r 11 Module 1

Performing arts

2 Read the model answer to the question in

Writing 1 (Paper 2 Part 1: Essay) Exercise 1. Does it address the two tasks
successfully? Why /Why not?
Summarising and evaluating
> EXPERT STRATEGIES page 169 The two texts (1) discuss / assess techniques required
1 Read the strategy and the exam task below, then for different styles of acting. Firstly, the first text
answer the following questions. (2) examines / evaluates the use of physical expression
1 What type of writing task is it? on stage as opposed to film and (3) conveys /
2 Which two tasks must you include in your answer? compares the value of facial expression in close-up
film shots with the need to use the whole body

EXPERT STRATEGY
Fo r this type of wri ti ng tas k, make sure yo ur answer
I on stage to (4) exemplif:; / communicate feeling. It
(5) suggests / asserts that whereas film actors are
supported by the setting and camera work, the
contai ns the following: stage actor is unaided, and must therefore exude
, key points of the two texts (a summary) stronger physical energy to achieve the same res ult.
'yo ur opi nio n of their co nte nt (an eval uation).
Also, use yo ur own words, not 'chunks' from the texts. There is no doubt that the two media (6) demand /
need diffe rent styles of acting but now that
technology has entered the theatre, set designers
and directors are able to make use of special effects
Write an essay summarising and evaluating the
and more sophisticated props to create atmosphere.
key points from both texts. Use your own words
So, while it may have been true 50 years ago, I feel
th roughout as far as possible, and include your own
ideas in your answers. it is a gross exaggeration to sugges t that the stage
actor is totally unsupported today.
You should write 240-280 words.
The second text, on the other hand, looks at the
Perform ing techniques: stage vs. screen importance of the voice in acting, and emphasises
the need for aspiring actors to (7) acquire / achieve
Gesture, movement and physicality are v~al on
a range of vocal skills to be able to sustain a career
stage. Whereas tiny gestures can be magnified
in close-up film shots, as a stage actor you will in any mediu m. It (8) assumes / acknowledges the
use your body very differently. You will need relationship between vocal expression and body
to communicate a physical energy and develop movement and (9) advocates / concludes following a
a'stage presence'. The film close-up penmits training course to develop such skills effectively.
subtleties of facial expression and movement that To my mind, the two texts examine specific skills
don't work on the stage . needed for different types of acting but we should
Camera work and editing achieve effects on the
not ignore recognising the essential connectjon
screen that the stage actor must create largely
by using the body. In film, props and settings are between vocal and physical expression, and the
also used extensively to convey meaning and value of gaining the proper kind of training in order
atmosphere. On the stage, it's down to you to do to become a versatile performer, capable of working
that work. on both stage and screen .

2 Acting: finding your voice 3 Circle the most suitable verb in italics in the
Consider the actors voice for a moment. Vocal model answer. Explain your choices and say why
expression is as much about movement and the other options do not work.
emotion as sound, and nowhere is this more
noticeable than on the stage. Achieving resonance in 4a Look at how the essay is organised. Underline the
your voice requires physical as well as vocal effort. paragraphs which summarise the two texts. Has
For the screen, the emphasis may be on perfecting the candidate used their own words effectively?
a range of accents rather than pitch, yet even
b Highlight the paragraph(s) in which the candidate
here embracing cultural body language makes
evaluates the texts.
the accent sound more authentic. Interestingly, in
the recording studio many voice actors imitate 5 Discuss. Do you agree with the candidate's
the movements of their animated characters to evaluation of the texts?
achieve better vocal results.The right training can
help you develop such skills to find work in any 6 Do the extra writing task on page 192. Use the
medium.
writing strategy to help you.

14

,
 It's live!

Listening 2 (Paper 3 Part 4)

Before you listen 1 ~n 03 Listen carefully to what the speaker says about studio vs.
live performance and answer the following questions.
EXPERT STRATEGY 1 Name three advantages of recording music in a studiO that the
Before you listen, carefully read the speaker mentions.
rubric and then the options for each 2 Which does the speaker prefer: studi o recordings or live
part. performances? How do you know?

Multiple matching 2 ~ n 04 Read the strategy, then do the task.

> EXPERT STRATEGIES page 171

You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about different free-time activities they take part in .

Task One Task Two

For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A- H) each For questions 6-10, choose from the list (A- H) what
speaker's main reason for doing the activity. each speaker plans to do in the future.

You wil l hear the recording twice. While you listen, you must complete both tasks.

