1HA1'S

EN LISHI
 EOI – Málaga
Paseo de los Martiricos, 28 (29009 – Málaga)
Tel. 952.27.81.04
Fax 952.27.20.07
eoi.malaga@thatsenglish.com
Web That’s English
http://www.thatsenglish.com/
Web That’s English (Junta de Andalucía – Averroes)
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/thatsenglish/
l•' T H A :r • S . E N G ~ / Sll:i 1
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RESUM EN DE GRAMÁTICA MÓDULO 1

P RONOMBRES PERSONALES Yes. she is No. she isn't. Respuestas breves
DE SUJETO Yes. it is. No, it isn't. Yes, 1 have. No, 1 haven't.
Yes, we are. No, we aren't. Yes. we have. No, we haven't.
we Yes. you are. No, you aren't. Yes, you have. No, you haven't.
you you Yes, they are. No. they aren't. Yes, you have. No. you haven'c.
he/she/it they Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.
Yes. they have. No, they haven't.
THERE JS Yes. she has. No. she hasn't.
POSESIVOS Yes, it has. No, it hasn't.
Afirmativo
My name is Susan.
Your name is Barry. There is a bank in New Street.
PRESENTE SIMPLE: EL VERBO
His name is Tony.
WORK (TRABAJAR)
Her name is Maria. Negativo
T heir names are John and Sarah.
There isn't (is not) a bank tn New
Afirmativo
Scree t.
ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO l work we work
Intert·ogativo you work you wot"k
an engineer he works they work
ls there a bank in New Street? she works
a teacher
it works
Respuestas bt·eves

PRESENTE DEL VERBO .BE Yes, there is. No, chere isn't. Negativo
1 don't work
Afirmativo you don't work
PRESENT E DEL VERBO HAVE he doesn't work
1 am (l'm) we are (we're) GOT she doesn't work
you are (you're) you are (you're)
he is (he's) chey are it doesn't work
Afirmativo we don't work
she is (she's) (they're)
1 have got (l've got) you don't work
it fs (ft's)
you have got (you've got) they don't work
Negativo he has got (he's got)
she has got (she's got) Interrogativo
1am not (l'm noc) it has got (it's got)
you are not (yoLJ aren't) we have got (we've got) Do l work Do we work?
he is not (he isn't) you have got (you've got) Do you work? Do you work?
she is not (she isn't) they have got (they've got) Does he work> Do they work?
it is not (it isn't) Does she work?
we are not (we aren't) Negativo Does it work ?
you are not (you aren't)
they are not (they aren't) 1 have not got (1 haven't got) Respuestas breves
you have not goc (you haven't got) Yes. 1 do. No, 1 don't.
lnten·ogativo he has not got (he hasn't got) No, you don't.
Yes. you do.
she has not got (she hasn't got) Yes, he do es. No, he doesn't.
Aml ... 1 Are we . . ? it has no e got (it hasn't got)
Are you ... ? Are you . .. ? Yes, she does. No, she doesn'r.
we have not got (we haven't got) Yes, ir does. No, it doesn't.
ls he ... ? Are they ... ? you have not goc (you haven't got)
ls she ... ? Yes, we do. No, we don't.
they have not got (they haven't got) Yes. you do. No, you don't.
ls it ... ?
Yes. they do. No. they don't.
lnterrogativo

RESPUESTAS BREVES Ha ve 1got ... ? Have we got ... ?

Have you got ... ?Have you got .. . ? VERBO DE MODO: CAN
Yes, 1arn. No, l'm not. Has he got ... ? Have they got ... ?
Yes, yo u are. No. you aren't. Has she got ... ? Can 1 have the menu. please?
Has it got ... ? Can we order, please?
Yes. he is. No. he isn't.

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R ESU M E N
- O E G RAM A T 1C A·

VER BO OE MODO: WOULD where Where do you live? SUSTANT I VOS CONTABLES Y
LIKE 1 live in Madrid. NO CONTABLES
Where are you frorn?
Would you like to order1 i'rn frorn England. no contable
con table
What would you like to drink? Where's the toy
a salad sorne wine
l'd like (would like) a glass of red department!
wine. lt's on the third floor. a room sorne mineral
water
how How do you do?
NÚMEROS CARDINALES How do you do?
How are you? PO SI CI ÓN DEL ADJET I VO
O zero 3 three 6 six 9 nine Very well, thanks.
1 one 4 four 7 seven 1O ten a delicious meal
2 two 5 five 8 eighc
how o ld How old is he? (sorne) apple pie
He's cwelve. (sorne) red wine
11 eleven 21 twenty-one
12 twelve 22 twenty-two
how m uch How much is t he
13 chirteen 30 thirty room? SOME Y ANY
14 fourteen 40 forty lt's !85 pounds a
15 fifteen 50 fifty
night. Have yo u got any cheap shoes?
16 sixteen 60 sixty How much are these We've got sorne cheap shoes.
17 seventeen 70 seventy Yes, we've got sorne.
shoes?
18 eighteen 80 eighr:y
They're 05. No, we haven't got any cheap
19 nineteen 90 ninety
shoes.
20 twenty 100 one hundred how many How many nights1 No, we haven't got any.
(a hundred) Two nights.
How many children
NÚMEROS ORDINALES have you got? A LOT Y A LIT7'LE
Three girls and a boy.
first fifth ninth
sixth tenth
a lor She travels a lot.
second
ADVERB I OS Y LOCUCIONES a little He speaks a llttle English.
thwd seventh
ADVERBIALES
fourth eighth
he r e We've got sorne shirts
PREPOSICIONES: /Nl ON, AT, here at !56.
FOR, FROM Here you are.

in 1 livein Madrid. th e re We've got sorne cheap

l'm in business. shoes over there, next to
on The shoe department is on the counter.
the fourth floor.
str a ight ahead Go straight
at We've got sorne suits over ahead, and it's
there at !199. on the left.

for 1 work for an oil company.

1work for British Airways. DEMOST RAT IVOS
from l'rn from Spain.
This This is an expensive meai.
T hat 1 like that suit.
PRONOMBRES Y ADVERBIOS These Can 1 see these shoes?
lNTER ROGATIVO S Those How rnuch are those
shoes?
what What do you do?
l'm a teacher.
What is your name? PLURAL DEL SUSTANTIVO
My name's John.
wh o Who ls she? suit suics
She's Maria. shoe shoes
Who are they?
They're John and Maria.

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r THAT'S ENGLISH! -

RESUMEN DE GRAMÁTICA MÓDUL02

THERE ARE GoiNG TO Negativo
1 don't hke workmg 11'1 an office.
Afirmativo Afirmativo
There are trams to leeds. l'm (1 am) gomg to work Interrogativo
Do you like working in an officel
Negativo he's (he is)/she's (she is)/it's (it is) going
There aren't (are not) any direct trains. to work
we're (we are)/you're (you are)/they're VERBO DE MODO: CAN
Interrogativo (they are) going to work
Are there direct tralns from this station/ Respuesta breve
Negativo
Réspuesta breve l'm not (1 am not) going to work Yes, you can. No. you can't.
Yes, there are. he/she/it isn't (is not) going to work Con + m(tnitívo (para pedir permiso)
No, there aren't, we/you/they aren't (are not) golng to Can 1 smoke in the officel
work
Con + in(trritivo (para expresar posibilidad)
IMPERATfVO Interrogativo You can cake the underground.
Am 1going to workl
Afirmativo ls helshellt going to work/ Con + inf¡nilivo (para expresar habilidad)
Slt down. Are welyou/they going to workl Can you typel
Come and meet Isabel. Con't + in(imtivo (paro indicar una
Respuestas breves
Negativo Yes, 1am. No,l'm not deducción)
Don't (do not) do that! Yes, helshe/it is. No, he/she/it isn't. That can't (cannot) be Cousin Mlmi.
Yes. we/you/they are.
PREsENTE DEL VERBO H.AVE No, we/you/they aren't. VERBO DE MODO: MUST

Afirmativo Must + in(tnilivo (poro mdicar necesidad)

1/you/welthey have VERBO: WJLL You must finish your homework first.
he/shellt has You mustn't (must not) do that.
wlll (para sugerir Uofrecer) Must he gol
Negativo 1'11 help you with that.
1/you/we/they don't (do not) have Must + mf¡nitivo (paro indicar uno
helshelit doesn't (does not) have will (para prediCCiones y dedsrones) deducdón)
1'11 be in England at 5 o' dock. That must be Cousin Mimi.
Interrogativo 1'11 meet you under the dock.
Do 1/you/we/they have ... 1
Does he/she/lt have ... 1 VERBO DE MODO: HAVE TO
PASADO SIMPLE DEL VERBO BE Hove to + ln(tnltivo (poro expresar
Respuesta breve
Yes. 1 do. No, 1 don't. necesidodlobligación)
Afirmativo
She has to be here at nlne.
lwas we were
hove (para indicar posesión) Do 1 have to wear a suít?
you were you were
1 have a car. You don't (do not) have to wear a suit.
he/she/it was they were
Negativo
PREsENTE CoNTiNUO: EL VERBO 1was not (wasn't)
VERBO: BE + ADJE'I1VO
WORK (TRABAJAR) you were not (weren't) l'm hungry.
he/she/it was not (wasn't) l'm S' 7" tall.
Afirmativo we were not (weren't)
l'm (1 am) worklng you were not (weren't) VERBOS: WANTY THlNK
she's (she is)/he's (he is)/it's (1t 1s) they were not (weren't)
worklng 1thlnl< (paro expresar lntendón)
we'relyou're!they're working Interrogativo 1 think l'm going to travel next year.
Wasl ... /
Negativo Were you ... 1 1 thlnk (poro expresar opmión)
l'm (1 am) not workmg Was he/she/it ... 1 1 think this job looks interesting.
she/he/it isn't (is not) working Were we/you/they ... 1
welyou/they aren't (are not) working wont + sustonlivo
Respuesta breve 1/You/We/They want a coffee.
Interrogativo Yes. 1/he/she/it was. He/Shellc wants a new computer.
Am 1 working/ No, 1/helshe/it wasn't.
ls he/shellt worklng/ Yes, we/you/they were.
wont + infinitivo (con to)
Are we/you/they workingl They want to go home.
No, we/you/they weren't.
Respuesta breve
VERBO: NEED
Yes. 1am. No. l'm not. VERBOS + GERUNDIO
Yes, he/shelft is. No. he/she/it isn't. Afirmativo
Yes, we/you/they are. Afirmativo 1/You/We/They need some bread.
No, we/you/they aren't (are not). 1 llke working In an office. He/She/lt needs some eggs.

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l•l· R ES U M E N O E G R A M A T 1C A

Pllegativo What ... like? What's (What is) ExCLAMACIONES

He/Shellt doesn't (does not) need any the weather líke!
eggs. How ..• 1 How beautiful!
Whe n? When do you get upl
1/You/We/They don't (do not) need any What .•• 1 What a beautiful garden!
orange 1uice. Where? Where's (Where is} Isabel! What beautiful gardens!
Interrogativo Which? Which one do you want1
Does he/she/it need any eggs? COMPARATIVO
Do 1/you/we/they need anything else! Why? Why don't we go by bus!
adjeuvo + -er/-/er + thon
Respuesta breve Thís ls shorter than that.
Yes. 1/we/you/they do. ADVERB IOS DE FRECUENCIA This ls easier than that.
No, 1/we/you/they don't. Their house ís bigger than our house.
Yes, he/she/it does. always
No, he/she/it doesn't You are always busy.
more + adjetivo + thon
usually Thís subject ís more ínteresting than
VERBO: LOOK UKE She usually collects them on Fridays. that one.

Afirmativo often
We often vísít friends at the weekend. QpESTION TACS
1/you/welthey look like ...
(PARÁFRASIS INTERROGATIVA)
He/sheflt looks llke ... sometimes
He looks like Charlie Chaplln. They sometímes tidy theír rooms. Positivo
You're Spanísh, aren't you!
Negativo never Spanish is very difflcult, isn't id
1/you/we/they don't look llke .. . They never make their beds. You can type, can't youl
Helshe lt doesn't look llke .. .
She doesn't look like Cousin Mimi. every hour Negativo
There are trains every hour. You aren't Englísh, are you1
Interrogativo
every day Economícs lsn't very ínteresting, ls ítl
What do 1/you/we/they look likel
We eat here every day. You can't type, can you!
What does he/shelit look llkel
every week
PRONOMBRES 1 visit
them every week. So DO l/NEITHER DO 1

lt lt was cold and wet in London. Afirmativo

PREPOSICIONES
1 like English. - So do l.
Pronombres de o bjeto Negativo
me us at 1don't like tea. - Neither do l.
you you The train stops at Leeds.
him/her/ít them He ís at the cinema.
at S o'clock SOME, ANY, NO Y ENOUGH CON
SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E
EL GENITIVO S.o\}ÓN by INCONTABLES
Can 1 pay by credit card1
Singular by bus/train/tube so me
my grandmother's old house We need some cheese.
in We need sorne potatoes.
Plural Can 1 pay in cashl
che boys' school They are in a queue. any
In February she went to New York. There aren't any oranges.
Plural irregular
We haven't (have not) got any sugar.
the children's room on
the men's cars They leave every hour on Sundays. no
On the first of January 1saw Mimi. There's {there is) no cheese.
Referido o estobledmientos comercio/es
She is on platform 6. There are no bananas.
(at) the greengrocer's
(at) the dry cleaner's at enough
(at) the chemíst's ls there a train at two o'clock1 We've got (have got} enough wine.
at the post office, at the baker's We haven't got (have not got) enough
OMISIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO potatoes.
to
go to bed go home Are there any trains to Sheffield!
for
ADVERBIOS ls this the train for Leeds!
The biscuits are for hlm.
How long? How long ís che ¡ourneyl
from
How much? How much ls itl
Are there any trains to Hull from here!
How often? How often do the traíns
befo re
leave!
before six
What? What time 1s it. please/
after
What about? What about chis job! after nine

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- - - RESUMEN DE GRAMÁTICA
-
RESUMEN DE GRAMÁTICA MÓDUL03
PASADO SIMI'l.E {VERBOS RECULARES) Forrna interrogativa y respuesta VERBOS LOOK Y FEEL + ADJETIVOS
breve
Forma afirn1ativa Have you heard the news? Forma afirmativa
-+- -ed twd.t~ f.t, p1·~m.") -Y es, 1 have./No, 1haven't. Yo u loo k terrible!
VtSated - llook terrible. but r feel fine.
~~:t 1 + -ed 1 called Has John broken his leg1
- Yes. he has./No. he hasn't. Forma negativa
borrow borrowed
You don't look well.
- But 1 don't feel 111!
PRETÉRITO PERFECTO CON DEFORE,
l<Tnllll.l 1' 11 •e
telephoned YET1 ALREADY, STNCE
telephone 1 1 VERBOS LI!ND V BORROW
arrlve + -d arrived Pretérito perfecto + before
decide decíded l've broken my leg befare. Can J ~0~0~~~;me J your carl
1vlslted Jack in hospital last week. Pretérito perfecto + yet
He telephoned Sue yesterday. Has the doctor examlned you yet1 Do you wanc ro borrow my carl
P1·etérito perfecto + already Yes. 1do./No , 1 don't.
Forma neg ativa
" a¡r1o; did not r in lin itivo sito to) l've already put che bags In the car.
V ERBOS LOVEI LIKEI HATF
1 dad not (dadn't) vlslt Jack fn hospital last Pretérito p e•·fecto + since
week. We've (we have) been he re sanee 10 + s u s tantivos
He dídn't telephone Sue yesterday o'clock.
Forma afirmativa (love/llke/hate )
llove Spaan.
Forma interrogativa SINCEO FOR She llkes restaurants.
Dad + 'lllt·tu + mtintta\·u .au to o They hate loud parties.
since T tkntpu csiX'cifiro
Dad you visat . . 1 Forma n egativa (like)
Dad he telephone yesterday
sanee 1 1 was young 1don't like long films.
Did yo u telephone yo ur mother? Forma interrogativa (like)
- Y'es. 1did./No, 1didn't. She has taught English sanee Chnstmas.
Do you like the sea!
for ~ P''m1do dt' ttrmpo
PASADO SIMl'l.E (VERBOS ffiRECUIARES) +gerundi o (-ing)
f 1 ayear llike visiting Spain.
·nake -+ made or a long time She likes eating in restaurants.
go -+ wem 1 ha te going to loud parties.
1 have been here for 2 hours.
They went to Spain last summer. 1don't like watching long films.
They dodn 't go to Spah' last summer. Do you like living near the sea/
fuTURO SIMPLE ( WtU /WON'1'1 SHAU)
Dld they go ... 1
Forma afinnativa would llkellove + to + infinitivo
P ASAOO SIMI'l,F. + Ar.O We 'll be there at 8 o'clock tomorrow. l'd love to come to d lnner, thank you.
Fom1a negativa l'd like to llve in Madrid.
l ll11ed in Spain 1O years ago.
We won't be late home tonlght. Would you like to go to the cinema/
Cervantes wrote Don Qwxote nearly 400
- l'd love to.
years ago. Fot'Jlla intero·ogativa
Wlll you be here next week! (l'd = 1 wou ld)
PRETÉRITO PERFECTO
PRESENTE CONTINUO CON SICNIFlCAOO VEJUIO NEED {NECESITAR)
>-lave/Has 1 ll.lt tiripiu p .h.td o•
DE F'UTtJRO need + to + infinitivo
forma!> contracta" que se emplean 1am visitang hlm thts afternoon. Forma afirmativa
co n el pre térito p e rfecto (= 1 will visit him this afternoon.) 1need to arrange a bank overdraft.
what's = what has
l've = 1have Forma n egativa
CONDICIONAL
you've =
you have 1don't need to borrow any money. l've
he's =
he has Condiciones generales got enough.
she's =
she has
Forma inte rrogativa
at's =
at has lf + p•t=tttc Sllllpll' -+ ptn<' lllt' \llllpl<·
Do you need to have an overdraft?
we've =
we have lf you're a student. there are no bank
they've =
they have charges.
hasn't =
has not
haven't = have not
lf 1 work hard, 1get ti red.
V ERBOS MODALES

could + infinitivo (sin to)

Fo rma afirmativa Condiciones posibles en el futuro (para pedir algo d e manera cortés)
1/you climbed lf + prrsl'll t~ ~i a npl<- -+ will Could you call the doctor, picase?
have Could you telephone her as soon as
we/they stan:ed
twlsted lf you bank with us. w e will give you an posslble. pleasel
he/she has wantcd overdraft.
lf you study hard. yo u w ill pass the could + infinitivo (sin to)
l've climbed Mount Everest. ex am. (para p edir informaci ó n )
He's started a new job. Could you tell me the hospital visiting
ho ursl
Fo rma n egativa
1 haven'ttwosted my ankle.
She hasn't pulled a muscle.

