International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 4(3), ISSN: 2394-9333

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Design of A 4.5 GHz Rectangular Microstrip Patch
Antenna
1
Abdullahi Ayegba, 2Wysenyuy Desmond Fonyuy, 3Ihiabe Yakubu Adejoh and 4Ahiaba Nelson Odoma,
1
Engineering and Space systems Department, National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), Abuja, Nigeria,
2
Consultancy Department, African Regional Institute of Geospatial Information and Technology (AFRIGIST), Ile-Ife, Nigeria,
3
Centre for Satellite Technology Development, National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), Abuja, Nigeria,
4
Bsc Industrial Physics, Physics Dept., Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Abstract: Micrsostrip antennas are mainly used for high II. SOME BASIC PARAMETERS FOR THE ANTENNA
frequency signal transmissions and/or receptions in order that the DESIGN
antenna will be small in size. The aim of this work is to design
A. Dielectric substrate
an antenna that can be used in small-sized devices such as mobile
phones, radios, wireless computers and which will operate at the A substrate is a semiconductor used as basis for an integrated
frequency of 4.5 GHz. circuit or electronic component. A dielectric substrate is a
substrate that does not conduct direct current and therefore used
The dielectric substrate, RT DUROID 5888 of dielectric constant
as insulator. The value of dielectric constant reduces with the
2.6 was used for the design, and the dimension of the antenna
was obtained using analytical (mathematical) processes as height height of the patch antenna. The dielectric constant  r is defined
of 1.97 mm, width of 24.85 mm and length of 19.7 mm. This was as the ratio of permittivity of a substance to the permittivity of
done using transmission line method of microstrip patch antenna free space. This design makes use of a substrate; RT DUROID
design. The feed point location (Xf, Yf) was found along the point 5880 with dielectric constant of 2.6
along the X-Y coordinates where the impedance is nearly 50Ω to
B. Frequency of operation
be 6.4 mm and 12.43 mm respectively. The points were found
using coaxial feed method. This is the frequency at which the antenna receives and/or
transmits signals. It can be calculated when the height of the
Keywords: Microstrip, Dielectric substrate, Feed point location,
patch is known or can be selected before the design. The
Transmission line method.
operating frequency used in this design is 4.5GHz which is
I. INTRODUCTION within the C-Band frequency range. Operating frequency is
An antenna is a device for receiving and/or transmitting represented by the symbol Fc or Fo .
electromagnetic waves signals. It is used to send and/or receive
signals in communication devices. As a result of the daily C. Height of the patch antenna
improvement in technology especially in the area of The height can be selected before calculating the operating
communication devices such as cell phone, radio sets, laptops frequency of the antenna, or the operating frequency can be used
with wireless connection, etc, there is need for the design of a to find the height, or both can be selected before the design but
small size type of antenna that will allow such size. must meet the condition given as;
Microstrip antennas are becoming very widespread within the h 0.3
mobile phone market. Patch antennas are low cost, have a low  ---------------------------- 1
profile and are easily fabricated. Micro strip antennas find many  2  r
applications as they are low profile, light weight, conformable to
surface and inexpensive to manufacture using printed-circuit The parameters in the equation will be explained in the next
technology (Mohamed et al,. 2015 ). steps.

There are three methods for designing microstrip antennas which III. ANTENNA DESIGN PROCEDURE
are; transmission model method, cavity model method and full When the frequency, (FO) in which the antenna will operate as
wave model method, but the one used in this work is well as the dielectric constant of the substrate are selected, the
transmission line model method. This work gives the step-by- following steps can be taken.
step analysis in the design of rectangular microstrip patch
antenna. There are other forms of microstrip antennas, such as A. Determination of the height (H) of the patch
circular, square, triangular, E-shape. Microstrip patch antenna The height of the patch is calculated using the formula;
has the advantages of simple to manufacture or fabricate, low
cost, easy to form a large array and has light weight. However, it 0.3C
has some setbacks such as low gain and low bandwidth, but can H -------------------- 2
be compensated using a thick substrate with low dielectric 2Fo  r
constants.
Where C = Speed of light, given as 3.0 x 10 8m/s,

 r = The dielectric substrate, which is 2.6 in this design.

