A.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

According to the book “history of Education: What is the importance of studying history
of education in the 21st century?” The study of the past development of educational
systems, theories, practices and institutions within the general historical framework of
political, social, economic, scientific, technological and cultural changes that different
societies have gone through over time.

EDUCATION DURING ANCIENT TIMES.

In the ancient states the education and teaching were carried out mainly in the
family. In the transition era from the communal to the slave system the old traditions of
family education are kept and changed in the Ancient civilizations of the East.
Pedagogical prerogatives of the patriarchal family have been fixed in the literary
monuments of the Ancient East, as the Laws of the Babylonian King Hammurabi (1750
BC), The book of Proverbs of Jewish King Solomon (early 1st millennium BC), The Indian
Bhagavad Gita (the middle 1st millennium BC), etc.

A. to teach for survival skills and group harmony and as instructional methods the
children imitates the adult and so it means that the parents itself even the tribal
elders or Religious leaders as the official teachers and educator for the youngsters.
B. there are no formal grading systems as it is informal education.
C. Culture was passed on and preserved for generation. Tribal people were able to
adjust and adapt to political and social life.
D. Liberal education was integrated in the curriculum.
E. The complimentary development of the person became vital for his cultural
development and for the social transformation of the state. The concept of
educational ladder was introduced.

EDUCATION DURING MEDIEVAL CONCEPTION

History The fall of Rome in 476 A.D. is considered as the end of ancient times
and the start of medieval history. In this period, four educational systems or movements
emerged namely: Monasticism, Scholasticism, Chivalry, and the Guild system of
education. Each educational system bears different features and characteristics that
greatly influence our today’s Philippine Educational system. The medieval concept of
education is centered on spiritual, intellectual, political, and economic development.
Much of the period is marked by the influence of Christianity and many of the
philosophers of the period were greatly concerned with proving the existence of God
and reconciling Christianity with classical philosophy.
A. Equality before God was expounded in education.
B. Society became revolutionized through a system of morality with fuller
recognition of the integrity of the human personality.
C. The individual formed bondage to authorities and conventions of the church.

EDUCATION IN THE MODERN CONCEPTIONS

Education in the Modern Period

Dr. Radhika Kapur
Abstract
Education in the modern period is signified by many developments.
With the advent
of the British rule, there were many developments taking place in the system of education.
Though the system of education was more developed in urban areas as compared to rural
areas. During this period, there were introduction of subjects such as, arts, sciences,
philosophy and literature. The education policy of the British government put more emphasis
upon higher education. During the modern period, primary education was not much
considered. During this period, the system of education was developed to take into
consideration the needs and requirements of the individuals.
With the advent
of the British rule, there were many developments taking place in the system of education.
Though the system of education was more developed in urban areas as compared to rural
areas. During this period, there were introduction of subjects such as, arts, sciences,
philosophy and literature. The education policy of the British government put more emphasis
upon higher education. During the modern period, primary education was not much
considered. During this period, the system of education was developed to take into
consideration the needs and requirements of the individuals.
During the modern period, primary education was not much considered. During
this period, the system of education was developed to take into consideration the needs
and requirements of the individuals. There is a need to make improvements in the
system of school education (Muralidhar, Indumathi, Sudhakar, & Raghunath, 2016).

A. Education became person-oriented in approach. The development of the mind,

body and moral was enhanced.
B. The principal of freedom of thought and creativity became the basis of education.
Learning starts from concrete to abstract. The natural interests and the
characteristics of the learners were considered.
C. Education emphasized the process of learning and not on the things learned.
The principles of human growth and development were considered for teaching
and learning effects.
D. Education became an agency for citizenship involvement for national
development and progress sciences were included in the curriculum.
E. To determine the suitability and effectiveness of the curriculum materials,
systematic, and objective analysis was done. Learning objectives and subject
matter were scientifically determined.

The Philippine Education

A. Pre-Spanish-Filipinos had an elaborate civilization prior to Western contact. The

indices are effective technology, predictive sciences, art and religion, system of
writing, etc.

B. Spanish-
- Introduced the parochial school concept practiced in Europe during the Dark
Ages
- Subjects, other than the Doctrine, were arithmetic, music, and various arts and
trades. The vernacular was the primary medium of instruction.
- Academic institutions higher than the parochial schools were established.
- These were the colegios for the boys and the beaterios for the girls. These
were equivalent to present day high schools.
- Produced the first grammars and dictionaries that led to the development of
Filipino languages.
 - Provisions for the training of teachers through a normal school.

