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Machine Design

This document summarizes key points from a machine design lecture covering shaft elements, vibration, and couplings. It discusses stress concentrations from mounted elements, fatigue models, vibration vs whirl of shafts, and types of couplings. Sample problems are presented on determining critical shaft speeds given dimensions, loads, and configurations. The problems demonstrate applying concepts like Rayleigh method, whirl equations, and static beam deflection to calculate critical speeds and design shaft diameters.

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Seylik Yapma
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46 views53 pages

Machine Design

This document summarizes key points from a machine design lecture covering shaft elements, vibration, and couplings. It discusses stress concentrations from mounted elements, fatigue models, vibration vs whirl of shafts, and types of couplings. Sample problems are presented on determining critical shaft speeds given dimensions, loads, and configurations. The problems demonstrate applying concepts like Rayleigh method, whirl equations, and static beam deflection to calculate critical speeds and design shaft diameters.

Uploaded by

Seylik Yapma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MECH344

Machine Design Elements – L11


Content of the lectures
• The elements mounted on shaft
• Fatigue models
• Vibration vs. whirl of shaft
• Couplings (elastic, Oldham, universal joint)
• Sample problems
Mounted elements on a shaft
• The main cause of stress concentration is due to machine elements
attached to the shaft
Fatigue models
• Multiple models used for specific applications
• Most relaxed is Gerber parabola
• Most
conservatory:
Sodeberg line
Vibration of shafts
• Excitation form the outside or self excited structures
Rayleigh method
• Resonant frequency

g ωn2

E p = (m1δ1 + m2δ 2 + m3δ 3 ) =


2 2
( )
m1δ12 + m2δ 22 + m3δ 32 = Ek
Whirl of shaft

kδ = m(δ + e )ω 2

eω 2
δ=
(k m ) − ω 2

δ
=
(ω ωn ) 2

e 1 − (ω ωn )2
Whirl of shaft

kt
ωn = (rad / sec)
Im
GJ
kt = (Nm / rad )
l
πd 4 4 l
J=
32
( )
m , J eff = n
li
∑
i =1 J i

mr 2
Im =
2
(
kg ⋅ m 2 )
Whirl of shaft – Cont’d
Couplings
• Shelf elements – for standard size
• Elastic couplings
• Universal joints
Couplings selection
• Usually they are catalog products – rated upon transmitted power
and torque
• Various materials are used for
range of performance
Catalog data
Oldham coupling
• Sliding block
Cross-type universal joints
• Very practical for large position variation of the power elements
Design for safety
• Compliance with safety standards – may be electrical and mechanical
for applicactions such as pumps
Sample problems
• Critical speed of shafts
• A simply supported steel shaft in figure below is connected to an
electric motor with a flexible coupling. Find the value of the critical
speed of rotation for the shaft.
Known
• Simply supported steel shaft of known dimensions
• Elastic coupling with electric motor
Find
• Determine the critical speed of the shaft
Assumptions
• The friction in bearings is negligible
• The bearings that support the shaft are suitable aligned
• The shaft behaves linearly elastic
Analysis
• The shaft does not have mounted parts
• The mass of the shaft needs to be assumed as the main factor in
creating an eccentricity
• The shaft as a double supported beam
Analysis – Cont’d
• The static deflection of a double-supported beam – uniform
distributed load
Analysis – Cont’d
• From fig 17.5, case of distributed load along the shaft (c )
An extension of the problem
• Use the same problem above
• How the critical speed changes with the diameter?
• Assume the diameter ranging from 0.1 in to 3 in
Known
• Double supported steel shaft – connected to a motor through an
elastic coupling
Find
• Plot nc vs. shaft diameter within 0.1 in to 3 in dia.
Assumptions
• Friction in bearings is negligible (otherwise damping reduce resonant
frequency)
• The bearings supporting the shaft are well aligned – no eccentricity
that is induced by bearings
• The assumption of linear elasticity
Analysis
• Symbolic calculations could be carried out:

𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑2 4
5 𝜌𝜌𝐿𝐿 10𝜌𝜌𝐿𝐿4
• 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 4
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑4
=
384 𝐸𝐸 43𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑 2
64
5𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑑𝑑 2
• 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐 = = 𝐾𝐾 4  nc ~ d
4𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝐿𝐿
• Linear relationship
• Known (0,0) and (0.25,311)
Sample problem
• Determine the critical rotation speed of the shaft as the one shown in
figure

• This time the load is concentrated at the center


Given
• Shaft, load, geometric and material specifics
Find
• The critical speed of the shaft
Assumptions
• Friction in the bearings is negligible
• The bearings that support the shaft are properly aligned
• Shaft behaves linear elastic
• Shaft simply supported
• Mass of shaft negligible (if not, case III – rel. 17.3)
Analysis
• As any problem: identify the internal forces – very simple scheme