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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 4(3), ISSN: 2394-9333
www.ijtrd.com
 
  eff  0.3 H  0.264  
The height, H is in millimetre (mm)
W
B. Determination of the width (W) of the patch
L  0.412 H     --------6

  eff  0.258 H  0.8  

The width of the patch is calculated using the formula give as;   W 
W
C
----------- 3
 
( r  1) Where L is the patch length extension in millimetre, H and W
2 Fo
2 are the height and width of the patch respectively, and  eff is the
The width, W is in millimetre (mm)
effective dielectric constant of the substrate, and is
dimensionless.
F. Determination of the actual length (L) of the patch
The actual length of the patch, L is the difference between the
effective length and twice of the length extension of the patch. It
is represented mathematically as;

L  Leff  2L -------------- 7

G. Determination of the ground plane dimensions

The ground plane dimensions are calculated for the length and
the width. The ground plane length and width dimensions are
Fig. 3.1: Schematic diagram of a rectangular microstrip patch more than the length and width in that order by six times
antenna thickness or height of the patch. They are calculated using the
formula given as;
C. Determination of the effective dielectric constant (  eff )
Lg  L  6 H --------------------- 8a
It is calculated using the mathematical relation given as;
Wg  W  6 H ------------------- 8b
 
  L and W, are the length and the width of the patch antenna
( r  1) ( r  1)  1  accordingly.
 eff   1   ------4a
2 2  H  H. Determination of feed point
 1  12  
 W   The point of location of feed to the patch antenna can be located
in x-y coordinates as Xf,Yf. The formulas for calculating the feed
Or, equivalently, point locations using coaxial method [3] are given as;
0.5 L
(  1) ( r  1)   H  Xf  ---------------- 9a
 eff  r  1  12   ---------------- 4b 2  eff
2 2  W 
H and W are the height and the width of the patch in that other. w
yf  ----------------------- 9b
D. Determination of the effective length of the patch (Leff) 2
The effective length of the patch is given by the formula; Where XF and Yf are the feed point location along X-Y
coordinates.
C
Leff  ------------------ 5 IV. DESIGN CALCULATION ANALYSIS
2 Fo  eff
A. Calculation of the height
E. Determination of the length extension (  L) 0.3C
Using the equation, H  , and substituting the
Length extension is the additional length at the end of the patch 2Fo  r
as a result of the fringing field along its width. It is calculated
using the formula given as; values of C, FO, ∏ and  r respectively into the equation, the
value of H will be gotten.
Given that;
C = 3 x 108m/s,

 r = 2.6
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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 4(3), ISSN: 2394-9333
www.ijtrd.com
FO = 4.5GHz Using the formula,
 
  eff  0.3 H  0.264  
∏ = 3.142, W
0.3 x 3 x 10 8 L  0.412 H    ,
H
  eff  0.258 H  0.8  
  W  
2 x 3.142 x 4.5 x 10 9 2.6
 
= 0.00197m = 1.97mm
  0.0248 
B. Calculation of the width  2.372  0.3 0.00197  0.264  
L  0.412 x 0.00197   
C   0.0248 
Using the equation, W ,  2.372  0.258 0.00197  0.8  
 
( r  1)
2 Fo = 0.000987 = 0.987mm
2
F. Calculation of the actual length of the patch
3 x 10 8
W Using the formula, L  Leff  2L ,
2.6  1
2 x 4.5 x 10 9
2 Where Leff = 21.64mm and L =0.987mm,

3 x 10 8 Then, L  21.64  (2 x 0.987)


3.6 = 19.7mm
2 x 4.5 x 10 9
2 G. Calculation of the ground dimensions:
= 0.02485m =24.85mm The ground length, Lg is given as;
C. Calculation of the effective dielectric constant
Lg  L  6 H ,
Using the formula,
  L =19.7mm, H =1.97mm
  Then, Lg = 19.7 + (6 x 1.97)
( r  1) ( r  1)  1 
 eff    , = 31.52mm
2 2  H
 1  12 W   Wg = 24.85+ (6 x 1.97)
  = 36.67mm
  H. Calculation of feed point location
 
2.6  1 (2.6  1)  1  Using the formulas;
 eff   1  
2 2   0.00197   Xf 
L
 1  12  ---------------- -8a
  0.02485   2  eff
= 2.372mm W
Yf  ------------------ 8b
D. Calculation of the effective patch length 2
C Where L and W are the length and the width, and are 19.7mm
Using the formula, Leff  ,
2 Fo  eff and 24.85mm in that order while  eff = 2.372.

