Contents Map

Unit Listening Reading Writing

We are all friends now Section1 : Note completion Choosing suitable section headings from Task1: Describing a line graph
Page6 a list Verbs of movement
Sentence completion Analysing main trends and purpose
Identification of information in the text -
True/False/Not Given
Section2: Multiple-choice Identification of information in the text - Task2: Discussing both views
Technology - now and then Matching True/False/Not Given and giving own opinion
Page 18 Classification
Multiple-choice

� Thrill seekers Section 3: Note completion Matching information Task 1: Describing a table
Page30 Table completion Identification of information in the text - Analysing and comparing data
� True/False/Not Given
Multiple-choice
Ready for Listening u�I.J::!l(Jl:,j�.JSI
www.irLanguage.com
Page42
Global issues and Section 4: Note completion Summary completion Task 2: Suggesting causes and solutions
opportunities Multiple-choice Identification of writer's views/claims - Developing a topic sentence
Page48 Yes/No/Not Given

The future Section 1: Note completion Summary completion Task1: Describing a pie chart
Page60 Table completion Multiple-choice
Short-answer questions

� The fruits of nature Section2: Multiple-choice Matching information Task 1: Describing a process
Page72 Labelling a map Identification of information in the text - Describing sequences
� Sentence completion True/False/Not Given
Flow-chart completion

Ready for Reading IELTS Reading checklist

Page84 Page91
The world of work and Section3: Multiple-choice Matching information Task2: Comparing advantages and
education Sentence completion Matching names disadvantages
Page92 Short-answer question Multiple-choice
Mapping the world Section 4: Note completion Matching sentence endings Task 1: Describing changes
Page104 Table completion in maps
Multiple-choice

� What is beauty? Section3: Sentence completion Sentence completion Task2: Describing effects and
Page116 Matching information Classification consequences
� Matching information to paragraphs

Ready for Writing IELTS Writing checklists

Page128 Page139

Is it art? Section2: Selecting items from a list Summary completion Task2: Discussing an opinion about a
Page140 Multiple-choice Labelling a diagram statement
Sentence completion

The family and society Section1: Note completion Sentence completion Task2:Agreeing or disagreeing with a
Page152 Matching information to paragraphs statement
Selecting items from a list Discussing views, causes, solutions
Concession

le\ Travelling around the world

Page164
Section2: Multiple-choice Summary completion Task2: Developing ideas
Sentence completion Identification of information in the text -
� True/False/Not Given
Short-answer questions
Ready for Speaking IELTS Speaking checklists
Page 176 Page181
The importance of Section3: Multiple-choice Matching headings Task1: Describing tables
infrastructure Multiple-choice Identification of writer's views/claims
Page182 Multiple-choice Yes/No/Not Given
Multiple-choice

'-1
� Money and well-being
Page 194
Section4: Multiple-choice
Note completion
Matching information
Matching names
Task 1: Describing charts

Multiple-choice

Additional material Wordlist Grammar reference Listening scripts

Page206 Page211 Page219 Page227
Speaking Language focus Vocabulary

Part 2: Describing a person Likes and dislikes Describing people

Present simple, present continuous
and past simple

Part 2: Describing an electronic device Past simple and present perfect Verbs of cause and effect
Habit in the past Word building: Evaluating adjectives
Adverbs of frequency

1 Part 1: Discussing sport 1 Adjectives with prepositions Sports

2 Part 3: Discussing physical activity 2 Comparison Word building: Adjectives ending in
and the benefits of sport -ing!-ed

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www.irLanguage.com

Part 1: Discussing food and Countable and uncountable nouns General nouns
manufactured goods Developing ideas
Part 3: Discussing world problems

Part 3: Discussing the future Ways of looking at the future Adjective/Noun collocations
Word building: Forming adjectives
from nouns
Verbs of prediction

Part 2: Describing a place of natural Transitive and intransitive verbs 1 Lifecycles and processes
beauty 2 Conservation

1 Part 3: Discussing goals and career Conditionals 1 Work

2 Part 2: Describing a job/an Collocations
achievement

Part 1: Describing a neighbourhood Referring in a text Nouns relating to places

Part 2: Social interaction with
neighbours

Part 2: Describing a building or Modal verbs for evaluating Beauty

monument Word building: Prefixes under­
2 Part 3: Discussing buildings and and over-
traditions

Part 3: Discussing the arts Defining and non-defining relative Art

Part 2: Describing an art form clauses

Part 2: Describing friendship, Conditionals 2 The family

relationship, period of your life, Word building: Suffixes -hood and
membership -ship

Part 1: Discussing travel Articles Adjectives with multiple meanings

Part 2: Describing a journey Word building: Words related to
memory

Part 2: Describing a street or Concession and developing ideas Nouns related to systems
square Word building: Modal verbs to
2 Part 3: Discussing transport systems adjectives

Part 3: Discussing well-being and Substitution and ellipsis Money matters

money Word building: Values and beliefs

Sample answer sheets

Page 238
Answer key
Page 241 www.irLanguage.com 3
Introduction
Welcome to Ready for IELTS, a course which is In each unit, there is practice in:
designed to help you prepare for the IELTS Academic • one section of the Listening test
exam.
• a Reading Passage test using full-length passages
The book aims to help students progress from a
global IELTS band score of 5 to a band score of 6.5/7. • either Task 1 or Task 2 of the Academic Writing
Students with a minimum score of 4/5 in any aspect test
of the exam can also use this book to help them • one or more of the parts of the Speaking test.
achieve a. global band score up to 6.5/7. For example,
to achieve a global band score of 5 candidates need Each section of the Listening test is covered in turn
minimum scores of 4, 5, 5, 5, in any order, in the four throughout the book, so there is the equivalent of
modules of Listening, Academic Reading, Academic three-and-a-half full listening tests in the main units,
Writing and Speaking. For a global band score of 7 with an additional example of each section in the
candidates need 6, 7, 7, 7, again in any order. Ready for Listening section.
The book contains a wide range of activities aimed at Overview of the examination
improving your English and developing the language
and skills you need to improve your band score. The academic version of the IELTS examination
As well as providing thorough practice in reading, consists of four tests: Listening, Academic Reading,
writing, listening and speaking, each unit of Ready Academic Writing and Speaking. For more
for IELTS includes one or more Language focus information and advice on each section of the test,
sections, which analyse the main grammar areas that see the appropriate Ready for ... unit, as well as the
are required for the exam, together with Vocabulary relevant sections in the main units.
and Word building sections.
Throughout the book, the following boxes help you IELTS Listening approximately 30 minutes
when performing the different tasks: The Listening test has 40 questions and lasts
• What to expect in the exam: these contain useful approximately 30 minutes. You hear each section
information on a particular type of task in the once only and you answer the questions in the
exam. question booklet as you listen. At the end of the test,
you have ten minutes to transfer your answers to an
• How to go about it: these give advice and
answer sheet.
guidelines on how to deal with different types of
tasks and specific questions. Section 1 A conversation between two people. The topic
• Don't forget!: these provide a reminder of is usually of a social nature.
important points to bear in mind when answering Section 2 A monologue or conversation between two
a particular type of question. people. The topic is usually of a social nature.
• Useful expressions: these contain extra words, Section 3 A conversation involving up to four people.
phrases and parts of sentences to help you The situation and topic are related to
complete exercises. education and training.
Further information and advice is included in the Section 4 A monologue. The context is related to
four supplementary Ready for ... units, one for each of education and training. Sometimes, there may
the four parts of the exam. These are found at regular be someone asking questions to a speaker.
intervals in the book and can be used at appropriate
moments during the course. Question types
Each unit contains a two-page Review of the Classification
language covered in the unit. As you revise for the
IELTS examination, you can use the Review pages as
Labelling a diagram/plan/map
a quick revision guide along with the Wordlists and Matching
Grammar reference at the back of the book. Also as Multiple-choice
you progress through the course, you may want to
Note/form/summary/table/flow-chart completion
refer back to the Review sections.
Selecting items from a list
The Grammar reference contains detailed
explanations of the grammar areas in the 14 Sentence completion
units, while the extensive Wordlist is based on the Short-answer questions
vocabulary in each unit.
The difficulty of the questions increases as the test
progresses.
4
 Introduction

IELTS Academic Reading 1 hour What do you consider to be the major influence?
What do you think are the main causes of this
In the Academic Reading test, there are three
problem/development? What effective measures can
passages, which are from various sources like books,
be taken to tackle (the situation/problem/issue)?
journals, magazines and newspapers. The passages
do not require specialist knowledge for you to What do you think are the main causes of this
understand them, and at least one of them contains problem/development? What are the effects of (the
a detailed logical argument. situation/problem/issue)?

Question types IELTS Speaking 11-14 minutes

Choosing suitable paragraph/section headings from a list The IELTS Speaking test lasts between 11 and 14
Classification minutes and consists of three parts. The test is
Completing sentences with the correct endings recorded. Sometimes there is a video recording of
the Speaking test.
Identification of information using 'True/False/Not Given'
statements The first two parts of the Speaking test are of a
Identification of the writer's claims and views using 'Yes/No/ personal nature and the last part deals with abstract
Not Given' statements concepts/ideas.
Labelling a diagram Task type
Part
Matching information to paragraphs/names to statements
Candidates are asked questions about topics
Multiple-choice such as their family, job/studies or interests,
Note/flow-chart/table completion and a wide range of other topics that students
are familiar with. Part 1 lasts four to five
Selecting items from a list minutes and includes an introduction of
Sentence completion yourself to the examiner.
Short-answer questions 2 Candidates talk about a topic on a Task Card
with prompts for one to two minutes. You are
Summary completion - with and without wordlists given one minute to think about the topic and
make notes on a sheet of paper.
IELTS Academic Writing 1 hour 3 Candidates have a discussion with the
The Academic Writing test lasts one hour and there examiner linked to the topic in Part 2. Part 3

=m·
..
lasts four to five minutes.
are two tasks. You are advised to spend 20 minutes
on Task 1 and asked to write at least 150 words. ,c,o;c,;.r"'�

For Task 2, you are advised to spend 40 minutes and 0

asked to write at least 250 words. 1rLanguage.oon,

Task Task type

1 Candidates are asked to describe data,
presented as a graph, chart or table, or a
diagram, such as a map or process, using their
own words.
2 Candidates are given a question containing a
point of view, argument or problem.
The rubrics in Writing Task 2 follow a range of
patterns, including:
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ...
Do you think this is a positive or negative
development?
To what extent do you agree or disagree (with this
opinion)?

5
0 We are all friends now u�1�1ut.:,j{!:?.J.G
www.irLanguage.com

Vocabulary: Describing people

Work in pairs. Describe what is happening in each of the photographs. Then discuss
the questions below.

• Do the photographs give you any clues about the personalities of the people in them?
• Which, if any, of the people would you like to be friends with? Why?

6
 We are all friends now

Match the people in each photograph with one or more of the adjectives below. Give at
least one reason for each choice.
Example:
The woman in picture 3 looks very conscientious because she seems to be working late.

artistic supportive adventurous talkative reliable patient

ambitious sporty creative considerate conscientious helpful

For nouns 1-8 below, decide whether the adjective ends in: -al, -ed, -ent, -able, -ing, -ful
or -ous. There may be more than one possible answer.

1 talent 3 care 5 confidence 7 knowledge

2 humour 4 generosity 6 sociability 8 punctuality

Work in pairs. Each of the items 1-8 below describe people. Match each item to an
adjective from exercise 3 above.
1 My grandfather tells jokes all the time and makes us all laugh.
2 He knows a great deal about many subjects, including science, geography and history.
3 My sister plays the piano exceptionally well. I hope to be as good as her one day.
4 She's never late for any appointments, and hates it when people aren't on time.
5 Olga knows she is very good at her job and always takes the lead in business meetings.
6 She gives a lot of money away to charities and to people who need it.
7 When Mary was younger, she devoted her time to looking after seriously ill people.
8 She loves being around people all the time, meeting and making friends.

Think of a friend who has one or more of the qualities above. With a partner,
describe the friend by explaining the qualities they have.

How would you describe yourself? Write down three adjectives and show the words
to your partner. Ask each other about them.

( Listening ) What numbers and letters do you find difficult to understand? Write them down and
then give them to a partner. Ask him/her to dictate the letters and numbers to you in any
iffiJt.f,j order, for example, f-p-t-f-g-j-l-m-f-b-d. Write down the letters you hear.

Which numbers do you find difficult to understand? Write down five sets of numbers,
for example, 6633, 6363, 3663, 677 331, 3553. Give them to a partner and ask him/her
to dictate the numbers to you slowly and then quickly in any order. Write down the
numbers you hear.

You can use the questions in the test to predict the content of the conversation. Work in
pairs and ask each other questions like:
Do you think the conversation is about singing classes only/adults or children?

7
 We are all friends now

For Questions 1-10 predict which of the following is needed: a noun, name, number,
adjective or adverb. irLanguage.com

How to go
about it 01 SECTION 1 Questions 1-10
• Read the Questions 1-6
instructions
carefully and note Complete the notes below.
word limits.
Write NO MORE THAN 1WO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
• Underline the
words in the Drama classes
questions that
show you that the
Example
answer is about
to be given. Try Performing arts classes with: �.<?.t:-i.t:Jg. singing and dancing
to predict the
answers.
• If the answer can Weekdays
be (a) word(s) or a Ages 7-11: from 1 ........................... to 6.30 pm Tuesday
number, read the
question to check Ages 12-15: 2 ........................... to 6 pm on Wednesday
which is required.
Ages 16 and above: 6-8 pm on 3 ...........................

Weekends
What to 10 am-1 pm for those 4 ...........................and over
expect in the
exam School holidays

• In IELTS Listening 5 ........................... for those 16 and under in August

Section 1,
you listen to a Performances
conversation Each class: at least 6 ........................... per year in the summer
between two
people once only.
Questions 7-10
At the beginning
of the recording, Complete the notes below.
you are told what
the conversation is Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
about and you hear
an example. Personal details
• You are given Joining fee 7 £ ........................... yearly per person
time to look at the
questions before Name: Maggie Campbell
you begin and also
again in the middle Address: 133 8 ........................... Dri ve
of the recording. Postcode: 9 ...........................
u'-:!=,1.H1 ul:>j �.JIJ
• At the end of each www.irLanguage.com
Contact number: 10 ...........................
section, you have
time to check your
answers.
(I) What kinds of classes have you done or do you like doing?
Give reasons and examples.

8
 We are all friends now -
www.irLanguage.com

Language focus 1: Likes and dislikes

In the conversation in the Listening, Maggie says what her 6 As she is so punctual, she likes other people (be) on time.
children like: 7 Sarah loves (socialise) with other people rather than (stay)
They love acting, singing and dancing, at home alone.
and what she'd like: 8 He can't stand (play) sport.
I'd like my children . . . to join the drama classes. 9 Wouldn't you prefer (see) this film at the cinema?
Why does she use love+ verb+ ·ing in the first sentence? 4 Rewrite sentences 1-7 below using the words in brackets. Do
Read more about likes and dislikes in the Grammar not change the meaning.
reference on page 219. The idea of living in the country appeals to me. (I'd like)
2 (!) Work in pairs. For 1-7 below, decide which sentences 2 Nowadays people don't seem to take any pleasure in
are correct. doing certain sports. (dislike)
Gabriella likes swimming a lot. 3 I get a lot of pleasure from playing tennis. (like)
2 John likes to get there on time. He doesn't like lateness. 4 She gets enormous enjoyment from shopping. (enjoy)
3 Would you like joining our study group? s He expects honesty in people he knows. (like)
4 Why did you hate playing football as a child? 6 She wants to see the film on DVD at home, not at the
s Does he dislike travelling by aeroplane? cinema. (would prefer)
6 My grandparents loved looking after us as kids. 7 He really likes to mingle with people at parties. (love)
7 As Joseph is independent, he enjoys to do things alone. 5 Work in pairs. Ask your partner about one way of
communicating with friends that they like and one way that
3 For sentences 1-9 below, put the verb in brackets into the they don't like. Use the questions below and ask for reasons
correct form. More than one answer may be correct. and examples.
Most of my friends dislike (play) computer games. Why do you like/dislike . . . ?
2 I'd like (live) near the sea as the air is fresh. Why don't you like . . . ?
3 Certain animals hate (be) around people. 6 (I) Are the ways of communicating talked about by your
partner popular in your country? Is the popularity of these
4 He likes (keep) the garden tidy, even though it takes time. means of communicating increasing or decreasing? Why?
s He enjoys (take) long walks on his own along the coast.

(�&,;aking ) 1 (!) Work in pairs. Look at the photographs below. Choose at least two adjectives to
describe the adults. Use the wordlist on page 211 to help you.

9
 We are all friends now

Decide which person on page 9 appeals to you most. Look at the adjectives you chose for
the person and make notes for the following:
• what kind of person they are generally
• why they appeal to you
• what they did when they were younger
ut::,:,1>.:1 ul:-j (:-">°
• what activities are they doing now.
www.irLanguage.com
Use your notes to tell your partner about the person.
How to go
about it
What to expect in the exam
• Use the time given • There are three parts in IELTS Speaking test. In Part 2, you are given a Task Card
to make notes. with prompts about a topic, e.g. a person, event, place, object, film, something
Write them in the that happened or you would like to happen, etc.
order of the prompts. • You are given one minute to think about what to say and to make notes.
• Glance at the notes • You then have one to two minutes to talk about the topic.
and develop your
ideas as you speak.
Look at the following Part 2 Task Card. Decide which tense you are going to use for each
• Try to use words part of the topic.
like for example ...
when/if ...
because ... and Describe a person you would like to be similar to.
50

• If you are asked You should say:

to talk about a who this person is
person, name and what this person does
try to think of the
person and the what qualities this person has
reasons for talking and explain why you would like to be similar to this person.
about them.
• Remember the last
prompt (explain Spend one minute making brief notes.
why) requires more Example:
detail.
• uncle • teacher • generosity, calmness • wise, helpful, funny

Work in pairs. Take turns talking about the topic, using your notes to guide you.
You should speak for up to two minutes. If possible, time each other.

(Reading )
iH4UltltLilil

What to
expect in the
exam
• T he IELTS Reading
test has three
Reading Passages
and 40 questions:
two passages with
13 questions and
one with 14.
• You should spend You are going to read a passage with three sets of questions. Read the title and decide
about 20 minutes
what it means. Predict what methods for staying in touch you are likely to find in the
on each passage.
passage.

