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Idresss Sir#2 Ok

We need to use at least 27 signal levels.

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53 views9 pages

Idresss Sir#2 Ok

We need to use at least 27 signal levels.

Uploaded by

Dil Nawaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name : Umar Ali

Roll Number : 522

Class # : Bcs 5th Semester

Assignment # : #2

Submitted to : Idress sir

Subject : “Data Communication and

Networking”
Q1:
1) Bit Rate and Bit Length:
Bit Rate:-

The number of bits transmitted per second.

Bit Length:-

The Bit Length is the distance of one Bit occupies on the


transmission medium.

Baud Rate And Bit Interval:

Baud Rate :-

Baud Rate is the number of signal unit transmitted per second.


Thus Baud Rate is always less than or equal to bit rate.

Bit Length = Propagation speed * Bit duration

Bit Interval:-

Data can be representing by a digital signal. For Example


a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage and a 0 can be encoded as
a zero voltage . The bit interval is the time required to send one
single bit. This means that the bit rate is number of bits sent in one
second, usually expressed in bits per seconds (bps)
2) Transmission Impairment:
In communication system, analog signals travel through
transmission media, which tends to deteriorate the quality of
analog signal, which means that the signal at the beginning of
the medium is not the same as the signal at the end of the
medium. The imperfection causes signal impairment. Below are
the causes of the impairment.
Causes of impairment –

 Attenuation – It means loss of energy. The strength of


signal decreases with increasing distance which causes loss
of energy in overcoming resistance of medium. This is also
known as attenuated signal. Amplifiers are used to amplify
the attenuated signal which gives the original signal back
and compensate for this loss.
Attenuation is measured in decibels(dB). It measures the
relative strengths of two signals or one signal at two
different point.

Attenuation (dB ) =10log10(p2/p1)


P1 is the power at sending end and P2 is the power at receiving
end.
Some where the decibel is also define in terms of voltage
instead of power.In this case because power is proportional to
the square of the voltage the formula is

Attenuation (dB ) = 20log10(v2/v1)

V1 is the voltage at sending end and V2 is the voltage at


receiving end.
 Distortion – It means changes in the form or shape of the
signal. This is generally seen in composite signals made up
with different frequencies. Each frequency component has
its own propagation speed travelling through a medium.
And thats why it delay in arriving at the final destination
Every component arrive at different time which leads to
distortion. Therefore, they have different phases at
receiver end from what they had at senders end.

 Noise – The random or unwanted signal that mixes up


with the original signal is called noise. There are several
types of noise such as induced noise, crosstalk noise,
thermal noise and impulse noise which may corrupt the
signal.
Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and
appliances. These devices act as sending antenna and
transmission medium act as receiving
antenna. Thermal noise is movement of electrons in wire
which creates an extra signal. Crosstalk noise is when one
wire affects the other wire. Impulse noise is a signal with
high energy that comes from lightning or power lines

 To find the theoretical bit rate limit, we need to know the


ration .The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as

SNR = AVG SIGNAL POWER / AVG NOISE POWER


3) Noisy Channel /Shannon Capacity –
Noisy channel/shammon capacity bandwidth is a fixed quantity, so
it cannot be changed. Hence the channel capacity is directly proportional
to the power of the signal, as SNR =(power of signal)/(power of noise).so
for example a signal-to-noise ratio of 1000 is commonly expressed as:
10*log10(1000)=30dB.

Capacity = bandwidth * log2(1 + SNR)-


In the above equation, bandwidth is the bandwidth of the channel,
SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio, and capacity is the capacity of the
channel in bits per second.
Bandwidth is a fixed quantity, so it cannot be changed. Hence, the
channel capacity is directly proportional to the power of the signal,
as SNR = (Power of signal) / (power of noise).
The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is usually expressed in decibels (dB)
given by the formula:10 * log10(S/N)
so for example a signal-to-noise ratio of 1000 is commonly
expressed as:10 * log10(1000) = 30 dB.
Examples:

Input1: A telephone line normally has a bandwidth of 3000 Hz


(300 to 3300 Hz) assigned for data communication. The SNR is
usually 3162. What will be the capacity for this channel?
Output1: C = 3000 * log2(1 + SNR) = 3000 * 11.62 = 34860 bps

Input2: The SNR is often given in decibels. Assume that SNR(dB) is


36 and the channel bandwidth is 2 MHz. Calculate the theoretical
channel capacity.
Output2: SNR(dB) = 10 * log10(SNR)
SNR = 10(SNR(dB)/1)
SNR = 103.6 = 3981
Hence, C = 2 * 106 * log2(3982) = 24 MHz
4) Nyquist Bit Rate/Noiseless Channel:–
channel, the Nyquist bit rate formula defines the theoretical
maximum bit rate
BitRate = 2 * Bandwidth * log2(L)

In the above equation, bandwidth is the bandwidth of the channel, L


is the number of signal levels used to represent data, and BitRate is
the bit rate in bits per second.
Bandwidth is a fixed quantity, so it cannot be changed. Hence, the
data rate is directly proportional to the number of signal levels.
Note –Increasing the levels of a signal may reduce the reliability of
the system.
Examples:

Input1: Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000


Hz transmitting a signal with two signal levels. What can be the
maximum bit rate?

Output1 : BitRate = 2 * 3000 * log2(2) = 6000bps

Input2 : We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel


with a bandwidth of 20 kHz. How many signal levels do we need?
Output2 : 265000 = 2 * 20000 * log2(L)
log2(L) = 6.625
L = 26.625 = 98.7 levels

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