of Elders
MERU 1. H.E Governor Kiraitu Muringi
2. Deputy Governor Titus Ntuchiu
3. Mr. Phares Rutere – Chairman Kenya National Council of Elders
THARAKA-NITHI 1. Hon. Dennis Mutwiri – MCA Muge Ward
2. Ms. Fatuma Murungi – former Mayor of Chuka
3. Hon Samuel Ragwa –former Governor Tharaka Nithi
EMBU 1. H.E Martin Wambora
2. Hon. Joseph Nyaga
3. Bishop Njeru Nyaga- National Independent Church of Africa (NICA).
4. Hon. Mercy Karemi Mbaya – former MCA
5. Ms. Josephine Wambura – Educationist/Councilor
6. Mr. Peter Njiru Gathambara – Chairperson PWD Embu
7. Hon. Shunem former MCA
8. Mr. Joe Githaka Maringa – Former Councilor Mavuria Ward
9. Archbishop John Maru
10. Maratisio Ireri Kawe
KITUI 1. H.E Governor Charity Ngilu
2. Sauti ya Walemavu Kitui county
3. Mbitini Opinion Leaders.
4. Kamba Clans Governing Council of elders
MACHAKOS 1. Hon Francis Maliti – Deputy Governor
2. Hon. Boniface Mwisia - Tala Ward
3. Bishop Joel Nzomo – United Clergy Alliance
4. Bishop Muli – Evangelical Alliance of Kenya
5. Bernard Nzioka - Peace Keeping Secretary- Kathiani Sub-County
MAKUENI 1. Senator Mutula Kilonzo
2. Hon Andrew Kimilu Nyoki – Former MCA

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COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
3. Gideon Mwango
4. Mr. John Muli Mwenzi – Former MCA, Ngumo Ward
5. Mr. Timothy Maneno – Former MCA
6. Mr. Julius Mutula – MCA Kalaba Ward
7. Ms. Rose Mbitho – Nominated MCA
8. Eng. Mwema Joseph – MCA Mukaa Ward
9. Apostle Ezekiel Musembi – Makueni County Pastor’s Foundation
MAKOPAF and United Clergy Alliance representative
NYANDARUA 1. H.E Governor Francis Kimemia
2. Hon. Jeremia Kioni – MP Ndaragwa
3. Speaker Hon James Wahome Ndegwa, MBS
4. Hon Kenn Mukira Mahianyu – MCA Karau Ward
5. Hon. Milka Wanjiru Ndirangu-Nominated MCA
NYERI 1. Hon Caroline Karugu – Deputy Governor
2. Hon. Ngunjiri Wambugu
3. Hon. Kanini Kega – MP for Kieni
4. Hon. Kiruga Thuku – MCA Chinga
5. Hon Njoroge Githaiga – Former MCA
6. Mr. Peter Mutahi
7. Mr. Albert Mwai
KIRINYAGA 1. Hon Peter Ndambiri – Deputy Governor
2. Hon Muraguri John Munene – MCA Kiina Ward
3. Hon Caroline Muriithi – Nominated MCA
4. Hon. Anne Wachera Kariuki – Nominated MCA
5. Hon Daisy Grace Nyaguthie – MCA nominated
6. Hon Wakaria Nyawera Scholastica – MCA Nominated
7. Hon. Anthony Kinywa – MCA Karumandi Ward
8. Hon David Mathenge- MCA Baragwi Ward
9. Hon. James Kamau – Majority Leader
10. Hon Dr. Njogu Barua – Former MP Gichugu
11. Mr. Peter Kaboi
12. Mr. John Mararo Gachoki
MURANGA 1. H.E Mwangi wa Iria – Governor
2. Hon Sabina Chege – Women Rep
3. Senator Irungu Kang’ata
4. Hon. Eng Nduati – MP Katanga
5. Hon Muturi Kigano – MP Kagema
6. James Karanja – MCA Kabera Ward
7. Hon Mercy Njeri – Nominated MCA gender
8. Former Senator – Hon Kembi Gitura
9. Hon Gakure Monyo – Former Deputy Governor
10. Hon Jimmy Kagone – former MCA
11. Cyrus Mwaura -former councilor – Kandara
12. Agents of Change
13. Gikuyu Council of Elders Muranga

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COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
14. Mr. Silvanus G. Wamugu
15. Fr. D. Getonga
16. Rev. Richard Kimani
17. Rev. Timothy Gichera – Diocese of Mt. Kenya
KIAMBU 1. H.E Hon James Nyoro – Deputy Governor
2. Hon Paul Koinange – MP Kiambaa
3. Hon. Moses Kuria – MP Gatundu South
4. Hon Mumbi Ngaru – Former EAC MP
5. Gitu Kahengeri – Former MP and Mau Mau veteran
6. Hon Lawrence Nginu – Former MP
7. The National Torch of Peace
8. Kasarini Estate Corporation
9. Mau Mau Veterans Association
10. Kandara Residence Association
11. The National Torch of Peace Culture Initiative
12. Voice of Community Based Organization
13. National Youth Council
14. Kist Students Association
15. Mr. Eric Ragalo
16. Mr. Isaac N. Wannene Gachuria
17. Mr. Aloysius Njoroge Irubu
TURKANA 1. Hon. Jeremiah Ekamais Lomorukai – MP Loima
2. Turkana County Youth Council
3. Jennifer Akai Kitoi – Maendeleo ya Wanawake Chair, Turkana County
4. Yusuf Ali – Turkana Religious Council Chairman
5. Former Councilor Joseph – Turkana East
6. Phillip – Elder, Former Councilor, Turkana Central
WEST POKOT 1. H.E Governor John Lonyangapuo
2. Hon James Ekaran – MCA Kakuma Ward
3. Sengwer Community
4. Rev Dr. Stephen Kewasis Nyorsok
5. West Pokot County Dialogue Conference
6. Podosia Ruto Richard – National Youth Bunge
7. Hon Josiah Arakwa – MCA
SAMBURU 1. H.E Governor Moses Kasaine
2. Hon Naisula Lesuuda
3. Fred Kiragu- MCA Maralal Ward
4. Hon. Lentukunye Christopher – MCA Wamba North & Majority Leader
5. Roselyn Lekrinpoto – MCA nominated
6. Antonira Lobura – Nominated MCA
7. Hon Lesiva Shadrack – Suguta Mar Mar Ward.
8. Hon Lemose Jonathan – Deputy Speaker Samburu County
9. Julius Leshomo – MCA wa Lomire Ward.
10. Lucas Lekwale – MCA Wamba East ward