,,,,... How important is it to make friends at a new college or university? Why? Do you
think students are able to keep in contact more with their family and friends nowadays
compared to the past? Give reasons and examples.
10
 We are all friends now

Skim the Reading Passage and all the questions as quickly as you can. With a
partner, use the questions as a guide to discuss what the passage is about. Also discuss
whether your predictions in exercise 1 above were correct.

How to go READING PASSAGE

about it You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading
• Read the title and Passage.
skim the passage in
two minutes to get Questions 1-6
an overall idea of
the content.
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
• Analyse the Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.
headings quickly.
Underline the List of Headings Example Answer
general nouns.
These occur a comparison of male and female use of commercial Paragraph A V
towards the venues
beginning of each 1 Paragraph B
heading. If there ii how various media affect the frequency of contact
are no nouns, think between friends 2 Paragraph C
of one that relates
iii the ranking of the most popular communication methods 3 Paragraph D
to the heading.
• Think about where iv the reasons why teenagers like using commercial venues 4 Paragraph E
in the passage v the popularity of internet friends
you could find 5 Paragraph F
paragraphs with vi the importance of regular contact with friends met online 6 Paragraph G
these types of
headings. vii the popularity of neighbourhoods
• Look at the viii the impact of mobile devices on contact between friends
example to help
with the context. ix alternative means of communication cited by teens
• Ask questions www.irLanguage.com
about the
headings, e.g. Are
headings i and iv
connected?
• You will not need
How teens hang out and stay in touch with their closest
to use all of the friends: a study of the attitudes of US teenagers aged 13 to 17
headings.
• When you have A The way young people are making friends this does not necessarily mean that a
finished, always around the world is changing. A US survey teen's best friend is an online friend, it does
check the sequence asked teens to focus on all of the ways in suggest a certain comfort with interacting
of the headings which they spend time and interact - both with friends and peers in an online space for
makes sense. digitally and in person - with the friend this group of teens.
who is closest to them. Many teens say C Neighborhoods also are a popular place for
u�1>.!1 ultjf5"YJ
they 'hang out' with their closest friend in teens to connect with one another - 42%
www.irLanguage.com online settings, such as social media sites of teens spend time around a neighborhood
or through gaming websites. More than half with their closest friend. Boys are more
of teens hang out with their closest friend likely than girls to spend time with their
online on a regular basis, which is similar closest friend in a neighborhood. Nearly
to the share of teens who spend time with half of teenage boys say this is where they
close friends at someone's house. Teenage regularly spend time with their closest
boys are especially likely to spend time friend, compared with 36% of girls.
online with close friends, as 62% do so
D About a third of teen girls spend time with
regularly, compared with 48% of teen girls.
their closest friend at a coffee shop or
B Many of those who have met a friend online shopping centre. Roughly one-quarter of
say they spend time with their closest teens regularly spend time with their best
friend on a regular basis online, which is friend at these places. Girls are twice as
somewhat higher than the 41 % of teens likely as boys to hang out in these locations:
who have not met a friend online. While

11
- We are all friends now

30% of teen girls regularly spend time with smartphone users. teens who have access
their closest friend there, compared with to a smartphone also are likely to be in
only 16% of boys. daily touch with their closest friend. Some
E Frequent contact with closest friends is 62% of teens with smartphone access are
facilitated by mobile devices and social in touch with their closest friend daily, and
media. Teens today have more ways 45% are in touch multiple times a day.
to stay in touch with friends than ever G Phone-based methods are overall the most
before. Beyond daily interactions at popular ways that teens communicate with
school, teens are increasingly connected their closest friends. Looking at the overall
by smartphones. social media, gaming, picture, texting comes out on top. Some
and the internet. These new avenues of 80% of teens say they use this as one of
communication broaden what it even the three most common ways they get
means to be 'friends', changing how teens in touch. But phone calls - a technology
connect and how they share with one from the analogue era - are the second
another. most popular method overall, with 69%
F Mobile devices help facilitate frequent of teens citing it as one of their choices.
connections between close friends. Teens This is followed closely by the 66% of
who have mobile internet access - teens who say social media is in their top
whether through a phone, tablet or other three preferences, while just 21 % of teens
mobile device - are significantly more noted gaming in any of their choices. Other
likely than those without this kind of access communication methods, such as video
to be in frequent touch with their closest sharing, blogging and discussion sites were
friend. A full 60% of these teen mobile cited by 10% of teens or less. Some 21 %
internet users are in touch daily with their of teens, however, said 'something else' to
closest friend (including 42% who make any of the three most common ways they
contact many times a day). This compares get in touch with their closest friend. Write­
with 47% of those without mobile internet in answers reveal that some teens use
access who communicate daily with video chatting, such as the popular iPhone
their closest friend, including 27% who service FaceTime, to get in touch with one
do so many times a day. Focusing in on another, as well as email.

Questions 7-10
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
7 The majority of teenagers spend time with their closest online friend on a
.....,..................... .
8 The best friend of a teenager is ........................... someone on line.
9 Almost ........................... of male teenagers spend time with their best friend in a
neighbourhood.
10 New communication devices ........................... the meaning of what a friend is.

Questions 11-13
Do the following statements agree with the information in the Reading Passage?
Write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
11 The use of social media and mobile devices among teenagers has little impact on their
contact with their closest friend .
12 Social media are used by teenagers to exchange photographs.
13 Teenagers also use video-based communication to contact friends.

4 (D, Do you think electronic devices, such as smartphones, and social media
improve the quality of friendships? Why/Why not?
12
 We are all friends now

Language focus 2: Present simple, present continuous and past simple

Scan the Reading Passage on page 11-12 to find the following: 4 Complete sentences 1-6 by putting the verb in brackets into
the present simple, present continuous or past simple.
1 ... while just 21 % of teens noted gaming in any of their
choices. A mentor (help) new students integrate into university life.
2 The way young people are making friends around the 2 Fewer older people (participate) in social networking
world is changing. compared to now.
3 Mobile devices help facilitate frequent connections 3 The research (affect) the way the new students were
between close friends. helped on their arrival at the university.
2 In each of the sentences above, underline the main verbs and 4 When I was young, my parents (influence) my attitude to
decide whether the present simple, present continuous or education enormously.
past simple tense is used. 5 Researchers (recruit) students for academic research now.
3 Match the tenses in exercise 2 with an appropriate 6 Each time I go on the internet, I (feel) that the amount of
explanation a-d. information is overwhelming.
a these events/actions occur routinely and repeatedly 5 Choose three verbs you changed in exercise 4. For
b an action which is still going on and is not finished yet each verb, write a sentence about yourself. With a partner,
take turns talking about your sentences.
c the event occurred in the past at a definite time
d this is always true, like a fact or a state
Read more about the tenses in the Grammar reference on
page 219.

Verbs of movement
(Writing
liMI
)
Work in pairs. Look at the graph. Match parts 1-10 with the verbs a-j.

1 A-8 a hit a low

2 8-C b fell and then levelled off
3 8-D C remained flat
4 D-F d plummeted
5 F e rose gradually
6 F-H f declined steadily
7 G g soared
8 1-J h dipped
9 J-K fluctuated
10 L-M hit a peak

For sentences 1-10 below, use the verbs in exercise 1 to replace the underlined text.
1 The price of laptops dropped and this was followed by a period of stability.
2 Numbers reached ahigh in the year 2009.
3 The amount of money spent ten
slightly and then qui ckly recovered.
4 Visitor numbers to the website plun ged in the first quarter of the year.
5 Book purchases increased steadily over the year.
6 The number of students applying to the university stabUised over the decade.
7 Attendance at the conference decreased graduany over the last five years.
8 The growth rate was erratjc during the previous year.
9 Member numbers reached their lowest pojnt in March.
10 Car sales rocketed over the period. 13
 We are all friends now

To add variety to your writing you can use nouns instead of verbs to describe movement.
Choose 10 verbs from exercises 1 and 2 and decide whether they can also be nouns.
Example:
What to drop - a drop
expect in the Rewrite at least three of the sentences from exercise 2 using nouns instead of verbs. For
exam three of the sentences this is not possible. Make any other necessary changes.
• In IELTS Writing Example:
Task 1 you have
to describe one or There was a ( + adjective) + noun + in ...
more sets of data: a There was a drop in the price of laptops followed by a period of stability.
graph, chart. table.
diagram or a map/ Compare your sentences with another pair of students.
plan.
• You should write at
least 1 50 words. Analysing main trends and purpose
• You should spend
about 20 minutes Work in pairs. Read the Task 1 question below and answer questions 1-3 which follow.
on this task.
WRITING TASK 1
How to go You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
about it
• Study the data The graph below shows the results of a survey among online adults on their use of
carefully, noting various social media in the USA between 2012 and 2015.
any special Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
features. comparisons where relevant.
• Make sure to
summarise rather Write at least 150 words.
than just list data.
• Always write The percentage of online adults using various websites in the USA
an overview of
the data. T his %
can come in the
introduction, at the 80
beginning of the
second paragraph
or at the end as a 70
conclusion.
• Make sure you - Facebook
organise your 60
answers in
• • • • Pinterest
paragraphs.
- - - lnstagram
50
Linked In
40 -Twitter

30

20
-- -- -- -
10 G). - -

0
2012 2013 2014 2015

14
 We are all friends now

1 Is the trend the same for each website?

2 Are the changes in the proportions for the websites slight, dramatic, or noticeable
in any way?
3 What do you think the purpose of the survey is?
a to see if the use of social media has changed
b to confirm that social media use is declining

Add the items below to the correct place in the model answer.
a the trend in the proportion of adults using the websites is upward
b saw a 25% increase in the proportion of online adult users
c the proportion of the usage of lnstagram jumped more than twofold
d The graph illustrates
e remained flat
f A similar pattern was seen
g there was a small rise in the proportion of

1 _______________ the proportions of adults online using various social networking

sites, according to a survey in the United States between 2012 and 2015.
Generally speaking, 2 _____________ , with a faster increase for lnstagram and
Pinterest than the others, including Facebook, the most popular website overall. While
3 _____________ online adults using the latter, from 67% to 72% over the period, in
the last three years the trend was flat By contrast, 4 _____________ from 13% in 2012
to 28% in 2015. 5 _______________ at the Pinterest site where the proportion of adult
users went up more than 100% from 15% to 31%.
Linked In, by comparison, 6 ________________ , from 20% in 2012 to 25% in 2015 with a
noticeable peak of about 28% in 2014. Similarly, as regards Twitter, there was a rise from
16% to 23% in 2012 and 2014 respectively, but in 2015 usage 7 ___________ .

Work in pairs . In the completed model answer, paraphrase the phrases a-g above. Use a
dictionary if necessary. Compare your answers with another pair.

Write an answer to the Task 1 question on page 206. When you have finished, check your
answer using the checklist on page 13 9.

15
 Review
Vocabulary: Describing people

Use a suitable adjective to fill each blank space.

1 Do you know anyone who makes people laugh? Yes, my best friend is really _____
2 Is there anyone you know who talks a lot? Yes, I'm quite myself.
3 Do you like people being ? Yes, I do, because being on time is important.
4 Why do you think it's important to be ? Well, so people can trust you and know
you'll do things properly.
5 Who do you think is the most person you know? My sister can sing and
dance and play the piano.
6 Would you say you are ? Yes, I work really hard at school and in my job.
7 Do you really want to succeed in life? Definitely, I'm very _____
8 Are you someone who plays swims and jogs lot? Yes, I think I'm fairly _____

2 Work in pairs and ask each other the questions and develop the answers using or
paraphrasing the adjectives.

Language focus 1: Likes and dislikes

1 Match the two parts of the sentence together. Use each item once only. irLanguage.com

1 I like a to meet his friends rather than sit at home.

2 Anna is sociable and dislikes b being in large crowds.
3 They don't enjoy c playing games online with my close friends.
4 Pedro prefers d to go to the cinema or go to the gym?
5 Would you like e watching TV that much.
6 He's very sociable, but he can't stand f spending time on her own.
7 This evening, would you prefer g having to wait for buses and trains.
8 I personally prefer h to go on holiday with a large group of people?
9 They hate to study with friends rather than by myself.

Language focus 2: Present simple, present continuous and past simple

Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable tense. If more than one tense is possible, explain
the difference.
1 I (enjoy) using various online websites to buy gifts for my friends and family, but my credit
cards (cause) me some difficulty at the moment.
2 What method do you and your friends (use) to contact each other? When you (first use)
this method?
3 I (have) many relatives, some of whom I (contact) on a daily basis.
4 The person I (want) to describe (be) my older sister who now (live) in Australia where she
(study) for a degree in engineering. She (start) the course two years ago.
5 According to the report a majority of young people (spend) a lot of time online chatting to
their friends, which (be} not the case ten years ago.
16
 We are all friends now

6 Mobiles (have) an enormous impact on the way people of all ages (communicate) with
each other.
7 People (think) Vladimir (be) very creative. He (become) a professional artist five years
ago and now (run) a very successful design studio.
8 In the past, he (be) the kind of person who (like) to make people happy. He (tell) lots of
jokes and (make) fun of things, but now he (be) much more serious.
9 My family (help) me a lot when I first (start) studying, but now I (support) myself.
10 Using social media does not (appeal) to everyone, which I fully (understand).

Writing Task 1
Rewrite the sentences below using the word in brackets.
1 There was a dramatic increase in club membership between January and March.
(dramatically)
2 Visits to the museum fell steadily in 2016. (steady)
3 Online sales fluctuated noticeably. (noticeable)
4 The number of people joining the social website peaked in 2015. (reach)
5 Spectator numbers increased gradually over the football season . (gradual)
6 Overall, it is clear that the rise in numbers is erratic throughout the period. (erratically)
7 The number of visitors to the leisure centre declined slightly. (slight)
8 There was a significant rise in ticket sales to the concert. (significantly)

Accuracy in IELTS
1 Identify the type of mistake in the sentences below and then correct them. There is one
mistake per sentence.

a spelling mistake the wrong word the wrong verb form

the wrong tense the wrong word order the wrong word form

1 The numbers of Friends at the museum rose drammatically after the extension opened.
2 There is a soar in the numbers of users in then morning.
3 He enjoys to be with his family at the weekend.
4 As can be seen, people prefer be time with friends rather than study.
5 The volume of users of the department rocket last weekend.
6 My best fried is very talkative and humorous.
7 Do you think pop singers are really talent?
8 I don't like large crowds of people, so I'm not going to football matches as a rule.
9 He love spending time with his family.
10 Attendances at the conference significantly during the week fluctuated.

17
u�1�1 u�je,.JI)
www.irLanguage.com
8 Technology - now and then

Vocabulary: Verbs of cause and effect

1 _ Work in pairs. Look at the photographs and discuss the questions below.

• Which two items have had the greatest influence on your life? Give reasons and examples.
• How have each of the items shaped people's lives?
• Some people think the wheel and the abacus are the most important inventions of all time.
Do you agree? Why/Why not?

18
 Technology - now and then -

2 To make nouns from verbs you can add endings like -ment and -ion, e.g. develop/
development. For some verbs the noun form is the same, e.g. to shape/a shape. Decide
what the noun form is for each of the verbs 1-12 below. Which verb does not follow the
patterns mentioned?
1 improve imwovement 7 promote
2 destroy 8 damage
3 produce 9 ruin
4 affect 10 result
5 harm 11 advance
6 enhance 12 deteriorate

3 Work in pairs. The verbs and nouns in exercise 2 can be used to describe changes.
Classify each verb and noun as a positive change, a negative change, or a neutral change.

4 For sentences 1-5 below, complete the gaps using the nouns in exercise 2.
1 Advertising companies increase sales through the tion of goods on TV.
2 Some pessimists argue that love of technology will eventually cause the
_ _
___tion of society.
3 ments in technology have gathered pace in recent years as the speed
of computers has increased.
4 What recent advances have led to the _____ion of cheaper goods?
5 Some believe over-reliance on certain electronic devices can lead to the
_____ tion in short-term memory.

5 Rewrite sentences 1-7 below so that they contain the verb in brackets. Make any other
necessary changes.
Example:
The introduction of a cafe and computers resulted in a significant improvement in the
library's facilities. (improve)
The introduction of a cafe and computers significantly improved the library's facilities.
The library's facilities were significantly improved as a result of the introduction of a cafe.
1 People constantly debate whether television has a positive or negative influence on
society. (influence)
2 The use of mobile phones is having a dramatic effect on the way we communicate. (affect)
3 Climate change has caused the destruction of many crops. (destroy)
4 Did the invention of the internet really do any harm to the way people live and work? (harm)
5 A series of new software inventions resulted in a sharp deterioration in the sales of certain
mobile telephones. (deteriorate)
6 The use of technology meant that the archaeologists caused very little damage to the site.
(damage)
7 Many people like Einstein and Newton have changed the shape of science. (shape)

6 _ Work in pairs. Discuss at least one statement or question from exercise 5. Develop
your discussion using reasons and examples.

