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AGE RANGE DOMAINS THEORIST

(Social, Physical. Cognitive)
Prenatal Zygote, Embryo, Fetus
Birth Stages 3 – uterus contracts, fetus through vagina, uterus expels
(Chs. 1-3) placenta

Premature - <5.5lbs,
before 37th /40th week

Birth – 2 years “Id” Freud – Psychoanalytic

Infancy Theory
(Chs. 4-6)
Sensorimotor Stage – 1st Piaget – Cognitive
Development

Perception skills Robert Fantz and Elizabeth

Spelke
Motor skills

Social skills
 Attachment Bowlby – Ethological
Theory of Attachment
 Personality Mary Ainsworth
Sandra Scarr
 Temperament Thomas & Chess; Buss &
Plomin

Cognitive skills Spelke & Baillargeon

Biological/Ecological Theory Bronfenbrenner

Learning, Categorizing, Memory Vygotsky

Pavlov
Skinner
Noam Chomsky
Slobin

Ego Freud – Psychoanalytic

Theory

Psychosexual Stages Freud – Psychosexual

Development

Erikson – Psychosocial
Trust vs. Mistrust (Hope) Development – Neo
Freudian
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2 years – 7 years Physical

Early Childhood
(Chs. 7 and 8) Pre-operational Stage – 2nd Piaget – Cognitive
Development

Language & Memory Susan Carey and Elsa

Bartlett

Terman
Binet & Simon

Super-ego Freud – Psychoanalytic

Theory

Psychosexual Stages Freud – Psychosexual

Development

 Elecktra Complex Carl Jung

 Oedipus Complex Freud/Dr. Karen Horney

Autonomy vs Shame (Will) Erikson – Psychosocial

 1 year – 3 years Development – Neo
Freudian

Initiative vs Guilt (Purpose) Erikson – Psychosocial

 3 years – 6 years Development – Neo
Freudian

Gender Identity Kohlberg – Moral

 2 years – 3 years Development
Gender Stability
 4 years – 5 years

Self-awareness
Hoffman
Parenting Styles

Play

Aggression
Pro-social
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7 years – 12 years Physical

Middle Childhood  Hand-eye coordination
(Chs. 9 and 10)  Spatial Lateralization
 Obesity

 Puberty
o 10 years/12 years
 Sexual interest
o 9 years – 12 years

Gender Constancy Kohlberg – Moral

 6 years – 8 years Development

Psychosexual Stage Freud – Psychosexual

Development
 Latency
Piaget – Cognitive
Cognitive
Development
 Decentration

Piaget – Cognitive
Concrete Operational Stage – 3rd
Development
 Conservation
 Reversibility
 Hypothetical issues
 Schemes

Formal Operations Stage – 4th Piaget – Cognitive

 11 years – 12 years Development
 Hypothetico-deductive Thinking
 Formal Operational Thinking
 Naïve Idealism
 Adolescence Egocentrism
 Imaginary Audience
 Personal Fable David Elkind

Siegler’s Concept of balance scales Siegler

 Pre-operational stage
 Transitional Stage
 Concrete Stage
 Actual Stage
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Information Processing Skills

 Processing Efficiency
 Automaticity
 Executive Strategy

Intelligence and Disabilities

 Triarchic Theory - Intelligence Robert Sternberg
o Contextual (Practical)
apply, utilize
o Experiential (Creative)
invent, discover & create
o Componential (Analytical)
analyze, critique, evaluate

 Emotional Intelligence Daniel Goleman

aware of emotions of self & others

Social
 Self-efficacy
 Self-esteem
 Self-concept
 Aggression
o Relational
o Retaliatory
o Withdrawn/rejected
o Aggressive/rejected

 Traits emerge – OCEAN

Morals Piaget
 Moral reasoning
 Moral realism
 Moral relativism

Erikson – Psychosocial
Industry vs Inferiority (Competency) Development – Neo
Freudian
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12 years – 18 years Physical

Adolescence  Cephalocaudal patterns
(Chs. 11-12)  Proximodistal patterns

 Endocrine gland

 Pituitary gland (Master gland)

 Primary sex characteristics

 Secondary sex characteristics

 Sexual activity

 Kinsey Scale

 Health

Cognitive
 Formal Operational Stage – 4th (cont.) Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
 Task goals Development
 Ability goals
 HS success

Language
 Crystallized Intelligence
Raymond Cattell
 Fluid intelligence

Personality
 Resilient
 Over-controlled
 Under-controlled

Identity vs Role Confusion (Fidelity/Faithfulness) Erikson’s Theory of

Psychosocial Development

Psychosexual Stage Freud – Psychosexual

 Genital – last stage 5/5 Development
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Gender Role Identity continues Kohlberg – Moral

Development

Identity Statuses Theory James Marcia –

Psychological Identity
Development

Self-concept
 Academic self-concept
 Social self-concept
 Self-esteem

 Gender Role Categories Sandra Bem – Sex Roles

 Androgynous Inventory
 Masculine
 Feminine
 Undifferentiated

Jean Phinney
 Ethnic Identity – 3 stages
 Unexamined Ethnic Identity
 Ethnic Identity Development
 Ethnic Identity Achievement
Kohlberg’s - Theory of
 Moral Reasoning Moral Development

 Preconventional
 Stage 1
 Stage 2
 Conventional
 Stage 3
 Stage 4
 Postconventional
 Stage 5
 Stage 6

