Thermodynamics Review

1. According to Reference Table I, the dissolving of NH 8. In the potential energy diagram below, which letter
4Cl(s) in water is represents the potential energy of the activated complex?
1) exothermic and the heat of reaction is negative
2) exothermic and the heat of reaction is positive
3) endothermic and the heat of reaction is negative
4) endothermic and the heat of reaction is positive

2. Changes in activation energy during a chemical reaction are

represented by a
1) cooling curve
2) heating curve
3) ionization energy diagram
4) potential energy diagram

3. In a rechargeable battery system, the discharging reaction is

1) exothermic and the charging reaction is exothermic
2) exothermic and the charging reaction is endothermic 1) A 3) C
3) endothermic and the charging reaction is exothermic 2) B 4) D
4) endothermic and the charging reaction is endothermic
9.
4. Which statement best describes a chemical reaction in
which energy is released?
1) It is exothermic and has a negative (H.
2) It is exothermic and has a positive (H.
3) It is endothermic and has a negative (H.
4) It is endothermic and has a positive (H.

5. Which graph represents an endothermic reaction?

1) 3) According to the potential energy diagram shown above,
the chemical reaction in the forward direction is
1) exothermic because it absorbs energy
2) exothermic because it releases energy
3) endothermic because it absorbs energy
4) endothermic because it releases energy

10. According to Table I, which compound has a higher

2) 4) potential energy than the elements from which it is formed?
1) aluminum oxide (s)
2) hydrogen oxide (…)
3) carbon dioxide (g)
4) nitrogen (II)
oxide (g)

11. According to Table I, which salt releases energy as it

dissolves?
6. Which change is exothermic? 1) KNO3 3) NH4NO3
1) freezing of water 3) vaporization of ethanol 2) LiBr 4) NaCl
2) melting of iron 4) sublimation of iodine
12. The difference between the potential energy of the reactants
7. Which of the following best describes exothermic chemical and the potential energy of the products is
reactions? 1) ΔG 3) ΔS
1) They never release heat. 2) ΔH 4) ΔT
2) They always release heat.
3) They never occur spontaneously. 13. Which phase change represents a decrease in entropy?
4) They always occur spontaneously. 1) solid to liquid 3) liquid to gas
2) gas to liquid 4) solid to gas
 Thermodynamics Review
14. Salt A and salt B were each dissolved in separate beakers of
water at 21°C. The temperature of the salt A solution
decreased, and the temperature of the salt B solution
increased.

Based on these results, which conclusion is correct?

1) The water gained energy from both salt A and salt B.
2) The water lost energy to both salt A and salt B.
3) The water gained energy from salt A and lost energy to
salt B.
4) The water lost energy to salt A and gained energy from
salt B.

15. The potential energy diagram below represents a reaction.

Which arrow represents the activation energy of the

forward reaction?
1) A 3) C
2) B 4) D

16. The potential energy diagram below shows the reaction

X + Y → Z.

When a catalyst is added to the reaction, it will change the

value of
1) 1 and 2 3) 2 and 3
2) 1 and 3 4) 3 and 4

17. According to Table I, the least amount of energy would be

evolved by the formation of one mole of
1) H2O (g) 3) CO2 (g)
2) SO2 (g) 4) CO (g)
 Thermodynamics Review
18. A potential energy diagram is shown below.

Which letters represent the activation energy of the forward and reverse reactions, respectively?
1) A and C 2) A and D 3) B and C 4) B and D

19. Base your answers on the potential energy diagram below. 22. The reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water is best
described as
1) exothermic, because energy is released
2) endothermic, because energy is released
3) exothermic, because energy is absorbed
4) endothermic, because energy is absorbed

23. Given the reaction:

H2O(…) + 286 kJ ↔ H2(g) + ¡O2(g)

Which statement describes the reverse reaction?