19
- Technology - now and then

( Listening ) 1 Look at Questions 11-15 and think of possible synonyms or paraphrases for the
,mw following words and phrases:
yearly is held together subject during the preparation for influence
www.irLanguage.com

What to (D 02 SECTION 2 Questions 11-20

expect in the
exam Questions 11-15
• In IELTS Listening Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
Section 2 you
Penwood Museum Competition
usually listen to
a monologue, 11 The yearly competition is held
but you may
also hear one A together with the museum's education department.
person answering B as part of the museum's autumn show.
questions.
• The topic is usually C along with the summer exhibition.
of general interest 12 The subject of this year's competition is using technology
and there can be
two or three sets of A to involve young people in the museum's activities.
questions.
B to form better links between local people and the museum.
C to improve the local community's engagement with the arts.
How to go
about it 13 The competition was limited to those aged

• Look at any A 11-15.

headings in the B 13-17.
questions.
C 15-19.
• Use the questions
to think about 14 During the preparation for the entr y the competitors were
the answers. For
example, look A able to use the museum's educational facilities.
at the stem in B helped by the education staff at the museum.
Question 11. The
answer is about a C allowed to buy any of the equipment they needed.
competition held
every year. Three 15 According to the speaker, the prize-winning exhibits have
options are given. A led to traffic jams outside the museum.
• Underline words
B led to a reduction in attendances.
in the stems and
options of the C increased interest in the museum.
other multiple­
choice questions Questions 16-20
which you think
will help you listen The Video Commentaries
for the answer.
Most of the words What did the older people say about each piece of equipment? u�l�lul:-i[!:?..>D
www.irLanguage.com
you need to listen Choose FWE answers from the box and write the correct
for are paraphrases
letter, A-F, next to Questions 16-20. Comments
or synonyms of
these words. Equipment A too large
• Avoid underlining 16 early wooden-framed TV
the whole of the B boring
stem. Mark only 17 early radios C more convenient
words like nouns,
names, verbs or 18 microwave ovens D exciting
function words like 19 laptops Ewell-constructed
'because', which
you think will tell 20 old cameras F still looked fashionable
you the answer
is about to be
mentioned. 2 m What is the oldest piece of technology you still use?
20
 Technology - now and then -

Word building: Evaluating adjectives

It is important to be able to evaluate ideas and recognise when ideas are being qualified.
Look at the following extract from the listening script:
We have had loads of entries from secondary schools, which is important as more local
teenagers are getting involved.
Here the adjective 'important' qualifies the idea in the previous clause.
Work in pairs. Think of synonyms for the following adjectives.
unimpor tant useless valueless harmless

2 Now think of synonyms for their opposite forms.

important useful valuable harmful

3 For each adjective 1-12 below, write the opposite form in the correct column of the table.

in-Jim- un- -less

1 useful
2 practical
3 impor tant
4 necessary
5 significant
6 harmful
7 valuable
8 convenient
9 effective
10 appealing
11 worthwhile
12 inspiring

4 For sentences 1-6 below, decide which adjective from exercise 3 can be used to replace
the underlined words. Make any necessary changes.
Example:
Many of the early technologies we take for granted are those that we cannot do without.
necessary
1 Some ideas from the 1950s were not very sensible or easy to use.
2 Using hydrogen cars to combat global warming is a solution that produces the desired result.
3 Satellite navigation systems have made travelling by car something that requires little effort
or trouble.
4 With so much business being done online, learning to build a website can be really worth
the time spent on it.
5 Instead of being an activity which does no harm, mobile phone gaming can sometimes
be dangerous.
6 The work of people like Louis Daguerre, who shaped the world of cinema, can only
be considered as stimulating and motivating.

21
- Technology - now and then

Work in pairs. Make notes of no more than 10 to 12 words about the topic.
(Speaking )
lkMI Describe an electronic device which Describe an electronic present which
you have bought. You should say: you have received. You should say:
what the device is what the present was
where you bought the device who bought you the present
when you bought the device when you received the present
and explain why you bought the device. and explain why you liked the present.

2 Compare your notes with another pair who chose the same card. Consider the following:
• the number of words in your notes
• the kinds of words you used (nouns, adjectives, etc)
• if your notes are easy to read at a glance - explain why/why not.

3 -= Work with a different partner who chose a different card. Take turns talking about
the card using your notes to guide you. You should speak for up to two minutes. Time
each other using a stopwatch. When your partner has finished speaking, give him/her
feedback using the checklist on page 181.

Language focus 1 : Past simple and present perfect

Look at the following extracts from the Listening on page 6 In the past five years, survival rates for people with certain
227.Then answer the questions below. illnesses (improved/have improved/have been improved).
a The first prize in this year's competition has been won by a 7 Yesterday, I (did/have done/have been done) something
group of seven young people who chose various exhibits from I (did not do/have not done/have not been done) before.
the museum '.s collection of equipment. I (spent/have spent/have been spent) the whole day
reading a novel.
b They arranged them with modern versions and recorded their
own reactions ... 3 For sentences 1-8 below, decide if the verb in brackets
c ... the competitors were allowed to use the educational should be active or passive. Then put it into the past simple.
facilities ... The invention of the plough (revolutionise) agriculture.
Underline the main verbs.Which tense is used, past simple 2 What (contribute) to the rapid pace of change in the world
or present perfect? in the 20th century?
2 Why do you think different tenses are used in the first two 3 The impact of a comet (lead) to the extinction of the
sentences? dinosaurs.
3 In which sentences is the passive voice used? Why? 4 Chess first (play) in India.
(f4) Read more about the past simple and present perfect in the 5 The radio (invent) in Italy by Marconi.
Grammar reference on page 220.
6 When people (create) cities, it (shape) the way the human
2 For sentences 1-7, underline the correct verb form in brackets. race (live) forever.
Not long ago, I (began/have begun/was begun) to study 7 Before the advent of transport, people (travel) for days
another language. between countries.
2 When we (were/have been) young, we (didn't have/ 8 The mountainous landscape in Greece (influence) the
haven't had) many toys, but children nowadays (became/ development of ancient city states.
have become/have been become) used to having lots of
4 Write five statements about yourself, using the structure
toys and games.
I have never ... , but I ... and the time phrases below.
3 Recently, companies (started/have started/have been The day before yesterday . . . Last week/month/year ...
started) thinking about moving into space tourism.
Three days/weeks ago ... The week before last ...
4 I first (went/have gone/have been gone) to South America
5 Work in pairs.Tell your partner your sentences.Then ask
in the early seventies, but I (never visited/have never
visited/have never been visited) Asia. each other questions to find out more details. Use the following
words in your questions: when, why, why not, what, how, who,
5 (Did you ever see/Have you ever seen/Did you ever seen) where.
the Northern Lights?

22
 Technology - now and then 1111
(Reading ) READING PASSAGE
iMIIIULilil
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the
Reading Passage below.
How to go
about it The long period of the Bronze autonomously, independent of
Age in China. which began outside influences. The era of the
• Some IELTS
around 2000 B.C., saw the Shang and the Zhou dynasties is
Reading Passages
growth and maturity of a generally known as the Bronze
do not have a title.
For these passages, civilization that would be Age of China. because bronze,
look at the last sustained in its essential aspects an alloy of copper and tin. used to
question which for another 2,000 years. In the fashion weapons, parts of chariots,
will be a multiple­ early stages of this development, and ritual vessels, played an important
choice question, the process of urbanization went role in the material culture of the time.
with usually four hand in hand with the establishment of a Iron appeared in China toward the end of the
possible answers. social order. In China, as in other societies, period, during the Eastern Zhou dynasty.
One option covers the mechanism that generated social One of the most distinctive and characteristic
the whole passage cohesion, and at a later stage statecraft. was images decorating Shang-dynasty bronze
and the others ritualization. As most of the paraphernalia vessels is the so-called taotie. The primary
generally relate for early rituals were made in bronze and attribute of this frontal animal-like mask is
to parts of the as rituals carried such an important social a prominent pair of eyes, often protruding
passage, so they function, it is perhaps possible to read into in high relief. Between the eyes is a nose.
still give you an the forms and decorations of these objects often with nostrils at the base. Taotie can
idea of what the some of the central concerns of the societies also include jaws and fangs, horns. ears,
passage is about. {at least the upper sectors of the societies) and eyebrows. Many versions include a split
• Skim the passage that produced them. animal-like body with legs and tail, each
and the questions There were probably a number of early flank shown in profile on either side of the
as quickly as you centers of bronze technology, but the area mask. While following a general form, the
can. Remember along the Yellow River in present-day Henan appearance and specific components of
the questions give Province emerged as the center of the most taotie masks varied by period and place of
you a summary of advanced and literate cultures of the time and production. Other common motifs for Shang
the content of the
became the seat of the political and military ritual bronze vessels were dragons, birds.
passage.
power of the Shang dynasty {ca. 1600-1050 bovine creatures, and a variety of geometric
B.C.), the earliest archaeologically recorded patterns. Currently, the significance of the
dynasty in Chinese history. The Shang taotie. as well as the other decorative motifs,
dynasty was conquered by the people of in Shang society is unknown.
Zhou, who came from farther up the Yellow Jade. along with bronze, represents the
River in the area of Xi'an in Shaanxi Province. highest achievement of Bronze Age material
In the first years of the Zhou dynasty {ca. culture. In many respects. the Shang dynasty
1046- 256 B.C.), known as the Western Zhou can be regarded as the culmination of 2,000
{ca. 1046-771 B.C.), the ruling house of Zhou years of the art of jade carving. Shang
exercised a certain degree of 'imperial' power craftsmen had full command of the artistic
over most of central China. With the move of and technical language developed in the
the capital to Luoyang in 771 B.C., however, diverse late Neolithic cultures that had a jade­
the power of the Zhou rulers declined and working tradition. On the other hand, some
the country divided into a number of nearly developments in Shang and Zhou jade carving
autonomous feudal states with nominal can be regarded as evidence of decline. While
allegiance to the emperor. The second phase Bronze Age jade workers no doubt had better
of the Zhou dynasty, known as the Eastern tools - if only the advantage of metal ones
Zhou {771-256 B.C.). is subdivided into two - the great patience and skill of the earlier
periods. the Spring and Autumn period {770- period seem to be lacking.
ca. 475 B.C.) and the Warring States period
If the precise function of ritual jades in the
{ca. 475-221 B.C.). During the Warring States
late Neolithic is indeterminate, such is not the
period, seven major states contended for
case in the Bronze Age. Written records and
supreme control of the country, ending with
archaeological evidence inform us that jades
the unification of China under the Qin in 221
were used in sacrificial offerings to gods and
B.C.
ancestors, in burial rites, for recording treaties
Although there is uncertainty as to when between states, and in formal ceremonies at
metallurgy began in China, there is reason to the courts of kings.
believe that early bronze-working developed

23
- Technology - now and then

How to go Questions 1-6

about it
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
For Questions 1-6:
Write:
• Look for words
and paraphrases TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
of words that help FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
you scan for the NOT GWEN if there is no information on this
answer.
For Questions 7-12: 1 As the migration of people to towns and cities took place, Chinese society became more
• Find the words unified.
bronze, taotie and 2 According to evidence that has been unearthed, the Zhou people lost power to the Shang.
jade in the passage
and�them so 3 At the end of the Zhou dynasty, there were nine powers seeking to rule China.
you can see them 4 Iron was introduced to China from outside.
easily.
• Read the 5 There was only one type of taotie.
statements and 6 There is some proof that later jade carving was superior to earlier examples.
un derlin e the
information to scan
for. Questions 7-12
• Scan the passage Classify the following descriptions as relating to
for words and
A Bronze
paraphrases of
words in the B Taotie
questions.
C Jade
For Question 13:
• Look for the title List of Descriptions
that focuses on all
the information in 7 Its features depended on when and where it was made.
the text, not just
part of it. 8 Its meaning in one period of history is still a mystery.
9 Its decoration illustrates issues the elite in China dealt with.
10 It was not worked with the same degree of sophistication as in previous times.
11 It possibly sprang up spontaneously without any help from beyond China.
12 It was used for keeping a record of formal agreements between states.

Question 13
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Which of the following is the most suitable title for the Reading Passage?
A The importance of jade carvings
B The Chinese Bronze Age
C The decline of the Bronze Age
D How iron was introduced to China

� 'History has nothing to t<:!ach us, so there is no point dwelling on the past.'
Do you agree with the statement? Does ancient history have any relevance today?

24
 Technology - now and then -
www.irLanguage.com

Language focus 2: Habit in the past

Would and used to show repeated actions/activities that 3 Decide where in the chart you can add the following words.
no longer happen. Look at the following extracts from the
Listening on page 227 and answer the questions: occasionally often not often usually regularly
a They remembered how they would sometimes all go round to . . . , hardly ever rarely commonly
b ... all of whom used to have one . . .
Which sentence is reminiscing about the past? (f4) Read more about adverbs of frequency in the Grammar
reference on page 220.
2 Which sentence is used to describe repeated actions/
activities?
3 Which sentence is used to talk about states that no longer
exist?
(f4) Read more about would and used to in the Grammar
reference on page 220.
2 For 1-8 below, decide which sentences are correct. Then
decide why the incorrect sentences are wrong.
I would work at the post office during holidays.
2 Students used to play silly games, but they would enjoy
them thoroughly.
3 Pat would work as a lawyer, but he didn't do it for long.
4 For 1-6 below, decide if the adverb of frequency in italics is
4 People in my hometown would always hold lots of parties. suitable. Replace the adverbs that are not suitable.
5 He used to fix engines and would build his own car. I always read the newspaper in the morning. I only read it
6 My brothers and sisters didn't use to go to university. in the afternoon.
They went straight into work after secondary school. 2 I would sometimes play games with my friends in the
7 As a rule, people left their doors unlocked; there never evenings. We used to meet up about five times a week.
used to be any break-ins. 3 I never played computer games when I was very young,
8 People didn't use to throw things away as much as they but I used to play them a lot as a teenager.
do now.They mended them instead. 4 The class seldom meet up after school.This happens only
once in a while.
Adverbs of frequency
s Where I come from even strangers usually greet each other
Look at the following sentence from the Listening on page when they meet. It's rare for them not to.
227 and underline the adverb of frequency. 6 In some parts of the world people hardly ever leave their
They remembered how they would sometimes all go round to villages, maybe only once in a lifetime.
someone's house to watch TV as a special treat. 5 Write a sentence about your childhood and early life for each
Decide which gap this word fits below. of the sentence beginnings below.
Always 100% Example:
2 I would ...
3 Frequently I would go to the river near my home rather than sit at home all day
in front of the TV
4
I used to ...
5 Seldom
2 I would sometimes ...
6 Never 0%
3 I used to always ...
2 Complete the remaining gap with a suitable adverb of 4 I would hardly ever ...
frequency.

0�1�,u�j�.>"
www.irLanguage.com

25
- Technology - now and then
Work in pairs . Read the Task 2 question below and answer the questions which follow.
(Writing
lffli
)
What to expect in the exam
• In IELTS Writing Task 2, you have to write an essay on a topic of general interest.
• You are asked to write at least 250 words.
• You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Some people believe that technology has led to many positive developments in their
lives, while others think technology is gradually taking over control of the way people live.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

1 Which part of the statement contains a positive development and which part contains a
How to go negative development?
about it
2 Which of the two views do the notes below relate to? Give reasons and examples.
• Two different views
are expressed in a more convenient/greater convenience
this question. Make
two columns A
b harmful to society
and B. Choose one c affecting production at work negatively
of the views and
write a list of ideas d more practical
in column A in one
to two minutes. 2 You can generate ideas by thinking of opposites. What are the opposites of the ideas in
Do not exclude any exercise 1? Can you think of examples to support them.
ideas. T hen write
a list of opposing 3 What other ways can you use to generate ideas?
views in column B.
Select one or two 4 Work in pairs. When you write an introduction it needs to reflect the structure and
ideas from each meaning of the writing task. Look at the following introductions for the writing task
column. above. Decide which two are suitable and why.
• Express your own
opinion either by 1 In some people's eyes, the influence of technology over our lives is beneficial and yet to
supporting one others it is harmful.
view or balancing
the two views. 2 Technology is part of our daily lives. While some people see this situation has brought
• Write an many improvements, others feel that technology is too controlling. Personally, I think
introduction that
paraphrases the that technology is largely beneficial.
question. Keep 3 With recent scientific advances, it is argued by some that many positive changes have
the introduction
brief - two to been brought about in people's lives by technology Other people believe, however, that
three sentences is we are losing control of our lives to technology Personally, I feel it is a mixture of both.
enough.
• Writetwo 5 Improve the introduction which is not suitable in exercise 4 above.
paragraphs for the
vievvs in the question
and one for your
own vif!W followed
by a conclusion.

26
 Technology - now and then 1111
6 The paragraph below develops the writer's own opinion in answer to the Task 2 question
on page 26. Read the paragraph and match it to one of the two suitable introductions in
exercise 4.

However, I feel it is a
To some people, technology is controlling their lives.
mixture of positive and negative effects, because technology like smartphones
has brought enormous improvements. Take, for example, the impact of
technology on communication. Smartphones have revolutionised the way
items such as personal and commercial messages are sent with the electronic
transmission of messages. Moreover, very large files such as reports that were
once sent by post can now be transmitted electronically in order to save time
and money. As a result, people and the economy benefit.

7 Put each of the linking words in bold in exercise 6 into the correct box in the table below.

Additional
Example Reason Result Purpose Contrast
Information

Adverb

Conjunction

Other

8 Decide what other words can be used to indicate examples and add them to the table.

9 Decide which words in the box below can be used to replace the words in exercises 6 and
7 and add them to the table.

but although since as similarly furthermore

consequently so therefore also and so to

10 Rewrite the paragraph in exercise 6 by doing at least two of the following:

• changing all the examples in the paragraph
• changing the linking words in bold in the paragraph
• changing some of the nouns and verbs
• changing the adjectives .

Check that your new paragraph reads well. Compare your paragraph with a partner.

11 Write your own answer for the Task 2 question on page 209. When you have finished,
check your answer using the checklist on page 139.

27
8 Review u�t.Hlul:,j�.>4
www.irLanguage.com

Vocabulary: Verbs of cause and effect

1 Identify the nouns and verbs that are related to cause and effect.
1 In the last 10 years, considerable improvements in health care have been brought about
by technology.
2 Computer waste has seriously damaged the environment.
3 Scientific research has led to some startling technical advances such as driverless cars.
4 Smartphone technology has been responsible for improvements in global communication.
5 Certain inventions such as the jet engine have had a profound effect on air travel.
6 In future, inventions such as 3D printing will make industrial production easier.
7 The rapid pace of advances in technology has resulted in greater stress among workers
compared to the past.
8 New techniques in design have changed the shape of the automobile world.

2 Rewrite the sentences in exercise 1 in your own words so that the effect occurs before
the cause in each sentence. There may be more than one answer. Make any necessary
changes.
Example:
Major advances in manufacturing have resulted from a sharp increase in automation.
A sharp increase in automation has resulted in major advances in manufacturing.

3 Look at the sentences you have written and underline the effect in each sentence.

Word building: Evaluating adjectives

Remove the word 'not' from each sentence below and make the qualifying adjective
positive or negative.
1 Having advanced computer skills is not necessary for all workers.
2 Travelling daily to an office is not convenient for modern workers.
3 Inventions like the radio and TV are often seen as not important by some people.
4 Using computers for long periods of time is definitely not harmless.
5 I think having a knowledge of computer programming is not valueless.
6 The changes in the sales figures were not significant.
7 In my opinion, the software training was not effective.
8 Doing the language games on the computer was certainly not a worthless exercise.
9 It is not practical to have everyone studying the same subjects at university.
10 The lecture on technology in the workplace was not inspiring.