A a wish to excel at something A learn new techn iques

B nostalgia for a former interest [DJ B meet like-minded people [li]
C feeling in need of a challenge
D proving someone wrong
rn C find wo rk In a rel ated field
D initiate a local project
rn
E a love of entertaining people
[li] E parti cipate In a major event llil
F a need to impress others [El F put onginal work on show [EJ
G the chance to improve fitness G gain a qualification
H wanting to develop existing skills OIl H pass on expe rtise ~

> HELP
• Speaker 1 refers to a friend's reacti on - but was this the reason why she
did the activity7
• Speaker 2 mentions getti ng a qualificati on. Is he talking about the past,
the present or the fu tu re?
• Speaker 4 refers to an activity she used to do - but why did she take it
up again?

Discussion 3 Which of the activities you heard about do you find interesting?
Why/Why not?

4 Check the meaning of these key words and phrases from the
audioscript.

EXPERT WORD CHECK [

hard-pressed counteract inevitable sedentary tag along hark back
passable thnve on hilarious get you r teeth into (5th)

15
11 Module 1"
Performing arts

Speaking (Paper 4 Parts 1 & 2)

Vocabulary 1: music and entertainment

1 a Think of different ways in which music is used to
entertain, either on its own or in combination with Part 1
other activities. Which interests you the most?
3 In pairs, ask each other the following questions,
b Discuss these questions. taking turns to ask and answer. Use the strategy
Wh at's on your iPod or your phone? to help you.
2 Have your tastes in music changed at all over the 1 In w hat way does mUS IC make a difference to your
last couple of years? If so, in what way? life?
3 What do people's tastes In music reveal about 2 What would th e world be like w ithout music?
thei r cu lture or generati on ? 3 Is musical talent something you are born w ith or
can you acqUIre it through hard work?
2 Read the question and the four possible answers.
4 How do you think musical training might enhance
1 How much information is given in the answers? other areas of your life?
2 What answer would you give to the question?

Do you ever go clubbing?

EXPERT STRATEGY
Do n't forget to expand your answers by giving
I
additional informati on or a reason for your answer.

Answer 1

No, it's not really my scene, although I enjoy Vocabulary 2: describing music
dancing generally. 4 a ~ T1 0$ Listen to a conversation between Maggie
and Tom, then choose from the adjectives below
Answer 2 to express their ideas.
I've been on the odd occasion with friends. It's deafening depreSSing discordant harmon ious
quite fun! inspiring mind-blowing rhythmic soothing
uplihlnglmoving upbeat
Answer 3

Yes, every summer! We sometimes go to Tom likes heavy metal. He hates _ _ _ _

Mykonos where the clubbing scene is really good! 20,h century classical music.

Maggle li kes rock or pop; she doesn't

Answer 4
really like mUSIc. She finds classical
I can't dance to save my life so this is not comp osers such as Bach _ _ __
< something I'd choose to do in my spare time! b Who do you agree with?

16
 Module 1
Perform ing arts

Useful language: agreeing, disagreeing and Part 2

weighing things up Collaborative task: planning a summer arts
5 a ~ T1 05 Listen to the dialogue again, then festival
complete the table below with phrases the
speakers use to agree or disagree. EXPERT STRATEGY
Maintain a dialogue with your partner and use
I
Agreement Disagreement! Weighing things up appropriate phrases for agreeing and disagree ing.
Partial disagreement
7 In pairs, do the task, using the strategy to help you.
a First, look at photographs A and B and talk together
about how popular these activities might be during
the summer where you live. You have about one
b Now write the following expressions in the table. minute to talk about this. 0 Time yourselves!

I carlt disagree with that .. b Now look at all the photographs (A- E). Imagine
I think we ought to take into consideration. that the organisers of a performing arts festival
are producing two advertising posters and these
That may be the case but ..
pictures have been used for one of them.
We can't ru le out (the possibility that) ..
Have you considered ...7 Talk together about the different types of
You've got a pOi nt but .. performing arts these photographs show. Then
I'd go along With that. decide what other activities should be shown on
Absolutelyl the second poster. You have about three minutes
to talk about this. 0 Time yourselves!
6 Write a chat message in response to the
statements below, using phrases from Exercise 5. Part 2 Sample task
8 a ~ Tl.o. Read the Speaking assessment criteria on
1J Listening to really loud music on a page 204. Then listen carefully to two students,
hands-free or on headphones IS bad for Luisa and Max, doing the first part of the task.
you r healing. Be careful I Identify any areas where they, in your opinion, fall
short of the required standards.
b ~ Tl.07 Now listen to the same students doing the
second part of the task and use the same criteria
There's nothing better than a live
to judge their performance.
concerti
c How did you do compared with Luisa and Max?
How was your timing?

