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Literature Survey

The document discusses using machine learning to predict temperature and humidity based on historical weather data from multiple cities. It proposes collecting data from surrounding cities and the target city, and using that combined data to train models like SVM and ANN that can predict weather conditions for the next few days. The major contributions are listed as using machine learning for short-term weather prediction, automated data collection, and evaluating different models' prediction abilities.

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manoj
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72 views3 pages

Literature Survey

The document discusses using machine learning to predict temperature and humidity based on historical weather data from multiple cities. It proposes collecting data from surrounding cities and the target city, and using that combined data to train models like SVM and ANN that can predict weather conditions for the next few days. The major contributions are listed as using machine learning for short-term weather prediction, automated data collection, and evaluating different models' prediction abilities.

Uploaded by

manoj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Temperature and Humidity Prediction Using

Machine Learning:
LITERATURE SURVEY:
Weather conditions around the world change rapidly and continuously. Correct forecasts are
essential in today’s daily life. From agriculture to industry, from traveling to daily
commuting, we are dependent on weather forecasts heavily. As the entire world is suffering
from the continuous climate change and its side effects, it is very important to predict the
weather without any error to ensure easy and seamless mobility, as well as safe day to day
operations. The current weather prediction models heavily depend on complex physical
models and need to be run on large computer systems involving hundreds of HPC nodes. The
computational power of these large systems is required to solve the models that describe the
atmosphere. Despite using these costly and complex devices, there are often inaccurate
forecasts because of incorrect initial measurements of the conditions or an incomplete
understanding of atmospheric processes. Moreover, it generally takes a long time to solve
complex models like these.

As weather systems can travel a long way over time in all directions, the weather of
one place depends on that of others considerably. In this work, we propose a method to utilize
surrounding city’s historical weather data along with a particular city’s data to predict its
weather condition. We combine these data and use it to train simple machine learning
models, which in turn, can predict correct weather conditions for the next few days

The major contributions of this project include:

• The utilization of machine learning in prediction of temperature and humidity in short


periods of time, which can run on less resource-intensive machines.
• implementation of automated systems to collect historical data from a dedicated
weather service.
• Thorough evaluation of the proposed technique and comparison of several machine
learning models in the prediction of future weather conditions.

BACKGROUNDS:
This section briefly presents how machine learning can be used in weather forecasting and
the related works in the literature on this fast-growing research topic

Introduction to Machine Learning


Machine learning (ML) is a category of an algorithm that allows software applications to
become more accurate in predicting outcomes without being explicitly programmed. The basic
premise of machine learning is to build algorithms that can receive input data and use
statistical analysis to predict an output while updating outputs as new data becomes available.
Types of Machine Learning:
Machine Learning can be classified into 3 types:
• Supervised Learning: In Supervised learning, an AI system is presented with data
which is labelled, which means that each data tagged with the correct label. The goal
is to approximate the mapping function so well that when you have new input data (x)
that you can predict the output variables (Y) for that data.
• Unsupervised Learning: In unsupervised learning, an AI system is presented with
unlabelled, uncategorized data and the system’s algorithms act on the data without
prior training. The output is dependent upon the coded algorithms.
• Reinforcement Learning: A reinforcement learning algorithm, or agent, learns by
interacting with its environment. The agent receives rewards by performing correctly
and penalties for performing incorrectly. The agent learns without intervention from a
human by maximizing its reward and minimizing its penalty.

Applications of Machine Learning:


Machine Learning is used anywhere from automating mundane tasks to offering intelligent
insights, industries in every sector try to benefit from it. You may already be using a device
that utilizes it. For example, a wearable fitness tracker like Fitbit, or an intelligent home
assistant like Google Home. But there are much more examples of ML in use.

• Prediction — Machine learning can also be used in the prediction systems.


Considering the loan example, to compute the probability of a fault, the system will
need to classify the available data in groups.
• Image recognition — Machine learning can be used for face detection in an image as
well. There is a separate category for each person in a database of several people.
• Speech Recognition — It is the translation of spoken words into the text. It is used in
voice searches and more. Voice user interfaces include voice dialling, call routing,
and appliance control.
• Medical diagnoses — ML is trained to recognize cancerous tissues.
• Financial industry and trading — companies use ML in fraud investigations and
credit checks.

Steps to build a Machine Learning Project:


• Problem Definition and Data Collection
• Data Preparation
• Model Training
• Evaluation
• Model Deployment
• Restrain the Model

Machine Learning for Weather Forecasting:


Machine learning is a data science technique which creates a model from a training dataset. A
model is basically a formula which outputs a target value based on individual weights and
values for each training variable. In each record, corresponding weights (sometimes between
0 and 1) to each variable tells the model how that variable is related to the target value. There
must be sufficient amount of training data to determine the best possible weights of all the
variables. When the weights are learned as accurately as possible, a model can predict the
correct output or the target value given a test data record.
TECHNIQUE OVERVIEWS:
In this section, we present an overview of our proposed technique

Methodology:
In this project, we aim to use ML techniques to predict the temperature and humidity of the
next day at any particular hour based on the weather data of the current day. First, we
combine the weather observations at a particular timestamp from all the cities that we
consider to create a single record. That is, each record in the data will contain the
temperature, humidity, wind direction, atmospheric pressure, condition, and etc. data of all
the cities. The target variable for this record is assigned as the temperature at the same
timestamp of the next day. Thus, we predict the temperature and humidity of the next day
given the weather observation of the current day.

Algorithms:
• SVM: A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a discriminative classifier formally
defined by a separating hyperplane. In other words, given labelled training data
(supervised learning), the algorithm outputs an optimal hyperplane which categorizes
new examples. In two-dimensional space this hyperplane is a line dividing a plane in
two parts where in each class lay in either side.

• ANN: Artificial Neural Networks are a special type of machine learning algorithms
that are modelled after the human brain. That is, just like how the neurons in our
nervous system are able to learn from the past data, similarly, the ANN is able to learn
from the data and provide responses in the form of predictions or classifications. ANN
is nonlinear statistical model which display a complex relationship between the inputs
and outputs to discover a new pattern.

Libraries:
• Pandas: Pandas is a Python library used for working with data sets. It has functions
for analysing, cleaning, exploring, and manipulating data. Pandas allows us to
analyse big data and make conclusions based on statistical theories.
• NumPy: NumPy is a Python library used for working with arrays. It also has functions
for working in domain of linear algebra, Fourier transform, and matrices. NumPy
aims to provide an array object that is up to 50x faster than traditional Python lists.
• Sklearn: Scikit-learn (Sklearn) is the most useful and robust library for machine
learning in Python. It provides a selection of efficient tools for machine learning and
statistical modelling including classification, regression, clustering and dimensionality
reduction via a consistence interface in Python.

Platforms:
• Python
• Jupyter Notebook

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