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COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
TRANS NZOIA 1. H.E Governor Patrick Khaemba
2. Senator Henry Ole Ndiema
3. Hon Chris Wamalwa
4. Hon. Ferdinand Wanyonyi – MP Kwanza
5. Hon. Kisiero Patrick – Majority Leader
6. Hon. Joseph Trikoi – Nominated MCA
7. Teso Council of Elders
8. Mr. Christopher Masika
9. Trans Elgon Professional Group
10. Kwanza Constituency IDPs
11. The Elgon Masaai Someek Council of Elders
12. Ms. Lucy Masheti – PWD Chairperson
13. Pastor Ferdinand Wanyisya
ELGEYO-MARAKWET 1. H.E Governor Alex Tolgos
2. Hon. Wisely Rotich – Deputy Governor
3. Hon. Kipketer Kiprono David – MCA Senger Ward
4. Hon. Cheboi Tich Wilson – Cheranganyi Ward
5. Hon. John Marimoi – Former MP Marakwet East
NANDI 1. H.E Governor Stephen Arap Sang
2. Hon. Dr. Yulita Chebotip – Deputy Governor
3. Hon Rono Magdalene Cheptoo – MCA Koyo Ndurio
4. Hon Samuel Kipkirui Chepkwony – MCA Tindiret
5. Zipporah Cherotich Sawe – Chairlady Maendeleo Ya wanawake Nandi
6. Felix Kirwa – Former councillor
7. Reverend Japheth Biwott – Principal of Kapsabet Bible College
BARINGO 1. Hon. Jacob Kurui Chepkwony – Deputy Governor
2. Hon. Kamket Kassait William – MP Tiaty
3. Hon David Kiplagat Kerich – Speaker
4. Hon John Tarus
5. Turgen Council of Elders
6. Endorois Welfare Council
7. Sirwa Residents Association
LAIKIPIA 1. Hon. John Mwaniki – Deputy Governor
2. Hon Cathrine Waruguru – Women Rep.
3. Veronicah Ikunywa – MCA Nanyuki Ward
4. Hellen Wanjiku – Maendeleo ya Wanawake, Chair, Laikipia County
5. Florence Nyambura Muchemi – Maendeleo ya Wanawake Chair, Laikipia
East Sub-County
6. Paramount Chief Rtd Njuguna
NAKURU 1. Hon. Dr. Eric Korir – Deputy Governor
2. Hon Francis Kuria
3. Hon Koigi Wawamwere
4. Dep. Minority Leader Abdukahi Adan
5. Hon Peter Mbai

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 139
COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
6. Hon Alice Kering
7. Hon Andrew Komen
8. Cannon David Kinyanjui
9. Sert Kobor Squatters
10. Community Policing Network
11. Mr. Daniel Kipkemoi
12. National IDPs Network Kenya
13. Hope Creator Foundation
NAROK 1. Senator Ledama Ole Kina
2. Hon Moitalel Ole Kentu – Narok North MP
3. CEC lands Narok – Governor representative
4. Hon Lankas ole Nkoidila – Speaker
5. Hon Lydia Ntimama – Former Councillor
6. Ramadhan Safari -Youth SUPKEM Chair – Narok North
KAJIADO 1. Hon. Martin Moshisho – Deputy Governor
2. Hon Peris Pesi Tobiko – MP, Kajiado East
3. Hon. Johnson Osoi – Speaker Kajiado County Assembly
4. Ole Seki – Peace Ambassador and Former Chief
5. Hon. Kaesha – MCA and Minority Leader
6. Amina Jama – Maendeleo ya Wanawake, Chair Kajiado North
7. Hon. Joseph Manje – (MP Kajiado North)
KERICHO 1. Susan Kikwai – Deputy Governor
2. Kericho Stakeholders Network
3. Kericho Youth Agenda Group
4. Kericho County Dialogue Group
5. Myoot Kipsigis Council of Elders
6. Kokwetab Gatab Myoot
7. Mr. Joel K. Kimetto
BOMET 1. Hon. Anthony Kimeto – Former MP, Sotik
2. Langat aka Prof – PWD Chair Bomet
3. Bishop Richard Towett
4. Daniel Arap Boror – Chief
KAKAMEGA 1. H.E Governor Oparanya
2. Yahya Hussein – Former Mayor
3. Hon Edward Masinde – MCA Bunyala West Ward
4. Hon Geofreffy Ommatera – MCA Kisa Central Ward
5. Hon Joel Ongoro – Majority Leader
6. Hon Absalom Lumbasi Andati – MCA Ingotse Watiha Ward
7. Hon Ann Katak – MCA Nominated
8. Hon Ann Mulwale – MCA Nominated
9. Hon Ann Nambiro – MCA Nominated
10. Hon Antony Wabuge – MCA Sinoko Ward
11. Hon Auxillia Shiranda Nyamwoma
12. MCA Nominated

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COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
13. Hon Beatrice Shisia Shikhule – Nominated MCA
14. Hon Bernard Omboko – MCA Kisa East Ward
15. Hon Benson Mulinya – MCA Idaho East Ward
16. Hon Benson Reuben Waniofu – MCA Bunyala Central Ward
17. Hon Bonface Osanga – MCA Khalaba Ward
18. Hon Bonface Akosi – MCA Shinoy Ward
19. Hon Brian Mafwanga – MCA Likuyani Ward
20. Hon Charles Ibenzi – MCA Idhako Ward
21. Hon Charles Nadwa – MCA Marama North Ward
22. Hon Charles Odanga – MCA Mumias Central Ward
23. Hon Chovolo Imbosa Mbogwa – MCA Nominated
24. Hon Christine Imbosa Mbogwa – MCA Nominated
25. Hon Christine Omusula – MCA Nominated
26. Hon Cynthia Malietso – MCA Nominated
27. Hon David Ikunza – MCA Shirere Ward
28. Hon David Ndakwa – MCA West Kabras
29. Hon David Shikala – MCA Mahiakalo ward
30. Hon Dickson Ombayo – MCA Nzoia ward
31. Hon Dorice Atuo Mutere – Nominated MCA
32. Hon Edward Shibembe – MCA Isukha West ward
33. Hon Elly Wesechere – MCA Lusheya Lubimu Ward
34. Hon Elphas Shilosio – MCA Musanda Ward
35. Hon Evalyn Mwanzo – MCA Nominated
36. Hon Farouk Machanje – MCA Isukha South ward
37. Hon Leylah Muhandale Ichami – MCA Lumakanda Ward
38. Hon Geoffrey Ondiro – MCA Marenyo Shianda Ward
39. Hon George Mukodo – MCA Namamali Ward
40. Hon John Musilwa – MCA Isukha Ward
41. Hon Jon Mweyi Ngome – MCA Lwandeti Ward
42. Hon Josephat Mwasame – MCA Kongoni Ward
43. Hon Kennedy Kilwake Sitanda – MCA Sango ward
44. Hon Kevin Mahelo Inzofu – MCA Butali Chegulo Ward
45. Hon Lazarus Lucheveleli – MCA East Kabras Ward
46. Hon Leonard Soita – MCA Mugai Ward
47. Hon Libus Oduor Ouma – MCA Mayoni Ward
48. Hon Lucas Radoli – MCA Malaha Isongo Ward
49. Hon Lystone Ambundo – MCA Butsoso Central Ward
50. Hon Winny Musungu – Nominated MCA
51. Hon Andrew Mukoyani Nyangweso – MCA
52. Butsoso East
53. Hon Milton Boaz Omukunda – MCA Marama West Ward
54. Hon Musa Makhabila – MCA Lugari ward
55. Hon Patric Amboso Lumula – MCA Idakho South
56. Hon Paul Ashiachi Wanda – MCA Musanda Ward
57. Hon Philip Maina – MCA Marama Central ward
58. Hon Potus Njeiman – MCA Etenje Ward

