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What Is Petroleum ?: Introduction To Petroleum Chemistry

Petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in liquid form, that is found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. It consists mainly of hydrogen and carbon, along with smaller amounts of other elements like sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. Petroleum can be divided into crude oil, which is the liquid form found in reservoirs, and natural gas, which exists as gaseous hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons in petroleum include paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics.

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144 views5 pages

What Is Petroleum ?: Introduction To Petroleum Chemistry

Petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in liquid form, that is found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. It consists mainly of hydrogen and carbon, along with smaller amounts of other elements like sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. Petroleum can be divided into crude oil, which is the liquid form found in reservoirs, and natural gas, which exists as gaseous hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons in petroleum include paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics.

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hatini
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1/6/2021

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY

What is Petroleum ?
• The word petroleum, derived from the Latin,petra (rock) and oleum
(oil) , literally means rock oil and refers to hydrocarbon that occur
widely in the sedimentary rocks in the forms of gases, liquids,
semisolid or solids.

• Chemically, petroleum consists principally of hydrogen and carbon,


but also contains small percentages of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
traces of metals, such as vanadium, cobalt, and nickel.
• Liquid petroleum is generally termed crude oil, oil, or simply “crude.
• Petroleum gas is generally referred to as “natural gas,” though this
ignores the nonhydrocarbon natural gases of the atmosphere
1/6/2021

What is Petroleum ?
• Thus PETROLEUM (also call as CRUDE OIL) can be defined as :
• Petroleum is a mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbon
compounds that occur in sedimentary rock deposits throughout the
world and also contains small quantities of nitrogen, oxygen and
sulphur containing compounds as well as trace amounts of metallic
constituent.

• Petroleum is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in


a liquid state which may also include compounds of sulphur, nitrogen,
metals and other elements (ASTM D4175)

What is Petroleum ?
• Petroleum or crude oil is a complex mixture of many hydrocarbons.
The hydrocarbons found in petroleum are classified into the following
types :
• Paraffins : that is saturated hydrocarbons with straight / branched chains but
without any ring structures.

• Cycloparaffins (naphthenes) : saturated hydrocarbons containing one or more


rings each of which may have one or more paraffin side chains (known as
alicyclic hydrocarbon)

• Aromatic : hydrocarbon containing one / more aromatic nuclei such as


benzenes, naphthalene and phenanthene ring systems that may be linked up
with (substituted) naphthalene rings and / or paraffin side chains.
1/6/2021

Refresh
• Petroleum can be divided into two types
which............................and ............................ .

• Petroleum is an organic compound made up of atoms................


and .............. only.

HYDROCARBON
• Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum / crude oil
• It is an organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
• The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the
compound, the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different
configurations.
• Hydrocarbons can exist in the form of gas, liquid and solid. At room
temperature the atoms C1 – C4 are gases, C5 – C20 is fluid and C20+ is
solid.
• Hydrocarbons are usually classified according to the bond formed
(structure)
1/6/2021

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON
• Hydrocarbon can be divided
into two main family which
are
- aliphatic hydrocarbon
- aromatic hydrocarbon.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON

• Aliphatic hydrocarbon consists of


saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are
known as alkanes or paraffins. They have
general formula CnH2n+2. The alkanes show
only covalent single bonds.
• Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons may
be further classified as alkenes
(olefins) and alkynes.
Alkenes are hydrocarbons with general
formula CnH2n. They show at least one
carbon-carbon double bond.
Alkynes are hydrocarbons with general
formula CnH2n–2. They show at least one
carbon-carbon triple bond.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons also are
unsaturated cyclic compounds. Generally
it is produced in refineries.
1/6/2021

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON
Depending on the arrangement of
carbon atoms, hydrocarbons may
be classified
- open chain or acyclic
- closed chain or cyclic.
Open chain hydrocarbons are
compounds containing open
chains of carbon atoms in their
molecules. They may be
either straight chain
or branched chain. They are all
aliphatic.

Closed chain or cyclic compounds


are compounds containing rings of
atoms in their molecules. They
may be aliphatic or aromatic.

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