1

UEMM ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

Formulae for UEMM3243

Solution for Wave Equation:

nx cn
 

u ( x, t )   Bn cos nt  Bn* sin nt sin ; n 
n 1 L L
2 L nx 2 L nx
Bn   f ( x ) sin dx ; Bn*   g ( x) sin dx
L 0 L cn 0 L
Solution for Heat Equation (Both ends kept at 0oC):
K cn
c2  ; n 
 L

nx   t 2 L nx
u ( x, t )   Bn sin ; Bn   f ( x) sin
2
e n
dx
n 1 L L 0 L

Solution for Heat Equation (complete adiabatic condition):


nx  2n t
u ( x, t )   An cos e ( n  0,1,2,3......)
n 0 L

nx
u ( x,0)   An cos  f ( x) Fourier cos ine series
n 0 L
1 L
Ao   f ( x )dx
L 0
2 L nx
An   f ( x) cos dx ; n  1,2,3............
L 0 L

Solution for steady two-dimensional heat problems – Laplace’s Equation

Limits: x = a ; y = b

nx ny
u ( x, y )   An* sin sinh
n 1 a a
2 a nx
An* 
a sinh( nb / a ) 0
f ( x ) sin
a
dx

Solution for two-dimensional wave equation ; Limits: x = a ; y = b

m2 n2
mn  c  ;
a2 b2
 
mx ny
u ( x, y, t )   ( Bmn cos mnt  Bmn
*
sin mnt ) sin sin
m 1 n 1 a b
2 a mx 2 b ny
K m ( y) 
a 0
f ( x, y ) sin
a
dx ; Bmn   K m ( y ) sin
b 0 b
dy

4 b a mx ny
  
*
Bmn g ( x, y ) sin sin dxdy
abmn 0 0 a b
Circular membrane,
2 R  
Am  2
1
2 
R J ( m ) 0
rf (r ) J o  m r  dr
 R 

 r 
u (r , t )    Am cos mt  Bm sin mt  J o  m 
m 1  R 
c
m  m
R
Integration of Bessel’s function,
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UEMM ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
 x J ( x)dx  xJ ( x)
o 1

 x J ( x)dx  x J ( x)  xJ ( x)   J ( x)dx
2 2
o 1 o o

 x J ( x)dx  x J ( x)  (m  1) x J ( x) 
m m m 1
o 1 o

( m  1)  x 2
J ( x) dxm2
o

Difference equations for the Laplace and Poisson equations.

h  k ; u ( x  h, y )  u ( x, y  h)  u ( x  h, y )  u ( x, y  h)  4u ( x, y )  h 2 f ( x, y ), or
 1 
 
1  4 1u  h f ( x, y )
2

 1 
 
For irregular boundary;
 uA 2 uB uQ uP ap  bq 
 2uO       uO 
 a(a  p) b(b  q ) q(q  b) p( p  a )
h2 abpq 
Difference equations for Parabolic PDEs ( u t  c u xx )
2

k
Explicit method :   c 2 ; u (i, j  1)  u (i  1, j )  (1  2 )u (i, j )   (i  1, j )
h2
Crank-Nicolson method:
With   12
 u (i  1, j  1)  2(1   )u (i, j  1)  u (i  1, j  1) 
u (i  1, j )  2(1   )u (i, j )  u (i  1, j )
Numerical solution for wave equation, u tt  c u xx
2

t
 c ; u (i, j  1)  2u (i, j )  u (i, j  1)  2  u (i  1, j )  2u (i, j )  u (i  1, j )
x
u (i,1)  (1  2 ) f i  12 2 ( f i 1  f i 1 )  tg i

Joint Moments about the Origin

mnk  E[ X nY k ] 
 
 
 
xn y k f X ,Y ( x, y ) dxdy
(n + k) is the order of the moments.
m02 , m20 , m11 are second-order moments of X and Y.
m01  Y , m10  X
m11  E[ XY ] is the correlation of X and Y.
R XY  m11  E[ XY ]
 
 
 
xyf X ,Y ( x, y ) dxdy
If RXY  E[ X ]E[Y ] , X and Y are uncorrelated.
RXY  0 , X and Y are orthogonal
Joint Central Moments
 nk  E[( X  X ) n (Y  Y ) k ] 
 
 
 
( x  X )n ( y  Y )k f X ,Y ( x, y ) dxdy

 20  E[( X  X ) ]   2 2
X

02  E[(Y  Y ) 2 ]   Y2

Covariance of X and Y
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UEMM ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
C XY  11  E[( X  X )(Y  Y )]
 
  
 
( x  X )( y  Y ) f X ,Y ( x, y ) dxdy

C XY  R XY  X Y  R XY  E[ X ]E[Y ]
CXY = 0, X and Y are independent or uncorrelated
CXY = -E[X]E[Y], X and Y are orthogonal
11 C
  XY
 20 02  X  Y
ρ is the correlation coefficient of X and Y.

Stiffness matrix for spring:

 k  k
ke  
  k k 
Elastic bar stiffness matrix:
AE 1  1  u1   f 1 
 1   
L  1  u 2  f 2
AE  1  1
[ke ] 
L  1 1 

Global matrix for truss:

 c2 sc  c2  sc 
 
sc s2  sc  s2 
[ K ]  ke  2
e
 c  sc c2 sc 
 
  sc  s2 sc s 2 
Stiffness matrix for flexure element:

 12 6L  12 6L 
 6L 4L 2
 6 L 2 L2 
EI
[ ke ]  3z 
L  12  6 L 12  6L
 
 6L 2L 2
 6 L 4 L2 
One-dimensional Conduction With Convection:
[k ( e ) ]{T }  { f Q( e ) }  { f h( e ) }  { f g( e ) }
k x A  1  1 hPL 2 1
[k ( e ) ]  
L  1 1  6 1 2

L 
  QN1dx 

{ f Q( e ) }  A L0

  f   Aqq 
g
(e) 1
;  f   hPT2 L 11
h
(e) a

 QN dx    
0
2
2

Integration:
sin ax x cos ax
 x sin ax dx  a2

a
cos ax x sin ax
 x cos ax dx  a 2  a
 4
UEMM ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
2x  2 x2 
 x sin ax dx    3   cos ax
2
sin ax
a2 a a 
2x   2 x2 
 x cos ax dx    3   sin ax
2
cos ax
a2 a a 

Gaussian Standard Normal Distribution

Second digit of Z
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
3.5 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998