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Sni 03-2847-2013 - Structural Walls

1. Structural walls provide efficient lateral force resistance while fulfilling other functional requirements for buildings. 2. Proper reinforcement and detailing allows structural walls to dissipate seismic energy in a stable, ductile manner. However, they are inherently brittle if not detailed correctly. 3. The location and configuration of structural walls impacts the building's resistance to lateral forces and torsion. Placing walls at the perimeter provides better torsional resistance.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
116 views58 pages

Sni 03-2847-2013 - Structural Walls

1. Structural walls provide efficient lateral force resistance while fulfilling other functional requirements for buildings. 2. Proper reinforcement and detailing allows structural walls to dissipate seismic energy in a stable, ductile manner. However, they are inherently brittle if not detailed correctly. 3. The location and configuration of structural walls impacts the building's resistance to lateral forces and torsion. Placing walls at the perimeter provides better torsional resistance.

Uploaded by

Deyla Soegiono
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 58

STRUCTURAL WALLS

Civil Engineering Department


Petra Christian University
2
3
4
Structural Wall
Overview
• Efficient lateral-force resisting system, while simultaneously
fulfilling other functional requirement
• 20 stories  matter of choice, 30 stories  economic and
control of lateral deflection

diaphragm

wall

Plan Idealization in x-axis


5
Overview – cont’.

• Stiffer than framed structures:


– reducing the possibility of excessive deformations under small
earthquake.
– Properly detailed longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in order
to avoid structural damage under moderate earthquake.
– Provided special detailing measures, dependable ductile response can
be achieved under major earthquake.
• Inherently brittle as a consequence of shear failure in poorly detailed
walls  to be designed for lower ductility factors than frame.
• The principles of the inelastic seismic behavior of reinforced concrete
components developed for frames are generally also applicable to
structural walls and that it is relatively easy to dissipate seismic energy in
a stable manner.

6
Assumptions
1. Structural walls will be assumed to posses adequate foundations that
can transmit actions from the superstructure into the ground without
allowing the walls to rock.
2. The foundation of one of several interacting structural walls does not
affect its own stiffness relative to the other walls.
3. Inertia forces at each floor are introduced to structural walls by
diaphragm action of the floor system and by adequate connection to
the diaphragm. Floor systems are assumed to remain elastic at all times.
4. The entire lateral force is resisted by structural walls.
5. Walls considered here are generally deemed to offer resistance
independently with respect to the two major axes of the section only.

7
Structural Wall System
1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls

• Wall contribution to the


building resistance will Unfortunately, it is
depends on: dictated by functional
requirements
– Geometric
configuration
– Orientation
– Location Collaborating
with architects
Important aspects:
• Symmetry in stiffness
• Torsional stability
• Available overturning capacity of the foundations
8
9
10
11
1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.

• In the N-S direction the


lateral force per wall will be
small as a result of a large
number of walls.
• The behavior in the E-W
direction will be more
critical because of reduced
wall area and the large
Typical wall arrangements in number of doors.
hotels and apartment buildings

12
1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.

Examples for the torsional stability of wall systems

CR CR
CR

(a) (b) (c)

Torsionally Unstable Systems  small torsional rigidity


(a) & (c)  no eccentricity of inertia forces, but the systems
will not accommodate torsion (refered to as accidental
torsion).

13
1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.

Examples for the torsional stability of wall systems

CR CR

CR

(d) (e) (f)


Torsionally Stable Systems  small static eccentricity

(e)  the best configuration = tubular system


(d)  significant eccentricity but torsional resistance can be
efficiently provided by the actions induced in the plane
of the short walls.
(d) & (f)  should not be favored in ductile earthquake-
resisting building unless additional lateral-force-
resisting-systems, such as ductile frames, are also
14
present
1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.

Lateral force resistance provided by reinforced concrete core

 Additional resistance may be derived, if necessary, from


perimeter frames.