3' Task analysis

I don't th ink I'd li ke to give a performance
onl,ne and be watched by millions of 9 What was the most difficult part of the task for
people! How about you? you? Why? How could you improve on that?

17
rll
•
•
Module 1
Performing arts

Language development 2 Use of English 2 (Paper 1 Part 4)

Future tense review Key w ord transformations

> EXPERT GRAMMAR page 1?3 1 Read the strategy on page 168: then do the task.
1 In pairs, decide which follow-on sentence, a or b, For questions 1-6, compl ete the second sentence
is the most suitable in the following contexts. so that it has a similar meaning to the first
Give reasons for your decision. sentence, using the word given . Do not change
1 Oh nol The electriCity's gone Offl the word given. You must use betw een three and
a What are we doing now? eight words, including the word given. Here is an
b What are we gOing to do now? example (0).
2 You know he can't be trusted , so don't expect any o Shall we get Harry a present? He's retiring next
sym pathy from mel month.
a If you will keep on seeing him, you're bound to (due)
get hu rt. Harry (s tiv.e to ret(re MiCt M~tk , so why don't we
b If you see him, you'll get hurt. get him a present?
3 Don't worry about being late l When you get to If the star hadn't caught th e flu, there would have
the station, been a cast party tomorrow
a Paul will be waiting for you. (was)
b Paul wil l have wai ted for you. There cast party tomorrow but the star
4 Oh, good I You're here l has caught the flu.
a I was just about to cal l you. 2 Competi ti on is fierce but Tilda Swinton is a firm
b I'm going to call you. favourite to win the award for Best Actress.
(set)
Other forms with future meaning Despite win the award for Best Actress.
3 Profits from Justin Tlmberlake's worldwide tour Will
2 a Complete the dialogue with the phrases below.
probably exceed one bil lion dollars.
Use each phrase only once.
(stands)
wouldn't be were supposed to was Just about to Justi n Timberlake's worldwide tour of
might were due to be was gOing to one billion do lla rs.
4 A prob lem has forced the director to cancel th is
Gemma: Oh, hi, Matt! I (1) call you week's meeting wi th th e scriptwrrter.
sh ortly. I thou ght I (2) go and see Kevln (supposed)
Spacey in Richard Ill. Do you fancy it? Th e directo r a meeting wi th th e
Matt: Well, lucky you caught me, really. We scriptwrr ter this week but a problem has forced
(3) rehearSing today but Bob called to him to cancel it.
say that Carl a's sprained her ankle and so we 5 Sand ra was ful ly intend ing to send a photograph
(4) gOing after al l. I (5) go and wi th her ap plication fo rm but she forgot.
see her now, as a matter of fact, but wanted to let (had)
you know about the situation first. Sand ra a photograph With her
Gemma: Than ks. Shame about Carla, but lucky for app lication form but she forgot.
youl A day off! 6 They're auditioning for the new musical on
Matt: I'm not so su re about that, Gemma. We Monday, so no doubt hundreds of dancers wi ll
(6) fi nish rehearsing the first act today, turn up.
so th is ISbound to set us back quite a bit. It could (bound)
be days be fore she's able to rehearse again now Hundreds of dancers the auditions for
Gemma: Sorry to hear that, then. Anyway, what do the new musical on Monday.
you say to Richard /I/? Shall we go?
Matt: Yeah, why not?

b ~ n OB Listen and check your answers. Discuss.

18
 Module ! •
Performing arts •

Use of English 3 (Paper 1 Part 1)

Lead-in 1 Do you have a favourite comedian? What do you find funny about
him/her?

Developing skills: 2 a Read the task and the text below. Then look at the example answer (0).
words in context All the options fit grammatically but only A fits the context.
> EXPERT STRATEGIES page 167 Discuss why the other options are not possible.
Multiple-choice doze b Read the strategy, then complete the task. Use the Help notes for
support with certain items.

For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an
example at the beginning (0) .