1) It is endothermic and releases 286 kJ.
2) It is endothermic and absorbs 286 kJ.
The potential energy of the activated complex is equal to 3) It is exothermic and releases 286 kJ.
the sum of 4) It is exothermic and absorbs 286 kJ.
1) X + Y 3) X + Y + W
24. In a chemical reaction, the difference between the potential
2) X + W 4) X + W + Z
energy of the products and the potential energy of the
reactants is called
20. The reaction
1) activation energy 3) activated complex
A(g) + B(g) → C(g) + D(g) + 30 kJ 2) kinetic energy 4) heat of reaction

has a forward activation energy of 20 kJ. What is the 25. Which balanced equation represents an endothermic
activation energy for the reverse reaction? reaction?
1) 10 kJ 3) 30 kJ 1) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
2) 20 kJ 4) 50 kJ 2) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(…)
3) N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
21. According to Reference Table I, which compound released 4) N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g)
the greatest amount of energy per mole when it is formed
from its elements? 26. According to Reference Table I, the decomposition of
1) hydrogen iodide 3) ethyne which compound is exothermic?
2) carbon dioxide 4) ethene 1) ethane 3) carbon dioxide
2) nitrogen (II) oxide 4) ammonia
 Thermodynamics Review
27. Given the potential energy diagram: 32. Given the potential energy diagram of a chemical reaction:

With reference to energy, the reaction A + B → AB can best

be described as
1) endothermic, having a +ΔH Which arrow represents the potential energy of the
2) endothermic, having a –ΔH reactants?
3) exothermic, having a +ΔH 1) A 3) C
4) exothermic, having a –ΔH
2) B 4) D
28. Given the reaction:
33. Given the potential energy diagram for a reaction:
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(…) + 571.6 kJ

What is the approximate (H for the formation of 1 mole of

H2O(…)?
1) –285.8 kJ 3) –571.6 kJ
2) +285.8 kJ 4) +571.6 kJ

29. Given the balanced equation:

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 1640 kJ

Which phrase best describes this reaction?

1) endothermic with (H = +1640 kJ
2) endothermic with (H = –1640 kJ
3) exothermic with (H = +1640 kJ
4) exothermic with (H = –1640 kJ Which interval on this diagram represents the difference
between the potential energy of the products and the
30. A thermometer is in a beaker of water. Which statement potential energy of the reactants?
best explains why the thermometer reading initially 1) 1 3) 3
increases when LiBr(s) is dissolved in the water? 2) 2 4) 4
1) The entropy of the LiBr(aq) is greater than the entropy
of the water. 34. The heat of reaction (ΔH) is equal to the
2) The entropy of the LiBr(aq) is less than the entropy of 1) heat content of the products minus the heat content of
the water. the reactants
3) The dissolving of the LiBr(s) in water is an 2) heat content of the reactants minus the heat content of
endothermic process. the products
4) The dissolving of the LiBr(s) in water is an exothermic 3) entropy of the products minus the entropy of the
process. reactants
4) entropy of the reactants minus the entropy of the
31. According to Reference Table I, what happens when two products
moles of gaseous ethane are formed from its elements?
1) 42 kJ are absorbed 3) 84 kJ are absorbed 35. According to Reference Table I, which compound forms
2) 42 kJ are released 4) 84 kJ are released exothermically?
1) ethane 3) ethyne
2) ethene 4) hydrogen iodide
 Thermodynamics Review
36. Which diagram represents the potential energy of an 40. Base your answer to the following question on the reaction
exothermic reaction? coordinate shown below:
1) 3)

2) 4)

37. Given the potential energy diagram for a chemical reaction: Which interval represents the activation energy of the
forward reaction?
1) A 3) C
2) B 4) D

41. According to Reference Table I, when 1.0 mole of ethene is

formed from its elements, 52.4 kiloJoules is
1) stored as potential energy
2) given off as potential energy
3) stored as kinetic energy
4) given off as kinetic energy

42. In a potential energy diagram, the difference between the

potential energy of the products and the potential energy of
the reaction is equal to the
1) heat of reaction
2) entropy of the reaction
3) activation energy of the forward reaction
4) activation energy of the reverse reaction

