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1) An atom becomes an ion through gaining or losing electrons, becoming negatively or positively charged. 2) The process of nuclear fusion combines hydrogen isotopes to form helium, releasing energy. This process occurs in stars and can be used for energy production. 3) Nuclear physics is important for nuclear medicine in diagnosing and treating diseases through radioactive tracers and radiation therapy. Imaging techniques use radioactive tracers to visualize internal body structures.

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153 views5 pages

Assignment Fizik

1) An atom becomes an ion through gaining or losing electrons, becoming negatively or positively charged. 2) The process of nuclear fusion combines hydrogen isotopes to form helium, releasing energy. This process occurs in stars and can be used for energy production. 3) Nuclear physics is important for nuclear medicine in diagnosing and treating diseases through radioactive tracers and radiation therapy. Imaging techniques use radioactive tracers to visualize internal body structures.

Uploaded by

Athirah Aizan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TMS0334

PHYSICS II

SEMESTER II, ACADEMIC SESSION 2019/2020

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

TTS 7/ KTS2
SEMESTER II (2019/2020)

Prepared by:
NURUL ATHIRAH BT NOR AIZAN (9191098)
QUESTION 1
The process of an atom to become an ion:
An atom becomes an ion when it increases at least one or more electrons or loses at least
one or more electrons. At the point when an atom gains electrons it becomes negatively
charged. It called an anion. At the point when an atom loses electrons it turn out to become
positively charged and known as a cation. To simplify, ionization process where an electron
is removed from an atom. Energy may gained or lost in the formation of energy.
Calculate the frequency of the photon required to ionize the atom from its lowest energy
level:

Ground state energy of Helium: −79 eV

To ionize the atom,n f =∞

E −(−79.0)
f= =0
∞

∆ E=E f −E i

¿ 0−(−79.0 )

¿ 79.0 eV

∆ E=hf

∆E
f=
h

(79.0)(1.6 ×10−19)
¿
(6.63 × 10−34 )

¿ 1.906 ×1016 Hz
QUESTION 2

a) Equation involved: 21 H + 31 H → 42 He+ 10n+ energy

Explanation:
- The nuclear reaction that occur in the equation is nuclear fusion.
- Deuterium and tritium accelerated with a high velocity and combine together under the high
temperature to form a heavier nucleus, helium-4.
- When the nuclei accelerated with a high speeds the nuclei overcome electrostatic repulsion
that cause to the attractive nuclear force is greater than the repulsive coulomb force.
- The building up of helium-4 from deuterium and tritium release a neutron an energy.
- The total mass of final products is less than the original mass of the two nuclei due to loss
of mass and energy released.

b) Importance of nuclear physics in nuclear medicine:


1) Help to diagnose disease earlier to make more effective.
A radioactive compound will be injected, swallowed or inhaled to the patient. Different
radioactive compounds are used to different parts of body. The compound giving of gamma
rays will show the location of the compound in the body to interpret. Gamma rays recorded
them as flashes of light, then a computer may help to make image more clear and bigger.
2) Assessment of body organ.
For example, brain scans is used to investigate blood circulation such as brain
infection, stroke or tumour. Besides, lung scans also used to detect blood clots in the lungs
by injecting a radioactive compound that is carried by the blood to the lungs. Next, the used
of thyroid uptakes and scans is to diagnose disorder of thyroid gland, the ”thermostat” that
speeds up or slows down most body functions.
3) Provide the treatment of some disease.
The radiopharmaceutical can be swallowed, injected or inhaled. One example is
radioactive iodine (1-131). It used to treat thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism. It also used to
treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma and bone pain from some kinds of cancer. The Non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma patients who did not respond to chemotherapy may undergo radio
immunotherapy (RIT). Radio immunotherapy (RIT) a treatment that mimics cellular activity in
body’s immune system.
c) Equation of Nuclear Fission:
235
U + 10n → 138 96 2
92 95Cs+ 37 Rb+ 0n+Q

Given that mass of U = 235.1 u


Mass of Cs = 132.90545 u
Mass of Rb = 85.4678 u
Mass of neutron = 1.0089 u
Calculate the energy released in the fission:

∆ m=( ∑ m bef −∑ m aft )

∆ m=( 235.1u+1.0089 u ) −¿

∆ m=15.71785u

1 u ,=1.66 ×10−27 kg

∆ m=( 15.71785 ) ( 1.66 × 10−27 )

∆ m=2.61× 10−26 kg

E=∆ m c 2

¿( 2.61×10−26)(3 ×10 8)2

¿ 2.35 ×10−9 J

Explain the process:

- Basically, the equation above is a nuclear fission where the heavy nucleus splits into
smaller nuclei by bombarding it with particle such as neutron, proton, beta and alpha.

-Based on the equation above, a Uranium 235


92U nucleus is bombarded with a slow moving
138
neutron, producing two new element Caesium Cs nucleus and Rubidium 96
95 37 Rb nucleus
and two neutrons.

- Total mass of final products is less than the original mass of the heavy nucleus because
mass defect convert into energy.
QUESTION 3
a) Sketch the P-V graph for the above process:

b) Temperature after isobaric process:

Vi V f
=
Ti T f
2.0 4.0
=
300 T f

T f =600 K

c) Work done by isobaric:

W =P(V f −V i )

¿ 95 ( 4.0−2.0 )
¿ 190 J
Work done for isothermal:
Vf
W =nRTln
Vi

¿ ( 0.6 ) ( 8.314 )( 300 ) ln ( 5.5


2.0 )
¿ 1513.88 J

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