15
1. Strategies in the Location of Structural Walls – Cont’.
In choosing suitable locations for lateral-force-resisting
structural walls, three additional aspects should be
considered:
1. For the best torsional resistance, as many of the walls
as possible should be located at the periphery of the
building.
2. The more gravity load can be routed to the
foundation via a structural wall, the less will be the
demand for flexural reinforcement in that wall and the
more ready can foundations be provided to absorb the
overturning moments generated in that wall.
3. A concentration of the total lateral force resistance in
only one or two structural walls is likely to introduce
very large forces to the foundation structure, so that
special enlarged foundations may be required 16
Structural Wall System
2. Sectional Shapes

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

• The minimum thickness of walls is often determined by code


requirement to ensure workability of wet concrete.
• Boundary element (b) – (d) 
• to allow effective anchorage
• to accommodate flexural reinforcement
• to provide stability against lateral buckling
• to enable more effective confinement of the compressed
concrete in potential plastic hinge. 17
Structural Wall System
3. Variation in Elevation

Low hw/ w  inelastic behavior


is strongly affected by effect of
shear
hw w

hw

Cantilever Structural Wall without Openings

• Can be treated as ordinary reinforced concrete beam-columns


• Floor slab will stabilize the wall against lateral buckling.
• A plastic hinge at the base can develop.
18
3. Variation in Elevation – cont’.

Shear strength of walls as affected by openings

• Shear strength of walls as affected by openings  diagonal


cracking
• Using diagonal reinforcement, distress of region between
opening due to shear can be prevented, and a ductile cantilever
response due to flexural yielding at the base can be enforced.
19
3. Variation in Elevation – cont’.

Structural Wall Supported on Columns


• Soft storey mechanism with a high probability of excessive
ductility demands on the columns.
• The overturning moment is likely to impose simultaneously very
large axial forces on one of the supporting columns.
• This system must be avoided.
20
21
3. Variation in Elevation – cont’.

Types of coupled structural walls

• Efficient structural system, suited for ductile response with very


good energy dissipation, can be conceived when openings are
arranged in a regular and rational pattern.
• Number of walls are interconnected by beams  coupled
structural walls.
• The connecting beams (relatively short and deep) are weaker
than the walls  enable to yield.
22
3. Variation in Elevation – cont’.

Undesireable Pierced Walls for Earthquake Resistance

• Connecting beams are stronger than the walls

23
Geometric Modeling

• Standard programs for Outline of


structure
frame analyses may be
used. It will be
necessary to account The model
for more rigid end structure
zones where beams Infinitely
frame into walls. rigid elements

Modeling of Deep-membered Wall Frames


24
• The accuracy of geometric
stiffness modeling may vary
considerably. It is true for deep
membered structure. Outline of
structure
• In couple walls, axial The model
deformations may be structure
significant, and these affect Infinitely
the efficiency of shear rigid elements
transfer across the coupling
system. It is difficult to model
accurately axial deformations in
deep members after the onset
of flexural cracking.

25
w

M
After cracking, resulting elongation .
This deformation may affect accuracy,
particularly when the dynamic response
is evaluated

Reference axis
The position of neutral axis will have to
change with the height of the wall due to
moment variations, as well as with the
direction of lateral force, which in turn
might control the sense of the axial
force on the wall.

26
FAILURE MODES

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

• Prerequisite in the design of ductile structural walls is that flexural yielding


in the defined plastic hinge zones should control the strength, inelastic
deformation, and hence energy dissipation in the entire structural system
(Fig. b & e).
• Brittle failure mechanism should not be permitted to occur.  Fig.c:
diagonal tension, Fig.d: sliding shear along construction joints.
• This is achieved by establishing a desirable failure mechanism using
capacity design procedures and by appropriate detailing of the potential
plastic hinge.
27
Steady reduction of strength
and ability to dissipate energy.

Hysteretic response controlled by shear strength

Displacement ductility 4.

Stable hysteretic response of a ductile wall structure


28
29
30
31
Pasal 14.1-14.2 Dinding
• Pasal 14.1. Pasal 14 berlaku umum, untuk dinding
kantilever didesain menurut (syarat tambahan):
– ketentuan lentur Pasal 10 (beban lentur – aksial /
kolom)  lihat kuliah Desain Struktur Beton 1

• Pasal 14.2.
– Geser harus sesuai 11.9
– Dinding yang dibebani aksial, harus didesain
sesuai 14.2, 14.3, dan salah satu dari 14.4, 14.5,
atau 14.8
32
Pasal 11.9. Geser (Vc rumus sederhana,
jika tidak dihitung dengan rumus teliti)
Vc 0.17 f c' hd dinding dengan aksial tekan
0.29 Nu
Vc 0.17 f c' bw d 1 dinding dengan aksial tarik
Ag
dimana =faktor koreksi jenis agregat
f c' =kuat tekan beton
h =tebal dinding = t w bw
d =0.8lw
lw panjang segmen dinding
Nu gaya normal terfaktor (negatif untuk tarik)
Ag luas penampang bruto dinding
Nu
dalam satuan MPa
Ag

