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BMS 204 Introduction To Biochemistry: Dr. Reem Arafa Prof. of Biomedical Sciences

This document provides an introduction to the Biochemistry course being taught by Dr. Reem Arafa in the spring of 2020, including an overview of what biochemistry is, the history and development of the field, the major biomolecules that will be covered like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids, and tips for studying biochemistry.

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75 views36 pages

BMS 204 Introduction To Biochemistry: Dr. Reem Arafa Prof. of Biomedical Sciences

This document provides an introduction to the Biochemistry course being taught by Dr. Reem Arafa in the spring of 2020, including an overview of what biochemistry is, the history and development of the field, the major biomolecules that will be covered like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids, and tips for studying biochemistry.

Uploaded by

Ramy Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BMS 204

Lecture 1
Introduction to Biochemistry

Dr. Reem Arafa


Prof. of Biomedical Sciences
Spring 2020
Introduction

 What is the Biochemistry?

 History and development

 How to study Biochemistry?


1. Biochemistry
Definition: The chemistry of life
 The science concerned with the chemical basis of life.
 The science concerned with the various molecules that occur in living
cells and organisms and with their chemical reaction.
 Anything more than a superficial comprehension of life – in all its
diverse manifestation - demands a knowledge of biochemistry.
Biochemistry
 Aim: to describe and explain, in molecular terms, all chemical processes
of living cells
 Structure-function
 Metabolism and Regulation
Biochemistry
 Significance: be essential to all life sciences as the common
knowledge
 Genetics; Cell biology; Molecular biology
 Physiology and Immunology
 Pharmacology and Pharmacy
 Toxicology; Pathology; Microbiology
 Zoology and Botany
Biochemistry
 Students who acquire a sound knowledge of biochemistry will be in a
strong position to deal with two central concerns of the health sciences:
(1) the understanding and maintenance of health
(2) the understanding and effective treatment of disease
 Causes of cancers
 Molecular lesions causing various genetic diseases
 Rational design of new drugs
2. History and development of Biochemistry

1903, Neuberg (German):


“Biochemistry”

“Chemistry of Life”
Two notable breakthroughs

(1) Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts


(2) Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules

Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins

DNA RNA Protein


Some historic events
 In 1937, Krebs for the discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle - won the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953

 In 1953，Watson & Crick for the discovery of the “DNA Double Helix” -
won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962
 In 1955, Sanger for the determination of insulin sequence - won the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956

 In 1980, Sanger & Gilbert for Sequencing of DNA - won the Nobel Prize
in Chemistry in 1980

 In 1993, Kary B. Mullis for invention of PCR method - won the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry in 1993
HGP from 1990, completed in 2003
3. What dose the Biochemistry discuss?
 structure and function of cellular components
 proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules

 Metabolism and Regulation


 Gene expression and modulation

DNA RNA Protein


Polymers and Monomers
 Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are
assembled from single units called monomers.

 Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different


type of monomer.
Macromolecule Monomer

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide

Lipids Not always polymers;


Hydrocarbon chains

Proteins Amino acids

Nucleic acids Nucleotides


How do monomers form polymers?

 In condensation reactions
(also called dehydration
synthesis), a molecule of
water is removed from
two monomers as they are
connected together.
Anabolic

 Building block  Macromolecule


 Simple sugar  Polysaccharide
 Amino acid  Protein (peptide)
 Nucleotide  RNA or DNA
 Fatty acid  Lipid

Catabolic
4. Cells
 Basic building blocks of life.

 Smallest living unit of an organism.

 A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular) or it may be one of billions


of cells that make up the organism (multicellular).

 Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment.

 Many cannot be seen with the naked eye


 a typical cell size is 10 µm; a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram
Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

 Prokaryotes (Greek: pro-before; karyon-nucleus)


include various bacteria
 lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called
organelles

 Eukaryotes (Greek: eu-true; karyon-nucleus)


include most other cells (plants, fungi, & animals)
 have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Cell membrane & cell wall • Cell Membrane
• Nucleoid region contains the DNA • Nucleus
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) • Cytoplasm with organelles
Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles

• Plasma Membrane-Cell’s defining boundary


Providing a barrier and containing transport
and signaling systems.

• Nucleus – Cell’s information center


Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the
nucleolus. The place where almost all DNA replication and
RNA synthesis occur. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of
RNA making up the ribosome

• Mitochondria- the power generators


Mitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; chondros-granule):
Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called
cristae. Functions in energy production through metabolism.
Contains its own DNA.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – The transport network for molecules

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)


Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which
are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or
localization in membranes.

• Ribosomes
Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein
synthesis.

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)


A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids.
•Golgi apparatus -process and package the macromolecules.
A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles carry materials from
the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the
stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form.

•Lysosomes-contain digestive enzyme


A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading
proteins and membranes in the cell.

•Cytoplasm
enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosol
and it houses the membranous organelles.
5. Biomolecules
 Just like cells are building blocks of tissues, biomolecules are building
blocks of cells.

 Animal and plant cells contain approximately 10,000 kinds of


biomolecules.

 Water constitutes 50-95% of cells content by weight.

 Ions like Na+, K+ and Ca2+ may account for another 1%.

 Almost all other kinds of biomolecules are organic (C, H, N, O, P, S).

 Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a Carbon


skeleton.
Carbon
 Carbon is more abundant in living organisms than it is in the rest of the
universe.
 What makes Carbon Special? Why is Carbon so different from all the
other elements on the periodic table?
 The answer derives from the ability of Carbon atoms to bond together to
form long chains and rings.
Carbon can form immensely diverse
compounds, from simple to complex.

Methane with 1 DNA with tens of Billions


Carbon atom of Carbon atoms
Biomolecules
are
compounds
of carbon
with a variety
of functional
groups
Types of biomolecules
 Small molecules:
 Lipid, phospholipid, glycolipid, sterol,

 Vitamin

 Hormone, neurotransmitter

 Carbohydrate, sugar

 Monomers:
 Amino acids

 Nucleotides

 Monosaccharides

 Polymers:
 Peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins

 Nucleic acids, i.e. DNA, RNA

 Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (including cellulose)


Chemical composition of a normal man (weight 65 kg)

Constituent Percent (%) Weight (kg)

Water 61.6 40

Protein 17.0 11

Lipid 13.8 9

Carbohydrate 1.5 1

Minerals 6.1 4
Structural hierarchy in the molecular
organization of cells
Similarities among all types of cells
 All cells use nucleic acids (DNA) to store information
 Except RNA viruses, but not true cells
(incapable of autonomous replication)

 All cells use nucleic acids (RNA) to access


stored information

 All cells use proteins as catalysts (enzymes) for chemical reactions


 A few examples of RNA based enzymes, which may reflect
primordial use of RNA

 All cells use lipids for membrane components


 Different types of lipids in different types of cells
 All cells use carbohydrates for cell walls (if present), recognition, and
energy generation
How much biochemistry do you need to know
for this course?

1. You are expected to learn the  Carbohydrates


structure and functions of these  Lipids
organic compounds:  Proteins
 Nucleic Acids

2. You will be expected to learn the basic biochemical processes of major


cell functions, such as respiration, protein synthesis and so on.
6. Textbooks and references

• Murray RK, Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 26th ed.


• Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th ed.
2008.
7. Some tips for study of biochemistry

• Inspiring interest, confidence

• Previewing and reviewing freshly

• Taking studying notes

• Discussing in groups

• Practice crosstalk with other subjects

• Making use of internet


Final course grade
 Final course grade =
 Please consult the syllabus

 Notice: 25% absent, can not take part in the final exam.

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