C. American
- The Educational Act of 1901, also known as act. No. 74 of the Philippine
Commission was promulgated.
- Set up a three-level school system. The first level consisted of a four year
primary and a three year intermediate or seven-year elementary school. The
second level was a four-year program.
- In 1925, the Monroe Survey commission, headed by Paul Monroe, was created
to evaluate the entire school system the Americans set up.
D. Commonwealth
- The Education Act of 1940 (C.A. 586) provided for the following:
a) Reduction of the 7-year elementary course to 6 years.
b) Fixing the school entrance age at 7 years.
c) National support for elementary education.
d) Compulsory attendance of primary children enrolled in grade 1
e) Introduction of double-single session.
E. Japanese- Gives importance to the diffusion of elementary education and
promotion of vocational education.
F. Third Republic
- Elementary education was nationalized and abolished matriculation fees.
- The Magna Carta for Publlic School Teachers (R.A. 4670) was enacted.
- Special Education Fund and local school boards were created. Rise of Barrio
High Schools.
- Created the Presidential Commission to Study Philippine Education (PCSPE).
G. New Society
- Issuance of P.D. 6-A (Educational Decree of 1972)
- The fundamental aims of education in the 1973 Constitution are: to foster love
of country, teach the duties of citizenship, develop moral character, self-
discipline, and scientific, technological, and vocational efficiency.
- Bilingual Education Program mandates the use of English and Filipino
separately as media of instruction in school.
- Education Act of 1982 was formulated.
H. Edsa Republic
- Fundamental aims of education: shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism,
foster love of humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of
the national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the
rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values,
develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and
creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and
promote vocational efficiency.
- Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education.
- Teaching of values in the New Elementary School Curriculum (NESC)
- Student employment Law
- Creation of CHED
- Professionalization of teachers

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

In the book “Philosophical Basis for Teaching and Learning Model: Ornstein and
Hunskins”. The philosophical foundation of curriculum helps determine the driving
purpose of education, as well as the roles of the various participants. While all
foundations propose to set goals of curriculum, philosophy presents the manner of
thinking from which those goals are created. One’s driving philosophy suggests if
education should develop the individual or enforce group norms (Ornstein & Hunkins,
pp. 34-36); if it is to enforce group norms, it further defines if that should be the norms
of the current set or a move towards changing those norms. Philosophies vary in
perception of truth, ranging from absolute to relative, and from moralistic to scientific
(34-37). 

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

- The science that seeks to organize and systemize all fields of knowledge as a
means of understanding and interpreting the totality of reality.
- The systematic and logical explanation of the nature, existence, purpose and
relationships of things, including human beings in the universe

MAIN BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

- Metaphysics – deals with the first principles, the origin an essence of things,
the causes and end of things.
- Epistemology – deals with knowledge and with ways of knowing.
- Axiology – deals with purposes and values.
- Logic – deals with the correct way of thinking.

FUNCTIONS of the PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

- Provide direction toward which all educational effort should be exerted.

- Provide guidelines in the formulation of the educational policies and
programs and in the construction of curricula.
- Provide theories and hypothesis which may be tested for their effectiveness
and efficiency.
- Provide norms or standards for evaluation purposes.

IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION TO THE TEACHER

- Provides the teacher with basis for making his decision concerning his work.
- Help the teacher develop a wide range of interest, attitudes, and values
concomitant to his professional life as teacher.
- Makes a teacher more aware of his own life and work, and makes him more
dynamic, discriminating, and critical and mentally alert.
- Philosophy of education saves time, money and effort.

NEED OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION IN MODERN TIMES

- Every behavior or action has its own principles.

- The principles underlying all educational behavior are derived from
philosophy of education.
- It is only through a philosophy of education that one determines the
curriculum, the textbooks, the methods of teaching, methods and standards
of evaluation, the methods of maintaining discipline, etc.
FACETS OF THE NOETIC BASIS OF EDUCATION

- The epistemic inquiry helps to evaluate educational thoughts and practices,

develops them, and thus enables us to use them as instruments of human
progress.
- One of the important functions of education is the acquisition and imparting
of knowledge, but before we undertake this teaching– learning process, it is
desirable to know the nature, sources, and validation of knowledge itself so as
to get an insight into the complexities and intra-connections of its diverse
forms and facets

VALIDATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND EDUCATION

- That education cannot be regarded as being of any worth or sense which

does not enable a person to discern what is right, good and useful. No
education can be perfect and complete if it merely concerns itself with the
bare acquisition of knowledge without inculcating the ability to test its validity
in concrete life situations.
- The optimum development of personality, which has been the recognized aim
of education, requires the cultivation of a reasonably adequate pattern of
judgment, and this can be provided only by imparting the definite criterion of
meaning and truth.
- In daily affairs, in which our beliefs are concerned with events, objects,
qualities and relations that can be perceived, we tend to accept the criterion
of correspondence.
- Use a pragmatist test judging the consequences of actions in terms of the
more or less well-established norms or values of a culture. In the field of
education, such a holistic and integral position would result in the synthesis of
the triple tests of truth.