28
 Technology - now and then -

Language focus 1: Past simple and present perfect

Use the past simple and the present perfect once each in the sentences below.
1 Technology (transform) all professional fields, since the first commercial personal
computer (come) on the market in the early 1970s.
2 I first (visit) the science museum in my teens and (go) back many times in recent years.
3 Last week, I (install) several maps on my phone, which (help) me enormously.
4 The education I (receive) as a child (shape) my life.
5 I (rarely ever use) my phone to make video calls, so this morning I (download) some
new software.
6 What (happen) education-wise at secondary school (influence) my whole life.
7 I (need) to have a computing qualification of some kind for the job, even though I (build)
up lots of experience over the years.
8 Attendances (rise) over the whole period, even though they (dip) noticeably in 2016.
9 The year before last (be) the most boring period in my life, yet since then everything (be)
rather exciting.
10 Communication (definitely be) less stressful since the smartphone (become) available.

Language focus 2: Habit in the past

In the following extract from IELTS Speaking Part 2, underline and correct the five
mistakes in the verbs and verb phrases in italics. Decide what the candidate was asked to
describe.
'The place I'd like to describe is my hometown, where I lived until I was ten years old. I 1
hadn't visited my hometown for the last 15 years. So recently I 2 decided to pay a short visit. I
can't say that I 3 would know what to expect. Fields where I 4 would play with my friends
5 were now covered with buildings and the school I 6 would attend is no longer there. It 7 has
been turned into a supermarket. A lot of famous people 8 used to attend the school, so I am
surprised that permission 9 was given to knock it down.
If I remember rightly, it 10 would rain a lot when I was a child, but 11 it has never seemed to
annoy us kids. We 12 have just carried on regardless.'

Accuracy in IELTS

Identify the linking words and devices below. Underline and correct those that are not
used properly.
New technology has changed student life forever. Because with the internet students can
access information for essays and do research from anywhere, for example, they can work at
home or in cafes or on trains without going to a library. Students can now use resources such
as articles, books, videos and lectures online and watch lectures that they have missed.
Furthermore, the books students need at the library can often be reserved online or
they can go on the internet. In order to buy books and have them delivered next day. As a
result, considerable amounts of time can be saved, though, technology may also make the
studying process much more convenient, it can cut students off from each other and so it is
important for them to meet face to face in seminars and lectures.

2 Decide which of these words and phrases can replace those in exercise 1 without making
any changes: moreover, like, to, consequently, since.

29
 Thrill seekers

Vocabulary: Sports

1 _ With a partner, describe what is happening in each of the photographs. Then discuss
the questions below.

2
(J�l�I ul:,j e?.JS'
www.irLanguage.com

• Which of these activities would you like/not like to try?

• Which activity do you think is the most exciting/popular/risky?
• What is the attraction of extreme sports compared with activities
such as playing video games or reading?
2 For 1-8 in the table below, decide what sport is connected with the place and the
equipment. There may be more than one possible answer.

Sport Place Equipment

1 pitch ball/goal
2 ring gloves/shorts
3 track shoes/spikes
4 gy m weights
5 pool costume
6 sea skis
7 court racket/ball
8 course clubs/irons
30
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 Thrill seekers -

3 Work in pairs. Give at least one example of each type of sport in 1-10 below. You may
use a dictionary to help you, if necessary.

1 motor 2 water 3 racket 4 winter S outdoor

6 table 7 combat 8 equestrian 9indoor 10 team
4 Are extreme sports popular among your friends/in your home country? Why/Why not?

( Listening ) Work in pairs. Look at the instructions and questions. For 21-30, predict the part of
,mw speech for each answer (e.g. noun, verb or adjective). Then decide which words will help
show you that the answer is about to be given.

What to ("j) 03 SECTION 3 Questions 21-30

www.irLanguage.com
expect in the
exam Questions 21-25
• In Section 3, there Complete the notes below.
are two speakers,
for example, Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
students with or
without a tutor.
Janson Adventure Sports Centre
You need to Purpose of case study
concentrate and
learn to recognise • to look at why it was more 21 ... . ..... .................... compared to other centres
who is speaking. Centre interviews
• The discussion
is usually about • at least 600 members overall
a subject of an • 43 staff including 22 ................. ....... .....
academic nature.
• Interviewed around 23 .............................
• Face-to-face interviews preferable to a questionnaire
How to go
about it • Would be able to ask for 24 ......... ........ ............ where necessary

• Skim the questions • Good administration/very focused managers

to get an idea of • Management team has 25 ............................. from those using the Centre
the topic of what
you will hear. Questions 26-30
• Mark any specific
information in Complete the table below.
tables, especially Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
headings.
• Try to decide the Reasons for Centre's success
type of word that
is required, for Reasons Comments by researchers Purpose
example, noun, courses promoting team to maintain people's
adjective, noun spirit and crucial 27 .......... ..... . ..... . .....
phrase, number,
26 .. . ... . . ........ . .......... in the Centre
verb, etc. Also try
to decide whether encouraging people
nouns are singular quality of
professional to reach their
or plural. 28 . .. . . . . ....................
29 ...........................
• Always check the
number of words range of courses and the
to become the best in
required. 30 ........................... thrilling
their field
• Do not write any available
words from the
questions in your
answers.
2 Check your answers to exercise 1 above.
u�1.H1 ul:ij {!:?J.tJ
www.irLanguage.com 3 m Work in pairs. Can sport help people to build confidence? How? Give reasons
and examples.
31
- Thrill seekers

Language focus 1: Adjectives with prepositions

Some adjectives are followed by a particular preposition. For I am mad a to any kind of physical activity.
example, in the Listening on page 228, Marco says: b about playing computer games.
2 I am not keen
'They are also ve,y motivating leaders, who are passionate about 3 I am bored c on team sports.
what they do.
4 I am interested d in walking in the countryside.
For 1-10 below, underline the correct preposition in italics.
5 I am passionate e with watching sport on TV.
I am very keen aboutlonlforswimming, especially first
thing in the morning. 6 I am fond f about doing all kinds of exercise.
2 Some people are addicted by/with/to watching sports. They 7 I am indifferent g of reading sports magazines.
spend all their time glued to the TV. 3 Look at questions 1-6 below. Underline the items in italics
3 He's mad for/to/about parachuting. It's something I that are most suitable for you.
personally can't understand. Which sport do you like the most?
4 I'm not interested in/by/with going to the gym. football horse-riding swimming
5 I easily get bored in/about/with doing nothing. 2 Who do you prefer doing it with?
6 I can't say I'm indifferent in/to/about sport, but I don't like a colleague a friend nobody
spending my time watching it.
3 How often do you like doing it?
7 I used to be very enthusiastic on/about/with team sports,
but not anymore. once a week twice a week three times a week
8 I'm not sure I'm capable to/for/of running for long 4 When do you normally like to do it?
distances. mornings afternoons evenings
9 I'm really passionate for/about/on travelling around the s How would you describe your attitude to the sport?
world and meeting fellow hockey enthusiasts.
interested enthusiastic addicted
10 I am fond about/to/of travelling, but my brother is
completely fanatical for/about/with visiting new places. 6 Why do you enjoy doing it?
� Read more about adjectives with prepositions in the challenging exciting exhilarating
Grammar reference on page 220. 4 _ Explain your answers to a partner using the adjectives
2 Work in pairs. Match the sentence beginnings 1-7 with the and prepositions in exercise 1.
endings a-g. It is possible to match some of the sentence
beginnings with more than one ending.

(Speaking ) What to expect in the exam

IHI
• In IELTS Speaking Part 1 you are asked about familiar topics, for example, common
pastimes in your country now compared with the past.
• In Part 1, the discussion is more personal (for example about yourself, your home
and the country where you live).

1 Make examiner's questions from the following lists of words.

1 what kinds/sports/popular/your country?
2 do you/the same sports now/past?
3 are/same games/popular/as in past/where you live?
4 do young people/more physical activities/extreme sports/now/past?
5 what makes these games/interesting/people?
6 sports/challenging/now than they/in the past
7 young people/challenged more/nowadays/in the past?

2 m Work in pairs. Take turns playing the role of the examiner and the candidate. Ask
and answer the questions.
32
 Thrill seekers -

Word building: Adjectives ending in -ingl-ed

1 Look at the extracts from answers to questions 1 and 2 of the speaking practice opposite.
I feel sports are more challenging than they used to be.
Younger people can feel challenged by some sports at school.
• What is the difference between the two types of adjective made from the word challenge?
• Now complete the gaps by adding challenging (x 2) and challenged (x 2) to the following:

Verb + -ing: challenging Something is _____ if it makes me feel _____

Verb + -ed: challenged I feel _____ because something is _____
Adjectives ending in -ing!-ed like challenging and challenged are used to evaluate or
express an opinion about something. You can use adjectives like this in your speaking
and writing to express your judgement about an idea, event, experience, etc.

2 For 1-8 below, underline the correct adjective in italics.

1 Do you find sports like parkour thrilling/thrilled to watch?
2 Do you think people become irritating/irritated by the constant encouragement to do
something physical?
3 Why do you think people are interesting/interested in extreme sports?
4 Do you think sports stars are as inspiring/inspired for young people now as in the past?
5 What makes funfair rides like roller coasters exciting/excited?
6 Are you the sort of person who considers sports programmes on TV annoying/annoyed, or
do you get annoying/annoyed by other types of programmes?
7 Do you think extreme sports are more challenging/challenged than other sports?
8 Do you feel invigorated/invigorating when you do any type of energetic activity?
( ,,;-!('

3 Work in pairs. Choose three questions from exercise 1 to ask your partner. Take
turns asking and answering the questions. Give reasons and examples in your answers.

4 Work in pairs. For 1-8 below, use a form of the word in brackets (noun, verb or
adjective) to complete the sentences.
1 It is rare to see a whole stadium (excite) by a player's performance.
2 These days I don't think people feel (challenge) enough physically at school or work.
3 Where I come from people find football more (interest) than other sports.
4 Some extreme sports like snowboarding seem to be (fascinate) for young people.
5 Being (motivate) helps with improving and achieving your potential at a particular sport.
6 For some people computer games are as (excite) as real sports.
7 People often feel (refresh) after doing activities like yoga.
8 Other people may find as much (excite) in reading a book as in climbing a mountain.

5 Work in pairs and make two questions about sport with an adjective ending in
-ing!-ed. Ask your questions to students in another pair.
33
o�1�1u�j�.JD
www.irLanguage.com
- Thrill seekers

( Speaking ) u�1�1 ul:ij (:-?JD

www.irLanguage.com
IHI

What to
expect in the
exam
• In Part 3 you have a
discussion with the
examiner which is
linked to the topic
of Part 2. However,
the questions are
more abstract and
you need to talk
about general 1 Decide which three of the following phrases describe the main reasons for people
ideas, not about doing sport. Then discuss your answers with a partner, giving reasons and examples.
yourself and your
own experiences. 1 to keep fit
2 so they can lose weight
3 so that they can make friends
How to go 4 in order to help them relax
about it
5 so as to get an adrenaline rush
• Develop your ideas
by using simple 6 in order to improve their performance
linking devices to
express purposes, 2 Underline the words in 1-6 above that indicate purpose. Then use these phrases to write
results and contrasts. your own sentences explaining why you do sporting activities.
• Give reasons and
examples. 3 It is important to give variety to what you say. Rephrase items 1-6 using the following
• Make sure you structure: because they + want/would like/would rather/would rather not/like to ... . Make
speak fluently, but any necessary changes.
not rapidly.
• As the discussion is 4 _ Work in pairs. Look at the Part 3 questions below and choose one or two questions
about turn-taking, from each set. Briefly discuss them using the expressions of purpose in exercise I. Then
be aware of the take turns asking each other the questions. When your partner has finished speaking,
examiner's desire to give him/her feedback using the checklist on page 181.
ask you questions
as you speak.
Physical activity
www.irLanguage.com
Do you think that doing physical activity is important nowadays? Why/Why not?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing any kind of physical activity?
In what ways can people be encouraged to adopt a less sedentary and more physically
active lifestyle?
Benefits of sport
What are some of the social benefits of doing sporting activities? Which is the most
important?
Are we more risk averse than we were in the past, that is, do we seek to avoid risks
nowadays? Why is this?
Some people think that there are benefits to the individual and society of people being
involved in sports. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

34
 Thrill seekers -

1 Work in pairs. Look at the photograph. Describe what kinds of rides you would expect to
(Reading ) find in an amusement park or fairgrnund.
itltffillll,lilii
READING PASSAGE
What to
expect in the You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based 011 th.e
Reading Passage below.
exam
• IELTS Reading Readers can join a unique
Passages follow
patterns of experiment to discover what goes
organisation on in our brains and bodies at the
like explanation, fairground
cause and effect, Roger Highfield reports.
problem and
solution, historical A For decades, thrill-seekers have happily
development and queued to experience a few seconds of
argument. the adrenaline-spiking, intestine-twisting
• To achieve a high thrills of roller coaster and other funfair
score you need joy rides. Nowadays, people also spend
to learn to be hours living out the virtual excitement
familiar with and of computer games.
recognise how B An experiment will soon lay bare the science of thrills and help to build the
writers organise foundation of the next generation of funfair rides and sensational computer games.
information as this Brendan Walker, a self-proclaimed 'thrill engineer', is curating this extraordinary
helps you see the venture where people can become a guinea pig. Fairground: Thrill Laboratory, at
patterns of Reading the Science Museum's Dana Centre, will include three different rides over three
Passages. See weeks - the Booster, to measure the physiology of excitement and thrill; a ghost
Ready for Reading train, to measure fear and the tingle of anticipation; and Miami Trip, a gentler ride
on page 91. designed to explore pleasure.
C One of the collaborators in the thrill lab is Prof Tom Rodden. Its impetus is the
blurring of the boundary between the real and the digital worlds, he explained:

there is no title, l 'Today, trainers count footsteps, wrist watches can measure heart rate, satellites
can detect where we are and, all the while, computer games are being played in
ook at the last the streets not just the living room, and computer accessories such as joysticks are
nuestion to get an being replaced with real-world objects such as tennis racquets.'
dea of the content
f the passage. D Doctors already understand the broad effects of joy rides. As a roller coaster puts
_J the body through weightlessness, high gravitational forces and acceleration, the
brain struggles to make sense of conflicting and changing signals from the senses.
(J�IY-1 ul;,j �.JD
www.irLanguage.com There are effects on the vestibular system, located in the inner ear, that detects
position and motion, and on the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary
systems in the body, such as heartbeat.
E Added to the confusion of these signals are the messages from the eye, which may
be different from those of the other systems. This can lead to peculiar effects such
as the vection illusion (think of when you are stopped at a traffic light and the car
next to you edges forward - you feel as though you are moving).
F Overall the brain responds to an exhilarating ride by triggering the release of a
potent cocktail of biochemicals to deal with the body's stress, including more
adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine which can suppress pain and boost the
glow of euphoria that follows. The result can be pleasure but can also be nausea.
Military and Nasa researchers have studied the problem for half a century, calling it
'simulator sickness'.
G But engineers and scientists have not figured out how to fool the senses at the
same rate at the same time. They still don't know for sure who might get sick.
Meanwhile, the latest rides are pushing the boundaries of endurance. The human
body cannot take much more of a G-force than the latest rollercoasters, so we
need to understand more about what distinguishes a spine-tingling thrill from a gut­
emptying fright to ensure the experience is memorable for the right reasons.

35
- Thrill seekers

H At the thrill lab, volunteers will be asked to try the fairground rides while hooked
up to special equipment. This includes an accelerometer that measures the G-force
their body is subjected to; a measure of blood oxygen levels; measures of skin
conductance (sweating) and an ECG monitor that keeps track of their heart rate.
In addition, a helmet-mounted video camera will film their expressions, from the
first gasp to the last scream. As with astronauts and test pilots, information will be
beamed in real time to a computer. And measurements will be displayed publicly.
Aside from providing amusement for onlookers, participants can relive their
terrifying experiences.
This study will help designers of amusement parks to squeeze more shrieks out of
people by creating the illusion of imminent death, said Prof Rodden. Equally, the
next generation of rides will sense when too many people feel nauseous and wind
down accordingly. In short, they will be able to distinguish terror from titillation .
This work will also help computer games to escape the boundaries of the Xbox
and PlayStation. Steve Benford, of the mixed-reality lab at the University of
Nottingham, believes that the thrill lab will help to design more immersive rides
and games, 'real-time adaptive spaces'.