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿3 𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 4 4𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿3


• The static deformation: 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = , 𝐼𝐼 = , 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
48𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 64 3𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 4 𝐸𝐸
Analysis – cont’d
• Use

30 𝑔𝑔 30 3𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 4 𝐸𝐸
• 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐 = = = 1793 rpm
𝜋𝜋 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜋𝜋 4𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿3

• Benefit of such solution formulation  relationship among variables


Sample problem
• Dimensions and configuration of a steel made shaft are given below
• Determine the critical speed
Given
• The shaft dimensions, loading, material
Find
• The critical speed of the shaft
Assumptions
• What is different? Two hubs installed on the shaft
• Assume the mass of the shaft as negligible
• Friction negligible
• Well-aligned bearings
• Bearings are well aligned
• Linear elastic material for the shaft
Analysis
• D-2 gives the static
deflection due to one
disk only
• Superposition for the two
loads is applied
• The relationship of deflection vs loading position: δst =
• Superposition is applied
Analysis – Cont’d
• Defl. @ A due to load in A:

• Defl. @A due to load in B:

• Total defl. @ A is 0.037+0.0257=0.0627


Analysis – Cont’d
• Defl. @B
• Defl. due to load in A:

• Defl. due to load in B:

• Total defl. at B : δB=0.0385+0.0408 = 0.0793in


Analysis – cont’d
• Use:

30 𝑔𝑔 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴 𝛿𝛿𝐴𝐴 +𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵


• specifically 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐 ≅ 2 +𝑤𝑤 𝛿𝛿 2
𝜋𝜋 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴 𝛿𝛿𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵

30 𝑔𝑔 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴 𝛿𝛿𝐴𝐴 +𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵 𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵 30 32.2�12 120�0.0627+80�0.0793


• 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐 ≅ 2 +𝑤𝑤 𝛿𝛿 2 = =708 rpm
𝜋𝜋 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴 𝛿𝛿𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝜋𝜋 20 0.0627 2+80 0.0793 2
Sample problem
• An overhanging 2 in dia steel
shaft with an attached grinding
wheel as shown in the figure
spins. What is the critical speed
of the shaft?
Given
• Steel made shaft
• It holds a grinding wheel in overhang
• The configuration as in figure
• Dia of the shaft is 2in
Find
• The critical speed of the shaft
Assumptions
• Friction in bearings is negligible
• The bearing supporting the shaft are aligned accurately
• Shaft deforms in the linear elastic domain
• Simply supported shaft – overhang configuration
• Mass of the shaft is negligible
• The ball bearings do not prevent small angular deflections
Analysis
• The deflection at the free end is
required
• In the Appendix D2, page 852, one
could find the direct formulation of
the deflection at the hanging end
• The notations are inverted (a vs. b) –
see next page
Analysis – cont’d
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 4 𝜋𝜋24
• The moment of inertia of the cross section: 𝐼𝐼 = = = 0.785𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖4
64 64
• The static deflection at the free end due to the load is (App. D-2)
𝑃𝑃 𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎2 60 12 2 12+20
• 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = = = 0.004047 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
3𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 3 29�106 � .785
• The critical speed for the shaft is: as (17.1a) – single supported beam

30 𝑔𝑔 30 386
• 𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐 = = = 2949 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 50 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝜋𝜋 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3.14 0.004047
Sample problem
• Let’s say that the critical speed of the shaft is not satisfactory.
• One will target a critical speed that is above 75Hz (50 Hz is not
suitable with the design requirements)
• One needs a stiffer shaft for the same load
• Stiffer shaft (negligible mass) given by a larger diameter
• Aim is to find a suitable design acceptable diameter that will satisfy
the critical speed requirement
Cont’d
• From the strain (deformation) relation, one could figure out what
static deformation will induce a speed corresponding to 75 Hz (4500
rpm)
• nc=(30ωc/π)=60fc
• fc=(nc/60)=(1/2π)√g/δst
• The static deflection that will produce the critical speed at 75 Hz is
𝑔𝑔 386.4
• 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 = 2 = 0.00174 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
2�𝜋𝜋�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 2�𝜋𝜋�75
Cont’d
• With the deflection of 0.00174 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖, the deflection equation could be
arranged to yield the moment of inertia:

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎2 (𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏) 60�122� 12+20


• 𝐼𝐼 = = = 18264 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖4
3𝐸𝐸𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3 29�106 0.00174
• From the above, one could calculate the diameter that will yield the
required critical speed:
• d=(64I/π)1/4=2.47 in
Conclusion
• Any diameter larger that 2.47 in will yield a critical speed that will
exceed 75 Hz
• The found size of 2.47 in is not design feasible
• Hence, a diameter of 2.5 in is recommended
Next lecture – bearings
• Hydrodynamic lubrication
• Lubrication regimes
• Bearing loading

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