EnE-440 Environmental

engineering

Engr. Gul-E-Hina
Lecturer,
Institute of Environmental Engineering & Research (IEER)
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

gulehina@uet.edu.pk
 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
1. Students will be able to ILLUSTRATE the water
characteristics, water distribution criteria and
hydraulics of water supply schemes.
2. The students will be able to ASSESS the design of
water supply schemes.
3. The students will be able to DESCRIBE the
various wastewater sources and hydraulics of
sewerage systems.
4. The students will be able to ANALYZE the design
of sewerage scheme for a community

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 Course Content
• Introduction to Environmental Engineering: Sources of Environmental Pollution. -
municipal, industrial, agricultural. Pollution of water. air and land, and its effects.
• Water Quality Criteria and Standards: Water quality regulations, measurement of
water quality. Quality of drinking water and its importance to human health. Water borne
diseases.
• Water Supply Systems: Selection of sources of water to meet the community water demand.
Environmental and technical considerations for site selection. Intake structures. Layout and
design of water transmission and distribution networks. Water supply: Material and type of pipes,
joints, valves and plumbing fixtures.
• Principles of Process Engineering: Material balance relationships. Reactor theory and
process design.
• Water Treatment: Theory, principles and design of various treatment processes including
sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, filtration, and disinfection.
• Wastewater Collection Systems: Municipal and industrial. Estimation of sanitary sewage
and storm water quantities. Hydraulics of sewers and design of sewerage systems. Sewage
pumping. Water supply and sewer appurtenances: Material and type of pipes, joints, valves and
plumbing fixtures.
• Wastewater Treatment: Characteristics of municipal and industrial wastewater, purpose
principles and design of various wastewater treatment processes including screens, grit chamber,
sedimentation tanks, activated sludge process, trickling filters, waste stabilization ponds and
aerated lagoons. Sludge digestion and disposal. Solids mass balance.
• Environmental Impact Assessment: Introduction to environmental impact assessment
and evaluation

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 Lecture breakdown
Week Topics CLO
s
Week-1 Components of water supply system, water consumption, population CLO-1
forecasting, design periods of water supply components
Week-2 Source development (impounding reservoirs, intakes, tube wells), design CLO-2
of transmission line, water distribution system
Week-3 Requirements of water distribution system, Hardy cross method for design CLO-2
of water distribution network, water supply pipes and valves
Week-4 Sources of wastewater (domestic, industrial, and agricultural), components CLO-3
of wastewater engineering, wastewater flows estimation (municipal and
runoff), Types of sewer systems
Week-5 Design criteria for sewerage systems, design of sewage collection systems CLO-4
Week-6 Sewer appurtenances, Sewage pumping station, Sewer materials and CLO-4
strength, sewer bedding
Week-7 Water, Air and land Pollution (Sources, Effects and Control Measures) CLO-1
Week-8 Water quality analysis, Water borne diseases, Water quality guidelines CLO-1
(WHO) and standards (NSDWQ), Sources of water and their quality
Week-9 Mid-Term Exam CLO-1,
2& 3
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 Week Topics CLO
Week-10 Basics of water treatment (mass balance, reactor theory: BR, PFR and CSTR), CLO-1
Sedimentation

Week-11 Coagulation and flocculation, Filtration (slow sand filters) CLO-1

Week-12 Filtration (Rapid sand filters), Disinfection CLO-1

Week-13 Wastewater characteristics and treatment objectives, Wastewater treatment: Screens CLO-3
and Grit chamber, Sedimentation

Week-14 Secondary treatment: Activated sludge process, Trickling filter CLO-3

Week-15 Secondary treatment: Aerated Lagoons, Waste stabilization ponds CLO-3

Week-16 Sludge treatment and disposal, Environmental impact assessment (EIA) CLO-3

Week-17 Final Exam CLO-1

&3

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 Text & reference Books
• McGee, T.J. Water Supply and Sewerage, 6th
Edition. McGraw Hill Inc. 1991

• Davis, M.L and Cornwell, D.A. Introduction to

Environmental Engineering, 2nd Edition. McGraw
Hill Inc. 1991

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 Lec-1
Water consumption, Population forecasting,
Components of Water Supply System, and
Design periods of water supply components

Week-1
Design of Water Supply System
 Water supply system
• A system for the collection, transmission,
treatment, storage and distribution of water from
source to consumers, for example, homes,
commercial establishments, industry, irrigation
facilities and public agencies for water—related
activities (fire—fighting, street flushing and so
forth).

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 Distribution system
• The purpose of distribution system is to
deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality,
quantity and pressure.
• Distribution system is used to describe
collectively the facilities used to supply water from
its source to the point of usage.

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 Components of water supply system
1. Water Source
2. Water treatment plant (WTP)
3. Transmission lines/rising mains
4. Distribution system

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 Pictorial view of water supply system components

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 Design components of water supply system
• Water demand estimations
• Source development (design of intakes,
pumps, tube wells etc.)
• Design of transmission mains
• Design of water treatment plant
• design of distribution systems (overhead tanks,
pipes, fire hydrants, valves etc.)

