Capital and Return On Capital
Capital and Return On Capital
Total
liabilities……………………………...……………………………..
$
1,429 TA $
3,436 PAR $
60
Shareholders'
equity: APC $
167
Common
s tock
($1
par)
…………………………………………...……………. $
60 RE $
1,780
Additional
paid-‐in
capital…………….……………………………………. $
167 EB $
2,007
Retained
earnings…………………………………..……………………………… $
1,780
Total
s hareholders'
equity…………………………..………………..
$
2,007
Total
liabilities
and
s hareholders'
equity………………………………….……….. $
3,436 LE $
3,436
Balance
Sheet
7
$3,500
$1,250
LL
=
LD
+
T
NC RE EB
$1,000
LA
$750
EB
=
PAR
+
APC
+
RE
$500
$250 IS
DB
=
SD
+
LD
$-‐
$3,500 TA TA
NOCE
IS NOA
$3,000
8
$2,750 AR OCE
$0
Finance
View
of
Balance
Sheet
9
Balance
Sheet
$3,250
ITP
$3,000 SD
10 AR
$2,750
TA
=
OA
+
NOA
OCA LL
=
(OCA+OLA)
+
(
NCA+NLA)
$2,500
DB
LD
$2,250 INV
OWC
≡
OCA
–
OCL
OA
T
≡
OCE
+
AR
+
INV
–
AP
-‐
ITP
$2,000
$3,500
$3,250 OCL OCL
NOA
$3,000 T
$2,750 NOA
OCL DB
$2,500
$2,250
$2,000
IC
$1,750
IC
$1,500 OA C
$1,250 EB
$1,000
$750
$500
$250
$-‐
TA TA
=
LE LE
$1,750
$1,500 CE
OCE
$1,250
WC
$1,000 OWC
AR AR AR NWC
$750 INV
INV INV
$500
SD
$250 AP AP AP
ITP ITP ITP
$0
WC
≡
CA
-‐
CL
OWC
≡
OCA
-‐
OCL
NWC
≡
AR
+
INV
=
AR
+
INV
+
CE
≡
AR
+
INV
+
OCE
–
AP
–
ITP
–
AP
–
ITP
–STD
–
AP
–
ITP
Working
Capital
Opera-ng
Working
Net
Working
Capital
Capital
Balance
Sheet
FAIRWAY
CORPORATION
Balance
Sheet
Changes
Assets 2010 2011 Change For
Year
Ending
December
31,
2011
Current
assets:
Cash
and
cash
equivalents……………………………………………. $
230 $
326 $
96
(in
thousands)
13
Accounts
receivable………………………...…………………………………. $
586 $
673 $
87 Liabilties
and
Inventories……………………...………………………………………………….. $
610 $
657 $
47 Assets
Shareholders'
Equity
Total
current
assets…………………………………………………. $
1,426 $
1,656 $
230
Long-‐term
assets:
Property,
plant,
and
equipment,
at
cost…………………………………….
$
2,000 $
2,350 $
350 Current
Assets
Current
Liabilitites
Accumulated
depreciation……………………….……………………………….. $
(1,000) $
(970) $
30 ∆CE $
96 ∆AP $
56
Property,
plant,
and
equipment,
net……………………………………………… $
1,000 $
1,380 $
380 ∆AR $
87 ∆ITP $
1
Investment
s ecurities…………………………………………..………………….. $
450 $
400 $
(50)
∆INV $
47 ∆SD $
(21)
Total
noncurrent
assets……………………………………………
$
1,450 $
1,780 $
330
Total
assets……………………………………..……………………………………………….. $
2,876 $
3,436 $
560 ∆CA $
230 ∆CL $
36
Total
liabilities……………………………...……………………………..
$
1,053 $
1,429 $
376 ∆TA $
560 ∆PAR $
10
Shareholders'
equity: ∆APC $
34
Common
s tock
($1
par)
…………………………………………...……………. $
50 $
60 $
10
∆RE $
140
Additional
paid-‐in
capital…………….……………………………………. $
133 $
167 $
34
Retained
earnings…………………………………..……………………………… $
1,640 $
1,780 $
140 ∆EB $
184
Total
s hareholders'
equity…………………………..………………..