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 141
COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
59. Hon Rashid Rocky Omwendo – MCA Nucleus Mumias North ward
60. Hon Rodgers Nato – MCA Bunyala East Ward
61. Hon Roselidah Adambi – Nominated MCA
62. Hon Samson Sirengo Tali – MCA South Kabras Ward
63. Hon Samuel Ibwaka Limisi – MCA Isukha Ward
64. Hon Stephen Mulonga – MCA Mautuma ward
65. Hon Swaka Limera – MCA Kisa North ward
66. Hon Walter Andati – MCA Butsoso South Ward
67. Hon Willis Opuka – MCA Marama South ward
68. Hon Harrison Shikuku – MCA Kavonzo Ward
69. Hon Godfrey Wambulwa – MCA Cheyaywa Ward
70. Hon Gladys Omukongolo – MCA Idakho North Ward
71. Hon Godliver Omondi – MCA Kholera Ward
72. Hon Helemina L’lanziwa – MCA Isukha North
73. Hon Indusa Kenneth – MCA Chekalini Ward
74. Hon Jackline Mwaka – MCA Nominated MCA
75. Hon Jael Madanji – Nominated MCA
76. Hon Jason Lutomia – MCA Chemuche ward
77. Hon Joab Mwanto – MCA Shienywe Ward
78. Hon Zaid Shabaan Otengo – MCA East Wanga Ward
VIHIGA 1. H.E Governor Wilber Otichilo
2. Hon. Godfrey Ososi- Nominated MP
3. Hon. Dorcas Kedogo – Former Women Rep – Vihiga
4. Maragoli Council of Elders
5. Youth Governance Alliance-Vihiga
6. Catholic Justice and Peace Commission
7. Maendeleo ya Wanawake Chair
8. Ms. Dora K Ingolo
BUNGOMA 1. Hon Prof. Charles Ngome – Deputy Governor
2. Senator Wetangula Moses
3. Hon Francis Chemion –MCA Kaptama ward
4. Hon Antony Luseneka MCA Bukembe Ward
5. Hon Meshack Simiyu – MCA Mukuyuni
6. Hon. Bifwoli Wakoli- Former MP
7. Inter County Exchange Program (Intercep)
8. Residents of Mt Elgon Constituency
9. Ambassador. Jack B Tumwa
10. Bong'omek Community
11. Mt Elgon Ndorobo Indigenous
12. Bukusu Council of Elders
13. Rev Francis W Walusaka
14. Ford Kenya Party – Bungoma
15. Mr. Christopher K. Nyamu
16. Mr. Everet Muchuma

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 142
COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
BUSIA 1. Hon Moses Mulomi – Deputy Governor
2. Hon Laban Mukwana – Majority leader
3. Hon Bernard Wamalwa – Speaker
4. Hon. Cynthia Mutere- Nominated MCA
5. Hon. Laban Mukwana – Majority Leader, Busia County Assembly
6. Former Councilor Maurice Imanyala
7. Hon. Phillip Masinde – Former MP and Minister
8. Hon Gervase BK AKhaabi
9. Cross Border Traders
10. Council of Imams Busia County
11. Busia Parents Association
12. Elder’s Council Western Region
13. Boda Boda Owners Association
14. Inter-Religious Council Busia County
15. KNCCI Busia
16. Grassroots Poverty Alleviation Program
17. PWD Association Busia
SIAYA 1. H.E Governor Rasanga
2. Hon. George Okode – Speaker County Assembly of Siaya
3. Chair, Peace Committee
4. Jackson Joshua Odero – Snr Retired Chief
5. Maendeleo ya Wanawake, Siaya county
6. Council of Elders Ugunja
7. Mr. Paul Owiti Njiri
8. Rev Evans Sira- Chair Peace Committee - Alego, Usonga
9. Dominic Ndonga - Civil Society Organisation
10. Rev Joel Atong’ – ACK
11. Patricia Apoli (Chair Maendeleo ya Wanawake, Siaya county)
12. Austin Omondi Makamu
13. Canon Elly Wanyonyi Osiemo
KISUMU 1. H.E Governor Anyang Nyongo
2. Dr. Mathews Owilli – Deputy Governor
3. Hon Aduma Owuor- MP Nyakach
4. Hon Seth Okumu- MCA East Seme
5. Hon Rashid Meruka – MCA North Nyakach.
6. Leina Muga – MCA Nominated
7. Vitalis Otuora, MCA Omberi
8. Hon Eric Ogolla, Speaker Kisumu County Assembly
9. Prof. Patric Ayieko Olweny-Former MP
10. Kisumu FBOs and CSOs
11. Kenya National Unity & Transformation Agency
12. Kisumu Peace Forum
13. Mr. Odungi Randa
14. Mr. Paul Ogeno Odera
15. Mr. Dickson Ogolla

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 143
COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
HOMABAY 1. Hon. Hamilton Orata- Deputy Governor
2. Senator Otieno Kajwang
3. Hon Evan Marieba – Deputy Speaker Homa Bay County
4. Mr. Joseph Mboya Nyamuthe
5. Florence Matebe – Former Deputy Mayor
6. Hon. Mary Patricia Ouma – Former MCA – Kabondo Kasipul
7. Elizabeth Atieno Ogola – Former Councilor -Homabay Town
8. Mr. Onyango Kaudo
MIGORI 1. H.E Governor Okoth Obado
2. Hon Boaz Okoth – Speaker Migori County Assembly
3. Hon. Edward Ouma Ooro – MCA South Sakwa
4. Hon. John Pesa – Former MP – Suna East
5. Civil Society, Migori County
6. Kennedy Ongalo – Speaker Bunge la Wananchi, Migori
7. University Students – Rongo
8. County Governance Watch – youth
9. Kisii University – Migori Campus Students Association
10. Rongo University Students Association
KISII 1. H.E Governor James Ongwae
2. Hon Joash Maangi – Deputy Governor
3. Senator Samson Ongeri
4. Hon. Evans Mokoro – Deputy Speaker Kisii County Assembly
5. Hon. Davins Okindo – MCA Masige East Ward
6. Hon. Kerosi Samwel Ondieki – Speaker Kisii County Assembly
7. Hon. Protus Moindi – Majority Leader
8. Hon. Ronald Onduso – MCA Getenga Ward
9. Hon. Ezekiel Machogu – Nyaribari Masaba
10. Hon George Nyamwaya – Former MP
11. Abagusii Cultural and development Council
12. Mr. Munyaka Muthura Baru
13. Mr. Matiko Bongoko
14. Mr. George Morara Onduso
15. Abagusii Council of Elders
NYAMIRA 1. Hon. Vinicent Kemosi Mogaka – M.P. West Mugirango
2. Hon George Omari Nyaweya
3. Hon Benson Kegoro Ogero
4. Former MP West Mugirango
5. Hon. Charles Barongo (MCA)
6. Hatati Kengere – Chairman, Kenya Social Congress
7. Councillor John Onchiri Nyaricha – Former Councillor
8. Pastor Paul Nyatogo
9. Hon. Samuel Omweri
NAIROBI 1. Hon. Oluoch Antony
2. Hon Maurice Gari – MCA Nairobi West
3. George Ocholla – MCA Hospital ward

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 144
COUNTY IN ATTENDANCE
4. David Okello – MCA Huruma ward
5. Owino Kotieno – Former MCA Sarangombe
6. Hon Diana Kapeen – Former MCA South C
7. Hon Andrew Macharia Mbao – Former MCA