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r- T H A :r·s -E N G L , s H , - - -

can + in.finitivo (sin to) a lot of/enough + sustantivos plurales o more+ adjetivo (de tres silabas o m ás)
(para p edir algo) incontables beautiful 1 r more beautiful
Can you lend me !10/ in ce.r~sti ng more more inte.r~sting
ti me
can+ infintivo (sin to) a lot of food excltlng mo re excltlng
(para ofre cer algo) enough shops She wants a smaller car.
Can 1 help you In the kitchenl caxis lt's more beautiful here.
can + infinitivo (sin to) Fonna afinnativa (a lot of/enough)
(para indicar habilidad) We've gota lot of time. much + comparativo (para dar énfasis)
The doctor can come this afternoon. He's gota lot of friends. Russia •s much b1gger than ltaly.
l've got enough money.
must/mustn' t + infinitivo (sin to)
1bought enough eggs. t han/not as .. . as .. .
(para dar ins truccion es)
You must stay in bed. forma n egativa (much /many) Forma afirma tiva
You mustn't smoke. We haven't got much wine. England ls smaller than France.
1don't buy many books. Taxis are more expensive rhan buses.
would + like + to + infi nitivo
(para invitar a alguien ) Fonna interrogativa (much/many/enough) ForiUa negativa
W ould you llke to come to dlnnerl Does he dnnk much/enough milk/ England is not as big as France.
- l'd love to. - Yes, he does./No. he does n' t. Buses are not as expensive as taxis.
Do you have many/enough potatoes1
should + infinitivo
- Yes. 1doJ No.l don't. Supe rlativo (r egular)
(para dar consej os)
You should talk to the bank manager. adje tivo + -est
too/too much/too manylnot enough
shall (1)
~~?grc
Fonna afinnativa (too muchltoo many) the Jongest
(p ara ofrecerse a h acer al go) 1 + -est 1 che shortest
There's too much mea t.
Shall l call the waiter1 qUick the quickest
There are too many vegetables.
shall (we) (para s ugerir)
Forma n egativa (not enough) most + adjetivo (d e tres silabas o m ás}
Shall we invite Jeff and Al1ce to dinner!
There lsn't enough meat.
There aren't enough vegetables. expensive the most expenslve
IMPERATIVO lntell lgent 1 most 1 che most lncelligent
too + adjetivo delicious che most delicious
Forma afirmativa
Put the hi-fi In the livi ng room. lt was too cold In Scotland. lc's the longest nver In the world.
Drlnk you r tea slowly. The train was too slow. This is the most expensive restaurant in
cown.
fonn a n egativa Q UES1'10N 7'ACS V RESPUESTAS BREVES
Don't make the tea too sweet.
Don't put the table there. Forma afirmativa ExCLAMACIONES C O N WHAT Y H ow
You like Spanish wine. don't you! What (alan) + adjetivo + s us tantivo
PRONOMBRES POSESrvOS - Yes. we do.INo, we don't. What a lovely colour!
He's a very good cook, 1sn't he/ What an awfu l game!
mine/ - Yes. he is./No. he lsn't.. What enormous shoes!
ls this book
yours1
Forma n egativa How + adj etivo
yours. jeff doesn't llke red wine, does he1 How beautifull
No,lt's
ours. - Yes. he does./No. he doesn't. How awful!
hlsl They don't eat meat, do chey1
Are these clothes - Yes. they do./No. chey don 't.
thoirs1
No, they're hers. Respues tas breves

Res puest as breves Fo rma afirn~ativa

Yes, it is./No. it isn't. l love Scotland.
Yes, they areJNo, they're (they are) not. -So do l.
1 thought the film was awful.
- So did l.
EL CENITrvO SJ\}ÓN
Fonna n egativa
\ '' um el posecdu1. 1 don't like cold weather.
This is Joe's pen. - Nelther do l.
Whose house is thls? - lt's Elvls Preslcy's. She doesn't go to the ci nema.
- Neither does her boyfriend.
Ml/CII/ MANYI A LOT OFf ENOUGII CON
SUST ANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCON1'A8LES POSICIÓ N DEL ADJ ET IVO

much + sustantivos inco ntables 1feel terrible!

He's gota terrible cold.
wine

l
much sugar
money
COMPARATrvO Y SUPERLATIVO DEL
ADJETIVO
many + s ustantivos plural es Comparativo (r egula r )
books
many teachers ~~!~tivol + -er smaller
1 people big + -er blgger
funny 1 funni er

8
 GRAMM AR SUMMARY MÓDUL04
1 Couw {uNroAD 1) Pa ra la lonna ll<·gauva e interrogativa hay qul· u~m· rl
auxiUar did. No t i' olvide~ d1• nnlilir Ir~ d de u sed
f?OIUL\ t.: ua nclo va acompaiiado por 1·l <111xilia, did .
C ould + pronombrr pt:rsonal + wrbo en infinitivo (sin Where did you use to live?
t o). Could 110 vana '>Ca cual ~ra el ~~.(jeto. They didn't use to like cheese.
Could 1 make a phone calll
Could he have ánother cake? Uso
U sed t o .!>irvt> para n:rerirst a sitllatiwws o hábito~ que
l:'>O harr existido en el pasado, pcr o CJIIl' ya han conrluiclo.
C ould you ... ? u C ould 1 ... ? ~irve partl formular 1 used to eat a lot of chocolate. (but 1 don't now)
una petición. They used to live in Seville. (but they don't now)
Could you be quiet, please?
Could 1 talk to you? 4 PASADO SIMPLE (UNIDAD 2)
FOR.\IA
También se usa C ould 1/b e/sb e/w e/you/they . . . ?
pMa pedir pcrrni$o. El pasado simplt· de los verbos n·gularcs termina en e d.

Could 1 use your hairdryer? 1 waited at the statio n. They worked in Paris.
Could they stay at your house on Friday night? lt happened in Monterey.
Al añadir -ed aJ itúiuitivo de lo!; vt'rbos regulan·~ se
Las peticiones con could son más educada~ que laf> pueden originar óerws cambios.
formuladas ron can , pero 110 tan rorrnales como cuando
sr usa may. Cuando el infinitivo termjmt en cor~so u ante + y,
cn toncl's el pasado sin 1ple Lenuiua en ied.
2 SHOUW Y OUGf /T TO (UNIDAD 1) try ~ tried study -+ studied
FOR~IA
Si la y va precedida de una vocal, 110 se cambia po1 i.
Tall ltl para should romo para o u gh t to el verbo no
Jkva - S Cll la ~('J"t"('I"U persona. l ,a romm should va stay ~ stayed enjoy ~ enjoyed
seguida de un verbo l'r l infinitivo !>in to: la forma o ught
sí va seguida de infinitivo con to. Cuando el infinitivo termina en e . sólo hay que
añadir -d .
You shouldn't worry about maki ng mistakes.
1 o ught to w rite him a letter. love -+ loved

L!')O En a lgunos \wrhos que terminan <'n vocal st'guicla dt

consonnntc, dicha consonante se· duplica.
S!" usau s hould ) ought. t o ¡.>ara dar consejo o rxpn:-
~a r obligaciones cll uua manera cd ut"arla. ban ~ banned stop ~ stopped

1 should study Englis h for half an hour every day. El pa~<1do simple clr alguno~ verbo~ es inegular, y es
The children shouldn't watch television so much. 1m·ciso aprender también tales forma.~ irregular<·s.
1ought to look up more words in my dictionary. buy ~ bought have ~ had
The children ought not to play in the street.
Para la lorma negativa hay que 11sar el auxilia• did +
Sho uld y ough t t o Licnen ca~i d n1ismo ~igt til k~•dr>, n ot.
prr·o hoy en di a se usa con mayor lr!'cuem·ja la lo1 rna
negativa de s b o uld (should not / shouldn't) qtw la He didn't buy a car.
negatÍ\'a de ough t t o (o ugh t not to / ou ghtn' t t o).
P~n1 l.r limna in ter rogativa ha)' que usar e1 auxilia~ did
1 ought to do sorne exerclse.
dr la siguieme maucra: did + ~ Ltjtw + verho
You shouldn't do any exercise.
Did she enjoy it?
3 USED TO (UNIDAD 2)
U:-.o
FORl\IA
El pasado simplr se usa para referirse a una sola .t<.ción
En la lun na afiml;t Liva, use d t o va seguido del i11 fi 11il ivo que ha tenido lu,ga1 y r.o ncluido en el pasado.
~i11 to.
He washed the car last week.
1 used to have a dog. She made a cake yesterday.

9
 -

THAT ' S E NGLI S H !

5 PREGUNTAS CON WH~ Y PREGUNTAS DE Uso

RESPUESTA YES/NO (UNIDAD 2) El pasado continuo ~e suele w;ar en rdaci611 con d pasa-
Las prcguutas q ue comieuzau por las partículas What?, do simple. Cuando así sucede, el pasado cont.i nuo se
Where?, When?, Why? y How? requieren la siguiem c refiere a un a accióu m ás la rga, mienlras que el pasado
cslnlclura. sunph: Se rclicn: a llllél ac;CÍÓII m ás breve que LU VO lugar
pcu1i.cula ÍJJlerrogativa + verbo auxiliar+ s-ujd.o en el traascurso d e la anterior, o bien la interrumpió.

Where do they live? They live in Seville. 1 lost the ring while 1 was shopping.
What did he ead He ate bacon sandwiches.
When did she go to Paris? She wenc last week. 8 WHEN Y WHILE (UNIDAD 3)
Why did he sell his car? Because he needed che money. Se usa when (cuando) y while (mientras) para enlazar
How does she go co work? She goes to work by bus. dos acciones simultáne-as.
::)itL embargo, hay una excepción. C ua ndo Who? es el 1 learned Spanish when/while 1 lived in Spain.
sujetO ut:J
verbo, JI() ~e ca111bia el orden de los LértnLli OS
de la ii·asc, y por lo tanto uo ~<' n eces ita un a uxiliar. While permite subrayar el hecho de Cjl1C las do¡:
accion es acontccicroJ 1 si1 m 111ánea m en re.
Who lives here?
Who wears a blue jacket? When t <'~m b ién se usa cuando wm accióJJ o silllacióJI
Who was the father of Alfonso XIII? sigue a otra.
Who lived in El Pardo?
A dog barked when he opened the door.
(First he opened the door. lmmediately after that, the
Existe otro tipo de pregunt,as que e1npie.za JJ clin::claJJJcule
dog barked.)
por d auxiliar+ sujeto. Es ta~ preguntas se pueden con-
1 felt very tired when 1 got home.
LesLar l' OU yes o no.
(1arrived home and chen 1 realised that 1 felc very
Do you like ice-cream? ti red.)
Did he take the children to schooJ?
Observa, no oLsta llte. 1<1 diferencia entre:
6 Aco (UNIDAD 3) 1was washing my hair when the doorbell rang.
FOR ~IA (During the process of washing my hair 1 heard the ring
of the doorbell.)
La palab1·a ago se usa en fi-ases de pasado simple y v·
,.
siempre- va dcspui'~ de· una expresió n de tiem po.
1 was washing my hair while the doorbell was ringing.
six hours ago hace ~eis boras (The doorbell was ringing all che time 1 was washing my
a few days ago hace unos pocos días hair.)
ten years ago hace- clicz <LJ"íos
1visited India many years ago.
l ~u i a la Ind ia haC:t' mu('hos años.
9 HAVE (;OT (UNIDAD 4)
FORMA

Para h1 rorm a a fin mtt iva se usa bave/has got si1 1 to.
La palabra ago sirve pa ra rderirse a un determ inad o
1 have got blue eyes. He has got a nice smile.
LieJIJpO en l'i pasado.
1saw Fiona a monch ago. Paxa la lo rma imerrogaüva sólo hay que cambia•· el
(1 saw Fiona at the beginning of May. Now it's June. 1 ord e n d el auxilia r (have / has) y el s uj<~t().
saw her a month ago.)
Has she got blonde hair? Has it got leather seats?

7 PASADO CONTINUO (UNIDAD 3) Para la 1i:nm a negativa se a fíade -n't o not al a uxiliar.
Fo l~\ r,\
She hasn't got brown hair. lt has not got plastic seats.
Este LiC'mpo verbal S(' forma ron el pasad <1 del vC"rho be
(was/ were) $('guido de la forma en -ing. l'ara el pasado tle ha ve got fl(' usa el pasado correspon-
clicm e del verbo bave: had. (Recuerda q ue no se put>de

~e 1 was 1 ~:~~¡:~.ng. ~: 1 were 1 ~~!~~~~· usa1 d a uxiliar did con have got.)
He had got lovely eyes.
She walking. They wartmg.
Had it got leather seats?
At four o' dock this afcernoon 1 was having a cup of tea lt hadn'c goc plastic seacs.
with my friend.
At eight o 'clock we were watching a fi lm on teievislon.

10
IW

·- GRAMMAR SUMMARY

l 1S< > 11 PRETÉRITO PERFECTO, PASADO SIMPLE

H a ve got (tl'nrr) sirve para de~cribir los rasgo~ fi~1co~. Y PRESENTE CONTINUO (UNIDAD 5)
ctwlidacles o ~araneristicas dt· pc r~on a~, lugares u objetos. J·.tt muchas ocasio nc.>s, el pretérito perlccto sr ns<~ pana
She's got blonde hair and a sense of humo ur. rckrirsr a una acción que con wnzó c11 d pasacln y con-
The apartment's got two bedrooms. tinua en cl prcst'lil (".
The car's got nice leather seats. l've studied Engllsh fo r two years. (1 want to contmue
studying i1:, in fact l'm still studying English now.)
H a ve g ot 1amhií• u Sl' usa a nWrllldo pa ra indicar pose-- l~swdio inglés desdc hace dos a iaos./Ernpcc(· a l'l>l ndiar
sión, pero r n inR'I t~!'. americano es más !r ecuente la !(Jrma ingU·s hace dos :li'\os.
sin g ot.
1 have got a dog. = 1 have a dog. El pa~ado ~impk pl·rmite de~nilur UIM aniv1clad c¡uc
=
Has he got a car? Does he have a car? tm·o lugar e11 el pas,tdo } qu~· a~imbmo romluyo t•n t>l

=
She hasn't gota job. She doesn't have a job. pasado.
1 studíed French at school. (T hen 1 sto pped studying it.)
Observa q ue paril d tiempo pasado, se usa más l<J f(JI'Ina F:srud ié rrancés en d colegio.
\in got .
1 hada dog. .St' u.:;a el presentl' toutiuuo par,, lr.1blar dt> u11,1 .1< tiviclad
Did he have a car? a largo plazo qut· tienc lugat alrora. t· 11 el pn·s<·tllt'.
She dldn't have a job. Now l'm studylng English by distance learning.
Ahora \!stucl io inglé~ LOn un lUno a clistarwia
10 CAN (UNIDAD 5)
FuR~ I A 12 M UST/MUSTN)TIHAVE TOIHAVE GOT
TO (UNIDAD 6)
Rr<:u<'rda q ul' c an no añade -s t ll la tercera pt rsona y
que e n la forn w nfirmaciva va ~cguido de ur 1 infinitivo F O RI\1. \
~in to .
La forma must 110 tit>ne pasado,) pm talltu hay qtw
1 can
speak English. usar en su lugat had to.
My partner can speak French.
We had to d ean the bathro om yesterday.
Tm,ir nos que limpia r d baño <tyl:'r .
Pan1 la forma in wrrogativa se usa can + st\icto + verbo He had to wear a uniform when he was wo rking.
<'11 infinirivo sin to. No se usa el verbo auxiliar d o. Tenía que llevar unirom1P cuamlo trabajaba.
Can you use a word processor?
Can he operate the fa.x machine? Tamporo mus tn' t tiene pasado .. tSt que Jcbl' usar~t'
was / were not allowed to.
u~n
W e weren't allowed to smo ke In my aunt's house.
C an 'r usa pa1a uHÜcar que sr saht> hacer algo o que se o ~t' nos permilia fumar en 1a¡¡a de nti tía.
twnl' una determinada habilidad. He wasn't allowed to go home early.
-o~~· le permiria volver a ca~a temprano.
1 can use a word processor.
Sí· utilizar 1111 prOc<·sacJo, clr textos.
He can't operate the fax machine.
Uso
o ,abe· usa1 la máquina drllax Estos verbos ~e usan para indir.u una proh ibición o una
She can speak two foreign languages. obligación imperalÍ\'<1, corno l'll d e a~o el<' llOJIIlil\ n
Sabt~ hablar dos 1diomas extranjero\. rcglamtnto~.