Social Relationships
 Parental conflicts
 Attachment
 Friendships via electronic communication
 Personality
 Temperament
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19/20 years – 45 years Physical

Emerging Adulthood  Primary Aging
Early Adulthood  Secondary Aging
(Chs. 13 – 14)
 Health
 Begins to decline at 30yrs
 Nervous system
 Impulse control
 Oxygen intake
 Strength and Speed
 Fertility/menstruation
ceases/menopause/ testosterone
declines
 Immune System
 Thymus gland
 BMI/weight to height

 Positive Social Networks

 STDs 15y-24y
 result of risky behavior/lack of
protection
 Chlamydia
 Gonorrhea
 Syphilis
 Genital Herpes
 Genital Warts
 HIV/AIDS

 Intimate Partner Abuse

 Emotional

 Substance Abuse

Cognitive

Social Development

Erikson’s Psychosocial
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Love)
Development
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Life Structure Levinson

 Central Development = intimate relationships
 Novice stage
 Mid-era stage
 Culmination stage

Emerging Adulthood characteristics Arnett

 Tasks
 Relationships
 Work
 Academic achievement
 Components of Love Sternberg

Personality Development Holland

 Six personality types

 Career Development
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40 years - 65 years Physical

Middle Adulthood  Primary Aging
(Chs. 15-16)  Secondary Aging

Cognitive
 Attentional control
 Type A personality
 Type B personality
 Type D personality
Denny
 Denny’s Model of Aging

 Baltes and Baltes Model of Selective

Baltes and Baltes
Optimization
Warner Schaie
 Warner Schaie’s Analysis of Seattle
Longitudinal Study

 Memory
Simonton
 Simonton Research
Goleman
 Goleman’s Divergent Thinking of Creativity

Social Erikson’s Psychosocial

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Care) Development

 adds “Career Consolidation” Vaillant

 adds “Keeper of the Meaning”

Personality
Mid-life crisis and Life-Approach Levinson
(accepting one’s own mortality)

 Role conflict (any situation in which 2 or more

roles are at least partially incompatible

 Role Strain (stress that occurs when a person

lacks the resources needed to fulfill the role.

 Mid-life “Squeeze” (giving assistance in both

directions of generational chain)
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 Role change (becoming grandparents, in-laws,

f-time custodial grandparent

 Big Five (OCEAN) – Decline in O, E, N.

Increase in A, C.

Career
Selection, Optimization, Compensation
 Selection Baltes and Baltes
 Optimization
 Compensation

65 years+ Cognitive
Late Adulthood
(Chs. 17-18) Physical

Contributions to longevity:

Biological Aging (max life span is 110-120yrs)

• Hayflick limit

• Genetic limit

• Telomeres

• Terminal Decline Hypothesis

 Alzheimer's
• Stage Theory of Mid-Later Life Creativity
 50's Reevaluation (reflect on past
accomplishments and create new goals)
 60's Liberation (more tolerant of failures)
 70's Summing up (knit accomplishments
together into cohesive
 80’s Encore (complete unfinished work)

Personality
Ego Integrity vs. Despair Erikson’s Psychosocial
Development
 Ego Integrity vs Despair

Activity Theory
Disengagement vs. Continuity
Disengagement Theory
Continuity Theory
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Successful Aging Paradigm

Social
Social Engagement

Living Arrangements

Marriage/Partnerships
 Based on loyalty, familiarity, companionship,
and mutual investment

Compensatory (kinship) Migration

Institutional Migration

Experience of Death – Process & State of Death

Death, Dying,  Clinical Death
Bereavement
(Chapter 19)  Brain Death

 Social Death
Preparation for Death
 Hospice – palliative care rather than curative
 Hospital

Views of Death through:

 Children, adolescence, adult, spiritual /religion

Practical Preparations
 life insurance
 will
 directives (wishes for prolonging life)
 funeral planning

Five Stages of Death Elisabeth Kubler – Ross

“Themes” of Dying
No one has to die, he is fond of saying; it will be done
for you. It’s living, however, that takes effort — to
weather the sleeplessness and worry, the relinquishing
of pride, the dependency upon strangers, the plea for
respect and the struggle to remember …
Death is quite simple. Life is more mysterious, and he Edwin Shneidman
never tires of its wonderments: How he — a Jew at
that — survived the war, how he and a girl from the
corn country of Illinois fell in love and married and
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had four children and such a long and happy life …

 Thanatologist (scientific studies of death)

 Terror
 Uncertainty
 Rescue Fantasies
 Incredulity
 Fear of Pain

Coping with death involves stages

 Patient empowerment
 Practical guidelines for caregivers

Terminal Disease
 Attitudes and behavioral choices can influence
the course of terminal disease
 Stages

Psychoanalytic Theory
 Traumatic death

Grief and Attachment – Four stages of grief

Grief and attachment – Five stages of grief

Revisionist View of Grief

Patterns of Grief
 Normal
 Chronic
 Delayed
 Absent

Dual Process Model

 Confrontation (confronting loss and grief) vs.
Restoration (focus on moving forward)

Death Rituals
 Wakes
 Funerals
 Memorials
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Complicated Grief
 Depression – like symptoms longer than 2
months
 Long – term depression more than 6 months

Treatment of complicated grief

 Talk-it-out
 Develop personal narrative of events
surrounding spouse’s death
 Participate in support groups
 Time off work