How to go Questions 1-6

about it
The Reading Passage has nine paragraphs, A-1.
For Questions 1-6:
Which paragraph contains the following information?
• Read the
instructions NB You may use any letter more than once.
carefully and check
if you can use any 1 the types of rides involved in the experiment
letter once only or 2 what happens chemically in the brain as a result of thrill rides
more than once. In 3 the fact that the volunteers will be filmed during the rides
this instance, you
can use any letter 4 the way the experiment will help computer game designers
more than once. 5 the impact on the human auditory system
• Check if any of the 6 what the lab experiments will show members of the public
information in the
phrases looks as if Questions 7-12
it might fit together
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
in the same
paragraph. Write:
• Check if any pieces TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
of information
will follow other FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
information in the NOT GWEN if there is no information on this
list.
7 The excitement from computer games is different from that of thrill rides.
8 The brain has little difficulty processing information it receives during thrill rides.
9 Thrill rides have a greater impact on the heart than the eye.
10 The most recent thrill rides take the body close to its G-force limits.
11 The lab volunteers will consist of equal numbers of men and women.
12 Future rides will be able to adapt to people's reactions.
Question 13
Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D.
Which of the following is the most suitable title for the Reading Passage?
A Roller coasters and their effects on the brain
B What makes fairground rides so thrilling?
C The equipment used to test the efficacy of thrill rides
D How the brain copes with fear in response to thrill rides

2 m Do you find funfair rides 'thrilling'? Why do you think people enjoy extreme rides?
36
 Thrill seekers 1111
Language focus 2: Comparison
Look at the following extracts from the Reading Passage on 4 Work in pairs. Look at sentences 1-8 in exercise 3. Decide
page 35. what the noun form of each adjective is. Then decide which
nouns can be used with these verbs.
a ... Miami Trip, a gentler ride designed to explore pleasure.
b . . . the thrill lab will help to design more immersive rides and have need/require enjoy experience
games ...
S Rewrite sentences 1-8 in exercise 3 using a noun instead of
Underline the comparative adjectives in the two sentences an adjective. You may need to use the verbs above and make
then answer the questions below. any necessary changes.
What is added to the adjective to make a comparison in a? Example:
Can more be used instead? Why/Why not? People who do some physical activity are supposed to enjoy/have
2 How is the comparative formed in b? Can it be formed by greater happiness than less active people.
adding an ending to the adjective instead? Why/Why not? 6 The questionnaire below contains some mistakes. Rewrite
� Read more about comparison in the Grammar reference on the questions that are incorrect.
page 221.
Do you agree that ...
2 Complete the table below.
1 football is exciting than swimming?
Adjective Comparative Superlative
2 athletics is the most boring activity to watch on TV?
the worst
3 sports like sky-diving are dangerouser than hiking?
better
4 you need to be titer to go cycling than walking?
noisy
5 table tennis is not most exciting sport in the world?
wet
6 people are lazier now than they were in the past?
tasty
7 rowing is a sport only for fittest people?
cheap
8 tennis is more exhilarating than skiing?
lively
appetising
9 watching sport on TV or the internet is less exciting
than seeing it live?
10 racket sports like squash and tennis are tiring than
3 For 1-8 below, put the word in brackets into the correct
many other sports?
comparative or superlative form.
People who do some physical activity are supposed to be
7 Use the questionnaire to interview other students in your
(happy) than less active people.
class. Ask for reasons and examples. If someone agrees with
2 It's much (easy) to find places to do specialist sports a statement, put a tick (./) next to the question.
outside cities and towns.
3 With more people taking it up, professional bowling is far
(popular) than it used to be.
4 Which sport do you think is (energetic) of all?
5 It is becoming (difficult) for people to organise their lives
around work nowadays.
6 Is work the (stressful) aspect of modern life?
7 Is mental activity (important) than physical activity?
8 People don't realise that racing drivers are (fit) individuals
in sport.

37
- Thrill seekers

Work in pairs. Study the table below and prepare questions about the data using
( Writing ) comparative adjectives where possible.
MitAIM
Example:
What is the proportion of men walking for exercise?
How to go
about it Is the proportion of men walking for exercise greater/smaller than women?

• Make sure your

introduction WRITING TASK 1
does not
just copy the
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
information in
The table below shows the participation of people over 15 in selected sports and
the rubric.
physical recreation activities by gender in Australia during the period 20 7 7- 7 2.
• Write a clear
overview.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
• Select and
compare
specific data, Write at least 150 words.
but make sure
you do not just Participation in selected sports and physical recreation activities
write a list.
Males(%) Females(%)

Walking for exercise 16.5 30.4

Fitness/Gym 15.1 19.1
Cycling/BMXing 9.8 5.4
Jogging/Running 8.7 6.4
Golf 8.2 0
Swimming/Diving 7.5 8.0
Tennis 4.9 3.4
Netball 0 4.5
Football (outdoor) 4.1 0
Basketball 2.8 0
Yoga 0 3.3
Total 77.6 79.4

38
 Thrill seekers -

2 Work in pairs. Look at sentences 1-8 below. Find a sentence which does not give true or
false information about the data (not given). Then decide whether the other sentences
are true or false.
1 A smaller percentage of men than women went swimming or diving.
2 There was a far greater proportion of men than women involved in walking.
3 Proportionately, males were less likely than females to take part in sporting activities.
4 Nearly twice as many men as women went cycling/BMXing.
5 The table compares data about male and female involvement in a selection of activities in
Australia in 2011/12.
6 A small percentage of men (2.8 per cent ) played football, while no women played.
7 Jogging/running was the least popular activity overall.
8 Overall, there are some noticeable differences in the proportions of male and female
involvement in the selected activities.

3 Rewrite the sentences in exercise 2 which give false and not given information to make
them true.

4 Work in pairs. Match each of the sentences in exercise 2 to a section a, b or c below.

a the introduction b the overview c specific data

5 Work in pairs. Look at the overview in question 8 of exercise 2. Paraphrase the sentence
using the following:
It is clear that the participation of____________

6 Explain how you paraphrased the sentence and suggest other ways of paraphrasing.

7 Underline the words and phrases used to make comparisons in questions 1-8 in exercise 2.

8 Rewrite sentences 1-6 below using the words and phrases in the box. Make any
necessary changes.

a smaller proportion of a third of the number of 40%of three-quarters

half five times the number of over 50%

Example:
Twice as many cars were sold in June compared to March.
Half as many cars were sold in March compared to June.
1 The football match was attended by three times as many spectators as the rugby match.
2 The sports department was visited by only 20 per cent of the shoppers in February 2009
when compared to February 2008.
3 More than four out of every ten competitors were from the main city.
4 The bulk of players were from overseas rather than home-grown .
5 A quarter of the members of the sports club paid by cash rather than credit card .
6 The team lost just under half of the games they played last season.

9 Write your own answer for the Task l question on page 206. When you have finished, check
your answer using the checklist on page 139.

39
 Review
Vocabulary: Sports

Add these words to the correct space below.

water outdoor table tennis track-and-field

racket boxing winter baseball car-racing

1 He enjoys doing sports such as skiing and ice-skating.

2 Team sports, for instance football and , are good for developing social not just
physical skills.
3 To practise for _ ___ sports like athletics, good running shoes are essential.
4 Participation in motor sports like _____ can be expensive.
5 Practising sports is problematic if you don't have access to a lake or the sea.
6 sports like rugby still attract many fans even in bad weather.
7 People can participate in indoor sports like badminton and all year.
8 Tennis is a sport that can be played both indoors and outdoors.
9 Combat sports include ju-jitsu and _ ___

Word building: Adjectives ending in -ingl-ed

1 Make an adjective ending in -ing or -ed using the word in brackets below.
1 I was (thrill) by the football match, even though I rarely find sport on TV (thrill).
2 After a day's work, people are often not (motivate) enough to do exercise.
3 The extreme sport I think is the most (excite) to watch is snowboarding, but I do get (excite)
by other sports.
4 Some extreme sports are (fascinate) to watch; I am always (fascinate) by people's reasons
for getting involved in something so dangerous.
5 I know a work out at the gym is (invigorate), but I sometimes find gyms really (irritate).
6 Sports commentators on TV can be (annoy), but no doubt speaking live is (challenge).
7 Whether you are (interest) in one type of team sport or another depends on what type of
interaction you find (interest).

Language focus 1: Adjectives with prepositions

Make seven sentences using the items below. Two items cannot be used.
As a keen motorist,
I'm addicted with life. for travelling
I'm not interested
She's very fit and to all kinds of video
about is gymnastics. on fitness.
capable games.
As my grandfather's
of playing tennis for I'm a cyclist and very active, he's the
in walking holidays.
a long time. keen sort of person who
rarely gets bored
The sport that I am It's my sister that's about football, not
by singing.
most enthusiastic mad me.

40
 Thrill seekers -

Language focus 2: Comparison

Put the adjective in brackets into the correct comparative or superlative form.

1 2
Is your neighbourhood
The park is (quiet) for running
usually (lively) than this?
in the morning compared to
the afternoon.
No, it's (dull) area in town.
I agree. It's much (noise)
after the schools finish.

3
4
She's (energetic) student
Cycling is (difficult)
on the sports field.
sport of all.
Yet she used to be (lazy) No. I think it's much (easy)
than everyone else. than long-distance running.

2 Choose an appropriate ending to complete sentences 1-6.

fitter expensive popularer better

sadder important more happy popular

1 As people seek more adventure, extreme sports are now definitely more ...
2 Of all the benefits from participating in any kind of sport, fitness is the most ...
3 Walking is as good as any sporting activity if people want to be ...
4 If we compare indoor and outdoor sports, I think the latter is much ...
5 Even with the stresses of modern life, do you think people are happier or ...
6 Do you think out of all sports motor racing is perhaps the most ...

Accuracy in IELTS

1 Correct the mistake in each sentence below.

1 Nearly twice as many spectators watched the football match live on the internet compare to
the last time.
2 There were far fewer men than women involving in walking.
3 Generaly speaking, similar proportions of males and females participated in each sport.
4 Males were less likly than females to take part in running.
5 A greater proportion of women than man participated in badminton.
6 The table compare data about male and female involvement in a range of sports in New
Zealand last year.
7 Compared to last year, more than twice as many male took up keep-fit classes.
8 In 2016, a much large proportion of girls (15.89%) played football in sharp contrast to 2015.
9 Kayaking was the less popular extreme sport.

41
 Listening

Introduction
The IELTS Listening test has 40 questions and lasts approximately 30 minutes. There
are four sections each with ten questions.
The first two sections are of a social nature. Section 1 is a conversation between
two people and Section 2 is usually a monologue. However, Section 2 can also be a
conversation between two people. Sections 3 and 4 are connected with education and
training. Section 3 is a conversation involving up to four people and Section 4 is usually
a monologue.
You hear each section once only and answer the questions in the question booklet as you
listen. A brief description is given at the beginning of each section. At the beginning of
Section 1 an example is always given. You are given time to check your answers at the
end of each section. At the end of the test you have ten minutes to transfer your answers
to the answer sheet. The question types used are:

• classification • note/form/summary/table/flow-chart completion

• labelling a diagram/plan/map • selecting items from a list
• matching • sentence completion
• multiple-choice • short-answer questions.

Section 1
Section 1 is a conversation between two speakers in a social setting (for example,
enrolling in a club or buying something), which involves the exchange of information
like personal details.
The section has two parts. You will be given time to look at the questions before each
part. Note a range of question types is used in Section 1, not just form completion.

1 04 Listen and follow the instructions.

SECTION 1 Questions 1-10

Questions 1-6
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN IWO WORDS for each answer.
Health Centre Regi5tration

Example
Re gistration and appointment
Reason for visit: ......................

Registratio n for the entire 1 ...................................................

Name: Clar a 2 ...................................................
Date of birth: 3 ................................................... 1990
Old address: 72 Crocket Street
Current address: 4 ...................................................
Post code: 5 ...................................................
Acceptable documents: Tenancy 6.................................................. .

42
 Ready for Listening

Questions 7 and 8
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
7 Clara has to ................................................... her daughter from school.
8 Clara's appointment is at 4 pm on ...................................................

Questions 9 and 10
Label the map below.

North Street

New
Street

9 Health centre .................................................. .

10 Small park .................................................. .

2 Work in pairs. Look at the listening script on page 228 and check your answers.
Underline the words in the questions which show the answer is about to be given. Match
these words with the underlined answers in the script.

3 With your partner, discuss the type of questions you have problems with, for example,
writing down numbers, words with plural endings, or answers which are close together
or far apart, or completing diagrams. Compare them with another pair of students.
Keep a record of the problem areas and think about them while you are studying by
yourself and before you do a test.

Section 2
In Section 2 you will usually hear a monologue of a social nature like a radio broadcast
or a talk about a place, but be aware than you may also hear a conversation between two
people.
There may be two or three types of question. The recording is divided into two parts, but
you will be given time to look at the questions before each part.

1 In Questions 11-16 on page 44, decide which you think you should listen for first: items
A-G or the parts of the theatre 11-16.

2 Work in pairs. Decide what synonyms you might hear for the words in A-G.

3 For Questions 17-20, underline the word or words which show the answer is about to
be given.

4 (I 05 Listen and follow the instructions.

43
Ready for Listening

SECTION 2 Questions 11-20

Questions 11-16
Which change has been made to each part of the theatre?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to
Questions 11-16.

Theatre changes Part of the theatre

A enlarged 11 fa9ade
B replaced 12 auditorium
C access added 13 foyer
D thoroughly cleaned 14 coffee machine
E modernised 15 roof terrace
F totally rebuilt 16 shop
G moved

Questions 17-20
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
17 The information pack contains,
A a programme for the evening.
B details about events over the
summer.
C a list of the event organisers.
18 How many free tickets will those
below 16 years of age be allocated
for the matinee performance?
A 100.
B 200.
C 300.
19 On Wednesdays, the reduction on ticket prices for theatre members will be
A 25%.
B 50%.
C 33%.
20 A new development at the theatre is the
A regular lectures and cinematography classes.
B weekly workshops and master classes.
C regular lectures and master classes.

44
 Ready for Listening

Section 3
In Section 3 you will hear a conversation between two to four people on a topic
connected with education or training, such as preparing for a tutorial or receiving
feedback on an assignment.
There may be only one type of question or up to three. The recording is divided into two
parts, but you will be given time to look at the questions before each part.

1 Work in pairs. For Question 21, decide which word(s) in the stem help prepare you for
the answer. Decide what synonym(s) you might hear for each.

2 For Questions 22-24, decide which aspects of research you think are most likely to be
still undecided at the beginning of a research project. Then think of paraphrases for the
words in A-G.

3 For Questions 25-30, decide which answers are numbers and which could be plural.

4 06 Listen and follow the instructions.

SECTION 3 Questions 21-30

Question 21
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
21 Zahra's talk is about how
A smartphone technology makes young people's lives easier.
B certain new discoveries led to smartphone technology.
C the technology of smartphones affects people's lives.

Questions 22-24
Choose THREE letters, A-G.
Which THREE of the following elements of conducting Zahra's research are
mentioned as not yet decided?
A length of the questionnaire
B images to use
C volume of statistics
D duration of interviews
E period of research
F age of interviewees
G exact aims

45
Ready for Listening

Questions 25-30
Complete the table below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Questionnaire on gadgets

Thomas's smartphone Use Score

Communication Excluding phoning 8
• for almost 25 .......................
• less for texts

Studying Preparing assignments and 27 .......................

recording 26 .......................

Entertainment For listening to music, etc and 7

for TV 28 .......................

Other Eventually for organising his 30 .......................

whole domestic
29 .......................

5 Work in pairs. Look at the listening script on page 229 to check if any of the words or
phrases you chose for exercise 2 were used.

Section 4
In Section 4 you will hear a talk or lecture of an educational/academic nature. You do
not need any specialist knowledge to understand the talk.
There may be only one type of question or up to three. There is no break in the middle as
in Sections 1 to 3, but there is a pause of a few seconds. You will be given time to look at
all of the questions before you begin.

1 Work in pairs. For Questions 31-35, decide which words in the stem indicate the answer
is about to be given. Then think of paraphrases for the alternatives A-C.

2 For Questions 36-40, study the diagram carefully and make sure you know the sequence
the information is given in.

3 • 07 Listen and follow the instructions.

SECTION 4 Questions 31-40

Questions 31-35
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
Cloud-seeding to provide rain
31 Boreholes provide water for
A industrial use.
B agricultural purposes.
C domestic consumption.
32 According to the speaker, in the past people have tried to induce rain by
A supernatural means.
B using fires.
C special dances.
46
 Ready for Listening
www.irLanguage.com

33 There is some proof that seeding clouds increases rainfall by

A 15%.
B 55%.
C 25%.
34 According to the speaker, why do some people not support cloud seeding?
A The benefits of the practice are limited.
B The costs of the equipment are too great.
C The effects of playing with nature are unknown.
35 With the amounts of money involved in agriculture, weather control
A deserves more investment.
B is worthy of attention.
C is a surprising success story.

Questions 36-40
Label the diagram below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

How cloud seeding works

From the air From the ground
36 ................. flares
dropped from
aeroplane Silver iodide crystals carried up
by heat to 40 ......................

Drops of water combine with Ground seeding 38 .................

crystals to make it 37 .................
and then fall as rain or snow

u�1J::!1 ol:oj r:_:?Y'

4 Check your answers in the listening script on page 230. www.irLanguage.com

47
 Global issues and opportunities

Vocabulary 1: General nouns

With a partner, describe each of the photographs. Then discuss the questions below.

• Describe your reaction to each photograph.

• What global issues are presented in the photographs?
• Do you think any of the photographs present opportunities? Give reasons and examples.
• Do you think problems and difficult situations can present us with opportunities? Why/Why not?

Match each sentence 1-8 with a sentence a-h. Use the adjectives and nouns to help you
identify the connection.

1 I lost my wallet last week. a It was too good an opportunity to miss.

2 My parents and my brother came to my b It is a rather awkward situation.
graduation.
c Some think it is a growing problem,
3 After leaving college, I found myself with lots of while for others it opens up many
free time and money. possibilities.
4 Both sides refuse to talk to each other. d It caused a company crisis.
5 Access to too much information can e It was a very special occasion.
overwhelm as well as help people.
f It was an annoying incident, which I
6 I was offered a scholarship to go to university. reported to the police.
7 The number of cars sold fell. g These were the perfect circumstances
to write my first novel.
8 All participants at the meeting agreed on the
necessary action. h It was a good outcome.

48
 Global issues and opportunities 1111
3 Look again at the sentences in exercise 2. Which nouns are general?
Example: opportunity

4 Which noun in exercise 2 completes both the gaps below?

Computer waste is a serious world . It is now accumulating everywhere.

The , however, can be solved by ...

In pairs, discuss the reasons for your answer.

5 Match each group of adjectives 1-10 with a noun a-j that collocates with all of the
adjectives in the group.

1 growing/serious/insurmountable a cause
2 golden/excellent/perfect b problem
3 main/likely/probable c opportunity
4 ideal/dangerous/difficult d event
5 imaginative/effective/perfect e issue
6 memorable/festive/state f occasion
7 significant/political/current g situation
8 adverse/unfavourable/trying h solution
9 burning/controversial/major impression
10 favourable/false/good circumstances

6 Complete sentences 1-8 with a word from the box below. Make any necessary changes.

issue incident outcome problem

possibility impression cause event

1 I would like to describe an amusing that happened at work.

2 There is a faint that the plan will succeed.
3 The most likely _____ of overcrowding in cities is a rise in birth rates.
4 A series of significant occurred in the early part of the 19th century, which
changed the face of transport forever.
5 Instead of being seen as a serious _____ , the situation should be thought of as a
golden opportunity.
6 Energy costs have been a burning _____ over the last few decades.
7 The natural forest made a profound _____ on me.
8 The _____ of the talks was not totally unexpected.