Yo u muscn't smoke o n che Undergro und In Lo ndo n.

C an sirve tmnl 1i(•n para forrn nlm una petición iuf'orrnal-
t\o de bes ftun m en d Meu·c¡ ele Londres.
nwnll·.
You muse wear this uniform w hen you are working.
Can 1 use your phone, please? Debes llevar e~tt· tu1iforme ruando l' Strs rrah~janclo.
We've got co dean the bathroom today.
C a n y c a n't sitvcn ,,dcmn' para da r o negar permiso. Tc nem o~ q ue limpim el bailo ltor.

You can go home now.

Para indicar que algo no delw la;.arcrsc de n in~m modo
Yes, of course you can.
hay que usar mus tn' t .
No, you can't, l'm afrard.
You mustn't make a noise after midnight.
La ro rma cont raC'la c an't t'S más fi·rcuen lf' que c annot 'o debes hacer ruido despué~ de la mcdla norh<·.
Lltllto en d ingl(·s hablado como l'n descrito.

11
[ THAT ' S ENGLISH !

13 COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD (UNIDADES Con los adj etivos d(' dos sílabas r¡ ue tnmina n en conso-
6 y 7) nante seguida de y , <'~ta p asa a ser i y S<' añadt' -est.

S irve para formular et1111p<u·acion.·s pru·alelas, siguiendo the funniest film la película más graciosa
esla ló nmala: as + ad jt·tivo + as (t<Ln + ad jeLivn +
como). Los aq jel i vo~ de Lres o más síJabas van prrcc>didos por
the +mo st.
The weather today is as nice as yesterday.
El Liempo d~ hoy es lau bueno corno d de ayc1. the most intelligent child r l niiio m ft., inlcligcnle
This ice-cream ls as good as the one 1 had yesterday. the most difficulc exam el examen más dificil
Este helado e,~ lá tan burilo com<l el que me- LOmé ayer.
C:or1 rl 'upt-·t la Livo se sue len ernpkar las pre posicioues
Se usa not as + a(tjrtivo + as para formular compara- in y of. In se usa cuan< lo la comparación e~ l'n rdarióu
ciones no C(Juivalcntes, a veces como qw~ja, reproche o a 1111 lugar.
crÍi ica. She's the most intelligent child in che class.
This house isn't as níce as our old one. Es la niña más .intel ig;eme de la l Jase.
These shoes aren't as expensive as yours. le was the most difficult exam of che year.
1•\re cJ examen más cli fk il del afi o.
14 COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD
Alguno~ adj etivos d1• uso común rienen comparativos y
{UNIDADES 6 Y 7)
snperlalivos irregulares.
FOltidA
good ~ better ~ (the) bese
C.:on a(Uclivos de una o do~ sílabas hay que <~ñadir -er. bad ~ worse ~ (the) worst
old ~ older cheap ~ cheaper
Uso
Err el caso de los adjetivos qu<' lermiuau e11 cuns<>oaute El superlaüvo se usa para iu<lica r t¡ut> el ~ us La 11 1ivo al
+ y Ita y que tambiar la y pur ier. que <'~COmpaña lit>r1e la cualidad del adjetivo en su
grado máximo, en relaeiún con lodos los demás nriem-
easy ~ easier pretty ~ prettier
bros o cosas ele su mismo Lipo o caLegoria.
Si c.l atUetivo de una silaba termiua en g, t o n , hay que He is the most successful doctor in town.
duplicar· la consonante. Es el médico de n1ás éxito de la ciudad.
She is the wealthiest businesswoman in the USA
big ~ bigger fat ~ fatter thin ~ t hinner
Es la m~jer de negocios más rica ele los EEG U.
lt was the most talkative parrot in t he shop.
Se usa rn.ore con los adj eúvos de dos o más sílabas.
Era eJ loro más parlanchín ele la tienda.
more intelligent more unus ual

Hay algtmos adjetivos de dos sílabas que admiten las

dos Jormas del compar at ivo (con -er y con rn.ore),
como com.mon, handsorn.e, polite, quiet, wicked,
pleasant, c ruel, s tupid, tired y los adj etivos que
terminan en ow, er y le.
yellow ~ yellower/more yellow

Uso
Permite comparar un objeto o siLuación con otros.
lt's more beautiful than 1 imagined.
Es rmis bonito de lo que yo me imaginaba.
She's more intelligent than he is.
Es más in teligente que él.

15 SUPERLATIVO DE ADJETIVOS (UNIDADES

6 y 7)
FDRi\lt\

Los adjetivos de una sílaba van precedidos por the y

lerminan en est.
the kindest person la persona más a ma ble
the biggest car el coche más gra.nrle

12
l 1

GRAMMAR SUMMARY MÓDULOS

UNIT 1 Si e l acljc:rivo monosilábic:o rcrmi na en g , t o n , se repite la
couso11ante Gual.
1 LIKES AND DISUKES big bigger the biggest
E n inglós hay clivn-:;os modo~ d e rxprcsar lo que nos gusta y lo hot hotter the hottest
que no nos gusta. thin ch inner che thinnest

• Se pueden usar verbos corno l.ike y dislike, ~cguidos de la Adjetivos de dos silabas
forma -ing dcl ve rbo o de UJI sustantivo. Alg11 nos <~cljctivos de dos silaba;, forman c•l ('()mpara livo y el
r like going to the cinema./! like books. superlativo de la misma manera.
1 dislike walking in the rain./1 don 't like that book very
quie r quierer the qu1etest
much. narrow narrower the narrowest
• Se pueden usar los verbos like y dislike + his / her way of
... + -ing. Si el adjetivo de dos silabas termin a e n consonante seguida J e
-y, la y pasa a ser i, y se a.ñadt> -er o -est. Es1c carniiÍt•
llike his way of laughing. Me gusta cómo se ne. onográiicn tambié n ~uccrle rnn los adjetivos de una sola
1 dislike her way o f talking. Nn nh' g11 ~ld cí)mu h <tbla. sila ba termin ados en -y.

l:'ara expres<tr prdercncia~, hay q ue: usar d veriJo prefer. pretty prettier the prettiest

1 like going to the cinema, but 1 prefer going to the theatre. Otros ac[jetivos de clns sílaba:; forman el companttivo
1 prefer the cinema to the theatre. antcponic·ndo t·l tC:m•ino more; para el s 11pct lativo S(' colora
rno s t dela n1e d el adjc:tivo.
UNIT2 tragfc more tragic the most tragic
2 EL IMPERATIVO
Adjetivos de tres o más sílabas
FORMA Todos los a d jetivos ele tres o más silabas fonnan e l compar·ativn
La forma afinnativa d el imperativo es )a misma q 11{: el inJini ti· y el supedativo c01 1more y most.
VIl del V('riJu ~i 11 lO.
excltlng more excitlng the most exciting
vcrho to stand up to open to sit
imperativo Stand up! Open the door! Sit down! For mas irreguJares
En d caso de algunos aqjedvos , el comparativo y d superlativo
La lorma ttcgauva se C.:UJIStruye wn don 't +el i.Jiliuiúvo sin to M) fl irreg-ulares.
impcrm:ivn negativo Don'r stand up. good better che best
Don't open che w indow. bad wo rse the worst
Don't sit clown. many more the most
llttle less che least
l•:n inglés, e l inapl'ra1ivo es illvariai,Ie, es decir, ~e usa la n1i~1 na
fo nua tatllo parad singul ar <como p ara e l plural. Uso
El <:OJ1 tparativ<J ~e usa para rumpara1 a dos ¡Jersunas. dus
Uso cos<u; o dos acciones. La e~ trut:tura es la ú¡¡;uier 1lc.
E l imperativo se suele.: usar para dar instrucciones u órd enes a
a.lguic•n. Primer tém1inv d e la c-omparación + comparativn + than +
scgnndo tc'Tm ill<) clt la Ct111 1p:mwió11
Switch off che flghts when you go out.
Arthur Ts ta ller than Michael.
Playing golf is more relaxing than playing tennis.
3 LA FORMA - ING
La rorma -ing de Llli Vt:rbo puede hacer las veces de sustautivu, El superla1ivo St' usa panl iud k<tr que d sustamivu al que
IJirn como sujeto () IJien COi ft L> cnmplem¡;nto de llllél rrasc·. arompaña ticnr la nt<l lidad del arljc:tÍV\> c·n S\1 gr<tdo máximr•,
en rc lac ió11 con to<lüs los rlcmás micmhros o ('(Jsa~ de su
Winning is not lmportant.
mismo tipo o cate~oria.
Running is the best type of exercise.
1 like ta lking to people.
5 ADVERBIOS DE CANTIDAD
( lhsrrv<~ q tw en ~~~pañ••l se 11sa el iu rinitivu en este caso. FORMA
Playing golf is reJaxing. .Jugar al golf' es rdajan1e 1.os térm inos extremely. very, quite r rather son advrr-
bios dr t:anúdatl y preced en a otros atlverbíos o a adjeti vos.
4 EL COMPARATIVO Y EL SUPERLATIVO O tro adverbio de camicla cl es enough, que se coloca detrás
del acljrtivo 11 ,tdverbi!l, pero delante drJ 110mh•·e.
FoRMA
Adjetivos d e una sola s ílaba Uso
!'ara lc1rma• el co•nparativt• hay li U< ai\ailir d sulij<J ·er; par<l Para acenu •ar el semido (}(> Ja [i·asc ~~, tlSil extremely
e l S1 1perlat iVfo, se ,l.l(ft:g;, -est. (cx.u·emadamemc) y very (muy).
fast fas ter che fascest Charles is dancing extremely wel l this evening.
cheap cheaper the cheapest A li cia is a very good teacher of machematlcs.

13
 1 THAT ' S ENGLISH!

Para que el si.~ilicado sea menos intenso o mi'ls neutro se usan UNIT3
q uite y ¡·ather (<1mbo~ knniu<J~ signill c;~n //(ls/mlle).
l"m quite excited.
7 ADJETIVOS QUE TERMINAN EN -ING O -ED
Sara ls quite quiet today. FoRMA
Mark always speaks rather loudly. El participio pas;~do de l verb11 {q ut! Lermin<~ en -ed) )' el
participio pre~rntt" (qul' tt"rmina en -ing) pueden hacer l a~
R a ther se usa generalmente para intensíf'kar t> l si~,'ni ficadv <.le veces de acüetivo.
un adjetivo negativo.
verbo aqjerjvos
1thought the new fashion designs were rather disappointi ng. excite excited/excltlng
bore bored/boring
Sin tmlxu·go, hay oc:asion~:s en que ~e usa para iratc nsiúc.ar
ad jetivos positivos. En tales casos. el hab lante indica con ello Uso
LULa sorpresa. Conviene entendrr bien la diferencia en1re el 11sn de lo~ acljc-
tivo~ que LerminaH e.n -ing y lo~ que Lenninan en -ed. El par-
1 th ink the new designs look rather exdting.
ticipio pas<~do 1-ed ) sirve p<11·a describir Jo que semim os sobrl'
Cuando enough se ro loca delante del nomlm.: ~ j~¡j fica algo o a lguien , mientras ([ue el participio prescntl' (-ing) se liS<~
nifidentf.. para describir el objeto o persona que nos ha causado tal
impresión.
There's enough food.
Thls book is interesting. Este libro es intcresame.
Cuando enough se coloca detrás del adjetivo o drJ adwrbio,
J'm very lnterested In it. Esto; muy illl t!l'f'Sadt) (' 11 rl.
es un advervio y significa Slf.ficimlenwde. Thls book ls very borlng. Este libm es muy abtuTido.
The music is loud enough. l'm bored. Eslt)y aburrido.

Eu cspai1ol, a veces hay dos palabras di fere.mes ...

6 FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS
interesado/interesante interested/interesting
Un prelijo puede modificar el siguifiraclo de un adj etiv,, con- sorp.rendido/sorpreudente surprised/surprising
tTadiciéndolo u negándolo. Los prefijos más comw1es son : un-, r;asrínadrJ/Ia~rinRntc· fascinated/fascinating
in-, im-, de- > di s-. o todos los m.\jt•tivos pw·dt·n modificarst'
dr. esre moc!o. ~:<: n muchos casos. es preciso usar not + adj elivo. . •. y a veces sólo una.
UO· In· lm· de- dis- abu 1Tido borlng/bored
unhappy lnefficient lmpatient demotivating dishonest
unsure losensltlve lmmodest devalued disobedient
1.111realisclc lnconslderate lmpolite discourceous
8 EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
unemotion~l lnexpenslve fmpractical dissatlsfied FoRMA
He wants to build an hotel, but 1 thfnk his idea is unrealistic. El presente conúnuo se lom1a con el presente simple de l verbo
She was happy when they were engaged, but she's unhappy be +la fom1a -ing del verbo.
now t hey're married. 1am watching television.
He/she/it is making a lot of noise.
Cou alguno~ ac[jctivos puede usaJ·se el sufijo -ish para denotar You/we/they are playing well tonight.
111 1grado inrerio r.
small ~ small lsh P.n la Jbnna intc:rrogativa, se invierlr d orden del su.rrto y el
verbo.
Un oqjeto smallish no es tan pec¡ucño como LIJ10 r¡ue sea
Jj. ~ piaying the piano!
small; es quite small pero no very small.
En la Jorma racg,uiva, ~e agTCI{'.t la parlacu la negativa not
Co11 algunos sustantivos puede utilizarse el sul~jo -less para
ele be y an tt:s de la fcwma -ing dd w rho.
cl~sp1tés
conu·adeCÍI' su sign!Jicado. La palabra réliultallle ~ un acljelivtl.
meanlng ~ meaningless l'm not dan cing.

A~í, algo m e aningl ess t~s ;algo without m e aning (si11 Uso
significado). El presente rontinu(> S<" usa para halJlar cl<: ;tlgC> qll(" está
suceiliendo en ese mismo mom ento.
Otros suJijos modifican la cat('goría gramatical rk una palalm'l.
1 can't talk to you now. l'm doing my English homework.
sustantivo -¡..-fui = aqjetivo
use (utilidad, nso} ~ usefu l (a'ldl) El presente co mi11UO sirve para hablar de una actividad o
~ ituación qu<: se
=
adjetivo + -ly adverbio de modo tstá proclllcicndn más n mrnns e n d momt·rllo
de hablar, pero no necesariamente al mismc¡ tiempo.
wonderful (rnaravillo~o) ~ wonderfully (maravillosamc nLc)
All my friends are wearing Riki trainers.
$UStanLivo + -ship =sustantivo abstracto
censor {rc:nsor) ~ censorship (l"'ensma) l'm studylng English at che moment.
l'm havlng a lot of bad dreams.

T ambién sirve para hablar de los phu1es futw·os c¡ue se v-an a

materializar rc:laLivamcm c prom o.
l'm flying to London on Friday morning.
We're visiting friends at the weekend.

14
:~ G RA MMA R SU MMA RY 1

9 FuTURO CON W/LL Y GOJNG TO 1 was singing. We were talking.

You were dancing. You were going toche party.
FORMA He/She was playing che piano. They were listeníng to music.
l~l futuro con goin g to st• fimna ton el presentt' simple dd lt was eating.
verbo be + going to, ~t·guidtl rlel inl·i111ivo.
1am golng to have a glass of wlne. You are going to be late. Para la forma in tcrro~ativfl st• invierte el orden st\irto·vcrho.
Was he playing the piano?
f •11 la fOI1Tiil intrrrogaliv:l, ~(' illVICJ'tC eJ orden del ~ujeto )' r l
verbo. pero la forma going to no ~e modilica. l·.n la lonna negativa se ¡¡grcga la panirula negariva not
dt~¡m6 de be ) antes dt• 1,1 fin m.1 -ing.
Are you goíng to come to the party tomorrow night?
1was noc (wasn't) dancing.
Ln la fom1a ncga1iva. se a~~n·ga la p:u11Cula negativa not
despué~ de be y amrs de going to El pasado simple
1am not goíng to have a drink. La forma regu1'lr del pa~ado simple tem1iua en -ed y es la
misn1 a para 10das las personas.
El futuro simple se 1\mmt lOil will ~eg1 1ido tli.:l infin il ivo (si11 1 looked at Richard.
to). You remembered me.
1wlll do lt later. You will flnd out tomorrow. He/She laughed at che joke.