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 145
Official Institutional Representatives and Stakeholders Consultative Forums
1. Chapter 15 Commissions (CRA, NPSC, 57. International Policy Group 109. Social Economic Audit of the
KNHCR, IPOA) 58. Intersex TaskForce Constitution, 11th Parliament of
2. KANU 59. Jay Network Kenya
3. KNCHR 60. John Kinyati Waraho 110. SUPKEM
4. Maendeleo Chap Chap 61. Jomo Gatundu 111. Teachers Service Commission –
5. NARC Kenya 62. Joseph Mboya Nyamuthe response
6. Prof Yash Pal Ghai 63. Kenya Health Professional Society 112. The Bridge to Canaan
7. Active Citizens 64. Kenya Medical Practitioners and 113. The Judiciary Service Commission –
8. Africa Youth Leadership Forum Dentists Council Review
9. African Cultural Network 65. Kenya National Commission on Human 114. The Ogiek Memo
10. Ambassador Francis Muthaura Rights 115. Track One Learners Alliance
11. Andrew Kimili Nzyoki 66. Kenya National Union of Nurses Protections
12. Association of Procurement Officers/ 67. Kenya National Union of Teachers 116. Train Eyed Teachers Association
Kenya Supplies Management 68. Kenya Union of Clinical Officers 117. Transparency International
13. Association of Victims of Terrorism 69. Kenya Universities Students’ 118. Union of Civil Servants
14. Auditor General Organisation – KUSO 119. Universities and Colleges Students’
15. Better Kenya Team 70. Kenya Veterinary Board Peace Association of Kenya
16. Bungoma Civil Society 71. Kenya Women Senators Association 120. Universities’ Academic Staff Union,
17. Centre for Diaspora Affairs 72. KEPSA UASU
18. Centre for Multiparty Democracy 73. Kevin Mahiga 121. Vijana Tuinuke “Initiative
19. Chama Cha Mashinani (CCM) 74. KNUT 122. Wiper Democratic Party
20. Chief Justice of the Judiciary 75. KPMDU 123. Young people Welfare Association
21. Christian Medical Association 76. Kubo Family Farms (District of Digo) 124. Youth 4 BBI
22. Cohesion, peace and Conflicts 77. Kuria Professional Associations 125. Youth Senate Kenya
Resolution 78. Law Society of Kenya
23. Commission for Revenue Allocation – 79. Macharia Mukua
response to questions 80. Maendeleo ya Wanawake
24. Controller of Budget 81. Major Charles Aloo Rtd
25. COTU 82. Media Owners Association
26. County Assemblies Forum 83. Medical Laboratory Professionals
27. County Governance Watch 84. Mount Kenya Foundation
28. CRA 85. Msambweni Farmers – Kwale County
29. Democratic Party of Kenya 86. MT. Kenya Colleges and Universities
30. Dialogue Reference Group Students Association (M-CUSA)
31. Dr. Isaac Kaluha/Green Foundation 87. Munyaka Muthura Baru
32. Dr. S.K. Macharia 88. NAMLEF
33. Dr Christopher Wanga, Kenya 89. National Alliance of Kenya Machakos
Veterinary Board County
34. EACC 90. National Chamber of Commerce and
35. Embrace Values and Standards Industry
36. Embrace Women Building Bridges 91. National Gender and Equality
37. Embrace Youth Movement Commission
38. Emerging Youth Foundation 92. National Muslim Leaders – Proposals
39. Evangelical Alliance of Kenya on on Constitutional Reform 2019
40. Everest Peter Otieno 93. National Police Service Commission
41. Federation of Kenya Employers, FKE 94. National Women Steering Committee
42. Ford Kenya Party 95. New Democrats Party
43. Gikuyu Council of Elders 96. Office of the Ombudsman
44. Grace Agenda 97. OKOA TALANTA 254
45. Hon Kassit Kamket 98. PGLP
46. Hon Mutahi Kagwe 99. Political Parties Liaison Committee
47. Hon. Mutava Musyimi/Former 100. Prayer Breakfast Group
Parliamentarians Association 101. Public Service Commission
48. Hon. Paul Otuoma 102. Public Service Ministry – Youth and
49. Hon. Philip Masinde Gender
50. Hon. Suleiman Shahbal 103. R.F Wanyange
51. Hon. Zuleikha Juma Hassan 104. Raphael M Nyoike
52. Human Resource management 105. Registrar of Political Parties
Professionals Examination Board 106. Salaries and Renumeration
53. ICPAK Commission
54. IEBC 107. Senate leadership
55. Institute for Research and Policy 108. Senator CPA Farhya Haji, MP
Alternatives
56. International Governance Institute

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 146
Individuals and organisations who (e)mailed memoranda to the Taskforce
1. Bomet County NGO Consortium 61. Constant Sabwami 123. Jacinta Juma
2. COTU 62. Daisy Amdany 124. Jacob Musikhe
3. County Governance Watch 63. Daniel Arasa 125. James Ayugi Adagi
4. ELOG 64. Daniel Kathurima 126. James G Maina
5. Form Ni Youth Initiative 65. Daniel Ojuka 127. James Miano
6. Garissa Council of Imams 66. Daniel Sepu 128. James Mwaura
7. Inter-Party Youth Forum 67. David Kipkoech Kitur, 129. James Ng'ang'a
8. Kenya Christian Professionals Forum 68. David Njeru 130. James R M Gachiri
9. Kenya National Unity & 69. David Ochwangi 131. Jamil Parker
Transformation Agency 70. David Okello 132. Janet Mitton
10. KEWOPA 71. David Okello 133. Jean Pierre Ngirabahire
11. Kiambu Mediation Center Conflict 72. David Sudi 134. Jillo Yotam Makondeni
Resolution 73. Denis Ludesh 135. John Irungu
12. KNUT Tana River Branch 74. Denis Otieno 136. John Kariuki
13. Mt Elgon Peace 75. Dennis aura 137. John lukuyani
14. NGOs Council of Kenya 76. Dennis Otieno 138. John Mark
15. Rota Foundation 77. Derek Abishua 139. John Mwangi
16. SUPKEM 78. Dr. Nyagudi Musandu 140. John Njiru Kathangu
17. Teachers Service Commission 79. D Wangiri 141. John Osunga
18. Union Kenya Civil Servants 80. Edward Kobuthi 142. Jonah Omuyoma
19. United Disabled Persons of Kenya 81. Edwin Wanyonyi 143. Jonathan Kithinji
20. Universities and Colleges Students' 82. Elias Wakhisi 144. Joseph C. Kamanga
Peace Association of Kenya (UCSPAK) 83. Emily Rogena 145. Josephine Kageha
21. Upeo Youth Group 84. Emmanuel Nandokha 146. Josphat Kamakia
22. Voice of The Kenya Women 85. Eng. George Aoko 147. Jukumu Uwiano Amani
23. Whispers from the North 86. Erick Kipkapto 148. Juliah Chege
24. Youths Building Bridges 87. Eric Otieno 149. Jumbe Caleb
25. Abass Maalim 88. Erustus Rutere 150. Kamau Njoroge
26. Abdisalam Sheikh Mohamed 89. Everlyn Kisembe 151. Katanu Kelly
27. Abraham Shitote 90. Ezra Mburugu 152. Kaz Theuri
28. Abshiro Halake 91. Film Lab Kenya 153. Kennedy Hongo, HSC
29. Adams Barasa 92. Francis Muiruri 154. Kennedy Oluoch Nyamula
30. Adoga Kiharangwa 93. Frank Mukwanja 155. Kennedy Ouma
31. Adrian Nduma 94. Frederick Oketch 156. Ken Njiru
32. Ahmed S Abdulahi 95. Frederick oketch 157. KENWA
33. Aholi Charles 96. Fred Oketch Jonam 158. Kevin Kiwara
34. Akelo M T Misori 97. Fredrick Ogenga 159. Kevin Mirasi
35. Albin Rono. 98. Gabriel Achayo 160. Kinuthia John
36. Ali Pirbhai 99. G Ebacha 161. Kipngetich Bore
37. Ali Shebwana 100. George kariuki 162. Kiptoo Chesire
38. Allan Chacha 101. George Omondi 163. Kosgei S.
39. Anthony E. Muhindi 102. Gideon Langat 164. Kristof
40. Anthony Gathogo .M 103. Gilbert Achando 165. Lawrence Juma
41. Asiyer Alan 104. Gilford Kimathi /Erick Kibuga, 166. Lawrence Karuu
42. Austine M. Theiya Gatekeepers/The Joshua Generation 167. Leonard ngungaÃÂ
43. Awori Achoka 105. Gilwon Obrine 168. letagues Esho
44. Ayub Chembea 106. Gitonga Wathanga 169. Linet Wairimu
45. Ben Isaboke 107. Gurdeep Singh Nayer 170. Lucas Mboya
46. Bernard Osawa 108. H.E Stanley Kiptis, Governor 171. lunjalu lunjalu
47. Bill Lijoh 109. Hamilton Mwandawiro Samboja 172. Lydiah leedear
48. BK Isaiah Kiplagat 110. Hassan Mohamed 173. Machanga Mareko
49. Cardinal Elias O Komenya 111. Henry Ongulo 174. Madam Gladys Chania
50. Carey ochieng 112. Hezborn Otieno 175. Magoiga Seba
51. Catherine Boit 113. Hilder Gatwiri Kaaria 176. Maina Karobia
52. Charles Muriu 114. Hinny De Roberts 177. Maina Kenneth
53. Charles Nyaga 115. Hon Eng Muriuki Karue 178. MAJ (RTD) Dr. David Eseli Simiyu
54. Charles Nyangi Nyamohanga 116. Hon Ngunjiri Wambugu, MP 179. Makokha Daniel
55. Chebea Ayub 117. Hon Patrick mutahi-Youthrep 180. Makokha Daniel
56. Chelule Kimutai 118. Humphreys M. Khaunya 181. Mark Agwanda
57. Christopher Sirengo 119. Hussein Khalid 182. Mark Kimondo
58. Christopher Sirengo 120. Ian Simel 183. Martin Lyria
59. Clement M'maitsi 121. Isaac Mulagoli 184. Martin Mbithi
60. CMD-Kenya_Events 122. Isaiah Nyaga 185. Martin Mururia