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 Design components of water supply system
Requirements:

1. Selection of per capita water consumption(WC)

2. Future population forecast

3. Design period

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 Water Consumption

• It is amount of water consumed by a community in one day.

• Water consumption expressed as litre per capita per day i.e.
Lpcd.

• According to studies the per capita values varies from 150 to 600 lpcd
and depends from area to area
• For Punjab this values is typically around 270 liters per capita per
day.

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 Water consumption
• There are multiple factors that are influencing the
per capita water consumption values i.e. Climate ,
Living standards and culture .
• Water for domestic purpose is needed mainly for:
1. Drinking
2. Washing
3. Cooking
4. House Cleaning
• Per capita water consumption data is useful for
making estimates of a community’s water demand.
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 Level of services

• There are different level of service that are being provided

to consume water.
1. Stand Posts
2. Yard Connection
3. Full Connection
• Public stand posts are preferred when we need to reduce
the cost of supply system and also to minimize the
wastewater generation.

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 Studied Facts about Water Consumption
• 12 mm diameter tap when fully open with residual
head of 1.5m at tap can deliver water at rate of
15liters per minute.

• According WHO one such tap can serve 9 people

in one hour at the rate of 100 lpcd. However the
consumption pattern vary based on demands.

• For public stand post a minimum two taps

should be provided each for at least 150 persons.

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 Per capita consumption according to design population

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 Per capita consumption for different buildings

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 Per capita demand distribution for various part of Punjab

Use Demand

Domestic 135 liters per capita per day

Industrial 40 liters per capita per day
Public 25 liters per capita per day
Fire Demand 15 liters per capita per day
Losses/Theft 55 liters per capita per day

Total = 270 Lpcd

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 Variation in Water consumption
Monthly Variations
• June, July (High Consumption)
• Dec, Jan (Low Consumption)

Daily Variations
• Less on holidays
• 6-8 AM high consumption
• 6-8 PM high Consumption
• Midnight- low consumption
• Around 4 PM low consumption
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 Hourly variation in water consumption

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 Definitions
Average Daily Consumption:
• It is the average amount of water consumed by a
community in one day divided by the number of
people served.

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 Definitions
Maximum Daily Consumption/demand:
• It is the maximum water consumption during any one day
in the year. It is about 150 to 180% of average day
consumption.

Peak Hourly Consumption/ demand:

• The peak consumption during any hour of the year,
excluding fire demand, is called peak hourly consumption.
It is around 150% of the maximum daily consumption
& 225% of the average daily demand.

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 Ratio used for water consumption
Ratio used in Lahore (WASA)

For design of water distribution system we usually

consider peak hourly flow OR maximum daily flow +
fire demand

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 Ratio used for water consumption
• Maximum day demand = 1.5 times average day demand

• Peak hourly demand = 1.5 times maximum day demand

• Average daily demand = Population x Average Demand

• Maximum day demand = 1.5 x Average Day Demand

• Peak Hourly demand = 2.25 x Average Day Demand

• Units (Lpcd = Liters per capita per day) or (gpd)

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 Factors affecting water consumption
• Climate
If temperature is more, requirement of water will be more & vice versa.
• Standard of living
More standard of living ,consumption of water will be more.
• Metering
Metering reduces the use and wastage of water because consumer has
to pay and also reduces load on pump etc.
• Quality of Water

If better the quality more will be the consumption of water.

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 Factors affecting water consumption
• Size of City
More size more will be the consumption of water.
• Pressure of distribution system
If pressure is high, wastage will be more. System should not be design
for such a high pressure. If system pressure increases from 25-45 psi
,the consumption will increases by 30%.
• Type of Water Supply
If water supply is for 24 hrs, wastage will be more whereas in
intermittent water supply wastage will be less.
• Cost of Water
C = 21 – log Q, where C is the cost in $ per 1000 ft3 of water and Q is
rate of water in 1000 gallon/year
• Level of service
1. Stand post 2.Yard Post 3. Full connection
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Fire Demand
 Fire Demand
The actual amount of water used in a year for fire is very
small, but the rate of flow is large.
Method of Estimation

Where,
F= Fire demand in L/min (F should not exceed 45380 L/min
and should not be less than 1890 L/min)
A=Area of floors in m2
C=A constant, with different values according to
construction.
✓C=1.5 for wood frame construction
✓C=1.0 for ordinary construction
✓C= 0.8 for non combustible construction
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 Fire Demand
Types :
1. Direct System
2. Mobile System

• Maximum flow required for an individual fire is 45

m3/min
• Fire hydrant serve an area of about 3750 m2.
• Minimum spacing between hydrant should be
approx. 150 m.

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 Storage Requirement for fire fighting
Water storage requirements for fire fighting vary with
the size of city.

➢Minimum Storage required is for 4 hours.

➢Maximum Storage required is for 10 hours.