7 m Work in pairs. Choose one or more of the following situations and describe what
happened to your partner: irLanguage.com

• an event that made a profound impression

on you
I'm going to talk about ...
• a serious problem that you solved
I'd like to describe .
• a golden opportunity you seized
What I'd like to describe is
It was . . . , because .
Another reason is .

u�1�1 u�j r;;?>°

www.irLanguage.com 49
ll9 Global issues

(Listening )
,mn.ut
What to
expect in the
exam
• In IELTS Listening
Section 4, you
usually listen to a
monologue once
only. The topic is of
an academic nature
but does not
require specialist
knowledge.
• You are told at the
1 m Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions:
• What forms of public transport are used in your country?
beginning of the
recording what • How do you prefer to travel? Give reasons and examples?
the topic is about.
Sometimes there is
a heading. � os SECTION 4 Questions 31-40
• There is a short
pause in the middle Questions 31-37
of this section. Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLYfor each answer.
How to go Notes on social ancl economic opportunities of railways
about it
Historical background
• Skim questions
31-37 quickly to • Timeline of important 31 ....................... in 19th-century railways in the UK
get an idea of the • Opening of Liverpool to Manchester line (1831)
content.
•@vwords, • First modern railway with goods and passengers carried on scheduled
dates, etc. that 32 .......................
help you anticipate
• Progress resulting from earlier 33 ..................... ..
the answer.
• Sometimes, the • In 1825, success of Stevenson's engine Locomotion
answers come • 34 ....................... poured into north-west of England due to pace of 35 .......................
close together and
sometimes there is Social and economic impact
a big gap between
them. Make sure • Between both Liverpool and Manchester by 1834 almost halt a million passengers a year
you do not lose
• Merchandise such as coal and 36 ....................... transported
concentration.
• Check the number • Increased railway passenger travel and transport of goods led to a reduction in
of words or other 37 .......................
numbers that you
need to write. Questions 38-40
Decide what type
of words are Choose THREE letters, A-F.
required: nouns Which THREE of the following improvements from modern railways are mentioned?
verbs, adjectives or
adverbs. A Increased passenger satisfaction D Greater competition
B A rise in living standards E Better transport facilities
C The creation of jobs F New trade links

2 _ Do you think trains could replace aeroplanes in the future? Why/Why not?

so
 Global issues and opportunities -

4 Look at the countable and uncountable nouns in the box

below. Replace the words in italics in sentences 1-8 with one
of these nouns. Make any necessary changes to the verb.

suggestions machines information behaviour

opportunities robberies language litter

Some machinery is expensive to maintain.

2 Some individuals and businesses have changed their
Language focus: Countable and uncountable nouns actions as a result of environmental pollution.
In the Listening on page 230 you heard the phrases below. 3 Details about the damage appeared in the newspaper.
Underline the nouns and decide which are countable and
4 Crime is surprisingly on the decrease.
which are uncountable.
5 Modern railways offered countries the chance to increase
. . . high-speed links around the world .. . more merchandise,
trade links.
including coal ...
2 Match each uncountable noun 1-10 with a countable noun 6 Advice from the right person about which career path to
a j- that is associated with it. What other countable nouns follow is useful.
can you add in each category? 7 The words and phrases all children pick up follow fairly
1 furniture a shirts similar patterns.
2 clothing b chairs 8 Removing cans and bottles from streets improves the
3 luggage C oranges appearance of towns and cities.
4 cash d flats 5 Expand 1-7 below into sentences. Put the nouns into the
5 fruit e goods singular or plural and use the correct form of the verb.
6 accommodation f coins Examples:
7 media g burglaries vocational and technical skill/help/people/find/work
8 merchandise h magazines
Vocational and technical skills help people find work.
9 crime bottles
10 rubbish suitcases modern business/technology company/provide/many
employment opportunity
� Read more about countable and uncountable nouns in the
Grammar reference on page 221. Modern businesses such as technology companies provide many
employment opportunities.
3 For sentences 1-8 below, underline the correct word in italics.
useful information/be/available/nowadays/the internet
There is now no need for people to throw away equipment!
equipments like computer/computers. 2 social media/help/people/make/new friends
2 The weather/weathers deteriorated rapidly with severe 3 transport/bus and train/lead/development/communities
storm/storms forecast.
4 accommodation/become/very expensive/in many major
3 Information/Informations like bank detail/details should not cities
be revealed for security reasons.
5 technological waste/computer and phone/be/now/a
4 Business/Businesses done on the internet can save business/ growing problem
businesses large amounts of money.
6 leisure activity/help/people/relax
5 Accommodation/Accommodations such as small flat/flats
7 electronic good/refrigerator/cause/considerable harm/
could help reduce homelessness.
the planet
6 Furniture/Furnitures is made by skilled craftsmen working in
6 _ Work in pairs. Ask each other questions about the
wood/woods from different tree/trees.
sentences in exercise 5.
7 Rubbish/Rubbishes such as bottles and food tins ought to
Examples:
be recycled.
What kind of information?
8 People sometimes need to do other job/jobs besides their
Can you give examples of social media?
permanent work/works to earn more money/moneys.
Can you give any reasons and other examples?

www.irLanguage.com
51
 Global issues and opportunities

( Speaking ) In IELTS Speaking Part I you may be asked to talk about food products and
manufactured goods, such as cars and refrigerators. Look at the Part 1 questions below.
IHI Underline the countable nouns and�the uncountable nouns.

Food
1 Tell me about the most common types of food in your country.
2 What food products do you buy weekly?
3 Do people prefer home-grown food to imported food? Why/Why not?
4 Do you think people eat a wider range of food nowadays than in the past? Why/Why not?

Manufactured goods
1 What types of electronic equipment are common in your countr y?
2 What handmade goods are produced in your country?
3 Do you think it is important for your country to produce manufactured goods? Why?
4 Is the merchandise sold in the shops in your country the same as in other countries you
have visited? How?
5 Do you prefer clothes and furniture that are handmade or machine-made? Why/Why not?

Work in pairs. Choose three or four of the questions in exercise I. Take turns asking
and answering the questions. Pay particular attention to the nouns and verbs.

(Reading ) _ Work in pairs. Do you think skills are more important than knowledge in the
titttMlllltLl§tl modern world? What do you think are the three most important skills that young
people need to have a good job? Give reasons and examples.

READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on the Reading
Passage below.

Is there REALLY a skills shortage in the engineering

industry, or are employers just not paying up?
It is common knowledge in the engineering This implies that you could be studying
industry that there's a skills shortage. engineering right now at university and
Apparently, 50% of the entire workforce already be at a disadvantage if your
is due to retire within the next five years. institution isn't prestigious enough. He
How are we going to fill the positions if goes on to say that: "The reality is that first
nobody has the skills? So more needs to stages of screening are done by people -
be done to encourage young people to either in-house or at third party suppliers
take up engineering and technology jobs - who know nothing about engineering,
if the sector is going to be able to fulfil its so they will use crazy criteria, from degree
need. But actually, is there more to it than grade through to spelling." If this is the
meets the eye? case, then it's no surprise when companies
Marcus Body, a consultant in the Brand have problems with recruiting a new
and Insight team at employer marketing generation of engineers and technicians.
companyThirtyThree (and engineering Could it be that companies are simply
graduate), believes that employers need to being far too fussy with their criteria? They
stop shifting the blame onto jobseekers' cannot expect a graduate to be able to
skills, or apparent lack of. Let's start replace someone who's about to retire -
with degrees. Does a degree have any and has probably been in the job for over
value anymore? Marcus says: "'There's thirty years - like-for-like.
an enormous elephant in the room in According to The Institute of Engineering
graduate recruitment, which is that some andTechnology (I ET) Annual Skills Survey
universities are better than others." for 2014, approximately 40% of its

52
 Global issues and opportunities

respondents indicated that they have are reluctant to use this as a tactic to lure
trouble recruiting engineering graduates. in graduates. Less than 20% of the IET's
When asked why they don't expect to be survey respondents said they would create
able to recruit suitable candidates over the more attractive salaries when asked how
next 4 to 5 years, over 70% of respondents they would recruit the people they need
said it was due to lack of suitably qualified over the next 4 to 5 years.
candidates, and half of the respondents There's also one more area where any
said shortages or difficulties with specific shortages in the engineering industry can
skills. The worrying term used here is be rooted: education. There are plenty
the word 'specific'. How specific are of news stories out there saying that
companies willing to get with jobseekers' schools need to work harder to attract
requirements? students towards STEM subjects (science,
On the other hand, apprenticeships technology, engineering and maths).
seem to be increasingly popular among However, does the 'STEM' discussion need
companies looking for fresh talent. which to really come to an end? Marcus states
is reassuring. The IET's Annual Skills that the whole discussion of 'STEM' as
Survey says that over the next five years, one thing entirely unhelpful. "There is no
over half answered that they believe such thing as a 'STEM' employee. There
they will employ more apprentices in are areas that are harder to recruit (like very
technical roles than they have in the specific disciplines of engineering), and
past Marcus Body isn't surprised by this areas where we have a surplus - e.g. the
statistic. He says: "Apprenticeships are 20,000 per year psychology graduates we
really taking off - loads of good ones in produce and don't have psychology jobs for:·
engineering, and employers are keen. The It seems the consensus is quite uncertain.
difficulty is in getting the infrastructure It can be debated that companies are
together to manage those apprentices - using the skills shortage argument when
trainers, supervisors etc:· Over a third of in reality they should spend more time
respondents in the 2014 Skills Survey said and effort recruiting or luring graduates
that they would focus more on apprentices with better salaries. Some companies
and graduates when recruiting the people are ahead of the game by offering more
they need in the next four to five years - apprenticeships to get staff up to a suitable
so the demand could be there very soon, standard before the predicted retirement
which is good news for graduates. influx in the near future. There is no
Eventually, these things come down to shortage of actual people. Applications
money. Marcus Body reckons that if the to study engineering at UK universities
UK industry offered a higher salary, there having increased by seven per cent on
wouldn't be any shortages at all: "Sectors the previous year. On the other hand if
steal the best graduates with more money. businesses want to replace staff due to
Before we can declare a skills shortage, we retire; they're going to need to give a little
should double the salary ottered and see if slack on the application process.
they're still unfillable." However. companies

www.irLanguage.com 53
1111 Global issues and opportunities
www.irLanguage.com

How to go
about it Questions 1-9
Complete the summary using the list ofwords, A-Q, below.
For Questions 1-9:
• Look at the Reasons for a lack of engineers
title and decide
whether the It is well-known in the engineering industry that a 1 ....................... exists. Moreover, as
summary relates half of the workforce is expected to enter 2 . ...................... in the near future young people
to one part or
the whole of the need to be 3 ....................... to enter the engineering and technology 4 ....................... .
passage. A title can Marcus Body suggests that the 5 ....................... is not to do with the skills of 6 ....................
help you decide
where to look in but is connected with such people being at a 7 ....................... because of the
the passage. 8 ....................... of their university training in engineering and the 9 ....................... at the
• Skim the summary. interview stage.
Decide what type
of word is needed
for each space and
A disadvantage B quality C retirement
think of your own D encouraged E adult skills F employment
word. The answers G excess H skills shortage I jobseekers
can be nouns,
verbs, adjectives J educational experience K time L employers
and adverbs. M dilemma N advantage 0 screening process
• Skim the wordlist P issue Q profession
and predict the
answer where
you can, using Questions 10-14
your knowledge
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the Reading
of grammar and
collocation. Then
Passage?
skim the passage Write:
and check your
YES if the state1nent agrees with the claims of the writer
predictions. Note,
some answers in NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
the summary can NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
be in a different
order from the 10 The IET's annual survey was more extensive in 2014 than in previous years .
passage.
For Questions 10-14: 11 A small proportion of respondents said their graduate recruitment problem was to do
with the suitability of candidates' qualifications.
• Yes/No/Not Given
questions check 12 It is possible employers will recruit more apprentices in the future.
the views or
claims of the 13 A greater focus on higher salaries is essential tor increasing the recruitment
writer. Underline of engineers.
the words in the
14 According to Marcus Body, thinking of all STEM subjects as one idea has a negative
questions that will
effect on shortages in the engineering industry.
help you scan for
the information in
the passage.
2 (D Do you think anything can be done to deal with the situation of skills shortages
in all areas? Give reasons and examples for your answer.

u�1J::?1 ul:oj e?JD

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54
 Global issues and opportunities -

Vocabulary 2: Developing ideas

In IELTS, you can use words that are similar in meaning to explain and develop your
ideas. Underline the correct verb in italics.
1 Positive health education on TV can be motivating. It can encourage/frighten people to
improve their lifestyle.
2 The scale of crime in some cities has been shocking. It has even stunned/tempted the
police.
3 Some people find buying consumer goods very satisfying. Sometimes it is just the act of
buying that pleases/coaxes them.
4 I found the festive occasion really interesting. It bothered/fascinated me so much I had to
read more about it.
5 Cities are becoming more appealing to young people. The vibrancy attracts/disturbs them
enormously.

Look at 1-5 again. Underline the words in the second sentences that replace nouns in
the first sentences. What type of words did you underline?

For 1-4 below, write a second sentence of your own to develop the idea.
1 Pollution is a growing problem around the world.
2 The news on TV is sometimes very worrying.
3 The education results were alarming.
4 Disaster movies are very appealing to many people.

(� aking ) 1 _ Work in pairs. Look at each Part 3 question below and answer the following:
fu�
• Which nouns, verbs and adjectives help you to work out the purpose of each question?
• Which other nouns, verbs and adjectives could you replace these with to develop your
How to go ideas?
about it
• Develop your World problems
answers with Do you think that individuals should do more to solve global
reasons and issues such as rising unemployment?
examples.
What do you think are the main problems facing the world today?
• Use synonyms
of words in the Some people think that change brings more opportunities than
questions where problems. To what extent do you agree?
you can.
• Use words like but
and although to With your partner, match the response below to one of the questions in exercise 1.
show, contrast and Explain your choice.
concession.
I think such problems are difficult for people to tackle alone. They need the help of
• Use adjectives to
evaluate ideas. Then governments and large companies. They are challenging issues, which . . .
explain and develop
the evaluation. _ Take turns asking and answering the questions in exercise 1, asking additional
questions where necessary. Choose two or more of the bullet points in the 'How to go
about it' box to check as you listen to your partner. Give each other feedback.

55
111111 Global issues and opportunities

(Writing ) m Work in pairs. Read the Task 2 question below and answer questions 1-3 which
-,-
1mm1111•••
follow.

How to go WRITING TASK 2

about it
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
• Decide what type of
writing task it is. In Write about the following topic:
this case a problem
is presented and you Homelessness is increasing in many major cities around the world. What do you
are asked to write think are the main causes of this problem and what measures could be taken to
about the causes solve it?
and solutions.
• Organise the answer Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples &-om your own
by writing: knowledge or experience.
either Write at least 250 words.
- an introduction
with a paragraph
stating two or more
1 Look at the first statement of the task. Is it a positive or negative development?
causes followed
by two paragraphs 2 What things do the questions that follow ask you to write about?
with solutions and
then a conclusion. 3 What else does the task ask you to do? Why?
or:
2 Work i�. Look at the two outlines, A and B, for the body paragraphs for the Task
- an introduction, above.� all the causes, and then tick each solution.
followed by three
paragraphs each
Outline A Outline B
with a cause and a
solution and then a
conclusion. The main cause of homelessness is The main cause is the cost of
f
the cost of accommodation.
One solution is to subsidise
accommodation.
Another cause is the shortage of land to
}
�
accommodation for people. build cheap homes.

Another reason is the shortage of The best strategy is for governments

land to build cheap homes. to provide cheaper accommodation.
Cities should build more tower blocks
with flats.

The migration of people to cities is Revitalising the economies in rural

another factor that contributes to the areas is another possible measure that
problem of homelessness. s can be taken.
The economies in rural areas could be
improved/revitalised.
•
·-
3 Look at the two outlines again. What are the similarities and differences between them?
Which outline do you prefer and why?

Suggesting causes and solutions

m Work in pairs. Look at the four statements. Discuss what you think might be the
causes of the problems. What are the possible solutions?
1 Rising temperatures are causing problems in some parts of the world.
2 Many species of animals are becoming extinct.
3 Many cities are becoming overcrowded.
4 Water is becoming scarce in various regions.

56
 Global issues and opportunities

2 Rewrite sentences a-cl below using the modal verbs in brackets.

Example:
The most important step is to prevent the situation from becoming worse. (should)
The situation should be prevented from becoming worse.
a The best solution is for governments to encourage people to return to the countryside.
(ought to)
b One possibility is to put protection orders on all wild animals. (can)
c There is a slim chance that water desalination plants will work in some regions. (might)
d I think that planting more trees is a good option. (should)

Match each problem in exercise 1 to a suggestion in exercise 2.

{m:> Read more about making suggestions in the Grammar reference on page 222.
Developing a topic sentence
You need to develop ideas in a topic sentence with reasons and examples and then to
link them. In the paragraphs below on homelessness, decide if the linking device needed
for each gap introduces: an example, result, contrast, reason, purpose or concession.

One factor contributing to homelessness is the lack of cheap accommodation. Many major
cities like New York face homelessness problems, mainly 1 _____ there is a shortage of
family houses along with high property rents. 2 _______ there are many empty properties in
these cities, which could be used to alleviate the situation.
Governments should 3 ______ encourage property owners to rent out the properties
to those without homes. 4 _____ , incentives could be offered to owners by giving tax
relief or subsidies 5 _______ help make empty properties available. Such measures would
6 ____ help to alleviate the situation. 7 ________ this is not a complete answer, it
ought to be considered.

2 Complete the gaps in exercise 1 with the following linking words: for example, therefore,
_yet, in order to, because, although, then.
3 Are the linking words and phrases below adverbs, conjunctions or· both?

however nevertheless though nonetheless although

still but yet even so while even if much as

4 For sentences 1-5 below, underline the correct word in italics. There may be more than
one possible answer.
1 People tend to be pessimistic about their present circumstances. But!However,/Although I
think the human race is eternally optimistic; otherwise, how would we survive?
2 Man-made problems such as the plastic soup in the Pacific Ocean are a disaster, but/
however,/although steps like recycling could reduce their impact.
3 While/Although/However, green technology is certainly beneficial, there are issues that we
need to be careful about.
4 Even so,/Even if/Though urban dwellers face problems such as overcrowding and traffic
congestion, there are many effective solutions to tackle such issues.
5 Many people believe that the changes we see in the world are a result of natural causes.
Even so,/Nonetheless,/Whereas there is compelling evidence to the contrary.