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 147
186. Mary Oyier 212. Pam Waithaka 238. Samuel Wamichwe
187. Mathew Mwangi 213. Pan African Youth Organization 239. Samuel Wanjui
188. Matiko Bohoko 214. Patrick Kaboi 240. Seth Jaoko
189. Mbwana_Abdalla Mohamed 215. Patrick Mayoyo 241. Shailesh Patel
190. Meimuna Said 216. Patrick O. Onyango 242. Shem imbaya
191. Mohamedali Alibhai Essa 217. Patrick Oduma 243. Silvester Muigah
192. Mohammed Oley 218. Patrick Onyango 244. Simon Gicaci Macharia
193. Mr Kinuthia Wamwangi, EBS 219. Patrick Onyango 245. Simon Muchira
194. Ms. Rahab Mumbi Kimatu 220. Patty Amatta 246. Simon Wachira
195. Mugure Shikali 221. Paul Wiseman 247. Sophia muturi
196. Muthoka Munyalo 222. Peter Kariuki Maina 248. Sosnes Mudave
197. Mwangi Muchiri 223. Peter Ludaava 249. Stephen B. Nguthi
198. Nderitu Ndirangu 224. Peter Simon 250. Sydney N. Odhiambo
199. Nehemia Onyango 225. Peter Sunkuyia 251. Sylvano Wamugu
200. Nicasio Karani Migwi 226. Philip Kamau 252. Sylvester Gathuku Muigah.
201. Njau Duncan 227. Philip Ndeta 253. Tabitha Wanza
202. Norbert Bwire Wangalwa 228. Professor Tom Ojienda 254. Terry Kinyanjui
203. Nutty Watty 229. Rahemtullah.O 255. Vickery Omwandho
204. Nyagudi Musandu 230. Rev. Prof.Dr. Peter I Gichure 256. Wahome Muchiri
205. Obar Mark Asuelaa. 231. Robert Ochuka 257. Wajir Council Of Elders
206. Obed N. Oyugi 232. Ronald Mahondo 258. Wambui Kimani
207. Odhiambo Ayugi 233. Rosa Nyamunga 259. Wilfred Kimalat
208. Ogolla Dickson 234. S.K Okero 260. William Mureithi Maina
209. Oscar Ogunde 235. Sadam Gachie 261. Wilson Njiru
210. Otulah Owuor 236. Sadjah Philippe
211. P.C Peter Owino MBS 237. Sam K Kageni

Handwritten Submissions at The Public Forums Venue

Nyeri County 37. Beatrice Wamuyu Mathenge
1. Thimu Susan 38. Xavier Nyamu
2. Simon Gathoroko Gichohi 39. Susan Thimu – Nyeri Town
3. Edward Mbuthia Njuma Mathira 40. Wachira – Othaya
4. Joseph W Kagotho Kieni West 41. Charles Kariuki Mukurwe-ini
5. Peter Kiama Kingori Nyeri 42. J.M Kagaya – Mathiga
6. Gitonga Wanjau 43. Beatrice Mathenge- Mathira E.
7. Joseph W Kagotho Kieni West 44. Haron Kariuki
8. Mary Gikunju 45. Isaiah Githaiga Wambugu -Pwd
9. Harrison Wahogo Nyeri 46. John Gachau Kibuthi
10. Andrew Njuki Nyeri Town 47. Damaris Mwangi – Pwd Tetu
11. Xavier Nyamu
12. Nelson Kario Mathira East Kirinyaga County
13. Grace Michuki Nyeri Town 48. Pharis Oningo
14. Julian Ndungu Kieni 49. Sophia Njeri Gicugu
15. Timothy Githinji Kieni 50. Florence Mburia Mwea
16. Crispus Gathiaka Muriuki 51. Beato Migwi Kirinyaga Central
17. Alan Ngari 52. Wambua Mwea West
18. Lucy Wairimu Mukurwe-Ini 53. Esther Machai Gichugu
19. Christopher Abucheri Kieni East 54. Susan Ambui Kamau
20. Cecilia Othaya 55. Gibson
21. Solomon Kamau 56. Paul Munene Mugo
22. Joseph Nungo Nyeri 57. Njiru Njeru
23. Mary Gikunju 58. Gibson Kinyua
24. Solomon Kamau 59. Hellen Machere Gichage
25. Agnes Muthoni Gaki 60. Sophia Njogu Gichugu
26. Christopher Abucheri Kieni East 61. Muriuki Muthike Gichugu
27. Michael Wachira Mwangi 62. Mercy Nyawira Maina Mwea East
28. Joseph Nungo 63. Ephantus Mwaniki Thuo Gichugu
29. Austin Ngaragari Mathira 64. Lawrence Kiama Mutemi
30. Brian Wamanga 65. John Kangangi
31. Crispus Gathiako 66. Patrick Gichangi Wamwea Kirinyaga Central
32. Joseph Muriuki Mukurwe-Ini 67. Charles Munene Kirinyaga Central
33. Rev. Solomon Kamau 68. Lucy Kibera Pwd Community
34. Jackline Tetu
35. Lucy Mwati Mukurwe-Ini Muranga County
36. Margaret Mathenge 69. Maina Yvonne Maragwa