1 will, you will, etc., '>C pueden .tbreviar a Pll, you'll, Cll'. Sin comhargo, cou free urnria ,..1 pa~clu simple"" irregular.
1drove the lorry. You saw h1m. He knew me.
En la fom1a mterrOJ,tativ.t sr In\ irrt<' el orden de will y el 'ujrw.
Wíll you come wíth me? En la lonna interrogariva. ~t· usa Did seguido dd sujeto v del
in(iunivo dcl verbo stn to
E11 la forma nc~tiva. not se ai'l,ltll: d cspué:. de will. Did you drive che lorryl Did he know youl
1 will not do it tomorrow.
l•:n la limna ncga liva, sr 11san In~ 1r nninos clid not (clidn't)
La Jorma abreviada de will not <!s won't. seguidos del infinitivo (sin to).
They won't be here tomorrow. She did not (didn't) laugh at the loke.
They did not (dldn't) listen to us.
Uso
Uso
Para hablar de lo que se va .t hact•r en el futuro se usan tanto
El pasado continuo ~e u~a para clc~cribir lllla acción o dos
w ill como going to. La dilért·m ia entre ambas fom1a~ t•s que•
acCiones paralel~ r¡uC' )'ti llt•v<than tit'mpo ~urediendo.
will se usa cuando 5t' dt•c•ck· hacer algo en el momcnro dr
habla•·· In my dream the man was driving towards us.
Those are the same clothes chat she was wearíng at the lasc
Mo t h e r john, can you help your brother wíth his homework?
party.
john Yes, but not now. 1'11 help him later.
While she was working In che offlce, her husband was
.Jolm decide, rn f'~(· prt·c·isr> llli)JJ1t·nlo, qu<' ayudará a su hc1m<~no. hoovering.

Po1· otra pane, going to st• usll 1 JI.llldu ya se ha tomado la T a111bién ~~·usa para llti iTal algo.
dcnsión de hacrr algo.
lt was wínter and the snow was falllng.
Mot h e r John. can you help your brother wíth his homeworkl
J ohn Yes, he has already asked me. l'm going to help him El pa\ado simplt> si1v<" para hablar de c~comecimiemos cid
later. pasado o de hechos que ya han concluido. Con frecuencia se
usa ron c·xpresiones de tiempo, lalc·\ 1 omn last year,
~r ' 1san tanto will c·omr¡ goin g to para decir lo e¡ u e pensamos yesterday, this morning.
que va a suceder en r. l fim tro.
She stayed wíth her aunt In London last year.
1 don' e think 1'11 get chis Job. He went to work by car this morning.
Do you think l'm going to gec chis jobl
Cuando el p~ado simpl<' sr usa Cll ro 1~uncioo cor1 el pasado
!:k usa going to cuando en el presente hay un inclicio de 1(1 t'ontinuo, el p1·imero p ermile describi1 una acción que sucedió
c¡ut· va a suceder en rl lillum. t'll r l mc¡mCJIUl que estaba n•ali zánclosc la acción c..xpresada
por d pa.sado continuo. Dicho en otras palabras. la acción
Look at the sun! lt's going to be a perfect day.
expresada por el pasado s1mple internuupió la acción
<'Xf>l t'Sada por eJ pasado t;OllUIIIIO.
UNIT4
When 1woke up, the phone was ringing.
10 PASADO CONTINUO Y PASADO SIMPLE
FoRMA 11 PRONOMBRES REFLEXfVOS
El pasado continuo FORMA
El pasad~l continuo se fornK\ con d tiempo pasado del vc rhn myself, yourself, herself, hímself, itself
be ~q(uiJo de la forma -ing d!'l w rhn. ourselves, yourselves, themselves

15
i THAT ' S ENGLISH I ~

Uso Although (auuque) sirve parlt c·nlttz<il dos ht:dlOs u i d1·a~ (jll(
Los pronombre:; Jt:ilcxivos M: usan ruando el sujeto <:jcntla) p arN'c' n npllr\lu\ o incluso rn ntra dinorío~.
n:c ibt: la .ttc ión qur o·xprrsa rl vc·rho, es decir, r uando el Although 1 had a large lunch, 1 still feel hungry.
~liJI'lO rs tamlncn el complemcmo.

llook at myself in the mirror. t\Je mtru en cJ espejo. UNIT5

Lo~ prouombrcs rc>flexivos sr u~.tll uormalmetlle ron verbos FORMACIÓN DE PAlABRAS (VÉASE LA UNIDAD 2)
tales rorno cu t , btrrn.. injure y hurt, y también CQn verbos CONJUNCIONES (VÉASE LA UNIDAD 4)
romo e njoy.
1 hurt myself. (un *1 hure me)
Have a lovely hollday. Enjoy yourselves! UNIT6
El pnmomhr< rrllrxivo no se suele usar en mglés con verbos LIKES AND DJSUKES (VÉASE LA UNIDAD 1)
como like, meet. remember, feel relax, concentrate,
waslt, s h ave y get up. 14 ORACIONES DE RELATIVO ESPECIFICATIVAS
~d u<.lHJ~ <.le lo~ verbos que t'll t'\IMi'lol ~uc-len llevar utt FoRMA
p1 tl1Hltn ln e· 1dl('xivo, talrR como lotl(liSf, l''st:t.rse, ronsors~. rte .. What y that son pronl)nthrr~ relnt ivo~ (rc·currdrst' qur what
en inglés utilizan d verbo get 'Cgtmlo del pat ticipiu p.t.\.tdu Ntambu"n una particula intcrrogau"a).
dcl ved,.>
That rmrdc· h.tca la~ vrcr~ dl· MIJ<'to cfp la oracton de n•lali\'O
l'm gening dressed. :Vle e~toy visllcmlo.
1ger tired eastly. Me ca11~o wn murhít lacilidad. This is the dog .ilig¡; bit me.
The car .tflM is in che garage belongs to my brother.
12 COULD, MIGHTY PERHAPS
Y taml>it·u put·de ha cer de m mp l,•mrnto.
FORMA
The stereo ~ she gave me doesn't work.
Could } might -on wrhn~ modales. ~cm imariable:; y van
seguido:; pot el infinitivo (sin to).
What '-t' n~a snt c¡ue ~ea pn·ciso hacer referencia a un MtSlilrt·
We could vtsit your parents on Frlday. They mtght be away. tivo amerior: c.:11 c.:ste casu ~i¡...rnific .tllltfllt.
1gave the teacher what 1 had done.
Perhaps c:s 1111 ,tuveriJio t· uyc• ~ig ntfi r"d" t'R parecido ;ti el<' los
What he did annoyed me.
V(:J Go~ could y migh1:. Sr snc lc colocar al principiu dt In
frasr } generalmente >l' UM wn will.
Uso
Perhaps he'll recurn the money tomorrow. Las •>rantme~ de rclauvo c~pcdlira1ivas no~ mlom1an de la
pc:n;ona o ro,,,
/o riel tipo ele prt ~011.1 o cosa¡ a que s<· refiert- el
Uso hablamc>.
Could. might y perhaps ~irvcn par<t hacer c<mjct ura\ y
The palnting that was on the wall was by Velazquez. (Which
exp1 r~a t pmual.ülidad.
pamring1 The one that was on the wall.)
Perhaps che dream is about my fucure. 1 like music that's not too loud. (What kind of musid Muslc
QuitAs c·J ~uc·ñll ~ea sol)!'(: mi lltllll<>. that is not too loud.)
The dream could be abouc my fucure.
El suctlo podría ~cr 50bre mi fututo. UNIT7
The dream m1ght be be about my future.
EJ surrio pocina ser sobre mi fmuro. 15 ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
FoRMA
13 CONJUNCIONES 1~1 vrrh(J dt· l,tnrarión introdnric\¡¡ por ü va en prest'lllC,
FORMA mientras qul! el vcrb•J de la oraóon IJnncipal va en luut ro.
Los rrm1inos and but, because, however y although ~~~~~ lf you buy a Sondeus, you'll be a happy man.
<cmjum ICJtW~ qtw sirven pMa IIIIÍI u contrastar dos lra~c-~.
Uso
Uso Este upo dt ltaM' rondicíon,\l l ha~ lrl~~ tipos) ~e u~" e uandu
And (y) ••nlaza do~ tdea~ drntro de• In misma frase. e.xistf' uu.o pu,ibilidarlaeal tle quo ,,. 1 11111pla la wudu t(JJ\
l've got brown hair. l've got blue eyes. l've goc brown halr cxprc~;~da c•n 1,1orarión co n if.
and blue eyes.
lf you lend me !.5, 1'11 give it back to you on Monday.
But lJWro) strvc· para exprNar un nmtra~tc o uua l'IC Ji a
!irnttaCIUU En este rJrmplo. hav una po~1bllidad 1c>al clr qtH' me vav¡¡~ ,,
llike swimmtng. but 1 don't like getting up early in the pn,~lal rinc:<J libril~.
mornlng to go sw1mming.
Beca use (porque) prec t"dc· a una J' xpl tcacwu o ra7011. ADVERBIOS DE CANTIDAD (VÉASE LA UNIDAD 2)
1 scudy at n1ght because 1 can't concentrate during the day.
FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS (VÉASE LA UNIDAD 2)
However (si11 clhl;;u·(\o) pt=llll it <· ··nlazar hu. idc:él' dt· do~
n-a,c·~ 1'11111 rilsl,uttc·s
She's an excellent student. However, she doesn't have a lot
o{ self-confidence.

16
 "¡ THAT ' S ENGLISH!

GRAMMAR SUMMARY MÓDUL06

UNIT 1 Why are you going to Spain? - Because 1 like the
people.
¿Por fJ I Ié vas a Esp aña? Porque mr gusta la gcnlc.
1 EXPRESAR PREFERENCIAS
A O o·a m a nera de explicar el m otivo p or el que se hace
FORMA algo es con la expresión The reason why . . .
• prefer + ~ ~~ ~La nLivQ 1 like Spanish people. That ís the reason why 1 go to
1 don't like dogs. 1 prefer cats. Spaln.
1 prefe r cats to dogs. Me gustan los españoles. Esre e5 el mo ri vo por el C'Jlle
• prefe~ V.l!.rbo en -ing voy a España.
1 don't like watchlng films on TY. 1prefer reading a Ell este castJ 110 Sl' puede usar bec ause, error muy
book. com ún de los f'.Spañules .
1 prefer reading a book to watching films on TY.
• prefer + to ·.,.:rmfimtiv() O tra forma posible es T h e reason why ...... is
1 never drive to work. 1 prefer to take the train. because ...
1 prefer to take the t rain rather than drive to work. The reason why 1go to Spain is because 1 like the people.
El m<)livo por e[ que voy n Espa ña es que me gusta la
Uso !{eme.
Prefet· + ~ us Lami vo, prefer + forma -ing y prefer +
to + infin itivo se utilizan p ara hablar ele preferencias ele
un modo generaL
UNIT2
B
FORMA 3 EXPRESAR CANTIDADES
• would rather + ínfinitivo
1would rather go in August. FoRMA
• would prefer to .¡-mili~iti,ro ¡·ont;ÜJ)<·, at¿ewlmany (books)
1would prefer to go by train. llf) l Olll,tbJc~ litde/nwch (bread)
¡·o nt a blt-s v no lt'Hll:lhln some/any/a lot of/lots of
L11 lo111111 conh·acla ele would es 'd. (books/bread)

l'd rather go in August. J'd prefer to go by train. Uso

• A se usa cou Jos susLamivos COilla blt:s en ~ingular:
Para hacer una pregunta, ~f invicrwn wouJd y d st\ic tn a car a newspaper
del modu siguie11 tc:
• Some se uLiliza con los sustantivos contables en
Would you rather travel on Wednesday or Friday? plura l y significa algunos/as y con los su~tanti vos no
Would you prefer to visit the National Gallery or the <:() 11 ra bies y sig nifica algo rl11:
British Museum? some cars some coffee

Para la fonna ncgativí'l se usa la siguitme rcJnstruc<"ión: • Las camidades granclr.s S<' r.xpresan con h1~ sig uientes
expresiones:
l'd rathe•- not travel on Friday. many Were there many cars?
l'd prefer not to visit the Nacional Gallery. m ueh There wasn 't much coffee.
1 Id. IH ~- IJ .,_ T 1
VJ~lll- ~ a lot of There were a lot of cars.
Uso ¡·.e' !( 1 +
There was a loe of coffee.
WouJd pret'e1· + mlinilivu cou to y would rath er + lots of There were lots of cars.
infinitivo sin to ~e utilizan para hablar de preferencias
en or.asiones concrTias y cquivak n a la expresión Normalmente se reserva lots of y alot of para
espaflolé.t fJrljeriría. las fi·ascs atirma tivas y moch y many p ztra las
imcrrogadvas y las negativas.

2 WHY ..• ? BECAUSE .••

• Las cMticlatles pequeñas se expresa11 del ~iguicJllc
Why? ~..t.·por qué:) sirve para prcguHlar po1 la razón ele rnodo:
a lgo. J'ara explic-ar la razón, ~i n C'm bargo, se usa few few cars
bec aus e (porque). little little coffee

17
• GRAMMAR SUMMARY

ULilizar few y little sin el arüculo implita q ut> hay No tt olvides de que el orden de las palabras no es iguaJ
menos de Jo que cabría esperar o nos gustaría; eiJ ingles y c11 espmiol.
rni t:ntras que si los utilizamos con el ank-ulo su
sentido se.: aproxima al de sorne. Compara los Uso
sigLúcmcs ejemplos: • 's sirve para indkar propiedad y l.aml,ién par::~
You don't need to go to the supermarket just now. expresar la relación entre persouru, y cosas:
There's a little coffee left. my boyfriend's motorbike
You should go to the supermarket as soon as possible. my daughter's school
There's little coffee left. • Se usa cou algunas expresiones de tiempo . ..
yesterday's newspaper
4 To PARA EXPRESAR FINALIDAD next month's Hi! magazine

Para expresm· Gnalídad sr r mplca to seguido ele • ... y con periodos de tiempo:
infinitivo. in rwo weeks' time

Yo u need eggs to make an omelette. • También se usa para referirse a establecimieJHos

Necesitas huevos para hacer una tortilla. corncrcíaks o lugares públicos, omüiendn la palabra
que st:: refiere al local
/\. menudo se utiliza para responder a w1a pregunta. He bought fruit at the greengrocer's.
(= He bought fru it at the greengrocer's shop.)
Where are you going1-T o buy a newspaper. She's at the dentist's.
¿Dónde vas~ - A comprru· un periódico. (= She's at the dentist's surgery.)
What do yo u need che money for? - T o buy an ice-
cream.
¿Para qué necesitas el dinero? Para compr<1r un helado. 6 PREPOSICIONES QUE INDICAN
UBICACIÓN
Se puede expresar la misma idea mediante la expresión
in orderto. • opposite significa en.fi-ente de; in front of si¡~nifl ca
He took a taxi in order to get to the concert on time. delante de. Lo~ cspailo\cs ri·ecu<'ntemente las
conrunden aJ intentru LraduciJ la segUllda.
Pero para la ronna negativa se utiza exclusivamente in • at!in =en
order not to.
• behind = cl<>lrás de
He took a taxi in order not co miss the first part of the
• on = en (cua ndo hay contacto con la superficie)
concert.
• above y over =por encima dt' (no hay cont.acw con
la superficie)

UNIT3 • below y under =debajo de

• next to y by = junto a
5 EXPRESAR LA IDEA DE POSESIÓN: • near = cerca de
EL GENITIVO SAJÓN CON 'S • against = comra

FoRMA Algunas de estas preposiciones se utili7.an l'n expresiones

~k ~•Lil f/.~\ 's 1;:11 Lo~ ¡·ase\. ~igwentes:
muy cornuncs que ('Onviene t'OD()cer:
• después de llll sustantivo singular at home en casa
my sister's house
• de~pués del l'iltimo ~ustantivo cuando haya dos o más.
Bob and Joanna's grandchlldren 7 EXPRESAR LA IDEA DE POSESIÓN:
• después de:: plurales irregulares que no terminan en -s. ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS
the children's bedroom
FORMA
• <kspués de n<1rnhrcs propios que lerminan en -s. Los adjetivos y pronombres post·sivos son los siguientes:
Chris's baby
u
f\1 1~' 1 1 vos PLH>NOM.BR.E!:>
SinguJar Plural SinKular Plural
Si el pluraJ es regular se a ñade únicamente el apóstrofo my our mine ours
dt:spu(~s de la -s final.
your your yours yours
my parents' car his/her/its their his/her theirs

18
 ¡ T H AT ' S E N G L 1S H ! _.:__ _

Uso • se l'Olocan ddantt· drl sustantivo al que modifican:

• 1.os adjetivos post:sivo\ ~e usan antes del nom brr para kitchen table mesa de COlina
indicar .1 quit~n 1wrtrnrcr dichfl nombn-.
• no st· ponen en plural:
My car is in the street.
answer key clave de respuestas
Their children go to boarding school.
• !.o~ pronomhn·~ posrsivoc; <;t' usan -;in 'nstantwo . \ veCl'l> ~(· l':o.rribeu como un<1 :.ola palab1·a:
' na neJo t''tt') ,, st· ha mencionado u !.e :-obrcenticudc. housework el trabaje, de la casa
ls he Sally's husband? - No, he's mine! (= my husband)
Their family is smaller than ours. (= our family)

UNIT5
UNIT4 10 PRONOMBRESINDE~OS

8 M A]j MIGHT, COUW, CAN FORMA

Lo¡, pro rlonrhre~ inddinidul> ~e forman un iendo every,
FORMA sorne. any )' no co11 -body. -one, -thing y -where.
E-.Lo.'> V<'rbo.-, de modo O() varían de fonna y van seguidos Con every M' a ba rc:r la rotaliclad, ro n sorne y any una
del infinitivo !Sin to: pa rte y r·on n o ~l' cxduyc uxlo. Body y on e se rdicre a
He may/mrghtlcould/must go. pl-rsunas, thing a cosas y where a lugares.