....... --------------------------------------~
: says Dave. 'We've (4) a long way since
A (GRAND' RETURN : then, and have added some great new material to
: our (5) in preparation for going on tour in
TOSTANDUP : the autumn.'
: The duo will be performing alongside other big
COMEDY : names in a one-off gala performance which aims to
(6) money for charity. Pete and Dave have
Comedians Pete Bames and Dave Reid are
gone viral with a promotional sketch, to give people
(0) 11 into the spotlight once more. After a
a taste of what to expect in the show. Look out for
twelve-year (1) in TV sitcoms, the comic
'Pete and Dave: The Traffic Warden' on all the major
duo are (2) up to appear live at the Grand
networking sites. At least one member of the Royal
Theatre, Leeds, on 15th August. 'We're delighted to
family is (7) to be attending the show,
be returning to the stage after such a long time and
which is bound to (8) further interest. So, to
it seems fitting to be (3) our comeback at
be sure of a seat, buy your tickets early!
the venue where we gave our debut performance,'

C sl ipping D po pping
EXPERT STRATEGY
Some options have a similar
I 0
1
2
A step ping
A stint
A lined
B tapping
B sh ift
B plan ned
C turn
C booked
D go
D laid
meaning but only one fits the 3 A breakrn g B do ing C hol drn g D making
context of the passage. 4 A reached B come C gained D got
5 A ro le B act C play D turn
> HELP 6 A gather B attract C raise D ac hieve
7 A gossi ped B suggested C a lleged D rum o ured
1 This is a word that means 'an 8 A e nhance B induce C ge nerate D initiate
amount of time spent doing
something specific'.
3 You are looking for the word that
collocates with comeback.
4 All options fit grammatical ly but
only one forms an idiom wh ich
means 'make great progress or
imp rovement'.

Task analysis 3 Answer the questions about the task.

1 Wh ich of the ga pped wo rd s in the text fo rm pa rt of a co llocatio n 7
2 Which wo rds form part of a n id io m or fixed phrase?

19
IIiI
. . Module !
Performing arts

Writing 2 (Paper 2 Part 1: Essay)

Lead-in 1 a How do you listen to music?

, radio , live performance , iPod
, internet streaming , file -sha ring websites , other
b How has access to music on the internet affected the kind of
music we listen to?

Task analysis 2 Read the exam task and texts below. Which of the following
s tatements best sums up text I?
1 Many people believe that illegally down loading music is destroying
the industry, as people no longer need to buy CDs.
2 File-sharing sites have marginalised minor artists and diminished
their chances of success.
3 Music piracy has brought about a shift of focus in the industry, by
allowing music lovers a greater range of music to listen to.

Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your own words throughout as
far as possible, and include your own ideas in your answer.
You should write 240-280 words.

' File-sharing' impact on the music industry 2 The allure of live performance
Many people believe that fil e-sharing sites allowing In this age of high-definition sound, why do people
users to share music across the globe have had still crave the sweaty atmosphere and crush of the
a detrimental effect on the music industry. with crowd that a live concert provides? Is it perhaps to
record companies suffering as a result of declining serve some inherent need to make a connection
CD sales, with others?
The truth is, however. that most artists are not A live performance is a communal experience,
signed to major companies, and so often don't get shared by people of similar tastes. Passion for
much radio play. Uploading their songs onto file- the same kind of sound generates energy and
sharing sites ensures they get exposure they might excitement often described as electric. Members
not otherwise receive as it allows music lovers of the audience sing along with the artists,
to down load their songs for free. Also, it affords and strangers forge a bond based on mutual
listene rs greater freedom of choice in what they appreciation and awareness. Also, bands often vary
listen to, thus offering the potential for CD sales the way they play a song at concerts, so there is that
across a broader spectrum of musical tastes. promise of a unique experience never to be relived.

20
 Module 1
Performing arts
11 •

Plan your essay 3 a Summarise: List the key points in the two texts. Then use them to
build up a summary. Look back at the summary paragraphs in the
model answer in Writing 1 on page 14 to help you.
b Evaluate: Compare the content of the two texts, by considering the
following:
'any simi larities - in style, theme, opin ion
. any differences - In perspective, op inion, style
. to what extent you agree/disagree with the po ints they make

4 Decide how you wish to organise your answer. Look at the model
answer in Writing 1 and the writing strategy to help you.

EXPERT STRATEGY
Here are two ways you can organise your answe r.
I
Either or
· summarise text 1 . summarise text 1
· evaluate text 1 . summa rise text 2
· summa rise text 2 . evaluate texts 1 and 2
· evaluate text 2

> EXPERT STRATEGIES page 169

Language and content 5 a Complete the summary of text 2 with the correct form of the
words below.
while attract suggest despite stem experience

The second text looks at why live concerts continue to (1) _ _ _ _

large aud iences (2) the high qual ity of recorded mU SICtoday.
It (3) th is tendency (4) from a fundamental need to
physically (5) the atmosphe re and share their love of mus Ic
with othe rs of similar tastes, (6) at the same time hoping to
hear someth ing slightly diffe rent.
b Refer back to your notes and write a paragraph evaluating the two
texts. The following words and phrases may help you.
While the first text suggests ..
The second text, on the other hand, argues ..
We cannot ignore the fact that ..
To mymind ..
There IS no doubt in my mind that ..
While I agree with this point to a certain extent, there are other factors to
consider.
Undoubtedly, there is some truth in this view but ..