43. Based on Reference Table I, which reaction is endothermic?

Which statement correctly describes the energy changes 1) NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
that occur in the forward reaction? 2) NH4Cl(s) → NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
1) The activation energy is 10. kJ and the reaction is 3) CO(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
endothermic. 4) CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(…)
2) The activation energy is 10. kJ and the reaction is
exothermic. 44. Which expression represents the (H for a chemical reaction
3) The activation energy is 50. kJ and the reaction is in terms of the potential energy, PE, of its products and
endothermic. reactants?
4) The activation energy is 50. kJ and the reaction is 1) PE of products + PE of reactants
exothermic.
2) PE of products – PE of reactants
38. According to Reference Table I, which reaction has a ΔH 3) PE of products × PE of reactants
equal to –283 kJ/mole at 25ºC and 1 atmosphere? 4) PE of products ^ PE of reactants
1) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
45. Which reaction will occur spontaneously? [Refer to
2) CO(g) + ¡ O2(g) → CO2(g) Reference Table U.]
3) ¡ N2 + ¦ O2 →NH3(g) 1) ¡ N2(g) + ¡ O2(g) → NO(g)
4) 2 C + 3 H2 → C2H6 2) ¡ N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g)
3) 2 C(s) + 3 H2(g) → C2H6(g)
39. Which 1-mole sample has the least entropy?
4) 2 C(s) + 2 H2(g) → C2H4(g)
1) Br2(s) at 266 K 3) Br2(…) at 332 K
2) Br2(…) at 266 K 4) Br2(g) at 332 K
 Thermodynamics Review
46. A potential energy diagram of a chemical reaction is shown 52. Systems in nature tend to undergo changes toward
below. 1) lower energy and lower entropy
2) lower energy and higher entropy
3) higher energy and lower entropy
4) higher energy and higher entropy

53. Which reaction results in an increase in the entropy of the

system?
1) H2O(g) → H2O(…)
2) H2O(…) → H2O(s)
3) 2 H2O(…) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
4) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(…)

54. The free energy change, ΔG, must be negative when

What is the difference between the potential energy of the
1) ΔH is positive and ΔS is positive
reactants and the potential energy of the products?
2) ΔH is positive and ΔS is negative
1) 20. kcal 3) 60. kcal
3) ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive
2) 40. kcal 4) 80. kcal 4) ΔH is negative and ΔS is negative
47. For the reaction 55. Which reaction results in an increase in entropy?
A + B → C + heat, 1) CO2(g) → CO2(s)
2) H2O(…) → H2O(s)
the potential energy of the products, compared to the 3) Ca(s) + 2 H2O(…) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
potential energy of the reactants, is 4) NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO
1) less and the reaction is exothermic 3(aq)
2) less and the reaction is endothermic
3) greater and the reaction is exothermic 56. An endothermic reaction might proceed spontaneously if
4) greater and the reaction is endothermic there is an increase in
1) potential energy 3) entropy
48. Given the reaction: 2) order 4) concentration