Lo~ pron(Hnhn·~ indefin ido~ rc!.ultruttc.:. rcllejau d ~ig­

nillcado ele cad<l uno <.k !>Us componentes} !iOn:
He may/mightlcould/must not go.
every- so m e - any· no-
everything something anything nothing
J:.n lrast''- intr110gativas:
everybody somebody anybody nobody
May/Might/Could/Must he go? everyone sorneone anyone no one
everywhere somewhere anywhere nowhere
USO DE LOS VERBOS Y ADVERBlOS Q.UE INDICAN
PROBABIUDAD Uso
Uno dc- lo~ u,ns m;h impomH rtcc; de· los verbos modales E n general l o~ COilll)l wstos con some se usan en ii·ase!\
es exprl'sa r u istiutos grado:. dt• probalidad. El grado más aiirma uvas y los compucsws con any en las negativas t'
alto de prohnbilidarl SI' c•xprrsa ron probably: in tr rroga ti vas.
We'll probably stay at home this evening. Forma alirrmt liv:t
l've got somethlng for you.
May cxpn•sa ~rn grado m c•no r de probabilidad : ' 1cngo a lgo para li.
She may come to the party later. There's somebody in the house.
llay alguien
t ' ll la c.:asa.

Perh aps >maybe tienen un valor semejante a rnay. Fomut rtrgaLiva

O bsé-rvc·S<' la coloración de rc;ros adverbios: 1haven't got anything to tell you.
Perhaps she'll come later. Nn tt'ngo nada que decirte.:.
Maybe she 'll come later. 1don't know anybody here.
She'll probably come later. . o cono7co a nadir aqui.

Cuando se cmplc<~ rnight la probabilidad es mas 1·emota: Observa qut' ~e puede decir exact<uncme lo mismo con
un vrrbo en formr. a linnativa 'ic'gu ido dc> un pronomhn·
She might get a new dress for the party. intlefinido fcmn.ulo 1' 011 no-.

Could indica r·l mc·nor grado de probabilid<td: l've got nothing to tell you.
o Lc:ngo nada qur drrine.
1 could go to che Bahamas (buc 1 probably won't). 1 know nobody here.
<J C(JilUZC' O a 11 aC1it><LCJ II Í.

9 NOMBRES C OMPUESTOS Forma inlt: n·vgaliva

Has anyone phoned for me?
En inglés es rmry fn:cucntc utilizar los sustantivos com o si ¿J\le ha tcl t'fouc adu a lguirn:1
l'u cran acjjclivos, adquiriendo entonces las características Have they got anything In common?
de 1;slos: ¿T ienr n algo en común?

19
lf G RA M M A R SU M M A RY

Observa que los compueMos (011 sorne se puedeu

ns<u en frases intcrrogati"a' para fonnular peticiones u
13 N EED
tJfi·Pccr algo. El verbo n eed put·de urili?.ar~c como verbo normal o
Can 1 nave somethlng to eat? romo verbo modal. Por Jo ta n le>, liem· las rarartt·ristlcas
,·1\tc puede:- da 1 al¡;o dl' comer? propias de lo verbo~ nonnah·s (~e añade -s a la
Would you like someone to talk to? tercera persona. auxiliar d o para la~ forma..\ IH'gativa e
¡Quieres hablar con <tlguie11? iutcrrogativa, etc.) y. a su vez, la!> raractcrística de los
wrbos modales (ausencia de -s en la tercero persona,
Co11 Lodos e~ LO~ compursros r l Vt'rho está en :.ingular. 110 necesita VC'rl>o auxilii1r para l a~ formas nrgauvas ni
intcrrogalÍ\'as,) va scgwdo eh· inGuilivo sin to, l'lC'). En
Everything is ready.
la prác-tica, su LISO c-omo verbo modal ha quedado
Ya l'Stá todo listo.
rcstrin~do a la:. li·a¡,es negaúv,ls en el pre~ente.
Nobody was at home last night.
No ltabia nadü: t: n casa aye1 por la noche. Forma afirmativa
Everyone has been very friendly. 1 need some help.
Todo d mundo h:1 ~ido muy sinq;á tic:o. He needs a new car.
She needed to go to the shops yesterday.
f orma ncgati\'a
11 ALREA DY y YET
You do n't need todo that. = You needn't do that.
Obst:rva que yet siempre se coloca al un<~ l dr l a~ fra~c~
He doesn't need to stay any longer. = He need n't stay
nc~acivas e intC'I rogativas.
any longer.
Yo u didn 't need to do that.
1 ha ven 't
been lnvited yet.
Has your mother phoned you yet? Forma in ten og:uiva
Do we need anything else?
Does she need her coat?
Sin em bar~o. already va normalmente después del
\'crbo auxilia• h a ve en la:s lht~c'~ ,¡finnati\ a\. Did 1 need to bring my suitcase?
Did he need to invrte his mother~
l've already seen that film.

12 EL PRETtRITO PERFECTO UNIT6

CONTINUO
14 O RACIONES D E RELATIVO
F.l pretérito pcrfcc10 continuo se lorma con h ave / h as
been +la limna -ing del vrrbo. Observa que a gstc lipo de OI'Hr it'Jn espr.cifica a qué persona o wsa nos
IIH'Ilttdo se utiliza la forma contracta dd wrho auxiliar rel'e-rimos.
ha ve en las fral>es ,ilirrnati\'<lS' twgativas.
The woman who/that lives next door is very gossipy.
Fonna afir·matJva 1 only read books which/that make me laugh.
l've been working.
She's been studying English. • Who se utilizíl para referirse él prrwnas:

Forma uegath a There's the man who lives at number 1O.

1 haven'tbeen going out with him for long. i\hí c·~tá rl hornhrr qur vivt' rn d número 1O.
He hasn't been living in Salamanca. • W hich se 111 ilin1 para rcfrrirs<• a c·os¡¡~:

Funna interrogativa These are the presents w hich 1 got for my blrthday.
Have you been looking for a flat? l~stos son Jo~ regalos que 111 (' die• or• po1 mi
Has he been playing tennis? l umpleaño<;,

l•,stt· tic·rnpo vrrbal va gencra.hncnLt: seguido de Ulla Nnrmalmrntr, c11ando el estilo C\ infotmal, s1:
cxpre~ióu dl' tic111po con since n for. En CSH~ raso la prdi~:rc el pro1Hm1hrr relativo that <1 las formas
rradun:ión alt•spafiol es difcn·mc. who y w hich . qut' sou m:h prCJpias de ull lrnguaje
111 á..~ fom1al.
l've been learning English since That's English! started.
1,kvo estudiando inglés dcsclr que empezó Tlwt'1 This is the man that phoned yesterday. (informal)
l~n.~llo~h!. This is the man who phoned yesterday. (formal)
She's been learning English for two years. That's the train that goes to Cambridge. (informal)
I.Jcon¡ dos ano~ l'S!Udiando Í11gJc'•s. That's the train which goes to Cambridge. (formal)

20
~f THAT 'S ENGLISH! ~

• Whos e sirve para indicar posesión . Recuerda que

wbose s<· puedl;' usar como partíc ula int,e rrogariva . . .
UNIT7
Whose book is this? ¿De qu ién es t>..s te libro? 16 ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
. . . y corn o pro n om l m~ rdar.i vo:
(TIPO 1)
That's the woman whose name 1 don't remember. FORMA
Ésa es la mujer cuyo nombre no n ;cuerdo. La oracióu qu e r.omieuza con if siem p re lleva el veri.Jo
en presente simple. La oración principal puede llevar d
vcrbo en l'mu ro con will, en irnpera Livo o <'11 preseme
15 LAs FECHAS simple.

P ara de('ir una fecha se in icia la frase con It's ... ) lf you go to London, yo u'll see the British Museum.
siempre sr nlilizan l o~ números orclinaks. Las fecha:. se Si vas a Londres, verás d Musco Bri tán ico.
puéden leer: lf yo u see a pin o n th e floor. pie ki t up.
Si ves un aUilcr en cl suelo, recógelo.
lt's February the fourteenth. lf yo u don't pay, you don't eat.
()
Si 110 p agas, no com es.
lt's the fourteenth of February.
l .a oración ro n if puede ir al ro rni r nzo o al fin al. Si V<l
t\1 escribirlas. p uede usarse: a l comienzo. debe escrib irse una co111a eHtre ésta y la
February 14th oración principal.
n 1'11 go to C hina if 1 have enough money.
14th February Jr~ a C hi na si tengo sufit if"nl e c.ljHero.
lf you see Cathy, give her rny lave.
Los ej emplos de arri ba comcstan la pregun ta W hat 's Si ves a C ath y, dále recuerdos de mi p arte.
th e date? Eu todos los demás casos, se utiliza la
prt>posición on: Uso
W hen is you r birthday? Se suele usar este tipo de oraciones condicionales
- lt's on the sixteenth of April. cuando la siLUacióu que expresa la oradón e~~ pro bable.
1'ara situaci(m es irreales o rnuy improbables y situa-
o simplemente: c·.ionrs irnposilJles se usan otros clos tipos dr oraciones
- The sixtee nth of April.
co n di c i onalc~, q ue veremos c.:n próximos módulo~.

21
GRAMMAR SUMMARY MÓDULO 7

UNIT 1 2 LA COMPARACIÓN DEL ADVERBIO

Los advrrl>ius que Lerminarr crr -ly forman d
1 COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO DE compara tivo y ~ uprrlativo antcpon irndo las palabr·as
MUCH , .MANY, llTTLE Y FEW more y t h e most, rcspt'ctivamcnt~: .

• La forma cid comparativo de much y many e~ Women work more quickly than men.
more. Women drive the most carefully.

There isn't much coffee In chis cup. t\lgunos adverbios añaden d sufijo -er para formar cl
There's more (coffee) in thac one. comparativo y el sulijo -est para el superlativo. l .o~ más
There aren'c many Englísh people who speak Catalan. importa ntes son fast, soon, carly , late, bard, long y
There are more (English people) who speak Castilian. n ear.

Fíjate en que more se usa ramo con los sustantivos Cats often run faster than dogs.
Could we leave earlier, please?
con t ahk~ como con lo~ c¡1w no In son. Por ewmplo,
He works the hardest.
more people, more coiTee.
Otros acl vnb io~ lo rmru1 t>l corn parativo y ~uperlativo de
• l ..<~ form<~ del superlativo r~ the most.
modo irregtrlar.
English has the most words.
Ce >M I'ARATIVO ~t i Pf:RLAllVO
That cup has the most coffee.
badly worse the worst
well better the bese
/\1 i¡{ual (llll:! more, the most ~e puede ul ili¿¡Lr 1amo
little less che least
con los suslantivos com ahlc:s como con los que no Jo
m uch more che most
son. Po r c jc·rnplo, tbe most word s , the most.
far farther/further the farthest/furthest
m oney.
El comparativo y superlauvo del adverbio far purd<> <;t'r
• El rompar<~tivo de little es less.
cualquiera de las dos formas, farther/ the farth est
1 earn less money than you do. o further/ the furthest, t"n inglés británico. Siu
Cinema ckkets cose less than theatre tickets. cllll):cu·p;o, crr irrglés america 110 es ~ic mpre farther/ the
farthest.
• El su¡wrlativo de little es the least.
London is farther/further away chan Brighton.
That wine costs che least money.
This cup has che least coffee of al l. 3 PASADO SIMPLE Y PASADO CONTINUO
O l)sl' rva que: little , less y the least se usan sólo con E l pasado cominuo se suele usar cu n·lación ron c•l
suslanúvo~ no contables. Pa ra expresar la m isma pasado simple. En ('Sr caso, r l pasado rontiuuo Sl'
idea ron los sustantivos ro ma hles, riencs que usar rdien· a la acción más prolungad,i e11 el tiempo,
few, fewer y the fewest. rniertLras que t l pasado simple :.t· refiere a la más breve,
que tuvo lugar mientras se dt· arrollaba la <Ulterior, o
• La forma drlcomparativo ele few rs fewer. hicn la interrumpió.

Fewer people speak Welsh chese days. We were talking about holidays when Peter said that
Poor people have fewer cloches than rich people. he'd never travelled by plane.
1 was living in Barcelona when my father died.
• La lor ma del superlaúvo de few es the fewest. While 1 was cleaning the window, 1 broke my arm.

lrish people speak che fewest foreign languages. Para rna •or información, Vt'il-"<' <'1 pum o lO d(· la
Beggars have the fewest cloches. scrríbn dt• ~ramática dellibr(J 5.

22
[ T H AT ' S E N G L 1S H 1 ---~ ,,

UNIT 2 UNIT3
4 PRETÉRITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO 6 ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
FORMA (TIPO 2)
El pretérito pluscuamperfecto (past perfect) se torma FORMA
con had seguido del participio de pasado del verbo
if + pasado simple, would + lllfiniLivo sin to
corn.:spoudicnte.
Es decir, el verbo de la oración in lroducicla por if va
She had met him before. en pasado sin1ple. mientras gue d verbo ele la oración
They had visited París on holíday twenty years earlier.
principal va con would seguido de inunitivo sin to.

Uso lf he won the prize, he would (he'd) be really happy.

r utiliz<1 el pretérito plu~cuam rwrfcrto para rderirsc ~~ lf 1 were better qualified. l'd get a loe more money.
una acción que había ~ uceclido antes de o1ra acción
también pasada. El orden no e~ importam c. También se podría decir al
revés.
When 1 phoned him, he had already heard the bad news.
(La accióJ1ele oir las m alás JlOLicias bahia sucedido anles He would be really happy if he won the prize.
df' qnc yo le ll<t mara por leléfono.) l'd get a lot more money if 1were beccer qualified.

Con mucha lrecuenciót. el preLérito pluscuamperfc::cto se F~j atc <>n L

a forma were del último ejemplo . El pasado
utiliza c:on co•~j un c iofl cs tr! mpor~t lcs r.nmo, por ejemplo. del verbo to be en uua úración condiciOJJal dc.l segtmdo
when, after, as soon as, etc. tipo es sicmpn· were, aunque a vece~, en estilo muy
coloquial, se puede ulilil-ar was.
When she got home, he had cleaned the kitchen and
cooked the dinner.
Uso
After they'd gone, we sat down and ate all the sweets! Sf' lltilizél el $Cgundo lipo de oraciones condirionalr.s
We went out as soon as she had finis hed her work. euando es bast<ulle itnpro!Jable, o incluso imposible, que
algo suceda. En otras palabras, paJ·a bac(' r conj eluras
5 PREPOSICIONES SEGUIDAS DE UN sohrc el presente o d ruturn.
VERBO lf she had a better job, she would be much happier.
En inglés, cuando una preposición va seguida d<" un (Pero no licne un trabajo mrjor y rs baslanlc
verLo, éste adquiere la Jo rmfl -ing. i.mprol>able que lo consiga.}

You can improve your English by talking to native lf 1were you, l'd study harder.
speakers. (Pero es impos·iblc (Jue yo sea !ú.)
He's always talking about moving to Canada.
l've always dreamed of directing a film. Ifl were you es una rórrnu la q~•e s<· mi liza ron
1 look forward to meeting her. lrecuenr ia para dar consejos y equiva le a la expresión
castellana _yo c¡ue tu . ..
En otros módulos, habíamos visto las preposicionc~
after y before. Compara el primer tipo de oracione~ con dicion alc.~ l'Otl
el segundo.
After having a shower. he had breakfast.
Before getting home, he went to the pub. lf 1see him tomorrow, 1'1 1give him the message.
(Es muy probable que lo vea maüana.)
En este móduJn hemos visto cuatro prcposicione~ nuevas. lf 1 saw him tomorrow, l'd give him the message.
• instead of ('11 lugar dt (Es improbable que lo vea mai1ana.)
lnstead of going to the park. he went home.

• in spite of a pesar ck
7 L I TTLE l A LJTTLE Y FEW/ A FEW
In spite of beíng poor, they seem very happy. A few significa ttfguuus, aunctue no mucho~ .
Fe w signiiica pocos.
• without sin
He borrowed my car without aski ng! A few people carne to the meeting. (Noc many, but:
so me.)
• besides a demás 'k
Few people carne to the meeting. (Not as many as one
Besides buying a new home, they bought an
expected or would like.)
expensive car.