Then,
3 x 10 8
Leff  19.7
2 x 4.5 x 10 9 2.372 Xf 
2 2.372
= 0.02164m = 21.64mm
= 6.4mm
E. Calculation of the length extension
For YF,
W
Yf 
2

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 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 4(3), ISSN: 2394-9333
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24.85 In rectangular antenna designed, the width is longer than the
Yf  length. This is to allow an increase in power radiated power from
2 the antenna, increases its bandwidth and reduces the resonant
= 12.43mm resistance of the antenna. As a result of the small size of the
designed antenna, it can be used with very portable
Therefore, the feed will be at the coordinate point 6.4mm, communication or wireless devices such mobile phones, radios
12.43mm along X-Y coordinate as Xf and Yf. Based on the design, and computers with wireless internet connection.
the antenna is as in fig.4.1
CONCLUSION
The aim of designing this antenna is for it to be used in small-
sized devices such as mobile phones, and is achieved at the
frequency of 4.5 GHz, with the height of 1.97mm, width of
24.85mm and length of 19.7mm. This size is also as a result of
the value of the RT DUROID 5888 dielectric substrate used,
which has dielectric constant of 2.6. The feed point location
along the X-Y coordinate in which the impedance is nearly 50Ω
are 6.4mm, 12.43mm (Xf, Yf).
Recommendation
The design of microstrip patch antenna can be done using three
models such as transmission line model, cavity model and full
wave model. This work makes use of transmission line model
method. Further research works should be carried out using the
Fig. 4.1: Schematic diagram showing the dimensions of the cavity model and full wave model.
designed antenna (All dimensions in mm)
References
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
[1] D.D.Sandu, O.Avadanei, A.Ioachima, G.Banciua, and P.Gasner
A. Results (2003). “Microstrip Patch Antenna with dielectric substrate.
Journal Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials”.
Substrate dielectric constant,  r  2.6 [2] Dr. Max Ammnan. “Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch
Antennas for the 2.4 GHz band”. Dublin Institute of Technology.
Operating frequency, Fo  4.5GHz [3] Elliott R S. (1981). “Antenna Theory and Design” Prentice Hall.
[4] Grieg D. D. and Engelmann, H. T. (1952) “Microstrip Antenna
Table 5.0: Parameters of the designed antenna New Transmission technique for the kilomegacycle Range”, online
source.
S/N Parameters Values [5] Hirasawa, K.; Haneishi, M. (1994). “Analysis, Design and
1 Height of the patch, H 19.7mm Measurement of Small and Low Profile Antennas” Artech House,
2 Width of the patch, W 24.85mm USA
[6] J. D. Kraus, (2002). “Antennas for All applications”, McGraw –
3 Effective dielectric constant,  eff 2.372mm Hill, New York
[7] John D. Kraus.( 1988), 2nd ed. “Antennas” McGraw Hill
4 Effective length of the patch, 21.64mm
International.
Leff [8] N.Mohamed Sabidha Banu, Dr.M.Ramkumar Prabhu and
U.T.Sasikala (2015). “Design A Square Microstrip Patch Antenna
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6 Ground length dimension, L g 31.52mm Communication Engineering.
[9] Pozar, DM (1998), 2nd Ed., “Microwave Engineering” John Wiley
7 Ground width dimension, W g 36.67mm and Sons, Inc. New York.
[10] R C. Johnson, (1993), 2nd ed. “Antenna Engineering Handbook”
8 Feed point location along x-axis, 6.4mm McGraw-Hill, New York
Xf [11] Stutzman Warren L. and Thiele, Gary A. (1998), 2nd ed. “Antenna
Theory and Design”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
9 Feed point location along y-axis, 12.43mm [12] T. A. Milligan, (1985), “Modern Antenna Design”, McGraw-Hill,
Yf New York.
[13] Victor Bernard , John Paul Izuchukwu Iloh (2013). Microstrip
B. Discussion Antenna Design Using Transmission Line Model. International
Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
In this design, the transmission line model method of antenna [14] Wade P. (2003). ”Parabolic Dish Antennas”. “The W1GHZ Online
design was used. The design employs the use of the RT- Microwave Antenna”
DUROID 5880 dielectric substrate of dielectric constant, 2.6. [15] Yi Huang and Kevin Boyle (2008). “Antennas from Theory to
The height of the patch was gotten to be 1.97mm, while the Practice”. John Wiley&Sons, Inc.
[16] www.wikipedia.com
length and the width are 19.7mm and 24.85mm respectively.
Using the coaxial line feed method [3] of feed point location, the
feed point is at point 6.4mm, 12.43mm along the X-Y
coordinates on the antenna.
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