A + B ↔ C + D + heat 57. According to Reference Table U, which compound forms

spontaneously from its elements?
Which statement best describes this reaction? 1) C2H4 3) NO2
1) The forward reaction is exothermic, and the reverse 2) C2H2 4) CO2
reaction is always exothermic.
2) The forward reaction is exothermic, and the reverse 58. What occurs when a sample of CO2(s) changes to
reaction is always endothermic. CO2(g)?
3) The forward reaction is exothermic, and the reverse 1) The gas has greater entropy and less order.
reaction can be either exothermic or endothermic.
2) The gas has greater entropy and more order.
4) The forward reaction is endothermic, and the reverse
3) The gas has less entropy and less order.
reaction can be either endothermic or exothermic.
4) The gas has less entropy and more order.
49. Based on Reference Table U, which of the following
59. According to Reference Table U, which compound will
compounds is the most stable?
form spontaneously from its elements?
1) NaCl 3) SO2
1) ethene 3) nitrogen (II) oxide
2) CO2 4) KCl
2) hydrogen iodide 4) magnesium oxide
50. Which equation correctly represents the free energy change
60. Based on Reference Table U, which compound forms
in a chemical reaction?
spontaneously from its elements?
1) ΔG = ΔH + TΔS 3) ΔG = ΔT – Δ HΔS
1) nitrogen (IV) oxide 3) water
2) ΔG = ΔH – TΔS 4) ΔG = ΔS – TΔH
2) nitrogen (II) oxide 4) ethyne
51. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure,
61. What is the free energy change for a system at equilibrium?
which sample contains particles having the lowest entropy?
1) one 3) zero
1) CO2(g) 3) CO2(s)
2) greater than one 4) less than zero
2) CO2(…) 4) CO2(aq)
 Thermodynamics Review
62. Based on Reference Table U, which of the following 70. Given the reaction:
compounds is least stable?
1) C2H6(g) 3) SO2(g) A(g) + B(g) → AB(g)
2) HF(g) 4) CO2(g)
with ΔHƒº = –10 kilocalories per mole and ΔGƒº = +2
kilocalories per mole. This reaction is
63. Which list of the phases of H2O is arranged in order of
increasing entropy? 1) exothermic and will occur spontaneously
1) ice, steam, and liquid water 2) exothermic and will not occur spontaneously
2) ice, liquid water, and steam 3) endothermic and will occur spontaneously
3) steam, liquid water, and ice 4) endothermic and will not occur spontaneously
4) steam, ice, and liquid water
71. Which of these changes produces the greatest increase in
entropy?
64. According to Reference Table U, ICl(g) is
formed from its elements in a reaction that is 1) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
1) exothermic and spontaneous 2) 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO(s)
2) exothermic and not spontaneous 3) H2O(g) → H2O(…)
3) endothermic and spontaneous 4) CO2(g) → CO2(s)
4) endothermic and not spontaneous
72. Given the equilibrium system:
65. According to Reference Table U, which substance will
form spontaneously from its elements in their standard H2O(…) + heat ↔ H2O(g)
states at 1 atmosphere and 298 K?
1) ethene 3) hydrogen iodide Which will occur if the temperature of the system is
increased?
2) ethyne 4) hydrogen fluoride
1) The average kinetic energy of the system will decrease.
66. As the randomness of a system increases, the entropy of the 2) The entropy of the system will increase.
system 3) The number of moles of H2O(g) will decrease.
1) decreases 3) remains the same 4) The number of moles of H2O(…) will increase.
2) increases
73. Based on Reference Table U, which compound will form
spontaneously from its elements?
67. During which phase change does 1 mole of carbon dioxide
increase in entropy? 1) carbon dioxide (g) 3) ethene (g)
1) CO2(g) → CO2(…) 3) CO2(g) → CO2(s) 2) nitrogen (II) oxide (g) 4) ethyne (g)
2) CO2(…) → CO2(g) 4) CO2(…) → CO2(s) 74. Above 0ºC, ice changes spontaneously to water according
to the following equation:
68. A reaction will be spontaneous if it results in products that
have H2O(s) + heat → H2O(…).
1) lower potential energy and less randomness
2) lower potential energy and more randomness The changes in H2O(s) involve
3) greater potential energy and less randomness 1) an absorption of heat and a decrease in entropy
4) greater potential energy and more randomness 2) a release of heat and a decrease in entropy
3) an absorption of heat and an increase in entropy
69. When a reaction is exothermic and the products have more
4) a release of heat and an increase in entropy
entropy than the reactants, the reaction is
1) spontaneous, with a negative ΔG 75. Based on Reference Table U, which compound forms
2) spontaneous, with a positive ΔG spontaneously under standard conditions?
3) non-spontaneous, with a negative ΔG 1) NaCl 3) C2H4
4) non-spontaneous, with a positive ΔG 2) HI 4) NO2
Thermodynamics Review

Reference Tables
Thermodynamics Review

Reference Tables
Thermodynamics Review

Reference Tables
 Thermodynamics Review
Answer Key
[New Exam]

1. 4 31. 3

2. 4 32. 2

3. 2 33. 4

4. 1 34. 1

5. 3 35. 1

6. 1 36. 4

7. 2 37. 2

8. 2 38. 2

9. 3 39. 1

10. 4 40. 3

11. 2 41. 1

12. 2 42. 1

13. 2 43. 2

14. 4 44. 2

15. 2 45. 3

16. 3 46. 1

17. 4 47. 1

18. 3 48. 2

19. 2 49. 4

20. 4 50. 2

21. 2 51. 3

22. 1 52. 2

23. 3 53. 3

24. 4 54. 3

25. 4 55. 3

26. 2 56. 3

27. 4 57. 4

28. 1 58. 1

29. 4 59. 4

30. 4 60. 3
 Thermodynamics Review
Answer Key
[New Exam]

61. 3

62. 1

63. 2

64. 3

65. 4

66. 2

67. 2

68. 2

69. 1

70. 2

71. 1

72. 2

73. 1

74. 3

75. 1