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 148
70. Sheikh Boud Fakih 136. Virginia Wanjiru Kirega Kinoo
71. Grace Kuria Gatanga 137. Margaret Njeri
72. James Waituika Kahuro 138. Susan Wairimu Gitungo
73. Thomas Mwangi Nganga Maragua 139. Jane Nyambura Ruiri
74. HR Karanja 140. George Mbugua Karanja
75. Shuar Kariamburi 141. Charity Wanjiku Chege
76. Eng. Fredrick P Munchers 142. Paul Mbugua Kautu
77. Veronica Muthoni Kangema 143. Rev Simon Machungo Elim Victory Church
78. Margaret Gachoka 144. Herman Mbugua Kairu Kiambu
79. Samuel Mutiso Mutisya 145. Michael Kimani Charagu
80. Bishop Njuguna Maragwa 146. Lawrence Muhoho
81. Lawrence Kamau Mutoota 147. Joseph Ngugi Njuguna
82. Nahashon Gichohi Mathioya 148. Simon Peter Karanja
83. Fredrick Kimaru 149. NJ Wangai Kiambu
84. H.R Karanja 150. Kenneth Kaburu Kimani Uthiru Kabete
85. David Kihara 151. George Muchai Limuru
86. Samuel Mutiso Mutisya 152. Pastor Ann Gathecha Gatundu South
87. Samul Kabuti Goko 153. Monica Thiongo Gatundu South
88. Grace Kuria Gatanga 154. Lydia N Kamau
89. Robert K Kihiko
90. Esther Njoki Karanja Turkana County
91. Samuel Mutiso Mutisya 155. John Zapur
92. Samul Kabuti Goko 156. Ann Kapongi
93. Grace Kuria Gatanga 157. Ali Lobuin Lobeker
94. Julius Gikonyo Karagu 158. John Lapur
95. John Miano Mwangi 159. Ezra Adome
96. Sospeter Macharia Ngaruma 160. Julius Chemweno
97. Mary Mwai-Maendeleo Ya Wanawake Muranga Chair
98. David Kihara West Pokot County
99. Esther Njoki Karanja(Pastor) 161. Agnes Chepkori
100. Raphael Muranga East 162. Patrick Limakov Pokot South
163. Patrick Limakov South Pokot
Kiambu County 164. Dickson K Rotich
101. Robert Muchuru Kuria Kiambaa 165. Mary Mariach West Pokot
102. James Njuguna Nachu Ward 166. Solomon Komoli
103. Kenneth Kaburu Kimani Uthiru Kabete 167. Rose Pkukat
104. John Njenga Githunguri 168. Joseph Mapakuu
105. Pauline Limuru 169. Evelyne Kassenya
106. Leornard Ngigi 170. Elder Tapachi
107. Margaret Muthoni 171. Mastait Lokiles
108. Angela Waitherero 172. Autok Lomeriunguria Peter
109. Ann Nduta Kiambaa 173. Patrick Limakon Pokot South
110. Mariam Wanjiru Thika East 174. Emanuel Lasiangole Pokot
111. Charity Wanjiku Chege 175. Chebet Niphian Kacheliba
112. Francis Karuga Thika East 176. Patrick Limakon Pokot South
113. Peter Mbugua 177. Kalia Thomas Pokot Central
114. Martin Kinyanjui Kirigiti 178. Michael Mbai Mwenze
115. Susan Wairimu Gitungo 179. Joseph Tomitom
116. Paul Ndirangu Gitahi Juja 180. Wilson Kamakil
117. Samuel Muchiri Kiguru
118. Mary Muthoni Kiambaa Trans – Nzoia
119. JM Kibaki Kiambu 181. Lilian Nabangi
120. Thomas G Njeru Thika 182. Sammy Naibei Chemney
121. Boaz Peter Mwangi 183. John Mangoli Wekesa
122. George Karuga Ruiru 184. Andrew J Mabeya Hsc
123. Whittington Gikonyo Ruiru 185. Tom Wanambisi
124. Ernest Karanja Kiambaa 186. Wycliff Ongola
125. Maria Mbula Wambua 187. Alfred Osukuku Kiminini
126. Ann Kariuki Ruiru 188. Susan Naliaka Walumoli
127. John Gatini 189. Paul Lasike
128. Robert Muchuru Kuria Kiambaa 190. Michael Khaemba Endebess
129. David Kinyanjui Kiambaa 191. Wycliff Ongola
130. Daniel Gachiriro Wairimu 192. Roselyne N Mandela
131. Cecilia Watiri 193. Rev. Nathan Chesang
132. Mary Njeri Wamaitha 194. Bonface Wafula
133. Mercy Mumbi Uthiru Kabete 195. Mary Khalayi Wakhungu
134. Angelina Waitherero 196. Nicholas Muteti
135. Haron Mburu Ruiru 197. Shaban Sakwa
Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 149
198. Lucas K Samoei Kwanza 264. Jackson Ainabkoi
199. Marceline Wanjama
200. Wilfred Nyongesa Wamatuba Bungoma County
201. Elias Biwott Cherangani 265. Rev Francis W Walusaka
202. Pst Ferdinard W Wanyisia SabotI 266. Maurinus Kabissa
203. Francis O Nyoloc 267. Vincent Nyongesa Kabuchai
204. Edward Kundu Tobess 268. Evelyne N Mwoko
205. Jane Kihiko Saboti 269. N Githongo
206. Dennis Chemongos Ndiwa Cherangany 270. Julius Mboga Cheptoo
207. Pst Joseph Ochano Kitale Town 271. Omar Makongolo
208. Samson Wanyonyi 272. Wycliff Wanyonyi Webuye West
209. John Wekesa Mangoli 273. Mary Esikhunyi
210. Wilfred Nyongesa Wamatuba 274. Esther Kituyi
211. Canon Wycliffe Okutoyi Satia 275. Samuel Ngali
212. Nixon Khisa Kwanza 276. John Nganga
213. Grace Esiabia 277. Mausinus Kabbissa
214. Alfred Osukuku 278. Vincent Nyongesa Kabuchai
215. George Mukhwana 279. Mildred Wekesa
216. Paul Losike 280. Harun Indachi Daniel Tongaren
217. Eugene Wafula Kiminini 281. John Wanambisi
218. Tom Wanambisi 282. Lubwa David
219. Alfred Osukuku 283. Fredrick Kiliswa
220. Andrew Mabeya Hsc 284. Julius Mboga Cheptoo Sirisia
221. Lucas Samoei 285. Francis L Makhanu
222. Geoffrey Naibe 286. Pius Wangila Mabuku
223. Lucy Amakove Masheti 287. Janice Simiyu
224. John Wekesa Mangoli 288. John Martin Muuchi Sc
225. Wyclif Juma Kwanza 289. Maurinus Kabbisa
226. Tom Wanambisi 290. Maurice Ombichi Sirisia
227. Lucas Samoei Kwanza 291. Nurah
228. Andrew Mabeya 292. Hawa Mohamed Ojow
229. George Kamau Kimani 293. Chemonges Stephen
230. Edward Wafula Kiminini 294. Jane Mamai
231. Isaac N Muceru 295. Ruth Wanjala Wamocha
232. John Wekesa Mangoli 296. Francis L Makhanu
233. Kangethe 297. John Nganga
234. Mary Wakhungu 298. Evelyne N Mwoko
235. Tom Wanambisi 299. Mr. Robert Chemwotei
236. New J Mabeya Hsc 300. Margaret Kilmeke
237. Rev. Solomon Kamau 301. Christopher Bulili
238. Edward Wafula Kiminini 302. Mildred Wekesa
239. Josphat Wesonga 303. Symprose Auma
240. Lucas Samoei Kwanza 304. Job Arnold Chepkwesi Kanduyi
241. Tom Wanambisi 305. Francis L Makhanu Eacc Monitor
242. Grace Esiabia 306. Paul Makokha Khaemba Tonganen
243. Bishop Wilfred Nyongesa Wamatuba 307. Sammy M Kakokha
244. Elias Biwott 308. Hellen Webuye West
245. Paul Losike 309. Erastus Nyanga
246. Andrew Mabeya 310. Mary Esikhonyi
247. Tom Wanambisi 311. Martin Wanyonge
248. Jane Mamai 312. John Wekesa Khaoya
249. Wafula Chris Kabuchai 313. Tonny Wayne Wangila
250. Christopher Masika 314. Rebecca Simiyu
251. James Otieno 315. Gilbert Simiyu Webuye West
252. Emanuel W Eucho /' 316. Fred Kiprop Naibei Mt Elgon
253. Christopher Masiko 317. John Makhooli
318. John Nganga Tongaren
Uasin Gishu County 319. Edward Chemwanda
254. Joseph Dolly 320. Irene Wenani
255. Joseph Dola 321. John Wanambisi
256. Bernard Kiplagat Chepseba 322. Soita Wasike
257. Julius Chemweno 323. Gladys Tendet
258. Jackson Ainabkoi 324. Wilfred Kisuya
259. Joseph Dolly 325. Julius Mboga Cheptot Sirisia
260. Jd 326. Joseph Juma Nyongesa
261. Joseph Dola 327. Mr. John Nganga
262. Bernard Kiplagat Chepseba 328. Vincent Jumbe
263. Julius Chemweno 329. Alice Kunyu Bungoma West