5 Work in pairs . Answer the Task 2 question on page 209.

57
 Review
Vocabulary 1: General nouns

�the four adjectives below which are in the wrong place and write the correct
noun.
1 a burning issue 7 a difficult situation
2 a serious problem 8 a major cause
3 a profound opportunity 9 a trying possibility
4 a state occasion 10 a golden impression
5 faint circumstances 11 an unexpected outcome
6 an imaginative solution

Add an adjective or a noun from exercise 1 to complete each blank space. You may have
to use a singular or plural noun.
1 The gathering of representatives from various countries lasted through the night, but the
of their discussion was not totally _________
2 There is a __________________ that there will be perfect
weather for the occasion.
3 Some people think that overcrowding in cities is to blame for a rise in crime, but this is a
less likely than many others.
4 Advances in technology are changing the world for many people. While
this is a ___ _ ____ which is welcome in many cases, it is
at times for governments and people to deal with.
5 What would you say is the most insurmountable _________ facing people in
their daily lives today?
6 I'd like to talk about a news item on the TV which made an _________on me
that was so ________ _ it made me want to change my career.
7 Deforestation is a major issue in the world today. Do you think there are any
_________ to this problem that can be ?

Vocabulary 2: Developing ideas

Underline the adjective in each sentence below.

1 The volume of electronic waste in the world is now dangerous.
2 People sometimes feel motivated enough by health adverts to change their lifestyle.
3 Certain situations such as flooding can be very alarming.
4 Action video games are appealing to people of all ages.

Match the sentences below to those in exercise 1.

1 They encourage people to exercise.
2 They are very frightening for people.
3 Throwing away your old computer endangers the environment.
4 The characters, story and graphics are attractive to many people.

58
 Global issues and opportunities

Language focus: Countable and uncountable nouns

Choose an uncountable noun that relates to each group of words.

Example:
suitcase, bag, rucksack luggage
1 apple, orange, banana, pineapple
2 flat, house, apartment, tent, caravan
3 bottles, paper, plastic bags
4 trousers, shoes, shirts, blouse
5 newspapers, magazines, radio, TV
6 news, facts, details, data
7 tables, chairs, sofa
8 words, phrases, sentences

Use the countable nouns from exercise l to answer the questions below.
Example:
What type of fruit do you like?
I like fruit such as/Zike apples and oranges.
1 What type of fruit do you like?
2 What kind of accommodation have you lived in over the years?
3 What kinds of rubbish do people throw away?
4 What clothes do you like to buy?
5 Which media do you access daily?
6 What kind of information can be found on the internet?
7 What kind of furniture do you have in your house?
8 What do you do to study a language effectively?

Accuracy in IELTS

Find the nine words or phrases that are used in the wrong way. They include nouns,
adjectives and linking devices . Replace them with suitable alternatives. More than one
answer may be possible.

Many people think that all media such as TV and newspapers nowadays focus too much
on bad news. They think that this is a trying issue for society to consider, because it can
lead to many other serious problems such as bad behaviour, vandalism and burglaries.
By watching graphic images of such details on TV people become hardened and then
find it difficult to distinguish between right and wrong. However, I agree that this is a major
issue, I think that instant access is a more important contributing measure to a rise in
crime and violence. As example, we now live in a 24-hour world where news from a wide
range of media such as the internet, mobile phones and TV is at our fingertips. Although I
acknowledge the benefits of such instant access, I also think it definitely makes the event
worse. As regards actions, I think the best measure is to encourage the media to have more
positive stories for balance the negative and positive occasions.

59
0 Thefuture
Language focus: Ways of looking at the future
m Work in groups. Look at the photographs below. Which represents your view of what the future will
look like? Why?

2 Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions below. Discuss your predictions by giving examples
and reasons.

• Do you think machines will have a positive impact on your life in the future? In what ways?
• In what ways will accommodation be different in the future?
• Do you think people will live on other planets like Mars in the future? Why/Why not?
www.irLanguage.com

60
 The future -

3 Read statements 1-6 below and decide whether each is a 5 For 1-5 below, complete the sentences by putting the verbs
prediction, plan or fixed schedule. in brackets into the correct form.
As we're flying tomorrow morning at 8 am, I
We're going to visit an ____ _ (arrange) an alarm call for 5 am.
exhibition about future air
transport this afternoon. 2 Why's the government (spend) less money
on research into urban life in the future?
2 I'm leaving in 50 minutes. 3 By tomorrow, we _____ (complete) the planning
project, and it (work) perfectly.
3
I think people will be living 4 Some people believe virtual reality (be) the
on Mars in 20 years. next big techno craze, but is it (last) long?
5 When she (arrive) tomorrow, she
4 By 2050, machines like _____ (carry) a red bag.
robots will have changed the
6 Replace the verb that is in the wrong future form.
way people work and live.
People will be living in space in the year 2050, but will
5
Civilisation as we know it will they really have enjoyed it?
no longer exist. It will be very 2 According to the timetable, the train arrives at noon. I'll sit
advanced technologically. at the front if you are looking for me.
3 I'm staying at the Braganza Hotel for four days next week ,
6 so I'll have met you on Tuesday.
According to the programme,
the NASA presentation 4 The government are going to change the law next month.
begins at 10 am. At least that's their intention, but I bet something is
happening to make them change their minds.
5 The public will have become better informed about
4 Complete the descriptions a-f with the correct future form. healthy eating by then, and are thus going to improve
Then match the descriptions to sentences 1-6 in exercise 3. their general well-being.
7 Work in pairs. For sentences 1-6 below, decide whether you
simple future
can rewrite each one using the tense in brackets. Decide
going to what the difference is.
present continuous I'll be seeing the doctor next Wednesday at 2 pm.
future perfect (present simple)

future continuous 2 Society is not going to change dramatically by 2030.

(future perfect)
a ____ _ _ _ _ is used for fixed arrangements. 3 Ageing populations are going to be a global issue in the
b _______ _ is used for intentions or plans. future. (present continuous)

C ________ is used for predictions or instant 4 The world will certainly have changed for the better by
decisions. then. (going to)

d is used for a situation which will 5 The human race will be living in more closely-knit
be happening at a particular time in the future. communities in the future. (wim

e is used for a completed action at 6 My diary is full, but perhaps I'll be able to meet you on
or before a point of time in the future. Saturday. (going to)

f ______ _ is used for events that relate to a 8 m Work in pairs. Make predictions about what your life
schedule/timetable. will be like next year, five years from now and ten years from

<lii) Read more about different ways to talk about the future in now, in terms of education and employment. Give reasons
and examples.
the Grammar reference on page 222.

61
11111 The future

Work in pairs. Use the picture below to help you talk about the world in the future .
(�&,;aking ) Describe the following:
• what will be happening
• what will happen
• what will have happened.

Don't forget! 2 Work in pairs. Look at the Part 3 questions below. Then take turns asking and
answering the questions. Make sure you give reasons and examples in your answers.
• Remember to talk You can use the notes to help you. When you have finished, give each other feedback
in more abstract using the checklist on page 181.
terms rather than
personally, e.g.
1
in Russia, in the City life in the future
UK, the people in 1
In what ways do you think city life will have changed by 2030? Why?
China, etc.
Do you think life in urban areas will be more or less stressful than today's
world? How? Give reasons.
Useful Do you think city life will be more popular than rural life in the future?
expressions Future developments
In 10/20/50/100 How do you think modern civilisation will develop over the next half century?
years' time What do you think will be the most important developments in the future?
Over the next century Give reasons and examples.
Why do you think people make predictions about the future?
Before the end of the
century ...
By the time we • More sophisticated entertainment • Better facilities
reach the end of the
century ... • More sophisticated hospitals • Richer culturally
In the coming • More crowded • Morejobs
decades ..

62
 The future -

Vocabulary: Adjective/Noun collocations

1 Work in pairs. For 1-8 below, use an adjective from the box to replace the words in
italics to make a common adjective/noun collocation.

general governing agricultural indigenous

modern dominant thriving urban

1 a civilisation that is current and contemporary

2 societies that live off the land
3 a culture that is stronger than other cultures
4 communities that are doing well and are successful
5 the public that is made up of ordinary people
6 populations that live in towns and cities
7 the elite that controls and runs a country
8 a people that live in a particular region

2 Complete each gap in the following paragraph with a collocation from exercise l.

The l _________ has widely different views about what life will be like
in years to come. Some pessimists predict that 2 as we
know it will collapse in the near future, and that people will end up living in
3 just as their ancestors did before the Industrial
Revolution. Others think that 4 _________ will increase in size so
much that there will be no agricultural land left, or that there will be one
5 rather than the multicultural world of today with a
6 ----------------- made up of robots controlling everything and everyone.

3 m Work in groups. What is your reaction to the predictions in exercise 2? Do you think
life will be very different in the near future? Why/Why not?

( Listening ) 1 Work in pairs. You will hear someone enquiring about and booking an exhibition. Work
with a partner. Before you listen to the conversation, check the meaning of the following
4iid·W words and phrases and give examples of each.
Example:
booking office: collection of ticket
1 preview
2 the week after next
3 restrictions
4 sign up for
5 come up
6 register
7 range

63
1111 The future

(D 09 SECTION 1 Questions 1-10

Questions 1-4
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Notes on Exhibition

Example Answer
Title of Exhibition: Futuristic Home Design

Preview on: 1 ............................................. .

Two free: 2 ..............................................

No entry on certain days

Days chosen by caller: 3 .................................... and ....................................

Reference number: 4 ··············································

Questions 5 and 6
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO of the following eating facilities are available for the public at the
exhibition?
A stalls
B local restaurants
C a canteen
D cafes
E sandwich bars

Questions 7-10
Complete the table below.
Write ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answa

Number and
Frequency Stop/Location Cost
destination

7 ......................... Stop W near the £3.20 or weekly

Bus every 12 minutes
to Brookfields station pass for £15

River Route A to the 9 ........................ 10£ ...................

every 20 minutes minutes' walk
bus 8 ........................ No weekly pass
from station

2 m Work in pairs. Do you like going to exhibitions? Give reasons and examples.
Do you like to book in advance or do you prefer to turn up on the spur of the moment?
Why/Why not?

64
 The future 1111
Word building: Forming adjectives from nouns

1 Work in pairs. Make adjectives from the nouns in the box below using one of these three
suffixes: -al, -(i)ous and -ful. Make any necessary changes.

use luxury technology success population space

beauty agriculture tradition nation danger industry

2 For 1-8 below, complete the gaps with a suitable adjective from exercise 1.
1 At the moment some houses in my community are very , but in the future
they will not be so big.
2 I cannot say it is a _ _ _ _society at the moment, but as the internet and computers
spread that will change.
3 The area where I was brought up is very with lots of trees and stunning
gardens, but I think all this beauty will be destroyed by future developments.
4 My home town still survives on the production of crafts, but I think that
modern industry is beginning to creep in.
5 We have many monuments, but people forget their significance.
6 office blocks with all the latest modern facilities and expensive furniture will
replace old factories and buildings.
7 I come from one of the most _ _ _ regions of the world, and I think it will become
even more crowded in the future.
8 My home town is _ _ _ _ in attracting tourists, with many visiting in the summer.

3 Talk about one or more statements from exercise 2 giving reasons and examples.

Work in pairs. Look at the title of the Reading Passage and decide what predictions
(Reading )
could be made about ideas A-D. Then skim the passage and check your answers.
l•ttmlUl,Lilii
A developments in personal transport B adapting people's perceptions
C the design of buildings D the interaction between people and machines

READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the
Reading Passage below.

Life in2045
The film, Back to the Future II, released in 1989. made a series of outlandish predictions about
2015. the year its key characters travel to from 1985. Although several of the film's predictions,
like video calls and wearable technology, came true. Back to the Future II showed the pitfalls of
making long-term forecasts. The world of 2015 was one of hoverboards. flying cars and power
clothing, and instead we got Snapchat and selfies. Several experts have made their predictions
about what the world of 2045 will look like. Alex Ayad, head of Imperial College London's Tech
Foresight Practice forecasts that people will be able to purchase high-quality emotions online.
Emotion-sharing experiences are the latest fad in 2045. Imagine your friend at a music festival
can post a photo on lnstagram and with it comes bundled a faint twinkling of what she was
feeling right there in that moment. so you too can share emotionally in her social experience.
Recently, techniques for direct brain stimulation. like optogenetics, have made it possible to
not only read but also write information into single neurons. At the moment data transfer rates
are still very slow. the best we can do is a few bits per second, but this could well increase to
kilobits or maybe reach broadband speeds by 2045. This means the range of human perception
could expand beyond its current design limitations.

65
ll9 The future

Our cities will be made from living, dynamic materials that respond to the environment. In 30
years, tall buildings made of glass and twisted steel will be seen as relics from a bygone era,
in the same way we think now of 1970s concrete tower blocks: ugly, out-dated and unfit for
contemporary purpose. The urban environment of 2045 blends architecture with living materials
that are mouldable, adaptable, responsive and disposable.
Entirely new synthetic life forms, or biological machines, made of engineered living cells from
bacteria, fungi and algae will grow and evolve with the changing needs of a building's inhabitants.
They breathe in pollutants, clean wastewater, and use sunlight to make useful chemicals, energy,
heat and vibrant vertical gardens. We will start to see a convergence between biology and
technology, to the point where there is no longer a perceptible difference between the two.
Invisibility cloaks, according to Alex Ayad, will be used to 'disappear' ugly objects. Invisibility
has forever been a tantalising prospect. The key to cloaking lies in the way the electromagnetic
spectrum (including visible light) interacts with objects. The human eye picks up electromagnetic
radiation that falls and scatters from objects and we perceive this as light. In recent decades,
scientists figured out using mathematics that it might just be possible to imagine a new class of
artificial materials made of intricate tiny features with light- (and sound-) bending properties. They
named them metamaterials.
And Tamar Kasriel, founder and MD of Futureal, a future-focused strategy consultancy,
has forecast that we won't be able to tell the difference between VR hoverboards and real
hoverboards. By 2045 quite a few of us might have a hoverboard, but it will be struggling to
compete with the thrill of the virtual reality version. What we are likely to see is the breakdown of
much of the current distinction between the real and the digital, and the artificial and the human.
Driverless cars will just be ... cars. And for many driving will have become only a leisure pursuit,
a kind of sport. and buildings will power themselves. Being optimistic, Marty and Doc won't find
themselves in a smoggy apocalypse in 2045. Rather, a powerful mix of sense and/or fear will have
continued the momentum behind increasing the efficiency and reducing the cost of alternative
power sources. Solar panels will be built into lots of different building materials, so whole
neighbourhoods can quietly and cleanly power themselves.
Richard Watson, futurist. writer and founder of online magazine Whats Next, predicts phones,
cars or homes will be able to read people's feelings and adapt accordingly. Machines will be able
to sense and then adapt themselves to the emotional state of an individual user. At the moment
machines can work out where someone is, who someone is and perhaps what they are doing
or 'like' but that's about it. The next stage will be for machines to intuit human feelings. This can
be done by 'harvesting' facial expressions, body language, heart rate, voice and so on. If you are
typing text into a computer the computer might consider the speed you are typing, decide you
are stressed and conclude that this isn't the best time to allow you to read negative emails.
If you are driving a car, the car might consider how you are driving and infer certain conclusions.
If the car decides you are angry and in dang er of driving unsafely, it might adapt itself to make
things safer. On the other hand a shop might use this technology to work out when customers
are more likely to buy things, including things they probably don't really want.
May be the predictions above will be realised fully in the year 2045 or maybe life will turn out to be
even more fantastical than we can now imagine.
How to go
about it
For Questions 1-7:
• Skim the summary Questions 1-7
to decide whether it Complete the summary below.
relates to the whole
passage or part of it. Choose NO MORE THAN 1WO WORDS from the passage for each answ er.
• Look at the names
to work out what is Alex Ayad predicts that by 2045 1 ................................... . will be available for sale
summarised. online. He also thinks that construction mater ials in cities will be 'alive' and react to their
• Check the word surroundings and that invisibility cloaks will be employed to hide 2 .................................... .
limit.
Tamar Kasriel forecasts that by 2045 it is probable people will not easily make a
• Think about the
types of words 3 .................................... between the real, human world and what is 4 ...............................
needed.
or .................................... . He also thinks there will be driverless cars and buildin gs that
• Don't use any words
from the summary 5 .................................... . Among Richard Watson's forecasts are that people's belongings
in your answers. will have the ability to read their 6 .................................... and then adapt to an individual's
7 .................................... .
66
 The future -

How to go Questions 8-11

about it
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
For Questions 8-11:
• Read the stem and 8 The film Back to the Future II forecasts for 2015
underline any words A were not completely wrong.
that you think will
be paraphrased. B were not all related to technology.
• Read each option as C did not turn out to be true.
a complete sentence D led to several important inventions.
by combining it with
the stem. 9 By 2045, certain brain stimulation techniques
• Find the information A are unlikely to affect human perception.
in the text.
B will have no impact on the way humans perceive.
For Questions 12-13:
C could alter human perception.
• Think about
whether the D will reach the limits of the human perception.
answers might 10 According to Alex Ayad, in 2045 cities will have
overlap with the
questions. A tower blocks with a special type of steel and glass.
• Think about B structures that are built with reusable materials.
the dates in the C more attractive buildings than in the past.
questions and look
for words in the text D buildings that are partially alive.
that paraphrase 11 New man-made life forms will
words in the
questions. A help architects create stunning buildings.
B respond to the requirements of the people living in them.
C help buildings to remove all pollutants from the environment.
D allow buildings to monitor people.

Questions 12 and 13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
12 What will have become less expensive by 2045?
13 What might computers of the future prevent people from seeing?