Write your essay 6 Now write your essay, using the ideas and some of the language
> EXPERT STRATEGIES page 169 above. Write your answer in 240-280 words.

Check your essay 7 Edit your essay, using the checklist on page 191.
> EXPERT WRITING page 191

21
11
•
Module!
Perfo rming arts

Review 3 Circle the correct form of the verb to complete

the sentences.
Sally ISstudying / studies graphic art and hopes to
1 Complete the sent ences with the correct form of
become a set deSigner.
the verbs below.
2 The London Symphony Orchestra, which was
acquire convey assert demonstrate assess performing / has been performing at the Royal
recognise demand conclude Albert Hall since May, ISgiving its final concert th iS
even ing.
During next week's seminar, students of the drama 3 David's debut performance as Hamlet was
school the skills necessary to promote magnificent. Until then, he was only ever
themselves, as well as perform on stage. performing / had only ever performed in minor roles.
2 Today, profess ional dancer Mlguel Zotto 4 Helena was tramlng / trained to be a ballet dancer
_ _--;-_ the modern style of the Argentine when an accident put an end to her dreams.
tango fo r us, with his lovely partner, Eva Viron. S A previ ew perform ance of Rich ard Beecham's
3 Training to become a professional ballet dancer new play at th e Barbican theatre is to be shown / IS
---c--- dedication, hard work and natural showing on Friday.
talent. 6 Allce works at Pi xar, and so fa r has been working /
4 Afte r exam ining the damage caused by the fire, has worked on five major animated movies.
the experts that it had been caused by a 7 George and Dave have been collaborating /
discarded cigarette. collaborated for four years before setting up their
S the need to inject new life into the own Ught and Sound stud io.
declining theatre, th e manager decided to hold a 8 Molly had been hoping / has hoped to make a
hi p- hop and breakdance festival. career in film bu t he r father wouldn't let he r.
6 At the end of the course, students wi ll _ _ __
on their ab ility to adapt to a variety of acting roles, 4 Read th e text b elow. Use the word in CAPITALS
Incl ud ing song and dan ce routin es. at the end of some of the lines to form a word
7 Mona her righ t to demand that fits in the gap in the same line.
compensation for the aCCident, after some loose
floorboards were discovered in the stage.
8 The hau nting musIc of the bal let Swan Lake
____ the sense of anguish that the ITALIA CONTI ACADEMY
protagon ist feels.
The world-renowned Ital ia Conti Academy
2 Replace the underlined phrases in the sentences in Lo ndon is a centre of (0) e)Ccetle~ce EXCEL
with a suitable collocation or fixed phrase. in the tra ining of stud e nts whose dream
is to work in the perform ing arts. The
1 The final practi ce of the play was di sastrous but overall standard of (1) IS very TUTOR
fortunately, the first evening performance wen t off high and teaching staff t ypicall y use the
very smoothly. most up-ta-date methods with great
2 The audience cheered as all the artists returned to (2) and dedicat ion. ENTHUSE
the stage for a fina l bow The Acade my offers a variety of courses.
3 The actress took one last look in the mirror before What these have in co mmon is the level
sweeping onto th e stage right on time. of both physical and mental (3) COMMIT
they demand from students. But t hey are
4 The audience gave the cast a wonderful send-off
all designed to be (4) to anyone ACCESS
by rising from their seats to applaud them . with a high level of ambiti on combined
S j ust because I didn't agree with his view, there was w ith (S) talent. ORDINARY
no need for the di rector to shout at me l Students get t he chance to attend both
6 I would grab the chance to perform alongside formal classes and practical workshops
johnny Depp, if I were you . with the emphas is on preparing for pub lic
7 Some performers rel ish being In the publi c eye, performance. Indeed, many successfu l
while others crave some privacy. st udents do go on to perform first as
8 Accord ing to so me critics, Span ish actor javier (6) and then as lead artists UNDER
Bardem's talent is un li mited .
In (7) t heatrical productions PRESTIGE
in London, wh ilst others bring the same
level of (8) to more special ist PROFESSION
fields, such as cho reography. Little wonder,
the refo re, t hat the Italia Conti Academy
enjoys such an enviable reputation.