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 150
330. Fredrick Kiliswa 394. Maria Okongo Ugunja
331. Makokha Chrisandos 395. Lumumba Nelly Achieng Rarieda
332. Francis L Makhanu 396. Dismas Onyango Othoth Ugenya
333. Edward Chemwarar 397. Moses Owino Oginga
334. Job Arnold Chepkwesi Kanduyi 398. Amol
335. Maurice Wanjala Wanyonyi 399. Antony Oyugi Ugunja
336. Rehema N Samuel 400. Paul Amina- Advisors Without Borders
337. Evelyne Khayiya 401. William Edmunds Ohonde Ugenya
338. Christopher Khaemba 402. Paul M Nyambala Ugunja
339. John Wekesa Khaoya 403. Hilary Ombima Gem
340. Julius Mboga Cheptoo Sirisia 404. Paul Owiti Njiri
341. Martin Manyonge 405. Rose Waringa
342. Margaret Kilmeke 406. Moses Agogo
343. Maurice Wekesa 407. Stephen Odek
344. Kevin Wabwide 408. Charles Oloo
345. Rev Antonina Apondi Munialo 409. Consolata Adongo Ugunja
346. Violet Mauka 410. Owino Rosemarie Ugenya
347. Kiionga Peace Coordinator 411. Joyce Amolo
348. Tonny Wayne Wangila 412. Pauline Precious Odongo Rarieda Sc
349. Alice Namanda Manyasa 413. Samuel Ohon Wanyanga Former Councilor – Siaya
350. Agnes Ekidapa 414. Susan Owino Boro
351. Musda Master Webuye West
352. Lubwa David Tongaren Kericho County
353. Ruth Wanjalla 415. Edwin Kimeto
354. Alice Sifuma – Webuye 416. Sarah Turgut
355. Maurinus Kabbissa 417. Vincent Kirui
356. Purity Were 418. Rebecca Malel
357. John Wanambisi 419. Patricia
358. Masuti Chemeswet 420. Samuel Koske
359. Vincent Jumba 421. Julius Tonui
360. CPA John Mukoli 422. Teresa Nyanchama
361. Edward Chemwachar 423. Matayo Soko Huru
362. Violet Mauka Kabuchai 424. Koech
363. Fredrick Kiliswa 425. Nancy Ruto
364. Maurine Wambani 426. Paul K Bii
365. Charles Wamalwa 427. Edwin Kimeto
366. Christopher Karatasi Nyamu 428. Joseph Biegon
367. Ben Ndalila 429. Edwin Kimeto
368. Kinuthia Mbatia Pwd Kimilili 430. Hilary Kibet
369. Hon Francis Mesai 431. Kiprotich Rono
370. Moses Juma Tongaren 432. Francis Chepkwony Kipkelion
371. Nicodemus Munjaru Lumbwan 433. Rebecca Malel
372. Mildred Wekesa Kanduyi 434. Francis Maina Mugo
373. Job Arnold Chepkwesi Kanduyi 435. Emily Rotich
374. Hawa Mohamed Ojow 436. Lazarus Koech Belgut
375. Anonymous 437. John Langat
376. Wycliff Wanyonyi Webuye West 438. Erastus Metet
377. Pwd Anonymous Bungoma 439. John Cherono
378. Francis L Makhanu 440. Vincent Kiptuiya
379. Bishop Dr. Francis Khaoya 441. Zakayoo Kimelo Kogo
380. Chemonges Stephen 442. Simon Koech
381. Bride Namasaka Wanjala 443. Lornah Chepkirus
382. Laban Khaemba Mutahi 444. Noah K Kikwa
383. Violet Mauka 445. Joseph K Maiywa
384. Mildred Wekesa 446. Betty Koech
447. Kipkelion Rono
Tharaka Nithi County 448. Charles Kiprop
385. Mwiti Mugumo Chuka 449. Joshua K Tonui
450. Emily Rotich
Siaya County 451. Zakayo K Kogo
386. Jessica Adhiambo Oluoch South Gem 452. Julius Langat
387. Moses Agogo 453. Loise Ngeny
388. Eng. Okwero Alego-Usonga 454. Paul Ogongo Simbiri
389. Eng. Okwero Alego-Usonga 455. Paulo Bore
390. Dunstane Onyango Mohol East Ugenya 456. Edwin Kimete
391. Ouma Jamba 457. Kimalel Chumo
392. Susan Owino Bondo 458. Samuel Koske
393. Richard Okoth Otieno Siaya 459. Simon Maritim