$
1,823 $
2,007 $
184
Total
liabilities
and
s hareholders'
equity………………………………….……….. $
2,876 $
3,436 $
560 ∆LE $
560
Balance
Sheet
Nota-on
14
¨ ADi
accumulated
deprecia-on
on
current
PPE
at
-me
ti
¨ DX
deprecia-on
expense
over
∆t
¨ CC
book
value
(carry
cost)
of
PPE
sold
off
over
∆t
¨ ADi
=
ADi-‐1
+
DX
–
(CG
-‐
CC)
¤ (CG
-‐
CC):
Gross
cost
–
carry
cost
of
PPE
sold
off
over
Δt
¤ Accumulated
deprecia-on
of
PPE
sold
off
over
Δt
¨ ΔAD
=
DX
–
CG
+
CC
ti-‐1
Δt
ti
¨ Accoun-ng
income
on
ADi-‐1
DX
ADi
the
sale
of
PPE
over
Δt
is
CG-‐CC
¤ DG
=
CS
–
CC
¤ CS
is
cash
received
on
sale
of
PPE
Property,
Plant,
&
Equipment
17
FAIRWAY
CORPORATION
Statement
of
Cash
Flows
For
the
Year
Ending
December
31,
2011
(in
thousands)
NP = EBIT(1 – τ) – IX + IX·∙τ
FAIRWAY
CORPORATION
Income
Statement
With
Separation
of
Operations
and
Finance
For
the
Year
Ended
December
31,
2011
(in
thousands)
R $
3,190.00 Revenue
COGS $
2,290.00 Cost
of
goods
s old
GM $
900.00 Gross
margin
OX $
449.00 Operating
expenses
NX $
(39.00) Other
expenses
(income)
EBITDA $
490.00 Earnings
before
interest,
tax,
and
depreciation
DX $
120.00 Depreciation
expense
EBIT
$
370.00 Earnings
before
interest
and
tax
τ·∙EBIT $
125.78 Hypothetical
income
tax
on
EBIT
EBIT·∙(1-‐τ)
$
244.22 Hypothetical
after
tax
income
on
EBIT
IX $
67.00 Interest
expense
TS $
22.78 Tax
s hield
(IX·∙τ) NP
=
EBIT
–
τ ·∙EBIT
–
IX
+τ ·∙
IX
IX·∙(1-‐τ) $
44.22 Effective
interest
expense
(IX
-‐
TS)
NP $
200.00 Net
profit
Income
From
Opera-ons
and
Finance
25 FAIRWAY
CORPORATION
Income
Statement
and
Statement
of
Retained
Earnings
For
the
Year
Ended
December
31,
2011
(in
thousands)
R $
3,190.00 Revenue
COGS $
2,290.00 Cost
of
goods
s old
GM $
900.00 Gross
margin
OX $
449.00 Operating
expenses
DG $
(20.00) Loss
on
s ale
of
equipment
EBITDA $
471.00 Earnings
before
interest,
tax,
and
depreciation
DX $
120.00 Depreciation
expense
EBIT
$
351.00 Operating
income
τ·∙EBIT $
119.32 Hypothetical
income
tax
on
operating
income
EBIT·∙(1-‐τ)
$
231.68 Hypothetical
after
tax
operating
income
IX
$
67.00 Interest
expense
IX·∙τ $
22.78 Tax
s hield
(TS)
IX·∙(1-‐τ) $
44.22 Effective
interest
expense
IDI $
19.00 Investment
(non-‐operating)
income
IDI·∙τ $
6.46 Tax
on
investment
income
IDI·∙(1-‐τ) $
12.54 After
tax
investing
income
NP $
200.00 Net
operating
profit
Income
Statement
Flows
26
‘Invest’
capital
n how
much
net
profit,
NP,
is
generated
from
Noncurrent
Assets
$1
of
total
book
equity,
EB?
n
TA
measurement
of
‘leverage’
–
levers
roa
to
roe
GC $
2,350
EB AD $
(970)
NP NP TA NC
$
1,380
roe = = ⋅ IS $
400
EB TA EB
NCA $
1,780
TA
= roa ⋅
EB TA $
3,436
Important
Ra-os
28
¨ The
DuPont
formula
defines
roe
as
a
product
of
three
accoun-ng
ra-os
to
provide
insight
into
3
aspects
of
the
firm
NP NP R TA
roe = = ⋅ ⋅
EB R TA EB
¤
NP
:
net
profit
margin
-‐
How
much
net
profit
is
produced
per
$1
of
R
revenue?