KNOWLEDGE AND TEACHING–LEARNING STRATEGY

- Learning would be regarded as conformity to what is outwardly true. The

mind of the pupil would be repeatedly impressed with the nature of external
things. Drill, memorization of well-established information, careful
observation, and constant checking of facts would be some of the means of
molding the understanding to conform to what is objectively so.
- Here the teacher would be given a place of position and importance. Interest,
effort, discipline, self-study, self-education, freedom of will, etc., would
constitute the main features of learning process.
- The idealist would not make the pupil a devotee of any one particular
method, but rather would like him/her to be a creator of method.
- Foregoing considerations is that from every angle of the educational problem,
there comes a demand for a philosophical basis of education. The art of
education will never attain complete clearness in itself without this basis. In
subsequent chapters, these points are dealt with in detail.
B. SUMMARY LEARNING

It’s always been everybody’s tradition or the first thing to do in doing a

specific paper works it must always involve research, so thus we’re considering the
helping hand of internet and other technological advancement that may help in your
paper works. Gathering data’s and information is the essential step that I do in order
for me to generate my needed information’s with the used of the gathered data’s.

As I was browsing to the internet for information’s, it was never easy for the
internet provides a lot of information from books, articles, and even documents from
a readymade power points, documents and even research about the said topic, and
so it is not just that you pick your choice for the reason that it was publish and made
of a popular websites and sources, although it was a big relief that you are having
the information’s you wanted provided by known websites, but, in this task,
information and data from unknown articles and websites would offer a great help
also, for the chance that you get to compare and deduct information’s and integrate
the information’s gathered and so it would result to a greater outcome in our
papers.

Everyone is convenient of the usual practice for a student’s when searching

in the internet and that is the typical copy and paste information’s. In this time it
really tested our knowledge as to what and which to pick information’s from the
searched data’s. as I was saying earlier that the internet provides too much
information’s and to think that in a hundred pages documents or books only a
specific chapters that have the needed information that you are looking for and so
you need to read words by words considering its length and pages to read, and as
were using phones and gadgets, apps and others technological tools where a great
help to take notes and record things before closing the sites totally without worrying
that your searched ideas would go in waste.

Reading a part from a book “The historical and philosophical foundations of

education: fifth edition” by Gerald Lee Gutek, is an eye opener for me cause after
reading a part in his book leads me to research further by using keywords and ideas
and with that I found a lot of documents that helps me to understand and also
widens my understanding, also I found myself recalling things, because of
remembering names from my previous learning while still learning in face-to-face
classes, and discusses important people and even topics that I found while searching
that is related in this paper works.

The method that I am using for me to carefully choose and check upon my
research ladder, is having a paper and pen record, and with that I can check if the
documents I am reading is already done or not and taking notes of the important
phrases and ideas that I might use. The other method is that, I downloaded
everything in my computer for the reason of easy access of the needed documents,
as I was experiencing signal loss sometimes and it is not affordable for me that every
2-3 days I would spent almost a hundred peso just to buy load for me to have an
internet connection to attend my classes and doing my school works, and so
downloading everything is the most practical way to relieve my problem with this.
Not, to forget that whenever I’m in travel I still research and I would screenshot
those important in the documents for me to be guided.

For this involve a group activity and group work. It was easy for me to
integrate my gathered data with them. I was amaze for I am thinking that I’ve done
enough in my research and I have the most relevant information, but, looking of
what they have in hands is a great relieve for we have different sources that would
help us by doing this project. As we are consolidating our gathered ideas we
produced more information’s, more than we expected to have by searching in the
internet.

While doing our research it is inevitable to encounter some trial and errors,
mostly the phones would not survive longer, maybe because of lots and lots of
saved documents and apps that is useable for our learning and so mostly our
phones would hang up and even worst it would corrupt, specially that in our group
were only using two available computers and so it was hard for us to completer the
said task on time. Yes! There are net café’s everywhere that we could use but,
considering that my members were living in places where computer units are
available but only for games consumption, in short only exist for child’s
entertainment because the signal itself could not reach the said places.

For us! We have a personal group GC joined with the other group and there
we would send all our research ideas and documents for the benefit of everybody
and for their consumptions. In the group, before we could even start formally typing
our paper work, we are having this, where would ask a certain question related to the
task then we would raise our own understanding based on the information’s and
data’s we have for everybody will know and then we record everything that will
certainly help in our task.