22

\
 2A 2B
> Reading and Use of English: Gapped text (Part 6) ; > Listening: Sentence completion (Part 2)
Wo rd fo rmation (Part 3) > Speaking: Ind ividua l long turn (Part 3): Food
> Listening: Multipl e-cho ice questions (Part 1) producti on/enviro nmental issues
> Language development: Passive forms > Reading and Use of English: Open cloze (Pa rt 2)
> Writing: Articl e (Part 2) Skills fo r article-writi ng; > Language development: Gene ral ve rb phrases;

• Descriptive voca bulary Phrases With have; Prepositiona l phrases

> Writing: Article (Part 2): Plann ing and o rganising;
AnalySI S of introduction

Lead-in
1 a Where would you normally find the animals in the photographs?
Africa Asia Canada Den mark Ge rma ny Mexico Norway Russia the Arcti c
the UK the USA

b Which three animals would you most like to see in the wild?
c Which would you say are threatened or endangered species?
d What aspects of the natural world do you appreciate the most? Which aspects of modern
society do you enjoy the least?

2 One of the dangers of modern society is the threat to the world's natural resources. What
do you think we should do about this?

3 Which environmental organisations do you know? What do they do?

23
 Wild experience

Reading (Paper 1 Part 6)

Before you read 1 The Amondawa are an Amazonian tribe of about 150 people.
· They live by hunting, fishing and farming.
· They have no words for concepts such as 'next week' or 'last year'.
· Nobody in the tribe has an age; they just change their name when they
become an adult.

2 Compare how the tribe lives with how we live in the modem world.
Think of some of the advantages and disadvantages of living as
they do.

Skimming 3 Read through the text quickly (ignore the missing paragraphs at this
stage).
1 What is the main topic of the text?
2 How would you describe the attitude of the tribes mentioned In the
text towards contact with the outside world?

Gapped text 4 Read the strategy on page 168, then do the task.
> EXPERT STRATEGIES page 168 You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs
have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs
A-H the one which fits each gap (1- 7). There is one extra paragraph
which you do not need to use.

Task analysis 5 Compare your answers.

1 High light sections In the text and in the gapped paragraphs that gave
you the clues or the li nks.
2 In what way was an understand ing of the overall text str uctu re
Important in find ing the answers?

Discussion 6 Give your opinion on the following question.

Should we try to bring 'C ivilisatio n' to these uncontacted peoples or do
they have a right to fo llow their traditional way of life in peace?

7 Check the meaning of these key words from the text.

EXPERT WORD CHECK

ravage clamour tributaries resurgent indigenous enmeshed
I
24 slaughter logger dredge up concessions
Deep in the Brazilian Amazon, there are no horizons and so the dawn
does not break but is instead born in the trees - a wan and smoky blue.
'I spoke to Mashco-Piro women when they were first contacted: says
The crazed clamour of the night - growls, hoots, croaks - has died away
Castillo. 'And they were terrified of disease, of being slaughtered, of
and for a moment there is almost hush. This is also the only time of
their children being taken into slavery. In the past. every encounter
cool Then, suddenly, the great awakening begins and the air is filled
has brought terror for them - they have no immunity to our diseases
with a thousand different songs, chirps, squawks and screeches - back
and they were thought of as animals, even hunted. Now they see the
and forth, far and near, all around. Nothing anywhere can prepare you
loggers and the oil companies coming in a little further every year. And
for this unique experience in a supremely challenging part of the world.
for them it's the same thing so they flee into neighbouring territories.'
11 I 151
The area of the Amazon rainforest is larger than Western Europe and
The problems of this new threat. as explorer, writer and Amazon
the forest stretches over nine countries. There are approximately
expert John Hemming explained, are these: the territories of tribes
1,250 tributaries that service the main river, 17 of which are more than
such as the Kayapo will be flooded: vast amounts of the greenhouse
1,000 miles long. Roughly a fifth of the earth's oxygen is produced
gas methane will be released, due to rotting vegetation: further roads
in the Amazon rainforest and more than two-fifths of all the species
and colonisation will happen in their wake: they change the flow
in the world live there. Surprisingly enough, oil is one of the main
and run of all the river systems, which affects untold numbers of
resurgent threats to the region.
aquatic species, meaning that more food will have to be imported for
consumption, more roads will have to be built, and so grimly on.
Major disruption and destruction to the forest usually follows, starting
with seismic testing and then helicopters, roads, crews, and so on. And
'Since the 2004 peak of 27,000 sq km of forest destroyed, matters
inevitably, there are catastrophic spills and accidents. Health studies
have improved with regard to deforestation: he says when I call him
have found that 98 percent of the children of the indigenous Achuar
at his home in Manaus, the great river city right in the heart of the
tribe have high levels of cadmium in their blood, and two-thirds suffer
Amazon. last year we only lost 6,500 sq km.' However, that is still an
from lead poisoning. A lawsuit is currently being brought to court by
area more than four times the size of Greater London.
some of their members due to the contamination of the region.