23
1=--- GRAMMAR SUMMARY

De igna 1 ma11e ra, a little siguifica algo, aullq ue no sea fi·ccuencia, especialrneme en inglés hablado, se utiliza
mucho. Little significa poco. that en lugar de who o which.
Would you like a little whisky? (Some whisky.) He's the man wholthat taught me English.
There's little 1 can do. (Notas much as 1 would like.) That's the car which/that 1 sold to your brother.

Little y few (sin el arúculo) se suele u e vitar en csLilo Cuando el pronombre relativo es eJ S\.ljeLo del ver·bo
inrormal. En su lugar, se IJtilizan las formas not much, nunca se omite. Sin ('mbargo, cuando es el complemento
not many n only a little, only a few o just a little, del vetl)o, d pronomlm· relativo 5uel ~ tJ tl'Ütir:-e, especial-
just. a few. rne ntt! e n inglb. hablado.
1 have little money. 1 haven'cgot much money. Columbus was the man who discovered America.
He has few friends. He hasn't got many friends. She's the woman 1 saw at the cinema.
Few people believe chat Only/just a few people The Times is a newspaper many British people read.
England will win the believe that England will
World Cup. win the World Cup. Cuando el prouomhre rela tivo Ucva una preposición.
,;sta suele colocarse al final de la frase.
That's the film Kevln Costner played Robín Hood In.
UNIT5 That's the fi lm in which Kevin Costner played Robín
Hood.
8 LA VOZ PASIVA
FORMA Ohserva que cuando la preposición se coloca delanLe del
En inglés, al igual que en español, la voz pasiva $C forma pro no mbrr rrlaLivo, éste no puedt' orniurse. En estos
cott el verbo to be + d participio de pasado del verbo casos, el prononJ la·e para perso mL~ es whom ) 1nm-t
correspondjr nLe. cosas which.

The film is called Prince o( Thieves. Buñuel was the director wlth whom he worked most
The film was made in Scotland. often.
This was the film in which he starred.
Uso
Se uúliza Ja voz pasiva cuando preferimos resaltar la Est os dos úJtimos t;jemplos son muy formales. prefirién-
acción y no el sujeto de dicha acción . dose, cspccialmcnrc al ha blar, la omjsión dclrcJativo y
la colocación de la preposición al final.
This house was built In 1900.
Buñuel was the director he worked most often with.
En este t:iernp.lo pn:ferirnol> resaltar el hechv de la This was the fllm he starred in.
construcción dt: la casa más que el arquitecto que la
construyó.
UNIT 6
Si queremos mencionar eJ sttieLo de la acción , hay que
colocar delant e dd mismo la preposkión by. 10 PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS Y
The film was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. PRONOMBRES RECÍPROCOS
The book was written by Agatha Christie. FORMA
Los pronombres rellexivos en inglés son l o~ siguientes:
La voz pasíva se ucilíza mud w más eo ÍHglés que en
myself. yourself, himself, herself, itself
español. En ru lugar. en castellano, pn:krimos usar la
pasiva re-fleja o la voz activa. ourselves, yourselves, themselves

The film was made In Scotland. Los pronombres recíprocos son each other y one
La película se rodó t'n Escocia. another.
He was shot twice in the arm.
Le dispararon dos veces en el brazo. Uso
Se usa n los pronombres rdlcxivos c uauclo la acción del
verbo recae sohre el mismo sujeto, es decir, cuando el
9 ORACIONES DE RELATIVO sujeto es t(ttnbién el complemento de la oraci6u.
ESPECIFICATIVAS
1 hure myself when 1fell off my bike.
Esta cla.~e de oraciones ele rela tivo ~:spccifican a que She looked at herself in the mirror.
prrsona o cosa se refi ere el verbo. E,l pronombre rela tivo Ella se mir6 en el espejo.
pru·a persouas es who y para cosas which, a unque con They enjoyed themselves at the party.

24
 r T_HAT'S ·e .N'.Gl:ISH! - --

Cuando se U<lta de acc-iones reflcx1vas ha bituales, como She did it by herself.

lav,me, VCSÚrsC. art'ilar,c·, e le. , Cll inglés suele omiÚrSC Lo hizo dl<t sola.
el pmnombrc rellexivo.
Por su parte, los pronombres rc:dpro('os ¡;e ULili:t.an
1always wash when 1 get home after work.
cuando la acción clt• 1111 0 recae en PI o tro y a la inversa.
1 shave every morning before having a shower.
They looked at each other.
Lo~ pronombrr<; rcn(·xivos también S(' usan en Se miraron el uno al otro.
orasione,~ para resal tar la p ersona o rosa a la que se
They greeted one another.
re!ir rr c·l pronombre·.
Sto saludaron (el uno al otro).
1 made the cake myself.
1
(Y o m ll;mo hice la tarta.) o ckhcn confundirse los pronombres rc1le:<ivos con los
recíprocos. FUa le ('Jl estaS dos rra~cs:
The manager himself brought the champagne.
(El llli:;111isimo cm·argntlo u·ajo el champán.) Ja ne and Peter looked at themselves.
T am bién se usan los pronombrrs n·Orxivos r.on la Se miraro n (en el espejo. por <:irrnplo, y sr vicrnn a ~i
prq>o~ic ión by p<u a c·xprcsar que• l.t acción se realit.ó en mismos).
'olilario.
Jane and Peter looked at one another.
1 went by myself. Se miraron d uno nl otro (es dccir,Jilrrr rniró ¡¡ Pctct y
fotti solo. Petr·r miró nj anc).
••••••••••• ••••••• •• ••••••••• • •••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Éstos so11 los sonidos vocálicos y consonántico~ de la lengua inglesa.
VowELS CONSONANTS

symbol example symbol example

/i:/ eat /i:t/ /pi pen /pcn/
Ir/ it ht/ lb/ big /brg/
le/ whe n /wen/ /t/ tWO /tu:/
/re/ cae / kret/ Id/ day /dc1/
la :/ hard /ha:d/ /k/ keep /ki :p/
/o/ not /not/ /g/ get /get/
!:>:/ SOI't /s::>:t/ /tf/ choose /tfu:zJ
/u/ loe k /luk/ /d3/ JOb /d3ob/
/u:/ t oo /tu :/ /f/ fall /b:l/
IAI c up /kApl /v/ vain /ve rn/
/3:/ bird lb3:clJ /8/ think /911) k/
!-:JI a bout /~' baut/ tal t 1en /óen/
/er/ day /del! !si see /"'i:/
/ay/ my /ma1/ lzl zoo /zu :/
/:)¡/ boy /b::>rl !JI shop /fop/
/a u/ now /nau/ 131 pleao; ure /'ple3'd/
/~u/ go /g~u/ /h/ house /haos/
/1':)/ here /h1<>/ /m/ meet /müt/
le~/ eh, ír / tj'eg/ In/ no / ndu/
/u -:JI t "' 1rist /' tudnst/ lo! si ng 1 tl]l
lai-:JI fh /faJ<>I /1/ long /lol)/
/au o/ power /pau<>/ Ir/ r ight /ra1t/
/j i yes /jes/
lw/ w ill /w1V

25
 GRAMMAR SUMMARY MÓDULOB
UNIT l Uso
l:J fun1ru t uruinun ~ u1ili1.1 rn iu~lc~ JMI .t 1 \.-lh.tr c¡uc· ,ti~(~ n1~u.-\
ocumf·ndu en m1 cktt•nnm.u·ln tllUIIH"UtrJ clt·f luuuu. :\t- cl•lru·u~ 1.1 clf'l
1 PREPOSJTIONAL l'ERBS / PHR;ISAL VERBS futuro silnplt· e ,. l.1 nn t'H U t.tt lflo t t¡t~c. ~1., ~,J tt.UJ"l< 111~> 'k 1.1 ,u e iotl 1m ~h1
.d loechu rlt• fJIII ' l,1 .1c·dou sc• pmcl.,,,...
1"' uunhiu ,ct u'm de· wt btl y JMIIírlll.c e• 1111 1.1 ¡.:o muy e ;cc ,lt l•'t[,Uc "de !.1
[1 J l'RI "1\11'11' f l 11 l<í !C to\11\1 e1
1.-ngu•• ml(lc·,,, K'<ht•·n d.,, upn• fundanu·n1.1lr ck w tnhin.u toitt
1'11 do that tomorrow 1'11 be dolng that tomorrow
• Pre pos ltional verb' e-n hk qur ,,, JMIIU Ltl .• rundun.t' lliJO uu._,
Con fin IWIIII-I ,.lluttu • 'unlmuu 'ugiru '1"' rllu· hu lutur '.ti ¡uf' st
P1'f1)tt:o;h IOU
Carme11 ls looklng for her dog. rd1,-n- h., Nitlll tkC idirfn fl pJ¡\IH l(ht rk ,111fC"I11,UlU.
MI' Smlth wlll be attendlng tomorrow's meetmg.
• Phrn.1<al vcr bs en ¡,, ftlh' 1.1 par111 ul.c l11uduua <01111 otlll J th e thlo
Ángel wiU put you up comorrow nlghr I ;.u ubién -r \ttaliLJ. C'lluluto t 1Jil1111110 n1ancln ftiH'n·rru •s JU C'MIH II,rr ,,
al~uieJI .tu·ot \ d" sus pi . .,,~, •k lwnta rcluc ad~ v •ouil
Will you be h~vcng lunch wlth us on Sund~y'
f:.n eJ pnmn llj"l preposicional Verb ,, l.o p.tllll uJ.t ,¡<"1111111 \ol ol\11111·
paoladn dt• 1111 llllll[llrnu•,.lo, 1 lltoont,clm<'lllr loo 1 1~•·• e·dc. ( •O<TIII ,dco·nc.il l\',, .ol fu11 1111 r crtlllllllu "' powd<' 111ih~ou l.llorm.o going to o·u
Lec's rnlk about the wearher lu¡¡ar rle· will , Mil C[lll' t•l M¡,rn ilie .u lo, ,<- ve·,¡ .ohcTo~ do
l'm gomg to be workcng all Saturday moml11g.
f:11 llt'lh-1, t .hct1. Wp:1 all• aaf.1 "'(' t ult,ca. aJ fi1taJ ck la ornnon 1'11 be work1ng all Saturday mommg.
• Or.u lctl\r rn \IIL p.uiv,l 1huc bcmg laughcd aL

• 0 1anuow~ ele n•lam·o: Thor's the boy Num IS golng out with 4 NÚMEROS
• Ot,u iu tu•
\ ji U' ( IHHlrUI.U I ( uu p anlt ul•l' tll l ('l'rOI!n l l \ ..t\ \ cxcl.lmattv:ltt R<'<"lle od:o'1'"' ullc•co !D<tllllne• cr,, <'11 cul(ll'> 1<~ t'IJII jiii'ICIOII a.ncl \nlo sr
wh- wot·ds l. Who •re you going out wlth l utiliz..t;UIIl'' tk la~ dt·L·t·J\~l\ \'/el HJtHlrdc•' IIH lt 11d.1\ 13.!. t.lt·( l'l l l ' Y 11Jl1Cbdr-:-.
dr tuill.u \ clc• 111illwo
l.n rl "~tnlllu IIJ>•> phrasal verbs . l.; p;oonc ul.o purdr or u ""'l'·ut.ul.t J,. 605 se)< hundred 1nd fove
Ull C'umpfc 01\'1\to n n(). 2,317 two thousand. three hundred •nd seventeen
1am go1ng to turn thc rodlo off In a minute. Javier. get down, pleaso' 43.209 forty-three thousand. two hundrcd and nlne
487.921 four hundred •nd eighty-sevon thousand, n1ne hundrcd and
1.11 1'1 pnm<'l ,,c-;o, l:l pan.orul.o punir io do·l:nltc·o .J,.,...,, ,1,·1mmplrctll'lll" twcnty·onc:>
JCtnprr ,. e u.uulo no se tr.ll~ de 1111 poonomhn 355,624,897 three hundred and fifty.fivo mlll1on. slx hundred and
Throw away that recordl Throw that record away' rwenty-four thousand, elght hvndr"d and nlnety-seven
Put out ttm rore. Rafa! Put lt out. picase!('"' "put out lt) Oh"•rv.lc lll< ru iu¡¡lr•. d "'Jl•" ·"loo do• onllr'"' ]. o t·ou4•' nu d fllllllll.
3,590 67,001 1.HS.980

UNIT2 ¡.,~ t<'lll\illt<' hundred, thousa nd '

h~hl.n <Ir e .onltcl.uiP.ÍJI(lr liuuJ.,.
mili ion ~olo 'e utdit,ll1 1'11 plt11 ..U .ll
hundreds o l people ' Ullhl\ r/r f'rHOtiQ \
2 Voz PASIVA thousands of blrds 1111/o tfr il!fS
mlllions of records milhmr• ,J¡ dNu•
l'onna
Lo~.L\n7 pil-,1\., 'e f{Jr'm,s , un f·l tit"mpo ..-urn·.¡pwltlit--n tt" dd vt•• l 111 b e mfu- 11 l.stus U't"S nnn1c·ro-; i(' ¡Hu'drn uuli7.7n (·n sin({ll ldr r •m ~· u, 1111 nne prl't t
paruroponpasaclo del'' rhn pc iou 1p.;l 1,,. lic·ulll<" H'lil.llc•, <JIU .uhnitc·11 1.1 nunca solo'.
\'O:l p:t~l\1l. lo,J c·nnan hL., trl(l, qtw ,U,,'lh"'ll. ~lll lu' nÜ,nhts c¡w· "" 111i1i1..tt1 t'lt 1'11 love you lor a hundred years
l,l \'UZ ._tCll\ ·'· l've paid one thovsand pounds for thos.
Enghsh ls spoken In many councrces Mosc ol these ho<ISes have been rebullt.
You wlll be called tomorrow. 1.1 lrc'llll •l ti¡• 11111111'1'"' 1c·rlond"' c·utH 1,000 v 11 100, ·~ puc•tlt ~•mploficu
d<\ lfl ~iJ,¡H inHt litn-ua
l .uuhwuln.. H·dJU\ ITltJ-t l,dc IHH'cl<"n ir "~"i,'l llclc.\"' dP un,\ • tiiJ~IIlt• ufm ru 1,100 - eleven hundred rcc lu~.u ol<- one thousand, one hundred
\nr ft•bi\'., l·.n ''"ln' <~'cu, rl :'\uxili.u- b~ '' U1ilit.t c·u iulinill\•' 1 900 nlnctccn hundred o·Jt m¡.cr cJ, onc thousand, nlne hundred
She shouldn't be lnvlted to that party. He c.1n't be lmotated
P&~r..tlcCJ lt.h e lnt~t·-.. '<'m l11.1, e· utih.1•.an ,,,., uunu··n" nrclm;tlc-
Lu \'t•rhos cpH' pued~u on qMfwrlos pnr clus' u rnp ln lWn1tJ' dn ,•rtt• ('
11 i.\( 1/7 (one sevcnth) lf6 (two ~lxths¡
indii'N'tiJ}, c• U t h~ send \ givc. show. pay. tcll , pt'Oln -isc, )!C'IWt illmc n u: d
n;ruple ull'ltlti ll ttlilettq pa~ .. 11 sc·1 c·t ~UJ('hJ eh· In ur:lcron ~n VOl. pastva
1"' o·xprc·sit'm ' 11 h o u.r s•· lt·• 1h rce q uarter'l o f an hom· v 11/ 1 '" le<' one
aod a balf El ;u,lJtuiv" r¡owlt• ·" oo11pa1'a ,,,, •'ll ph n :JJ.
\t 11\. \ [' "J\ \ Last n~ght Peter drank one and a hall pcnts of bcer
She gave me a klss 1was goven a kíss.
\lle~>r llllllll'f"'' olt•dnuJe< ..,. nll'nc 1011.1 'Jtl.o ""'' tlr la.'< ch "' uulcvodunl·
tnf'nlr L.~ )r;(v._u.,, ilm '( ~~.aht.. t po1 ntclHu t lt 1111 p uulo 11u dt una l'OillA
Uso
0.9 (nought polnt nlne) 4.765 (lour po int severo si~< Ove)
..-\clt'l l1,1"i ( j(•( US(I ( tl l ct\- ll'l1"'llc '1 t jll r 1k111 ('1 1 C'Sp : tl,C II• 1,1 V( JI" l l,hiVa it H~Jl·-~;,,~ ~~·
uuliza ru.HHlu cpu'H'IIIU\ tl.u llh\' inlporl..ll h ia ..ti hcdH, c•n si qu.· ,,] ,lUIUI •1 l:lnnmn o"'"'". pllNh' ¡,., r dr rhft•lc·ult-, lru·n1Js
.tULOtC'S. \,1 sc·,1 porfJUC" tos dc:"c uunc-emfJ:-. no fJilt'J"'"'mo!t u no nu' Ílllt'ft''),t O wmn l.t lr1ra o, pm •·¡•·mplo al kn mnn~ITJ> r!t t•·kfllll<l n •ir
mc·nnun ..ulu\. Uc C5t.a tonn:l. l._\ vo7 (>..L\1\-.t tuC:Il'"'' n·f·r~r-- lt" """" ff,·l.• halm.u um dr un hmrl
J'a>.l''J rrllcJ.I ' 1.15 orauonc• <"'''u teto omu11fn dd ""l'·"""' zero <on mrcltda.. tunco p<>r l'¡rmplo ·8 eight c.l egrce,. bclo\v 1.er o
A new cinema has ¡ust been opcncd nea~· my hou<e. nll raJ lt•( r' lo!>. tl'$-ultadc>s ~lt (Oulpc:•li<"IOllt'• cl(•por pvciS <nJno p01
.Jrabtm 4~· abth· 1111 JIUtti(J 1 Ulf' t''"" "" mt Ul.\tl, l'jl'II IJ•Io M a n ch esteo· Lwo, Chclsea uH\
He was klllcd In the mlddle of the srreet
¡_, nu11ruun ,11 ~tUllid,¡, la.ullt
5 PRONOMBRES lNDEFINIDOS
Prrn h •.v nt .l'itum·s t'TI la, (lllf '' ltlt~"f''\,1 nunrhr.u .tl ..tutor t.uuhu~u Eu
··~tos
(,ISO' rl ,op;~mc va p •re·rdcdo de lo p rrp.,,;, ión by Us o
Amer~ca was doscovered by Columbus. t:n l11 pAl:!iu.o '27 ya l 1.1' vi' l(C lu di•l illllh e••mhiu.cc oono·- dt' evc.ry-, some ·,
auy- y n o • p.or,o liumao los l11flllllll1lori'S iutll'lillidol~. Eu r c1an1o .1 •u
<~gnilk<tdo, lo' pc nnnrnl m~ inddínido' e omput''lu; ,¡,.
evcry· impllcan l.o
UNJT3 cocahd,od, l•" e11111p11esto• el• sorne· y any· 1111,1 )MI!r y J.., dr no <"S< luvc•u
todo. Body \ o nc <e refirn·u a fl<'T'O""'• thing al1ulr ,, nn." ) w h ere .o
lugares. t.:uando ''~lO< pronornbrrs fuunnn.uo e nmn '<~grtrr, rl vrrh11 ot~ 1,,
3 FurUR.O CONTlNUO nracion vn <'11 suu¡ulat.
Everybody w~s smn1't.
Fonna 7mio tl nnntdh tlm nmv rltgmJir
El fitUUtl t uwu•uu . . ,. funn.t t •111 \.vill , 'r~u1du d~·l w!m111vu Uc \·la lonna
-iog d~l n·olcu J<lllll cp.ol )...,, <Olll)>ll"' 111' cfr SODlt: r \1'1;\11 1'11 fl<l'>t'S ,tfinnativ;u ) (¡, de lln)'· t'U
1'11 be havlng d1nner when you ¡rr¡ve fa el'<-~ OC'g¡\11\•1' • atit~~g~\tl\'.1'·

