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Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 –

10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as
Alexander the Great, was a Greek king of
Macedonia. He is the most celebrated
member of the Argead dynasty and the
creator of one of the largest empires in
ancient history. Alexander was known to be
undefeated in battle and is considered one of
the most successful commanders of all time.
Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was
tutored by the famed philosopher Aristotle.
In 336 BC he succeeded his father Philip II
of Macedon to the throne after he was
assassinated. Philip had brought most of the
city-states of mainland Greece under
Macedonian hegemony, using both military
and diplomatic means.  

Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He
succeeded in being awarded the generalship of Greece and, with his authority firmly established,
launched the military plans for expansion left by his father. In 334 BC he invaded Persian-ruled
Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns lasting ten years. Alexander broke the power of
Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela.
Subsequently he overthrew the Persian king Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian
Empire.iiThe Macedonian Empire now stretched from the Adriatic sea to the Indus river.
-Wikipedia.org

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist. He
established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and
proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that
he called natural selection.  

He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin
of Species. The scientific community and much of the general public came to accept evolution as
a fact in his lifetime. However, it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary
synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed that natural selection
was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the
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unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.

Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of
Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of
Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle
established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles
Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a
popular author. -Wikipedia.org

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the
leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of
Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934
to 1945
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. 

A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the precursor of the Nazi Party (DAP) in
1919, and became leader of NSDAP in 1921. He attempted a failed coup d'etat known as the
Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred at the Bürgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich on November 8–9,
1923. Hitler was imprisoned for one year due to the failed coup, and wrote his memoir, "My
Struggle" (in German Mein Kampf), while imprisoned.

After his release on December 20, 1924, he gained support by promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-
semitism, anti-capitalism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and propaganda. He
was appointed chancellor on January 30, 1933, and transformed the Weimar Republic into the
Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of
Nazism

Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist,
and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement. He is best known for being
an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world,
using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. King is often presented
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as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism.

A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955
Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in
1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where
King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he expanded American values to include the
vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in
American history. -Wikipedia.org

Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent
political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He pioneered
satyagraha. This is defined as resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a
philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total nonviolence. This concept helped India to gain
independence, and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
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Gandhi is often referred to as Mahatma Gandhi; Sanskrit: "Great Soul", an honorific first applied
to him by Rabindranath Tagore). In India he is also called Bapu. He is officially honoured in
India as the Father of the Nation; his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi
Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence. Gandhi
was assassinated on 30 January 1948 by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu Nationalist. -Wikipedia.org

Abraham Lincoln                

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) served as the 16th President of the
United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the
country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserved the Union, and
ended slavery. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, he was mostly self-educated. He
became a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, and a one-term member of the United States
House of Representatives, but failed in two attempts at a seat in the United States Senate. He was
an affectionate, though often absent, husband, and father of four children.  Lincoln was an
outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States, which he deftly articulated
in his campaign debates and speeches.

As a result, he secured the Republican nomination and was elected president in 1860. As
president he concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort, always
seeking to reunify the nation after the secession of the eleven Confederate States of America. He
vigorously exercised unprecedented war powers, including the arrest and detention, without trial,
of thousands of suspected secessionists. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and
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promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, abolishing
slavery. -Wikipedia.org

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: painter,
sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist,
cartographer, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the
Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of
invention. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the
most diversely talented person ever to have lived.

According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without
precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and
remote". Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about Leonardo,
his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical
methods he employed were unusual for his time.

Born the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in
the region of Florence, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter,
Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in
Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice and spent his last years in France, at the
home awarded him by Francis I. -Wikipedia.org
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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March
1727]) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and
theologian, and is considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of
the most influential people in human history. His Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(Latin for "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"; usually called the Principia),
published in 1687, is probably the most important scientific book ever written. It lays the
groundwork for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal
gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical
universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of
celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency
between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation; thus removing the last
doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.  

Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on
the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible
spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.  In
mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of differential
and integral calculus. He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem, developed
Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function, and contributed to the study of
power series. -Wikipedia.org
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Jesus Christ

Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5 BC/BCE – c. 30 AD/CE), also referred to as Jesus Christ or simply Jesus,
is the central figure of Christianity. Most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son
incarnated, and believe that he rose from the dead after being crucified. The principal sources of
information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the four canonical gospels. Most critical
scholars believe that other parts of the New Testament are also useful for reconstructing Jesus'
life; some scholars believe apocryphal texts such as the Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel
according to the Hebrews are also relevant.

Most critical historians agree that Jesus was a Jew who was regarded as a teacher and healer, that
he was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman
Prefect of Judaea, Pontius Pilate, on the charge of sedition against the Roman Empire. Critical
Biblical scholars and historians have offered competing descriptions of Jesus as a self-described
Messiah, as the leader of an apocalyptic movement, as an itinerant sage, as a charismatic healer,
and as the founder of an independent religious movement. Most contemporary scholars of the
Historical Jesus consider him to have been an independent, charismatic founder of a Jewish
restoration movement, anticipating an imminent apocalypse. Other prominent scholars, however,
contend that Jesus' "Kingdom of God" meant radical personal and social transformation instead
of a future apocalypse. -Wikipedia.org