His grandfather had been among the first of his tribe to be contacted
Beatriz Huertas Castillo, a writer and researcher, explains: They are
and his own sons were wearing football shirts: his eldest was training
indigenous peoples who, either by choice or by chance, live in remote
to be a guide. He put it like this: the Amazon matters because right
isolation from their national societies. There are at least 14 such
now it is where humanity is making its biggest decisions - actualities
tribes in Peru. We think 69 in Brazi l. Maybe 100 in the Amazon area
that have an impact first on the lives of his children, but eventually on
as a whole.' They are among the handful of peoples left alive on the
the lives of ours too. To have no view, I realised as I left, amounted to
planet who have next to no idea of what the world has become and
much the same as being a hypocrite.
who live as they have done for thousands of years.

A It is important to acknowledge though, that not everything is E Tribal leaders have even been to London to complain, saying
getting worse. Some of the campaigning in the past 20 years that these dams will force their people from the land and
has worked and there are cautious grounds for hope. Paulo threaten their way of life. There has also recently been an
Adario, a veteran ecologist. is one of the individuals to have unprecedented operation to destroy the unlawful gold-mining
done most in the service of conservation, and he is happy to dredgers that are now killing off river habitats by dredging up
bring me up-to-date. silt.
B There are hundreds of such tribes in the forest - many of them F The amount of land that has been covered by concessions for
now enmeshed in 'integration projects' or other demoralising its extraction, together with gas, has increased fivefold in the
fi ascos - but those that most often capture international last ten years - almost 50 percent of the entire Peruvian-owned
attention are the uncontacted. There is some dispute, however, Amazon. This means that the government has effectively sold
as to what exactly is meant by the term. off half of the rainforest it owns for this purpose and 75 percent
is forecast by 2020.
C The best way to think about these few remaining isolated tribes
is to imagine a series of concentric circles. There are the tribes G One reason we struggle to understand the region is that there
that have regular relations with the outside. Then there are a is so much to take in. And because there has been some good
good number of tribes who have very circumscribed dealings news on the headline problem - deforestation - it has faded
with the outside world. Then finally, in the heart of the forest, in our collective consciousness in the past few years. So it's
there are these few remaining peoples with none. worth stepping back and reminding ourselves of some of the
fundamentals.
D Time on the river is like time at sea. It's measured in the way the
light changes the colour of the water. At dawn, there are mists H In other words, it is the incursions and what follows that have
and the river appears almost milky. By noon it is the colour of the most impact. But now another problem is causing acrimony,
cinnamon. And then, in the evening, the low sun shoots streaks fear and dispute. More than 100 new hydroelectric dams are
of amber and gold before the dusk rises up and everything turns planned across Brazi l and Peru, including the most controversial
to indigo. One such evening, we visited a fisherman. of all - the Belo Monte Project on the Xingu river.