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 Numericals
(Water Demand)
 Problems-Water Demand & Fire Flow
• Problem 1: Determine the average daily demand of water in cubic
meter per day for a community having a population of 30,000
persons with average water consumption of 350 lpcd.
• Solution:
Average daily demand (ADD)(m3/day)=?
Population=30,000 persons
Average water consumption (AWC)=350lpcd

ADD= AWC*population
ADD=350*30,000
ADD=10500000 L/d
ADD=10500000/1000
ADD=10500 m3/d
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 Problems-Water Demand & Fire Flow
• Problem 2: A housing scheme has 50 plots with 5 persons per plot. Per
Capita consumption is assumed to be 550 liter per capita per day. Calculate
total average ,maximum daily demand , and peak hourly demand of
scheme?
• Solution
Number of plots=50
Persons per plot=5
WC=550 Lpcd
ADD=?
MDD=?
PHD=?
Population=50*5=250persons
ADD=(550*250)/1000=137.5m3/d
MDD=1.5*ADD=1.5*137.5=206.25m3/d
PHD=1.5*MDD=1.5*206.25=309.375m3/d

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 Problems-Water Demand & Fire Flow
• Problem 3 :Estimate the peak hourly demand for the population of 68,000 persons,
use a total amount of water 7,546,600 m3 for 52 weeks.(46518.75 m3/d)
• Problem 4: Estimate the average daily rate ,maximum daily rate, and peak hourly
rate for the population of 58,000 persons , use a total amount of water 9,526,500
m3 for 12 months. .(ADR=0.450m3/c/d, MDR=0.675 m3/c/d, PHR= 1.0125m3/c/d)
• Problem 5: Calculate maximum daily flow and peak flow of a water use for a
community having 1000 houses , 7 persons per house with an average water
consumption of 350 l/c/d. .(MDD=3675000Lpcd, PHD=5512500 Lpcd)
• Problem 6: Calculate minimum demand of water for a society having a population
of 29,146 persons with a average water consumption of 400 l/c/d. (Min
demand=50% ADD=5829200L/d)
• Problem 7 : City with present population 58000 persons used a total flow 9526600
m3 during last 12 months. On the day of maximum consumption 42000 m3 of
water was used .Estimate Qavg, Q max , to be accepted in 10 years when the
population is estimated to be 72500 persons.(per capita WC=WC/Present
population=0.372m3/c/d, Qavg for future year= 26970m3/d, Qmax=40455m3/d)
• Problem 8 : Calculate average daily demand and peak hourly demand for a city
having a 3000 houses, 5 persons per house, 3 schools , 1000 students per school , 2
commercial building with a floor area of 0.1 hector. The water consumption is
assumed to be 300 L/person/d, 30 L/student/d, and 75 L/m2/d. ( houses:
ADD=4500m3/d, PHD=10125m3/d, Schools: ADD=90m3/d, PHD=202.5m3/d,
commercial building: ADD=150 m3/d, PHD= 337.5m3/d)
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 Problems-Water Demand & Fire Flow
• Problem 9: Determine the fire flow required for a three-storey building with a planned area of 700 m2 and wood frame
construction. If this building dictates a fire flow for the community of 78000 persons with the average water
consumption of 350 Lpcd. What will be the maximum daily demand including fire flow.
• Solution
FF=?
Three storey building
A=700m2
Wooden frame construction=C=1.5
Population=78000 persons
AWC=350 LPCD
MDD+FF=?
FF=223.18C(A)1/2
FF=223.18*1.5*(3*700)1/2
FF=15341L/min
FF=15341*60 L/min *min/hr
FF=920465 L/hr
FF for maximum duration of storage i.e. 10 hrs
FF=920465*10=9204653 L/ 10hr
MDD=1.5*(ADD+FF)
MDD=1.5*(350*78000+920465)=42330697.5L/d

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 Problems-Water Demand & Fire Flow
Problem 10 :Determine the fire flow required for the community of 22000 person has an
average consumption of 600 lpcd. The fire flow is dictated by a building of ordinary
construction with a floor area of 1000 m2 aqnd height of 6 stories. Find total flow required
during the day of fire (30172m3/d)
Problem 11: Determine the Peak hourly requirement of water and total flow for a
community of population 30,000 persons and average consumption of 350 lpcd, during a
peak hour flow , the fire demand flow is maintained for 3 hrs per day for the building of
ordinary construction with floor area of 1000m2 and the height is 3 stories.
(total flow= 23845332.26L/d)
Problem 12: A three storey wooden frame building has each floor area : a) 900 m2 b) 700
m2 c) 400 m2 .Determine fire flow and total daily amount of flow for maximum duration
of fire flow. ( a. 6025860L/d, b=5314308.9 L/d, c=4017240L/d)
Problem13: Community with a population of 50000 persons has an average consumption
of 550 lpcd. Fire flow is dedicated by 2 storey building of wooden structure with a floor
area of 1000m2 and 500m2 .Find the total flow required for this day.(6500030.86 L/d)
Problem 14: Calculate the required maximum daily demand , fire flow and total flow for
a society having 5000 single storey houses covering 1000 m2 of area with 500 m2 of
basement. Each house contains 10 persons wit average water consumption of 450 lpcd.
(C=1)

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