¤
R
:
asset
produc-vity
rela-ve
to
revenue
-‐
How
much
revenue
is
produced
per
$1
of
total
assets?
TA
¤
TA
:
measure
of
financial
leverage
-‐
What
is
the
dollar
value
of
firm
EB
assets
per
$1
of
equity?
Important
Ra-os
29
Liabilties
and
¨ Capital
Structure
(leverage)
Shareholders'
Equity R…………………………….3,190
$
Current
Liabilitites
COGS $
2,290
DB $961 AP $
388 GM…………………..$
900
= = 0.48 ITP $
10 OX $
449
EB $2007 STD $
126 NX $
(39)
CL $
524
EBITDA………………………490
$
TA $3436 Noncurrent
Liabilities
DX $
120
= = 1.71 EBIT………………….$
370
EB $2007 LTD $
835
IX $
67
T $
70
IT $
103
NCL $
905
¨ Interest
coverage
ra-o
NP…………………………….
$
200
Shareholders'
Equity
EBIT $370 RE2010 $
1,640
= = 5.5 PAR $
60
IX $67 APC $
167 NP $
200
RE $
1,780 DIV $
(60)
EB $
2,007 RE2011 $
1,780
LE $
3,436
Bond
Ra-ngs
From
Interest
Coverage
Ra-o
30
¨ For
financial
decision
making,
the
return
to
invested
capital,
roic,
NOPAT,
is
needed
¤ Net
Opera-ng
Profit
ANer
Tax
¨ Start
with
return
to
equity
(net
profit,
NP)
¤ NP
=
EBIT·∙(1
–
τ)
–
IX·∙(1
–
τ)
¨ For
Fairway
Corp,
three
adjustments
are
needed
to
transform
NP
to
NOPAT
1. Subtract
‘non-‐opera-ng’
income
n Effec-ve
return
on
IDI:
IDI·∙(1-‐τ)
n IDI
is
revenue
received
in
cash
from
NOCE
and
IS
at
Fairway
Return
on
Invested
Capital
33
FAIRWAY
CORPORATION
Income
Statement
Extended
to
Return
on
Invested
Capital
For
the
Year
Ended
December
31,
2011
(in
thousands)
R…………………………………
$
3,190.00 Revenue
COGS $
2,290.00 Cost
of
goods
s old
GM………………………………
$
900.00 Gross
margin
OX $
449.00 Operating
expenses
NX $
(39.00) Other
expenses
(income)
EBITDA………………………..
$
490.00 Earnings
before
interest,
tax,
and
depreciation
DX $
120.00 Depreciation
expense
EBIT……………………………… $
370.00 Earnings
before
interest
and
tax
IDI $
19.00 Investment
(non-‐operating)
income
EBIT-‐IDI…………….. $
351.00
(EBIT-‐IDI)·∙(1-‐τ)……
$
231.68
ΔT
$
5.00 Increase
in
deferred
tax
NOPAT……………………..
$
236.68 Return
to
invested
capital
Rate
of
Return
on
Invested
Capital
35
NOPAT NOPAT R
roic = = ⋅
IC R IC
NOPAT $236.68
roic = = = 10.8%
1 1
⋅ (IC i + IC i−1 ) ⋅ ($2449 + $1952)
2 2
Essen-al
Points
36
¨ Key
finance
concepts
based
on
balance
sheet
and
income
statements
¤ Capital,
C,
and
Invested
Capital,
IC
¤ Return
on
invested
capital,
NOPAT
¤ Rate
of
return
on
invested
capital,
roic
¨ Key
financial
decision
making
criterion:
roic
>
k
¨ Understand
financing
v.
opera-ng
contribu-ons
to
return
NP
=
EBIT(1
–
τ)
–
IX(1
–
τ)
=
EBIT(1
–
τ)
–
IX
+
TS
References
37
Links
38
Logis-cs Map