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 151
460. John Cheruiyot 526. Arch. Charles A Ogeto
461. Emily Rotich 527. Mostafa Kassim Sadik
462. Donald Bett 528. Raphael Owaka
463. John Langat Ainamoi 529. Hammerton Mbogo
464. Benjamin Koech
465. Richard Kitur Homabay County
466. Vincent Bii 530. John Nguka Nyamuti
467. David Rotich 531. Daniel Obillo
468. Stanely Tonni (Deaf) 532. Margaret Odhiambo
469. Gilbert Kirui 533. Joshua Moth Aroko
470. Joseph Chepkwony 534. Dorcas Odada
471. Lornah Chepkirui Munai 535. Pamela Otieno
472. Janet Chebei Korir 536. Ruth Oyugi
473. Alhaji Abdullahi Kiptanui 537. Bernard Juma Abayo
474. Tom Kibet Belgut 538. Joshua Kamaria
475. Edwin Kimet 539. Peter Ogalla Miruka
476. Bishop Ernest Ngeno 540. Charles Odumba
477. Prof. Samuel Sinai 541. Joseph Okanga
478. John Langat 542. Jactone Maurice Sewe
479. Daniel Sande 543. Alloys Nyabola
480. Dr Wilson Soy 544. Peter Maviri
481. Prof. Samuel Sina 545. Joseph Okanga
482. Samwel Koske 546. Joshua Moth Aroko
483. Kones Kosgei 547. Phoebe Okoth
484. Francis Chepkwony Kipkelion West 548. Jactone Maurice Sewe
485. Murei Erick 549. Arum Mary
486. Bishop Paul Leleito 550. Humphrey Amire Ochieng
487. Nancy Ruto 551. Elizaphan Ager Virowo
488. Simeon Lotulya Tingaa 552. Johnson Odero
489. Langat Julius / Pwd 553. Nereah Oloo
490. David Socrates Sang 554. Isdory Odira Omollo
491. David Socrates Sang 555. Charles Odhiambo
492. Samuel Koske 556. Johnson Odero
493. Kibet Cheruiyot Belgut 557. Jorum Owuor
494. Koech 558. Joshua Aroko
495. Joel K Keter 559. Debra Achieng Ogollah
496. Rono Evans Bureti 560. Grace Aloo
497. Daniel Sande 561. Margaret Odhiambo
498. Esther Keino 562. Joseph Okanya
499. Eric Kotonya
Migori County
Kisumu County 563. Boniface Muita Mogeso
500. Lawrence Nicha 564. Bishop Dr. Esau Jobando
501. Anonymous 565. Cecilia Akoth
502. Eric Ogello 566. Jackson Marwa Chacha
503. Tabitha A Odinga 567. Sospeter Uyala
504. Milanya Jackline
505. John Onyango Kisii County
506. Obungu Sospeter Owich 568. Grace Magero
507. Nathaniel Oguna 569. Aloyce Momanyi
508. John O Agare 570. D Mesa Omache
509. George Owino Muhoroni 571. Onyari Jason
510. Vincent Seda Ogendo 572. Joseph Mokua Nyakweba
511. Owiti 573. Jared Motieri
512. Vitas Okuto Oliech 574. D Mesa Omache
513. Oburegu Wyclif 575. Mary Mainye
514. Nehemiah H Okello 576. Jane Bochare Magero
515. Moses Owili Atoma Kisumu City 577. Jane Nyambane
516. Ismael Mahmoud Kola 578. Makori Joshua Orina
517. Benter Akinyi Oloo 579. David Mesa Omache
518. Eric Ndege Kisumu City 580. John Marita Bisera
519. Lucas O Mbogo 581. Linet Njaeti Mongare
520. Caren Wambui Omanga Nyando 582. Simon K Orina
521. Mustafa Kassim Sadik 583. Jason Onyari
522. Bill Samson Otieno Nyakach 584. Bernard Nyakundi
523. Agnes Akech Nyagol Kolwa Central Ward 585. Redemptor Ngorwe
524. Festus Kasuku Achilla 586. Japheth Ombaba Kenyuri
525. Charles Odongo 587. Moraa
Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 152
588. Daniel Nyairo Nyandiko 654. Wycliff Nyagaka Raini
589. Paul Nyatogo 655. Boniface Mbuki
590. Joseph Gori 656. Zaituni Hassan
591. Jeremiah Masea 657. Darian Ndezwa
592. Frank Mokaya 658. Eric Mwangi
593. Barongo Josephine Okero 659. Joshua Musila Kivonge
594. Nelson Ondako 660. John Kingori Gaturu
595. Frank Mokaya 661. George Hamisi
596. Patrick Otiso 662. Anne Wambui Kareki
597. Nyarinda N Moikobu 663. Rehema Langata
598. Daniel Nyairo Nyandiko 664. Salome Wangari Ndichu
599. Benson Onyancha 665. Urbunus Gichuhi Wamwea
600. Francis Ojano 666. Collince Onyango Opiyo
601. Richard Mesa Nyamunyamu 667. Aisha Embakasi North
602. Shem Ayiera 668. Edward Karanja Dagoretti South
603. Richard Mesa Nyamunyamu 669. Lameck Osieko
604. Isaiah Miregwa Ndubi 670. Scholastica Embakasi North
605. John Mogere 671. Sospeter Aliguta Dagoretti
672. Sammy Mbugua Wagai
Nairobi County 673. David Mwangi Muchangi
606. Joseph Makadias Dagorreti 674. Hon Andrew Macharia
607. Anonymous 675. Nicholas Makau
608. Evanson Kuria 676. Stella Kongani Kasarani
609. Fraciah Gature 677. Michael Mwangi
610. Wangui Simon Maina 678. Grace Aloo Ruaraka
611. Anwany Omemo Mukanguta 679. Christopher Oguto
612. Joshua M Kirowaa 680. Pst Joseph Musyoka
613. Wycliff Rani Nyagoka 681. Geoffrey Ochieng Oyoo
614. John Thuo Kabutha 682. Marion Njenga
615. Amos Kimani 683. George Njoroge Dagoretti South
616. Samuel Karani Dagoretti South 684. Theresa Thuo Kamkunji
617. Aisha Embakasi North 685. David Muchai
618. Sylvester K.M 686. James Kamau
619. Felix Gande 687. Amos Kimeni
620. Charity Kamau Embakasi West 688. John Njuguna Karura
621. Yassin Hassan 689. Juma Salim Juma
622. Wambui Kimani 690. George Ocholla
623. Muthoni Chege 691. Charles Oloo Dagoretti N
624. Joseph Makadias 692. Joseph Kaloki
625. Jennifer Nafula 693. Silvester K M
626. Evelyne Mudenyo Viwandani 694. Yusuf Owish
627. Fredrick Gathara Roysambu 695. Richard Tairo
628. Ngamunga Chege Roysambu 696. Francis Kahiga
629. Bramwel Njurure 697. Dominic Ndungu ,
630. Calvince Swa 698. Julius Mbuthia Kibera
631. Paul K Muteti Kibra 699. Violet /Embakasi Central
632. Rev. Simiyu Kasarani 700. James Ndiba
633. Gabriel Musau 701. John Thuo Kabuthia
634. Nancy Wangari 702. James Salim Juma
635. Sylvester Km 703. Zaituni A Hassan
636. Hussein Tuddi Mathare 704. Christopher Murigi Ndungu
637. Margaret Muthoni 705. Phares Maina
638. Pst. Benson Kamau 706. Cathrine Ringera
639. Fraliah Gature R uaraka 707. Fredrick Gathara
640. Marion Njenga 708. Mudenyo Evelyne
641. Antony Njenga 709. Hadija Kipoin
642. Giso Hirbo 710. Ibrahin Jaldesa
643. Dan Illa Mathare 711. Betty Hamud
644. Joseph Makadias Dagoretti 712. Dismus Osindi
645. Martin Nderitu 713. J.O Wamswa
646. Rahab Njeri 714. Anwar Oweno Mukangala
647. Gilbert Shimon 715. Wycliff Nyagaka Raini
648. Lydia Wangechi 716. Sheikh Shaban
649. Christopher Ngugi Njuguna 717. Muthoni Chege
650. Christopher Murigi Ndungu 718. Grace Makena
651. Samson Otieno 719. Ephraim Kanake Starehe
652. Grace Wambui Karanja Dagoretti South 720. Joseph Kaloki
653. Mathenge Munene 721. Ephraim Kanake Starehe

Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 153
722. Kimani Zipporah Embakasi West 739. Rev Simiyu
723. Caroline W 740. Raymond Kipchumba
724. Muthoni Chege 741. Pastor Reuben Kamau Njenga
725. Joyce Lugonzo 742. Thomas Isoka Chebai Ruaraka
726. Norine Atieno Westlands 743. Simon Maina
727. George Hamisi 744. Charles Oloo Dagoretti North
728. Ngaruiya Chege Roysambu 745. Joram Shiloso
729. Bonface Mbuki 746. Elizabeth Akoth Beatrice
730. John Thuo Kabutha 747. Antony Njenga
731. Juma Salim Juma 748. George Ochola MCA -Mathare
732. Jeff Kinuthia Dagoretti South 749. Raymond Kipchumba
733. Mr. Gicheru Westlands 750. Benson Kamau Njenga
734. Community Volunteer 751. Muthoni Chege- Mathare Const
735. Sam Odhiambo Komarock Ward 752. Joseph Mbugua
736. Wycliff Nyagaka Raini Embakasi East 753. Mwangi Wachira
737. Wambui Kimani 754. Ayub Omondi
738. Joseph Dagoretti North 755. Catherine Ringera

END

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Building Bridges to a United Kenya: from a naion of blood ies to a naion or ideals 155