In certain topic of the history of the foundation of the education is the most
anticipated topic in this task. We have different ideas in this specially in the ancient
times, that is an interesting part because we had the opportunity to travel back time
where everything is different and more traditional than what we have even our
parents were born. The education they have where so beyond imagination yet
understandable, for example having a teacher that is your own parent and no formal
grading or curriculum system yet they survived in the knowledge competition.
Colonization is a trivial matter for one’s country for it will bring different effect either
beneficial or the latter, but truth to be told it was a win-win situation in terms of
knowledge for they will bring their own practices and beliefs and it affects the
country’s educational system by this colonization and with that the possible rate of
giving what we have as an exchange of what they have is a normal act of sharing,
disregard the fact that no one would be happy rule over in your own country by
some foreigners, because it would tarnish your rights and power in your own
country.

As we know that the only constant in this lifetime is change and so time over
time everything will change. The education itself will constantly change for the
demands of the society is changing and by that the only practical ways to survive
and meet that changes is by changing our educational system, by adapting the
effective ways of other countries then applied for our own benefit, because it will not
hurt our ego to accept to ourselves that by adapting their ways would open greater
opportunities in terms of knowledge and specially works that are in demand in other
countries, and so we applied the educational system that made us competitive with
the others it made easy for us to be on track in line with the demands of the society,
and so, as we are doing this research either individual and group research is very
helpful because it help us to understand the world why over time we adapt changes.

From the ancient times up until the modern times where we feel the total 360
turn of change. We cannot conclude that it is better living from the past or the other
option we have in mind and that is to live in the future. We could see that the past is
where we live today, the past helps us to build our future. In the past there are no
greater opportunities in having educational opportunities specially for the woman
who are incomparable to men, where men has the greater opportunities and greater
choices of what education they wanted to have, and so, as of today these changes
brings us liberty and where feminism exist and that made us women, had the equal
rights as men in all opportunities given and specially in getting educational status
and this give us power to rule our own world were woman is the law itself.

As we get the ability to think and choose things, we also understand our
deepest gratitude as to where we belong, be its beliefs, culture and even practices
for it was our parents live for and so they are teaching it also to their children’s for
the tradition that they get to know from their ancestors would stills runs on the
blood of the next generations as to why they teach their children’s to which
knowledge and information’s they had. Fear of dying the practice culture and belief,
it was hard for some individual to adapt the learning practices of others because of
some barriers that stops them thinking of breaking and said practices and be
replaced by others practices.

Considering the roots time will come that it would produce leaves and even
fruits. Education also has its roots, why it was founded after all, why education
existed and why it gives another level of both power and opportunities for someone
who had acquired enough knowledge, considering that learning is never an ending
process. We must be grateful that there are individuals who were really exerting their
greatest effort in sharing their knowledge, and with that it serves as everybody’s
model of founding educational system that also changes from time to time. This
changes only aims to offer benefits and not a burden to everyone.
 It never comes to my thinking that somewhat philosophy was also behind in our
educational system foundation. These philosophical studies related the foundation
of our education plays a greater rule to effectively raised changes that is beneficial
for everybody. Today, we are experiencing these changes and we also experienced
the benefits of it as of today.

Philosophies related to science set rules as to which effective changes where

needed to be implemented, we often to forget the origins of some things and its
purpose of existence. Education, knowledge and learning where the only power that
is reachable for everyone and so like any super heroes they need to advance their
equipment’s and resources as for days will come that everything would change and
so we need to set standards. Be mindful enough as to what suitable education and
that is capable by your strength and ability to achieve, in short the philosophical
studies in this task helps everybody to understand better as to why education has its
different areas as its aims is to meet the different learning demands of every
individuals. Learners has individuals capacity of learning and so that being said,
learners do not have the same learning abilities and so there are instances where we
somewhat or particularly excel in that types of and so we can keep on track where
particularly we excel and the latter, by then it gives us opportunity to choose the
proper learning education base on our capability. Thus, the point where the
educational foundation relies on philosophical studies for the reason that learners
itself have the different learning level, ability and capacity and so education itself
offers the learners the choice and freedom.

Historical and philosophical foundation of educations opens many passages

and doors of understanding to which why everything existed. We learners need to be
thankful and grateful enough that we hah and have the chance to experience things
as of now. Learning the past is a fun learning experience for me because I get the
chance to properly learn the past and so, speaking the type of learning education
they had from then.

Integrating the past and present would affect our future choices, people are a
living proof that change happens from to time and even in decisions making we tend
to change our choices as something had influence us, as to why we get the change
our decisions. Education as to now is the only invaluable thing that our parents can
provide to us and with that it is considered as the most treasured and the only things
that no matter no one nor someone would be able to get that from you and even
how the richest person would change it for money it can change nothing at all cause
it is within your heart and soul, like any devoted wife to her husband only death
could separate them and also with the educational capacity and level we have right
now considering the eagerness to learn in the future it is the only thing that we will
and can have until to our last days.

Our group, having a trial and error while dong this paper works, having trouble
to our technological usage, interruption of signals and even in financial capacity and
other relevant instances that might affect in completing this task.