33
Pasal 11.9. Geser (Vc rumus teliti)
Vc diambil yang terkecil diantara dua rumus di bawah ini:
Nu d
Vc 0.27 f c' hd
4lw
Nu
lw 0.1 f c' 0.2
lw h
Vc 0.05 f c' hd
Mu lw
Vu 2
dimana Vu gaya geser terfaktor pada penampang yang ditinjau
Mu momen lentur terfaktor pada penampang y.d.
Mu lw
note : jika bertanda negatif, persamaan ke-2 tidak berlaku
Vu 2

Vn max 0.83 f c' hd

34
Pasal 11.9. Geser
Av Vs
= (lihat Desain Struktur Beton 1, jika 0.5 Vc <Vu Vn max )
s f yd
Av
= t min tw ( jika Vu 0.5 Vc )
s
tulangan horizontal
t min 0.0025 (rasio luas tulangan hz terhadap penampang beton vertikal)
lw
st max min ; 3h;atau 450mm
5
tulangan vertikal
hw
l min max 0.0025 0.5 2.5 t 0.0025 ; atau 0.0025 t
lw
lw
slmax min;3h;atau 450mm
3
dimana: hw adalah tinggi dinding keseluruhan
35
Pasal 14.3. Tulangan minimum
Dinding
• Kecuali dibutuhkan lebih sesuai pasal 11.9, tulangan
minimum dinding harus memenuhi berikut ini:
tulangan vertikal, l min adalah:
(1) 0.0012 untuk tulangan ulir dengan diameter D16 dengan f y 420MPa
(2) 0.0015 untuk tulangan ulir lainnya
(3) 0.0012 untuk tulangan kawat las 16 atau D16

tulangan horizontal, t min adalah:


(1) 0.0020 untuk tulangan ulir dengan diameter D16 dengan f y 420MPa
(2) 0.0025 untuk tulangan ulir lainnya
(3) 0.0020 untuk tulangan kawat las 16 atau D16

36
Pasal 14.3. Tulangan minimum
Dinding
• Untuk dinding dengan tebal > 250mm (kecuali
besmen):
– Tulangan pada setiap arah harus 2 lapis
– Sisi eksterior: tulangan > 50% total tetapi < 2/3
total, ditempatkan > 50mm tetapi <2/3 tebal
dinding dari sisi eksterior
– Sisi interior: tulangan adalah sisa dari total-
eksterior, ditempatkan >20mm tetapi <1/3 tebal
dinding dari sisi interior

37
Pasal 14.3. Tulangan minimum
Dinding
• Smax untuk semua arah, adalah yang terkecil dari:
– 3x tebal dinding
– 450mm

38
Pasal 14.4. Dinding sebagai
komponen struktur tekan
• Kecuali seperti diatur pada 14.5, dinding yang
menerima beban aksial, atau kombinasi lentur-aksial,
harus didesain sesuai pasal 10 (lihat kuliah kolom
Desain Struktur Beton 1)

39
Pasal 14.5. Metode Empiris
• Pasal 14.5 bisa digunakan jika pasal 14.2 dan 14.3 dipenuhi,
dan resultan beban berada di dalam 1/3 tengah tebal dinding.
• Kekuatan aksial desain adalah sbb : (kecuali dihitung lebih
teliti dengan pasal 10)
2
klc
Pn 0.55 Ag 1
32h
dimana: =faktor reduksi penampang terkendali tekan
k=faktor panjang efektif
=2.0 untuk dinding yang tidak ditahan thd translasi lateral
=0.8 u/ dinding ditahan thd translasi lateral dan
minimal salah satu ujungnya terjepit
=1.0 u/ dinding ditahan thd translasi lateral dan
kedua ujung tidak terjepit

40
Pasal 14.5. Metode Empiris
• Tebal minimum dinding agar pasal 14.5 boleh dipakai, adalah
terbesar dari :
-1/25 x min{hw; atau lw}
-100mm

• Tebal minimum dinding besmen eksterior dan dinding fondasi,


minimal adalah sebesar 190mm

41
Pasal 14.8. Desain Alternatif
Dinding Langsing
• Baca sendiri  (lengthy)  berisi cara menghitung Momen
nominal penampang, dll.

• Ketentuan dinding tambahan untuk struktur tahan gempa


diatur pada pasal 21.9 & 21.10.