26
 -~ -· -~_,..., .. ~---_---.--.-"!. - ii

r · HAT ' S ENGL .ISH !

Forma afirmativa 8 VERBOS Q.UE NO ADMITEN LA FORMA CONTINUA

Something l$ happenlng somewhere. , ¡~,, r•I,IJ•tmmtlu"' 11(~1Í11 lugm
l..mr~ lo• \'~1 OO. Mtacl\'1' o•ula 1"'~111·• '• 7 I'Xtslell nlt,'l"'"' <¡11r admuc•n l.1
Forma negativa fc-1rn1.~ C.:<IIIIÍI1ll•lu UO dt•pf'Hrht•tu lu d1 ~ti "'í iguifit,u fu
1haven't round anybody 1n thc office. . \ o lit tnro11tmdo a nadie tn la ofi(mtl
• thin l< ~tdn1 Íh 1 .~ ffiiTI I ;t 1 ul1tHH I .I ('U,IIuh , ,¡~uifin•/krh'(lf ~· nn 1., .H II n itr
Forn>a interrogativa C'l l:111d o ~agn llin1r rrrr
Has he sald anythlng about the murdcr' Jiu tlitllflllig(l ,n/¡Tf d oimm) He IS th1nking about lt. 1Lhmk Mary os here.
E-<h:lc'n ~ ~~,,os t'n los qur "" ~ <unput·~ro~os d. ~Onle· y a.ny- 110 liÍgw·u t·sl., .. • taste \ smcU tantlm'n ~dnlllrn 1.1 form,J ll)llltnua ~¡ l.1 percrp(l''"'''
11'~1.1<, \olumaria.
l'm c:ast1ng the soup t0 see if lt needs some S<~ll - lt t:asres wond.,rfull
• Jt,.. ( t.nnput~ll'\!i tlt som e ... r J)ll~drn tl\.lf en rr:l!4('~ ltllf'rrc~auvas p.lr.t Why are you smellong the mllkl The mllk smells bad
lnrmul.u puicioiiP' u .,fn·c r1 th¡u
Would you hke something lo eu' Qumm al~ d' rJJ/11'1. • see y hear sudc·u u".ar'c fOil rl \e rhn n1tldaJ c an v no,~.. l.t lmnt.L
tUUliJIUa..
• lu~ (Ompuñt••sck an y- ,,.. 11ttlit.11' '''" ,-1 vt·rl•h rll tcumt• .•t1rnt.etiv.t) 1can see an cagle on that rock. (un l'm seeong ,¡
, .... 1r.u lmTn pn1 cualqt~~n Hmlr¡mnll 1 can hear a very strangc no1se. (nu l'm heann¡¡ ..)
Anyone can do it (.ualr¡mmt purdr lwml••

UNlT 7
UNIT4
9 ESTILO INDIRECTO
6 EL PASADO
S i .11 \ ontd l •tlgH t~proc.luc.:iu ,u, lilnitllrll'lHt ltttlut· <' l~11ieu (liu·, ··~t.ullo"'
1:'\tl l\ Mm IPS u ...m, Ht<Í> (ffc. tlf' lltnl •h """~ fUntnpah·s ltelnpo\ \'c."'l boJe\ t"t'l util11.aJ1dc, d ,--~tilt, dirrt tv), ..¡ ft, 1 cHIL,tnu..- 1u11 IHW'I t '"'' paJahrrt..", rs!.IIJUt'
P·'''ulu. Pniplt·.uuln c•l,.,.uln inditl'< 111.
SlMPU PAst 1'..,. \IJ<' ~1\11'1 1) l~'ulu wn<lo She saod. ·you're &o•n& too far'.
St> uuh~• p~tra ii('<'IUIIf"'\ JM ....ou.tt, cc·tnnu~ul,,:o,. 1-:, nlu\ frr,nrm' en J•:,liltJ mclur•·tc.• She sald 1 was colng lOO br.
na11ac•ont>~f'n pa~do
The old lady lelt ternble and left the room .\1 ir imrodudd:o l:o fr;L« 1"" 1111 H'lill• rn pa:..ldu numt.lllltnol• «a y u tell
PAst CONTiNUOUS 1'1\!'.\llC • ( :mm"l o 'll~l~ pruducir:w 11111 Ollloloi<~ ruin' 11<'1111"" vnh.oll" .ti igu.ol '1'~~"''" c·~p.u)nl
'w p.mo<lH'Ít.me• P••~·•d•l\ rn pron ~u(¡, •~alizaLión.
1111ht.1 t·:~rlltiTIIIU.I 1<1 1·' lll.ll 1"\1111<1.1'1"
Whlle lrm> was discracting lho bank manager, they were stcallng the money He sa1d, 'l'm gomg out' He sa1d he was go1ng o ur.
PRESENT PERFECT !PR~:I I J\1 ro I11'1U H 111) He told her. '1 will wfn'. He told he r he would wln
~w lttill 1: 1 par:t :u c-imw~ JMs:tdn~t •( l. ,t lu1mdas ton d ptc:srtltf' ~<· d~1 tJI.IS
1-le said. 'l've bo·oken down' He S31d he had broken down.
flll lllJi l,ll)l Í1t a) H"\llhüdt~ tf• h 1 Jll t IÚ II
Ho told us. '1 didn't killlt'. He told us he hadn't killed lt.
Amold has cooked dinner. • Ub><•r.,, CJIIe el pr<•(t1 rÍlll fllll\l llolll l jl<'lr~l lllllt.O CU Jni,i,l,ll ll•ISill <11'1
P,ESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1'111 11111 lfii111UI~ 111 CO:O.TI\1 o, t'"tiln di1e·\ lo .li ind i1,., lu.
St· utilt7.d para ;u·<·ionn. p.t,.ul.., n·L•c UJn~tcl._,, ttm d pn~·ntf' !'-.r d.1 111.h He saod, '1 had eaten thero belore' He S3od he had ealell there before.
unport;uum .-. la au mu • .\lguuo' \cJlwl' mucJ,.Jc, tu U<"l1 tum1.1 clt• pa.'-.lClo v M: pucdt· uubL.at e •t.t
Arnold has been cookong donner •11 day al catnlu:u- dt un C".,tilu u utro
PAst PufECT PKr ll.Rrlll I'IJ "1 \\11'1 Rtl < lo Maggie saíd, '1 can't swom' Maggie said she couldn ·t sw•m
S,· ulili1.t ptUtl 111a.1 ,,n lúu JM"'olcl,, ,ullt aun .l utr.t tambtC.u p,t.,ad.,, They saod, 'We may go on holld3y' co
They U1d they m•ghl on hohday.
M1ke had been In Mexico belore he entered tho USA • Otros \Trhcr.. rncxlalr., (ltlt:' 110 l.t fWIIfl• rc·t t1nr11 ., OITa' lf•OTM\ \l·tiMit'"'
que U<~nsmitan la noi.ma lflC'.t
Henry saod. '1 must go'. Hcnry sald he had to go.
UNIT6 • l .n~ v•·• l•o' ill ll'il(lllll<>l io< s ny y tcll ~"" t h liTo' ll ll'• t\n dln> ~i¡;Hili1 .111
drur pr1o tell ,.. nmstntyo· c¡l¡li¡¡atol ld111l'll l<' rvn l' f.lmplmnrn lfl
7 ExPRESAR ACUERDO Y DESACUERDO incli1·~r1o, mÍCn lr:'lx r¡uo· s a y poH·dc·llrl<irl'l u nu. Cn.on<ll, s a y ll<·l .t
mmpll'ml'nln indirecw, f<ll' va Jll'l'l o•<hdn ok to
1 told h1m he hod to leavo 1 sald to t11n1 he had to leave
• \( nRnn
Si e~n bt frase tmcml h.av rna;,;, de· un vrrho auxJhar. en la tr.t.'-<' nm
So/Nor/Neilhcr se utih<<t el pnmuo dt ellos en la lom\a que 10 OBLIGACIÓN Y PERMISO
conC'ponda.
l've been loolcing !ora good novel (or ages So ha•e 1 Fonna
Mlke will be scnt to lhe> new offices In Leeds -So wlll 1 Ap.ut<· <Ir la\ rmllld5 qm· ht'lll(" ('\IUCI~ocl(l C"ll <)110' móc:lulo<. •on lllll\
t tJmun~' la~t ~j~uientt''< <''<prr'\umt·"
~lun h ..t} omgün ,,'Tl•o "''tla.u rul' fr.c't inu 1.11, ..,,. "'~• tt f4uJu ••
rnrrrspnnd~en~t· rld vc·dto do
'>uj~ln \'nhn ( :nruplnut tHu l11finotÍ\" ,¡n lO
He llkes swomm~ng - So do l.
He made m~ get up early
She gol engaged ín Turkey So d1d he.
He let me go to the party.
i{<•tut•rcin •¡u< rs i~tc•ll p.olnho.t< lf ll<' ,q)(lnau Lll l ,,,guilll'ad•> llt'l(.il l\•o .1 1.1
In"<' >. por lu lallto, l1.1y ' 1'"' 111 iliMo no r '' ue ithe.r para e~fl"''fll '1 "" s ..¡,.,,. V•·•·uo ( :ot nplt1ltu 111 0 l11nmrrvocw • tu
,,. ,,,;¡dr rtl llr1'tlu • 111 1 o·ll11' He fo rced me to get up early.
Marth3 never reads poerry Nclther doe> he. He allowed me to go to lhc party.
Nobody thlnks he'll pass. - Nor do 1 1 wasallowed to go to the party.
• lh'\(1 l.kll<l
Uso
l na de b~ fonna\ m.\s fOIIttiiH ... 1l1· c·~pu·~dl •k!>il( un"'llu e·-. llllh7.tnclu rl
1'.\r,, tkrtr 'JIIt' "<e .,hlie,a ,, .olguit'll ,, lt.u ,., .clt;u 'r miliz.uo onake ) fon·e
'Uil'lo \ d \'CI bo auxalJ¡u <¡ur e cutt"'l~uul.a rn el ~<·nndn conlrotttt' .ti de
~lt"Udu rorce llllllhtJ m~h \ Ífl)t lUft t]Uf m a.ké
1.• ur.u itm e nn Lt tttu· uu \4. r,t.t tft .n m· ado Ln c~tc caso t>l <ouwlo ~
He made me stand up lor an hour
JUrli\UIILi,t CtJU IUM lfM\UI Jl.&t'f-'"'--t
\Ir /11~• f>lnt dr f11t u11a hmn
1don't llke llter.uure very much 1do
He !creed me to stand up ror an hour
He reads obout a book a woek. 1don't.
\Jr}tr .r.:11 1'1/(lt dt-pl( mw hnm
b11 aij;wlos caso~ •w pun lt• ~-,pr••,.u .u·ut·rrlu/flt>sa< tu-nlv ulllíl'.uldq l,t,
l'.u ,, <I•TÍt'l¡ur ,,.. p~nnotr ,, .li¡,'lnr u lun ,. , ,,l¡¡tl , ... wtliz::w le L)' a llow
!rases 1 think s o / 1 d <m ' t lhiuk , o /(.',,., r¡ur ,¡¡(;"'' 'l"' m).
Íll(h;timanwnl• , .llll l< jll<' a llo w 1"' 111 .'1' liHmaJ) t'\ 11111} ft<'t 111'1 11' lllilit,u fq
She 1&1\'t very rellable - 1thlnk so.
c·n '·li/. rut"iiva,, '}miliendtJsr~ t!t t'M\a hH 111.! 1.1 P~"IMH1.1 f(ltr" 11•)S J)riJHilr
They w1 1l be a happy couple 1 don't thmk so
' t~~dt1.l.n' lt1 ti\ non.
He lcr me stny 1n lus Oat.
He allowed me to st:ay 1n hos ftat.
1was allowed to st:ay in his Rat.
1..,.. ''"' ti a.V'< "" podrían rr~clnl"ir Jl<lt,\Ir ilr¡J 11/at rn u f•tw.

27
 ~•
- 1 . . . __... 1 - - 1
_ _ ~-----~~--------------
1-... . . .... ...... ~ R :A;trlj lr!l_f,\~~S~
--.....- - . ~ • • ••• ~