25
11 Module2
The natural world

c Complete the sentences with an appropriate noun

Vocabulary from Exercise 1b.
For animals born in captivity, there are some very
Word formation: verbs ~ nouns ending in -ion successfu l programmes whereby they
1 The suffix -ion when added to a verb refers to a are eventually re leased back into the wild.
state or process, e.g. operate ~ operation. 2 of the land to keep it watered and
_ _-,-, of the crops by Insects or th e wind are
a Find the noun form of these verbs in the text on
essential for the li velihood of millions of people.
page 25 and complete the sentences. Discuss the
3 Uncontrolled development can often lead to the
meaning of any words that are unfamiliar.
- c - - - of water supplies by waste chemicals
colonise consume d isrupt extract and a in the qua lity of life of local
integ rate isolate peoples. Su itable and its are
of the utmost urgency to control the situation.
Over- , when we buy or eat more than 4 Environmental is large ly caused by the
we need to fu lfil our basic needs, will have to be reduct io n or of the world's natural
curtailed in order to preserve resources. resou rces. This also includes the of its
2 It is doubtfu l wheth e r the of native fores ts by short-sig hted companies hoping to
tribes into modern society is des ira ble or make a qu ick profit.
beneficial to th em .
3 When humans start build ing roads and bridges in Animal sounds - figurative use
the ju ngle, this can cause severe to the
whole ecosystem of the forest. 2a ~ T1 09 Can you identify the following sounds
mentioned in the text on page 25? Which type of
4 The of Antarctica is unl ikely given the
animal or bird do you think might make them?
difficul t living cond itio ns there.
5 On ly a few commun ities nowadays live in 1 croak 4 chirp
complete from the modern world. 2 growl 5 hoot
6 Many mu ltinational mining companies are 3 screech 6 sq uawk
involved in the of gold, copper and b Here are some more animal sounds. Which
diamonds from the world's rainforests animals or insects might make these sounds?
b The following verbs (1- 10) have noun forms 1 bark 3 buzz 5 howl 7 roar
ending in -ion. Write the noun form and match the 2 bel low 4 chatter 6 hum 8 squeak
verbs to their meanings (a-j). Where is the stress c Animal sounds can be used figuratively in our
in the pronunciation of the noun forms? daily language. Circle the verbs that would
be most commonly used in the following
1 contaminate
sentences. Discuss the contexts in which the
2 degrade verbs in Exercises 2a and 2b can be used, giving
3 deplete examples where possible.
4 deteriorate 1 'Get back to your room l,' Dad screeched / growled.
5 devastate 2 'It's such a lovely morn lng l' she chirped / squawked
hap pily.
6 impl ement
3 'I've got a really sore throat,' he hooted / croaked.
7 irrigate 4 'Can you stop squeaking / screeching In my ear?
8 legislate You'll deafen me,' she said .
9 po lli nate 5 The car roared / howled off down the road In a
cl o ud of exhaust fumes
10 rehabilitate
6 He was so cold in the snow his teeth were
a become worse humming / chattering.
b damage sth badly o r completely 7 Th e coffee shop at Kew Gardens was bUZZing /
c enable a plant to produce seeds bel/OWing with activity last Saturday morning.
d help (a person, an an imal) to live a normal life again
d What do these phrases mean?
e ma ke changes that have been offiCially dec ided
f make a law 1 I don't give a hoot.
g make the condition of sth worse 2 He's very ch ir py this eve ning.
h po llute
redu ce the amount of sth
wate r land o r crops

26
 Module 2
The natural world
11 •

Phrasal verbs
Use of English 1 (Paper 1 Part 3)
3 Read the sentences below. Use your dictionary to
find the correct phrasal verbs to complete each Word formation
gap using the verbs and particles given. Write the
phrasal verbs in their correct form. 1 a Read the text below quickly. What is the
alternative source of power referred to and why
amount come crack back down up is it currently not being used so much?
cut die hand step out down on
use wipe up against to b Now do the task.
> EXPERT STRATEGIES page 167
Governments are trying to the
companies that carry out illegal logging and For questions 1-8, read the text below. Use the
-::---:-__ some serious pun ishments. word given in CAPITALS at the end of some of the
2 Environmental ists are warn ing about the dangers lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same
of existing water sup plies In certain line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
parts of the world .
3 areas of forest cou ld effectively

4
_ _,---_ certain species.
It is often the case that local peo ples _ _ _ _
The power of the tides
impossible odds when they try to protect their In recent years, a lot of international
imm ed iate environment. (0) att.~t(6~ has focused on the ATTEND
S Campaigns by the internati onal commun ity idea that we should be aiming to
agai nst whalers have prevented th e blue whal e meet the needs of the present without
from _ _ __ compromising the ability of future
6 Her reaction on hearing the news _ _ __ generations to meet theirs. This idea
noth ing less than disbeli ef is generally referred to as (1) _-,---:-_ SUSTAIN
7 The company needs someo ne who can .--:----c- - development, and an integral part of
from the immed iate problems and consider the the wider aim is the use of so-called
situation long-term. (2) sources of energy. RENEW

Tidal power, the (3) _ _---,_ of the HARNESS

movement of the oceanic tides to
generate electricity, has a part to play
in this, especially given the greater
(4) of tides compared to PREDICT
other sources of power, such as the
wind or the sun. Until recently, however,
tidal power has remained a largely
(5) source of energy, due to TAP
the relatively high costs involved. If this
issue can be addressed however, tidal
power could represent an almost
(6) source of energy, and EXHAUST
recent technological (7) are BREAK
beginning to make this into a more
realistic proposition. If costs can be
brought down, then electricity produced
in this way could compete more
(8) on the open market. EFFECT

Collocations
2 Find at least eight collocations (adjective-noun)
in the text in Exercise 1. Make a note of them and
discuss their meaning.

3 Have you seen any evidence of renewable energy

sources being used in your country? What is your
opinion of them?

27