• Setelah mengaplikasikan persyaratan gempa, SELALU syarat


yang lebih ketat berlaku sebagai kebutuhan minimum

42
SNI 21.9 Dinding Struktural Khusus dan Balok
kopel

hw
lw

lw
1. Ketentuan tentang Penulangan
• Rasio penulangan dalam arah vertikal maupun normal thd dinding
l dan t minimal 0.0025
• Kecuali Vu < 0.083 Acv√fc’  Tulangan minimum sesuai ps. 14.3.
• smax < 450 mm (dalam ke-2 arah)
• Tulangan geser harus menerus dan tersebar dalam bidang geser.
• Jika Vu > 0.17 Acv√fc’  dinding harus diberi 2 lapis tulangan.
• Syarat penyaluran tulangan dinding  pasal 21.9.2.3.
43
2. Ketentuan tentang Gaya Rencana
• Vu harus diperoleh dari analisis beban lateral sesuai
dengan kombinasi beban terfaktor

• Kuat geser nominal tidak boleh melebihi


Vn max Acv c fc ' t fy
dimana: c 0.25 untuk hw / lw 1.5
c 0.17 untuk hw / lw 2.0
Interpolasi linier untuk nilai di antaranya

• Rasio hw / lw untuk
segmen dinding harus diambil Segmen
Dinding
nilai terbesar dari rasio
vertikal
untuk dinding keseluruhan
Segmen
dan rasio segmen dinding itu
dinding
untuk menghitung Vnmax horizontal
segmen tersebut.
44
• Dinding harus mempunyai tulangan geser tersebar dalam
arah ortogonal dinding. Apabila rasio (hw/lw) <= 2.0
 l t

Acv t wlw
Alongitudinal
v
s Acv
hw
tw

lw
lw

45
• Kuat geser nominal sistem dinding struktural tidak boleh
melebihi:
Acv Acwi
Vn sistem dinding (2 / 3) Acv fc ' Acw1 Acw2

Vn individual (5 / 6) Acw f c '

• Kuat geser nominal segmen


dinding horizontal tidak boleh
lebih dari:
(arah gesernya vertikal)

Vn (5 / 6) Acw fc '
46
3. Perencanaan Lentur dan Aksial
• Dinding direncanakan terhadap lentur + aksial kolom
(ps.10).
4. Komponen Batas (21.9.6), kebutuhan dapat dianalisa berdasar
21.9.6.2 (displacement based method-more accurate),
atau 21.9.6.3 (more simplified & conservative method)
• Ps.21.9.6.2. Untuk dinding yang menerus dari dasar hingga puncak
dan direncanakan memiliki satu penampang kritis untuk lentur dan
gaya aksial:

• Daerah tekan harus diberi komponen batas khusus jika:


lw
c u/hw > 0.007; u = simpangan struktur
600 u / hw in-elastis
• Jika diperlukan, tulangan geser harus diteruskan secara vertikal
dari penampang kritis sejarak >= max[lw atau Mu/(4Vu)].

47
• Dengan Pu sesuai combo,
analisalah penampang wall,
cari garis netral c yang
memenuhi keseimbangan
gaya Pu = total gaya internal
(Cc , Csi dan Tsi).
• Momen yang dihasilkan dari
keseimbangan gaya ini,
merupakan momen nominal
penampang, Mn (>= Mu/ ).
• Ambilah c terbesar dari
semua combo, untuk
pemeriksaan pada pasal
21.9.6.2.

48
• Jika Boundary Element tidak disyaratkan sesuai 21.9.6.2  21.9.6.3

• Ps. 21.9.6.3. harus diberi komponen batas khusus di sekeliling sisi


luarnya dan di tepi bukaan dinding dimana tegangan tekan tepi-nya
melebihi 0.2fc’. Komponen batas khusus boleh dihentikan jika
tegangan tekan kurang dari 0.15fc’.

• Analisa penampang dihitung berdasarkan teori lininer elastis dengan


properti bruto. (Sigma = Pu/A +/- Mu y/ I)

49
• Tinggi daerah special
boundary element (s.b.e)
• >= max[lw atau Mu/(4Vu)]
jika memakai pasal
21.9.6.2
• >= potongan dimana
extreme compression fiber
tegangannya < 0.15 fc’

• Dimensi horizontal l b.e


• >= max (c-0.1lw , c/2)
• Pada penampang
bersayap, >= tebal sayap
+ 300 mm

• ld sesuai 21.9.2.3

• Tulangan geser s.b.e.


diteruskan ke pondasi
minimal 300mm
50
• Ps. 21.9.6.4. Tulangan geser pada komponen batas (daerah s.b.e)