GRAMMAR SUMMARY MÓDUL09

4 FuTURO PERFECTO
UNITl
Uso
1:1 r.uuro pedi·uu 'C U>« p ;l"' llll hl<tr que una a( CIInl ~~· habrn romplcr;1do
1 Qt!ESTION 1'AGS o hHLt'd liu:I.Li.J.;Jt ln rn \ 111 l t H)I IIt•r\lo clt•I<'Jilllli:1do dd futw•o.
Son rc)llO:ll'tlccioue-~ fii.H' ~w ;u"'.tdt'tl ..tl ltnJ I dt· rm~t l'nt~:~\ l'Wu ld u ql w rt'll\0."' You m ust give me that report betore tomorrow,
pc·du l:Orlflml ,l t:-iOn <h· diC,u Uc 1.. q11~ 11(, f'~:t~I Uk))o; :-;t·g¡u·o:.: f~ saftc• r , ¡ IHU'!>CI O - Don't worry. 1'11 have finished lt by five o'clock this afternoon
intcrlonnnr rst:' <le· ,ttuf't <lo< t''' In \ Ji h: .u ftiMhl (l) dr rll·t·u ~'' sign ifh <ldcl F,.. t () ..,¡gnilil' :t •p•r !.1 )Jt' r'">i )H,, h.,hnl lt' IIIIÍII Mio ¡•l iuHH'nH JMru lrt:-. ~ i1 H • J dt-
es el 11 11SII1<> r¡11r ls rhis rruc:? n D o yo u agrcc?' CT[li ÍVn l< a ¡rrrdad;' <'1\ l.<t.<ll lr
csp<ti'lol
l'nmbiét\ >C pu~dt '""' d lul ll! ' ' ¡wo l¡·r'Ll> <\t!ldl!uo
FoRMAS v usos By the year 2000, we will have been living In this ho use for filty years.
P.1rn forma¡ 1.111:1 que.stion tag se ullli7.an el v.:rbo auxihar v e l pro uornl>rc l'.xprcs10ncs lcrnporalr·s ('IJII will ha ve.
personal t't>rrf·.spc)ndit•mes. Norn talnlcrue es UC'~aÚ\','\ c:i h~ o r:lf'iúll pnudpal by+ trme 1'11 have finoshed by 5 o'clock.
•-s .tlinl i.!C i\ .1 )' \ icrvr•nfl. by the t1me + elause 1'11 have finoshed by the tome you arnve.
You''e been swlmmlng. h3ven't youl
You can't drive, can youl
5 ORACIONES TEMPORALES CON AFJ'ER, WHEN,
!-t1110 h,t) un \Crbo nuxili,•r ,~ti la cJr.lcióu print·1paJ ~<.· 11 tiliz...t do t'O eJ
niJSmn tiempo v<•rl>~l
BEFORE, UNTIL
Peter llkes cars. doesn't he ! F OR."''A
Janot's chlldren carne. didn't theyl f.l:.Ld-, !IIU('iUU('\ \ (' f( li i'\IJ U~1f"'ll de 1111.-t lh11U.t. ~itHit:lt , ¡ 1,1'1 ornt ÍOIH'~
L11 IIL' nmnull''' imper•ormks e<>" thel'e is/ thcre are. thcl'e lu"Cu)na fltllrli<'ioualr·' ri!-1p rill h 'l IÍJl<l 1Wc' ll stay at home ifit rains \, p\' ITI t' ll ,.¡
n mH • ~tU,If"lo .._Ir !tt qucscion tag. hr¡r~ r ,¡,. if ~e '"¡' after beforc. until ' ' when
Thcre isrl't much lood In the l ridge. ls there' w ill + ""' 1'" 1 , u~<.innd6n h' mpnr.tl + 'non ru P' '"""'' ~i"'pl~
There won't be many people, wlll thP.rel 1'11go to a restaurant alter tl'le concert finishes.
We'll ask h1111 when he arrives.
1'11 finrsh the report belore 1 flnish work.
UNIT 2 Wi ll :W plwtl•· ~u'\dhÜI pn1 111 1 \lt"l ho mnd.u l parn r·x pl't•sm d11~la,
llll'ihilirl.uJ, .¡J¡Iiga\'Í(HI
W e may go to the restauram when the concert finishes.
2 LA VOZ PASIVA (VERBOS CON DOS COMPLEMENTOS)
You 111USt finish this report belor e Christm3s.
f o RMA v uso~
ll a\' \'CIIJos COliJO give, lcnd. tell. s how qur e""'" aruva strckn ir
sC"gu)do~ tic Ju~ coa11plcmt' IHOS, 11110 (j lH~ no rnlabnrntc han r dcrcue:n:l a
un.• prr~OI U1 ll"' mdl1t:< lo l ,, o ll ú a una cosa <el direCtO!.
UNIT 4
Someone gave the old m:m a watch.
1:1l \'li t p a:Ü\a t·~tH 1-Jf':\t ' IÚtt s.t- ¡Jucd~· <"XpH·~at tle dhs ÍIJrrnas. O bwu :-;<·
6 EsTILO lNDIRECTO
¡ul li ~.• c·l '"mplo•rnr1 1l" inclin'<t<l <'>llt!J ~ujrlO <IL la fras( ~~~ pas rva, ·~oc~ lo !V case piunn~ IJ,I v pa![nr a !JO del ~1oclulo ll ..
(ll,hfiriUI'I\ 1 ~
The old man was gweo a watch. Uso
O "'t: utUia1 c~l rump lc-mt·JHn dart'("C01' ' ", uy" ,--a~'' ,·lmditt'\'to VH IH'f'l."- l"tlid<, 5,. u tilta el c.sLiln iuúirct·to para c:o11 l flr le • qw· algLUCII dijo siu usa1 cxall a..
dr lu prrp'" '" "'" r,o rnrme '''~ propias palalor;".
A watch was g rven tO the o ld man. E,LiJII diro•t'L<l: Tom said, Tm tlred'.
E>tiln índirl't ''' Tom said tha t he was tlred
G> n •¡:-1<-~. '"'"(k ,,,., ILa J se elujO tic Sll jCIO> omprcC'isos !Someon e.
somebody, people v "' "' st• t'! II ISIII' " ' por 11 ocdiu de la vot- pa,iva. Si el \'crb11 illlrodul'lorir> ,.,1,\ 1:11 ¡lllsatlto 1said, to ld) lr¡s vo·rho; dr· la
s;, pr!'il<'l" or.trii>n , ,honlínad., 1 r::trt1l·edr•r·llu hat ía rlp,t>adu.
She was told a lot ol lles. •1 arn a wr1ter '
She sa•d (that) she was a writer.
'l'm not gomg o n holiday.'
Pcople (Oid heo· ~ lot ol lies She said (that) shc was not gorng on i>olrday
R<•cno-rl"d ')UC para 11tilizar 1111 wf'l¡<, t'!l J¡,_ d i; I Íill<> ¡ ir l l1[lO\ rl1· l ~ v r)l. '1'11 pass all my exams.'
jliJ.S\\11, .,. pouC' el atoxilinT b e •·n d ticmpn 'l"" r ü>wspnnda, '1·guidn d~l She said (that) she would pass aJI her exams.
panicJpio pasado dd wrho principal. Veanlu> " lguno> d,· lo> lio•ottp<" r11:h 'l've already done my homework.'
lr-e<·ucn!es. He Sólld (U13t) he had alrcady done hls homework.

Simple Present Exam ples are usually glven at che begonn>ng of each St· 11ti liz:111 fiÍ>IÍIItd> ('Sl\'1\CIIua; dt·pr•otditlltlt~ 11< <fU<" 1 <~ •li:IL ión c11 c•tilü
activlty. el in:( tc1 s<.~ unt\ ct lirnlUción 1111.1 prf"'gun l ~ o na m den r) UJM p··~ i,· iótl.
Present Continuo us Look! He's lust being given tl\e awardJ Añrrna(:ione,; y negaciones
Simple P ast Were you glven a large bedroorn at the Riu? satd + (that)
' l'm tired.'
Past Contlnuous At that moment, llelt 1 was being glven ar1 unlair mark He said (that¡ he was tlred.
Prescnt P erlect The chiidren havc alrcady been given something to told 1 prOnüoul¡n; pt'l"ional objeto -+ (that)
ca t. He told 111e (that) he was th·ed
Past P erfect After they had been grven the bad news, they rvshed L,t < mljtii H'Ír'JOt thaL t•> ujxinll:d
to the hosp•tal.
Golng to structure Are the tea m go>ng to be grven a larewcll parcy! Preguntas
ask + lf/ask + where h r o tra p.H IJ, uht Ílllt·n'nl(:•tiva l
Future You'll be given thc tickcts at the post office. 'Are you goíng on hollday?'
She asked 11 1 was gorng on holrday,
'Where are you going?'
She asked where 1was go•ng.
UNIT3 Peticiones
asked + p romuu1J1e JWI'~on~tJ uliJc:-lo + to + Juliruu vcJ
3 FuTURO CONTINUO 'Can you shut the door. picase?'
She asked metO shu( the door

28
 1 T H AT ' S E N G L CS H ! -= _-
Ó rd c n <'!l Remcmber to sw1tch off the lighu whcn you go out.
told + pruuvn•l"''l><' ' "'".il ()b)rt<o + to + mli mtii'O Don't lorgcL 10 píck up your thíngs.
'Shutthe door!' ' Don'1 open me wlndow!'
remembcrlforget + ·lng
She told me to shut me door
She told me not to open me wlndow ~e uultt.ln para rx:pn·~ ..u u u rc;t unri' J
1 remember walk•ng down m1s strcct years ago
Verb os introductorios 1w lll novor lorget seemg you danc•ng ~~ that te.-riblo party.
\lb""'"' \'erbos cmpl~ados p;or .o 11111<odm 1r rl ,,,iln indur<l<> dt·>< rilxn l.o
lllltllliÓJI 11 o•l t'Siadu d~ oUIIJIIO dt·l hoohl,mu: refu:.ed (to) , , , ,
Lhanked (me) for (-in¡;) .. . nccepted.. . rhreatencd to • . . 0
promised to ... , a.nooWJced tlmt • . , . ctt
UNIT 6
'l'm sorry but l'm 110 1 gol11g to gíve you any more money.'
He relused to give me any more money. ]0 E STILO TNDIRECTO
' Thank you lor comlng to my party ' rVr ...... 1., 1 uul.u l l
She thanked me for goong to her party.
'1'11 definltcly flnlsh my homework thls nlternoon.'
He prom•scd to finosh h•s homework mat afternoon UNJT 7
' Donner ls ready.'
He announccd that d1nncr was ready. 11 O RACIONES CONSECtJI'IVAS
~~~l a!\ •H •ll tnllf'~ f'Xplt'' "" d n:snlt.tdo dt· b ad iu h d1·l~• ururiou p dur i¡MI
UNI'f 5 J:xl'i.U'u dt lli'C'Ille"S rw,~h fJ1H' c·st..thlt·, c•n nn;~ n·l.u iurt dt· , .w:-.•
~ r•lt"i tu

so+ a djetivo /ad ver b i o+ thac +oració n

The house was so blg that 1got lost.
7 EXPRESAR FINAIJDAD 1J-l ~ ,\I'IH 1'1 .• 1 t.ut ttJ.lltt lt• 11\ U Jlll [)(' l'di
FORMAS Susan ran so quickly mM she wo~ me race
En iugb.,l.1 fin.tlicl.ul ~ punll' rxprc· ...u tlr dJirr•·ntn manera< lnncndo <;,l..._tll 'utr11• 1.111 r tpitlu (111' g.ttiP 1.1 e tll"f''t,.t.
lud._t:o, r ll._t,, n tá!'l. u mc·ru.t:-~, r l mt'lno aguilk.1do. l o&l'- má:> ('QrrJt:ntt·~ c;on·
such a + s u stantivo s ingular+ that + o o·aci(on
to + mlimt1vo She worked really hard 10 pass thc exams, They mada such a rerrlble mlsGlke th•t thcy couldn't gel back
In order to + mfiu111vn He tolda lle In order to ~nnoy me. C oln f' IIC' I o ll un t-JTc ' r 1 ~1 1l lo1,i.1Udt .p u· I11J p utlin on , ,,1\1'1
so as to mlimm u He boughL a new car so as to please hos fumoly
such + (a djetivo) + s us tantivo pl u r al o n o conl.&ble + that + oración
Cu.lutl<> lü linalid,ul n nc¡::aov.t. ><'~~~el~ uuli'·" in order not to n so '"' There was such d•sorgamsatoon that 1 couldn't find anymong.
not to J labia taJtli:.l ~ le\(H L!.Uttzac 1011 tllH 110 pude rnfOIIII ,,, n.,d,,
He decldcd tO keep qulct In order not to have an argument.
He left the house so u not to hurt her leellngs \hlmi<:.mu ,,. put·d, ·u uuli1.u lth ' tgutr'llh'"' H.-:\u:,o p.uL' cxprc ¡u lt':-.uh ado..
1amh11·n "'J>U<'<I~ ('Xprr ,dJ' finalid.~<l ··nn so, s o th.at " jo <lrder thal. so (:u.i que)
>egmclo• rlr orariun~' 1 Clll r l w rhn •·11 fimn.• lo' ''"" '''' 1 misscd thc tralnoso 1arrived late for ¡he pan;y
so Shc flnlshed belore rmdday so sho could havo lunch wlth us. P1>rdi 1'1 110'11 : 1>1 r¡¡wll,·~;w• 1,,.,), ,, l.o lin1.1
so that 1'11 get home In me ~ltemoon so ma1 wc can talk abouc lt. as a result (por lo t ant o ), n ormalmente scgllido de coma
in order thac We should vts>t Peter In order that he doem't feel alone He was a wonderful amlcte A5. • resulto he won >11 h1s raees.
l·.ra uu .ttkr:t rnata\ lllo-;o. 1-'nr lo .cu«u \fotllo lncl.t· l.l,, ,,rl''t.l
Osos
Est.1~ ora ciones o·xprcs.111 el liu o l.t lucen('IUil con '1""
S<' llh•.t a c·nbo ho t h e refore (por lo tanto), pue d e ir co locad o a l p r incip io de la
a('l'i<\u ¡fd veril<o priu<ip.tl. Cu,HJclo o•l 'uj rll> .¡,. l.1 umuon p nnn pal ,. "' de· frase o e n tre cl s ujeto y e l verb o
la >UbOrdilloltloJ 1'' o·l JIIÍ\IIlll, f.tfroiiJJ.l Jfl.i.\ U"l.J <J< I'X¡Jfr'kll llllaltdad CS She lelt lc t down and she merefore betrayed them.
medi.111tr lO +- inlitum., ~(' "inllu •In <·pc~inn.ul.e' pul lo r.uun )u tf:'lh IUIIII
1 dld lt to earn some money. consequently (por co n siglliente)
St el su¡•·w do: amba , o .r.~tinue; "' di;~iut<• >r o·luplt•>ll l l.l\ •·x¡nr·<it><l<'' so The members of the commission dídn't accept tho p•·opos>l. CoJ'Iscquently.
that e in order rhat there wlll be ~nomer meetJng soon
1d1d lt so mac you could go to Scodand 1.&.t nurmbn)' <k la onu,mn nu .u qu.u-.ut t• Jll~tpur..,t.t l'ut uu'l~Hit·utc
habr.l. otr..t rrumon pn1111n.

8 EL VERBO 1/0P/i.
12 O RACIONES ADVERSAT IVAS Y CONCESJVAS
fORMAS Y USOS
hope (that) + oraeióa subordinada But 1 .. '1 llt'XO '1'" \lldt UIU'tM...IUC u J.t
ur.tnum·, .l tl\('1!".111\ .t 1 rtmhim (
~p.an f'\lrl' htff)\ IW\U\ , •• , .... ,.,;)1(''\.,ll t.Uilll.l.,lt f)( )!)"o)( u m() fe)ll( t.''HIIt '
,¡,
E."" vcrlou M uúlil.ll"' ''' 111anifr'i.tr l.¡t·~ru•ralll,o ll' "' ai ¡¡<J smcd:• o no~ allhough , cven lhc>ugh , tltuugh whHea" whtle howcvcr. tn spitc
pa>H o•xptt''kl f 11111' 111>' dr•\t'll' oft• 1 oll <i olf li lllll'n ( Ji>;nva oIUC thal ~e puede of. 1(HI()'• •· ll•'' v.u 1M'l.!\ 1¡,¡.)'\ t-h t illo& IJJ,Ir iu u '- u11 ''' ' VPJIH t ('t t l(H·ma pcrson·
tJOllfir JJ .t 11' '\( l'j}l ¡/,,, rlt• in ..,pi u~ llf
1hoj>e (that) she find> a ncw Job soon.
We hopo (that) you'll cn¡oy your hohday In Japan. ahhou~h ,\Uitt)Ut' \ t•ven &..hou~h 'p•·'a' h •1•11 , ..,,.n p.ua nmlra.,l.u
do:-, Jdt·~~~
hope to .. infinitivo Although he wa~ Eflgllsh, ha spoke nue nt Frcnch
She bo ught a car, evcn though she couldn't drlve
'i\t· ut,lt/A JI·" ·' nMmh·.;t.u ~pt:r4llll'•l de- fJU(" se. <uulplan ilu ... uJih., c. plam
JliUIJU"' though npu\ale ._, ahhough f~'" '< uuluor t'll un'' ~J<iittn rr1;,, llllntm.tl
My bro1hcr hopes 10 spond a year on the States. Tho ugh me windOWS were open, ll WJS very hot on me room
whiJe ~· \Vhereas fnllt' tltJ o.~ s qw l l.tHi h H' II p un lllt'l l < 01 11 1.{1..1. 11 dn\ Hk tt'
hope so/hopo not 1love golng to tne b~ach In the summcr wl>ere.s/whlle John prolers walkrng 1n
Se utilitdll 1 flOih u· •JUU'\Ia t nri,t (,..un dl.u ...t' ,.,jJI'l'Sa el ú• t·u J, t.tur ~~ me mounulns.
tnrnpl.t " flll '4" c mnpl., lr1 que fcu rll!l),,' pu·¡;unt3 nur·~trn iott·sloc. utot ho" ev<•r 1 •lll ,·rnh•.rl.!u ,f• .. urlt f'ttlpl• ._u par,t '~lll,r., .1· t-ltutuc.L h c.·uu~
1'11 govc you a nng toono rro w. - 1hopc so. dn<ii 0 1;u ¡rqw!),
You havcn't falled the exammatlon, havt> you/ 1 hopo not. 1wanced 10 study sctcnco Howevor, my porents persu~dcd me to study
langua¡:es

9 LOS VERDOS REMEMBE.R Y FORGET in spit e o f IK'" .\. ,, rw"u uc \l"'ntlu ,, n1.1, u 111• n''' lo flt n1(• '11'"'
althnug b ~~ J u . t •htt 1t uno..~ de t''4 nt·xu \a nt,nu.tlna rllt x·l.(unl11 .(,• un
~U,I, IBt i\'41 1 dt l ¡l fol Jll,l iug del q• ¡ bu.
re.me.mber/forget + to + infinitivo 11\ spltc o r the hot wearher, me wl,dows were closc d
~ utilu.u JMr.t Ltr ·n .u tu. no• u • pre(!unt ..u sa J.t• hau Ji e, .t<~, a ( .1hct In spite of prefemng mount.lin holldays john en¡oy• swommulg In thc sea.
r Jrf '•l' ltl~tllh ( :CJitf'~ tf fltatlldatn.' ú t:'¡nt:~tl' ')U 1 UIUJJlinUt'tllCt 4) lh•
nunplimH nth.

29