(c) S-max diambil dari nilai terkecil dari:


-1/3 min (bk atau hk)
-6 db (db adalah diameter tulangan longitudinal)
-100mm<So=100+(350-hx)/3 <150mm
(hx adalah jarak antar kaki sengkang
yang terbesar)
Ash f c'
0.09tw
s f yt

(e) Tulangan horizontal web dinding harus


disalurkan ke komponen batas sesuai panjang
penyaluran (dan juga harus dijangkarkan
sampai dengan area 150mm dari ujung
dinding).
Jika tul.horz. Dinding (Avfy/s <= Ash fyt/s dari
komponen batas, ujung panjang penyaluran
tul.horz dinding, boleh tidak memakai kait
standar.

51
• Jika komponen batas tidak disyaratkan 21.9.6.2 atau 21.9.6.3,
maka harus memenuhi 21.9.6.5.
(a) Jika l di wall boundary > 2.8/fy, tulangan transversal di wall boundary
ini harus memenuhi 21.6.4.2 & 21.9.6.4 (a). Dan svmax = 200mm. (daerah
non s.b.e).

(b) Kecuali Vu major dinding < 0.083 Acv (fc’)0.5, tul.horizontal yang
berhenti di tepi dinding tanpa boundary element (daerah di atas non
s.b.e) harus memakai kait standar yang memegang tulangan longitudinal
tepi. Atau tulangan longitudinal tepi harus dilingkupi sengkang U yang
mempunyai Av/s = tulang horizontal, dan disambung lewatkan.

l pada gambar

52
CONTOH
Diketahui:
Beban ultimit:
Pu = 7000 kN; Mu = 20000 kNm; Vu = 4000 kN
Dimensi dinding:
tw = 400 mm; lw = 7000 mm; hw = 25 m
Vu Mutu beton fc’ = 25 MPa; fy = 400 MPa
Mu
Pu

Untuk preliminary design, perhitungan lentur dapat memakai


rumus penyederhanaan:

53
Sesuai ps. 21.9.2, tulangan longitudinal harus l > 0.0025
Diestimasi menggunakan 2 layer D16 dengan spasi 175 mm  l =
0.0057
Tulangan ini direncanakan disebar secara merata pada penampang
dinding, sehingga tidak ada tulangan yang terkonsentrasi pada ujung-
ujung dinding (Ts2 = 0).

Karena penampang dinding termasuk persegi panjang tanpa ada


pelebaran pada ujung-ujungnya, maka dapat diambil j1 = 0.4lw dan j2 =
0.8lw.

Sehingga nilai momen nominal dinding dapat diestimasi sebagai


berikut:

Mn = (Pu + Ts1) x 0.4lw


= (7000 + 6384) kN x 0.4 x 7 m
= 37475.2 kNm

Untuk Pu ≥ 0.1f’cAg  ϕ = 0.65


ϕ Mn = 24358.88 kNm > Mu (20000 kNm)  OK
54
Pengecekan apakah membutuhkan elemen pembatas khusus:

c ≈ 0.17lw

55
Dari hasil analisa struktur, diperoleh simpangan struktur adalah
0.008hw.
c lw / [600 x (δu/hw)]
0.17lw < 0.208lw
Berarti elemen pembatas khusus tidak diperlukan.

Note:
Untuk final design tulangan lentur dinding dan elemen pembatas
khusus, harus dilakukan analisa yang lebih teliti (bisa
menggunakan software) untuk menghitung tinggi garis netral
dan momen nominal dinding berdasarkan tulangan terpasang.
Selain itu, juga harus diperhitungkan setiap kombinasi beban-
beban terfaktor dan kombinasi pembebanan dalam dua arah
ortogonal.

56
ϕo = M n / M u
= 1.874

Vu’ = ϕo x Vu
= 1.874 x 4000
= 7496 kN

Cek nilai Vu max:


Vu’ ϕ 0.83 Acw √f’c
7496 0.75 x 0.83 x 400 x 7000 x √25 / 1000
7496 < 8715 (OK)

57
Sesuai ps. 21.9.2, tulangan transversal harus t > 0.0025
Diestimasi menggunakan 2 layer D16 dengan spasi 125 mm  t
= 0.0080
Tulangan ini direncanakan disebar secara merata pada dinding.

ϕ Vn = ϕ Acv (αc λ √f’c + ρt fy)


= 0.75 x 400 x 7000 x (0.17 x 1 x √25 + 0.0080 x 400) / 1000
= 8505 kN > Vu’ (OK)

58

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