Vocabulary 2: Verbs of prediction

Underline the four verbs in the box below that cannot be used to indicate prediction in
an IELTS Writing Task 1 answer.

predict prophesy forecast assume foretell

project estimate anticipate expect foresee

2 Decide what the noun and adjective forms are for the correct verbs in exercise 1.

67
- Thefuture

3 Rewrite sentences 1-7 below using the words which follow each sentence.
Example:
Computer sales will increase by 20 per cent.
... are predicted ...
Computer sales are predicted to increase by 20 per cent.
Passenger numbers will be rising dramatically towards the end of the year.
It is forecast ...
It is forecast that passenger numbers will be rising dramatically towards the end
of the year.
1 By the year 2030 the population will have increased to nearly 70 million.
... it is estimated .. .
2 Spectator numbers will be rising dramatically towards the end of the year.
... are forecast ...
3 The projected sales next month will be lower than this month.
It is projected ...
4 Sales will climb at the rate of 20 per cent a year .
... are predicted ...
5 Attendances will decline gradually in the next two years.
. . . are anticipated ...
6 Advances in technology are not expected to slow down in the coming years.
It is expected ...

-·
7 The estimated recovery in ticket purchases will happen in the third quarter .
... are estimated ...

(Writing ) 1 Look at the Task 1 question below. Then put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense
in the model answer.
iffii
.......

What to WRITING TASK l

expect in the You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
exam The pie charts below compare the proportion of energy capacity in gigawatts (GW) in
• Pie charts indicate 2012 with the predictions for 2030.
proportions up to Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
100%, but can also comparisons where relevant.
contain numbers
not percentages. Write at least 150 words.
• They can contain Energy capacity in 2012 and 2030
percentages adding
up to 100%, as in 2012 2030
the example here.
• Remember they
can contain units
in proportions that
add up to more
than 100.
• Different pie charts
can show changes
over time, or they
can all relate to the
same year.

• Fossil fuels • Nuclear • Solar

.Wind • Other renewables • Flexible capacity
68
 The future -

The charts 1 ____ (show) the expected changes in energy capacity in 2030
compared to 2012.
The most noticeable feature 2 (be) the drop in the proportion of the annual
gross capacity of fossil fuels, with the projected capacity almost doubling from 5.579 to
10.569 gigawatts. It 3 (expect) to experience a significant decline, falling from
64% in 2012 to 44% in 2030. By contrast, it 4 (predict) that there 5 ____
(be) a dramatic rise in the proportion of energy capacity from solar energy with a jump
from 2% to 18% in 2030. While the proportion of the capacity for wind 6 __ __
(anticipate) to increase more than twofold from 5% in 2012 to 12% in 2030, it
7 (estimate) that other renewables 8 (account for) a smaller
proportion with a decrease from 22% to 19%
The projected proportion for nuclear energy 9 (be) 5% in 2030, a slight
decline from 6% to 1% with flexible capacity expected to double from 1% to 2%.
It is clear that despite the decline in the proportion of energy capacity from fossil fuels
and the rise in solar and wind sources, the former 10 (remain) a major energy
source in 2030.

2 For 1-5, underline two suitable words or phrases in italics to link the information.
1 By 2030, it is predicted a greater proportion of energy capacity will be accounted for by
solar sources than in 2012 (18% as against 2%). In contrast/While/By comparison the
capacity from wind sources is anticipated to comprise 22% and 19% respectively.
2 In the year 2030 it is projected the proportion of capacity from nuclear energy will constitute
5%. By contrast/Whereas/Meanwhile, flexible capacity is expected to increase to 2%.
3 In 2012 the proportion of energy capacity for other renewables comprised 22%, but/
whereas/in contrast the proportion for wind totalled only 5%.
4 The majority of the energy capacity was made up of fossil fuels in 2012 at 64%.
Meanwhile/But/In contrast, the proportion from other renewables accounted for 22%,
followed by nuclear and wind with 6% and 5% respectively.
5 The propor tion of energy capacity accounted for by fossils fuels is expected to decrease to
44% by 2030, whereas/whilst/meanwhile it is forecast that the proportion for energy
capacity from solar energy will rise from 2% to 18%.

3 Complete the sentences below. Add the relevant data from the charts.
1 Fossil fuels in 2012 accounted for _____ of the total energy capacity, while
in 2030 they are forecast to constitute _____
2 It is estimated that the proportion of capacity from wind in 2030 will be _____
in contrast to in 2012.
3 In 2012, fossil fuels made up the bulk of energy capacity with _____ of the
total but in 2030 this is forecast to drop to _____
4 in 2012 flexible capacity and nuclear energy accounted for _____ and _____
respectively.
5 The proportion of capacity from solar energy is predicted to rise dramatically climbing from
Don't forget! _____ to in 2030.
• Write a n over view. 6 Fossil fuels are expected to experience a significant drop, with a fall from
• Summarise and in 2030.
_____ in 2012 to
compare the data.
Don't just write a 4 Write your own answer for the Task l question on page 207. When you have finished,
list.
check your answer using the checklist on page 139.
69
0 Review

Vocabulary: Adjective/Noun collocations

1 For 1-6 below, use an adjective/noun collocation to replace the words in italics. Make
any other necessary changes.
1 Do you think that developments in science will change the civilisation of today?
2 As urbanisation advances around the world, don't we have a duty to try to protect the
remaining societies that live off the land?
3 How do you think populations that live in towns and cities will deal with expansion in
future?
4 Do cultures that are stronger than other cultures such as that of Rome generally last for a
long time?
5 Why do you think there are lots of small communities that are doing very well employing
thousands of creative people?
6 In what way do the public at large benefit from the modernisation of facilities and
amenities?

Word building: Forming adjectives from nouns

Add the adjectives made from the words in brackets to the correct blank space.
1 I think people's living conditions in major cities today will seem _____ to
people in the future as accommodation then will be less _____
(luxury/space)
2 It is for any country not to invest in skills. (danger/tradition)
3 The place that I would like to describe is a park, which is considered by many
people as the most in the country. (nation/beauty)
4 Do you think the evolution we're now going through will replace _____
skills? (technology/tradition)
5 To be in the future, the _____ world will need to adapt to rapid changes
in the workplace. (success/industry)
6 Do you think it's _____ to have _____ skills in the modern world?
(use/tradition)
7 As countries become more , the amount of land available for ____ _
purposes will decline. (population/agriculture)
8 At a level, it is to develop strategies combining local skills
and advances. (nation/use/technology)

Language focus: Ways of looking at the future

Put the verbs in brackets below into the correct tenses. In some cases, there is more than
one answer.
1 I'm not sure but I think that there is a possibility that people _____ (land) on Mars in
the next 20 years. I also think that by 2050 or even earlier people (live) on the
moon.

70
 The future -

2 Life (change) dramatically in both urban and rural areas by the end of the
next decade. Life {be) less stressful and people (access) to a
wide range of leisure facilities and amenities.
3 I'd say I'm fairly optimistic about the future. Although I think we (face) more
challenges regarding developments in fields like education, medicine and industry, they
_____ {increase) life expectancy.
4 We (meet) this Friday morning at the cafe at the airport where we _____
{be) able to chat more about what we (do) on the holiday.
5 The museum _____ (close) as usual at 6 pm this evening, but the new extension to
the museum (open) to the public for the first time from 6.30-10 pm for a
preview.

2 Match the questions to 1-5 in exercise 1.

a Where are you meeting before you fly off?
b What time does the building close this evening?
c Will the way we live have changed by 2030?
d Are you optimistic about the future?
e Do you think the human race will live on other planets in the near future?

Accuracy in IELTS

1 In each sentence below there are two mistakes: a word is missing and a letter is missing.
Correct the mistakes.
1 By the year 2025, the proportion of graduate in the workforce will risen significantly.
2 It estimated that shopper number in the department store will increase next month.
3 Next year, there will a noticeable ris in smart TV sales to 5,000 units a month.
4 The trend in energy consumption is predicted to dramaticaly increase during next decade.
5 The projected sale figures for next year show that will be a slight decline.
6 The use of industrial robots anticipated to continue increasing wordwide.
7 In the last quater of the year, it is expected that registrations at the gym will rising again
gradually.
8 Overall, it expected that a clear upward tend will be seen in the funding for space research .

2 Transform the first four sentences using the following words:

1 there
2 are estimated
3 noticeably
4 it is predicted

71
0 The fruits of nature

Vocabulary 1: Lifecycles and processes

1 <Tl Work in pairs. Describe what is happening in each of the photographs below.

2 Skim each of the short texts a-d and match them to the four photographs.

a When it has flowered, fruit is produced which b Once it blooms, the crop is picked by hand
in turn becomes seeds. These either fall to the or machine. Next it is collected and taken to
ground or are carried by birds or animals to other a factory where the crop is crushed and the
places, or they are carried along by the wind. oil is extracted from the plant. It is then made
When they drop to the ground they wait until the into an essence, which is used in perfumes
spring of the next year. Then they germinate and and toiletries.
grow, and the process repeats itself.

d The plants produce flowers.

c It lays its eggs on the leaves of plants.
When the flowers open,
When the eggs hatch, the caterpillars eat
they attract insects, which
the leaves. They then weave or form a
pollinate the plant.
cocoon, from which a new insect emerges.

3 Look at each text again. Underline the words that helped you answer exercise 2.

4 Work in pairs. Choose a process in exercise 2 and describe it in your own words.

72
 The fruits of nature -

1 Look at the picture and the title 'The fruit of the olive tree'. What kind of information
(Reading ) do you think the passage will contain? Decide if the passage is descriptive/factual or
i•&iUIU,Lilti argumentative.

How to go 2 Scan the Reading Passage. Which paragraphs contain the following information:
about it 1 a description of the olive tree and fruit
• Look at the title. 2 a reference to the time of harvesting
What kind of
3 a history of olive cultivation
information will the
passage contain?
• Will the passage be READING PASSAGE
descriptive/factual You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on 1he Reading
or argumentative? Passage below.
www.irLanguage.com

The fruit of the olive tree

u�1J:!1u�i�.>S1
www.irLaoguage.com

A Olive trees (Olea europaea), which are widely distributed across the Mediterranean
region, Africa and Asia. have long represented wealth, abundance. power and peace.
The olive has been a symbol of the Mediterranean since time immemorial and has a
reputation for long life. nourishment and its ability to thrive in tough conditions. There are
claims of 1600-year-old trees still producing fruit.
B The tree's primary product, olive oil. is revered throughout the world for its distinctive
flavour. Homer called it 'liquid gold'. In Ancient Greece athletes rubbed olive oil over their
bodies and winning competitors received no trophies or medals - instead the symbol of
supreme honour was the olive wreath placed on their heads.
C Olea europaea is an evergreen shrub or tree, which grows up to 15m tall. It is slow to
mature but can live for hundreds of years. The leaves are borne in opposite pairs. The
leaves are evergreen, 3 to 9cm long, elliptic. and silvery in appearance. The flowers
are borne in axillary clusters, with a four-lobed calyx, and a four-lobed corolla. The two
stamens (male parts) project beyond the mouth of the flower. The fruit has a hard
endocarp (the olive stone), which is surrounded by a fleshy, edible mesocarp.

73
11111 The fruits of nature

D Grown in the Mediterranean for over 5000 years, the olive has shaped the landscape
and culture of the region: 90% of all olives are produced in the Mediterranean. It is the
region's most versatile and valuable crop with the fruit, oil and leaves having been used
for food, fuel, medicine and embalming.
E The birth of olive-farming is shrouded in the mists of time. Discoveries of olive stones
at archaeological sites in the Middle East show at least 20 000 years of use and by
5000 years ago olives had been taken into cultivation and spread throughout the Levant.
Domestication may have taken place in the eastern Mediterranean region, or in the
region of the Nile Delta where the climate of the time would have been more suitable for
cultivation. Today, there are thought to be around 1000 million olive trees in the world.
F The harvesting of the olives occurs in autumn. If they are to become table olives,
they are soaked in water for five days to extract the bitter phenolic compounds such
as oleuropein. The fruit is then cured in brine for around four weeks. Green olives are
unripe, whereas black olives are ripe and less bitter. Olives are eaten as snacks or
appetisers with a variety of accompaniments, and are a key ingredient of Mediterranean
cooking.
G The oil is obtained from the fruit shortly after harvesting. The fruit is cleaned and
processed into a paste from which the oil is extracted. Olive oil is classified according
to the production method and the oleic acid content. A refined olive oil is obtained with
the use of heat or solvent extraction and requires further processing to yield edible
oil (it contains up to 3.3% oleic acid). The leftover cake is used as a source of inedible
industrial-grade oil (containing more than 3.3% oleic acid), and is also used in livestock
feed and compost.
H The oil is used for food, cooking and for a multitude of therapeutic purposes. The safe
dosage for adults is two tablespoons (28g) of olive oil per day. Evidence suggests that
people whose diets include olive oil have a reduced risk of developing certain cancers.
Likewise, a diet rich in olive oil (and low in saturated fats) is associated with reduced risk
of cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure .
The beneficial qualities of olive oil have been attributed to the fatty-acid composition and
the presence of phenolic compounds, which seem to have antioxidant. vasodilating,
antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects. At the Botanical Gardens in Kew in London,
investigations are being carried out on how the waste products of olive oil production
could be used as sources of compounds for medicines to treat cardiovascular disease.
J In the Arboretum Nursery at Kew young olive plants are grown from seed. It has been
noted that germination is spasmodic, taking from a few weeks to a few months. The
compost used as a growing medium is an open, gritty, free-draining mix. The seedlings
are pricked out into 'air pots'. Air pots prevent the plants from becoming pot-bound
by encouraging the roots to grow outwards rather than spiralling. Planting out into
the required position in the garden can be carried out straight from the air pot. The
glasshouse zone in which the seedlings are grown is kept at a minimum temperature of
5·c. Only natural light is provided. The young plants are well watered and not allowed to
dry out.

Questions 1-5
The Reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
1 the places where olive trees were supposedly grown first for domestic purposes
2 research into the health benefits of the leftovers from producing olive oil
3 the process involved in making olives suitable for eating
4 a method that benefits plant growth
5 the link between olive oil consumption and improvements in health

74
 The fruits of nature -

Questions 6-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
Write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GWEN if there is no information on this
6 Olive trees are found in only one continent of the world .
7 For the winners in Ancient Greek athletic competition games, an olive crown
represented victory.
8 There are few fruit trees that have a longer life span than olive trees .
9 Olive tree cultivation has had little impact on the Mediterranean countryside.
u�1�1u�j��
www.irLanguage.com
Questions 10-14
How to go
about it Complete the flow-chart below.

For Questions 10-14: Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
• Flow-charts usually
have a heading so Stages in the extraction of olive oil
use this to locate the
relevant part of the
text. extraction of oil from fruit 10 ........................... after harvest
• Treat the flow-chart

!
like a summary.
The text may be in
note form, so pay
particular attention cleaning of fruit and processing into paste, oil extracted
to the grammar.
• Sometimes. the
information in the
flow-chart may be
!
in a different order oil classification dependent on 11 ....................... .... and content of oleic acid
from the Reading
Passage.
!
refined olive oil using 12 ........................... or solvent
Don't forget!
• For questions
that require you
to complete
!
further processing necessary to produce oil for human use
information, check

!
the number of
words required for
each blank space.
13 ........................... source of oil for industry and animal
14 ........................... and ...........................

WWW.ff anguage.com
3 Is it important for us to know how things such as trees, plants, insects and animals
grow? Why/Why not?
How common is it for people in your country to grow their own produce? Is it less
common now than in the past? Give reasons and examples.

75
111111 The fruits of nature

Language focus: Transitive and intransitive verbs

Look at the following sentences from the Reading Passage 6 Work in pairs. Underline the intransitive verbs in the box
on page 73. Underline the verbs. below.
The harvesting of the olives occurs in autumn.
plant pollinate grow (tall) disperse
2 The fruit is cleaned and processed into a paste from which the oil
become (bigger) prune sprout
is extracted.
3 In the Arboretum Nursery at Kew young olive plants are grown transplant harvest ripen appear
from seed. open up cultivate bear
2 Read the explanations. Match the explanations to the verbs
in exercise 1. 7 Decide which verbs in exercise 6 can be used with each of
a the verb takes an object and can be used in the passive. these nouns.
(transitive)
seeds saplings branches tree
b the verb cannot take an object and cannot be used in the
passive. (intransitive) buds flowers fruit

c Which of the verbs can be used both transitively and

intransitively. 8 Work in pairs. Look at the diagram of the lifecycle of an
apple tree and describe it in your own words.
� Read more about transitive and intransitive verbs in the
Grammar reference on page 223. 9 Complete the gaps in the text below using suitable verbs in the
present simple.
3 The verbs in the box below can all be used to describe
processes and lifecycles. Decide whether the verbs in the box
are transitive, intransitive or both and write them under the
correct heading in the table.

make look produce decrease weave

happen collect rise sow become flow
process pick emerge occur crush

.
Transitive Intransitive Both

-
make look decrease

4 Work in pairs. Use your own knowledge to answer questions

1-6 below using suitable singular or plural nouns. The life of an apple tree

What sets every day in the evening? The seeds of the apple tree 1 in trays where
they grow until they reach a certain size. After that they
2 What is harvested to make bread?
2 into the fields. When they reach a certain
3 What leaves are picked to make a hot drink from China? height, the saplings are 3 to increase the
4 What is white and is used to make a very light cloth? production of apples. As the trees 4 taller, the
5 What emerges from a cocoon to become a flying insect? branches become bigger and they 5 _____ leaves. The
tree blossoms attract bees that, in turn, 6 _____
6 What are colourful, grown in gardens and look and smell
very nice? the flowers. In the autumn, the fruit begins to 7 _ _ _ _
and the leaves fall. The fruit is then 8 _ _ _ _ and the
5 Write an answer for each question 1-6 in exercise 4. Where
apples are graded, sorted and taken in special refrigerator
possible, replace the verbs in the question with one of the
verbs in the box below or a verb of your own. lorries for storage or distribution to the market.

gather harvest come out of bloom go down

produce plant cultivate weave utilise

76
 The fruits of nature 1111
(Speaking ) 1 m Work in pairs. Choose a photograph and describe it to your partner. What kind of
impression does the photograph make on you? Why?
l?Mi
Don't forget!
• Write your notes,
briefly, clearly and
in order.
• Write the notes
vertically so you
can read them
easily as you speak.
• Glance at your
notes as you speak
and expand your
ideas.

Look at the Part 2 Task Card below. Then listen to a student giving a possible
response to the Task. Which stages in the Task Card does the student mention?

Describe a place of outstanding natural beauty that you like.

You should say:
where the place is
when you first went to the place
who you first went to the place with
and explain why you like the place.

3 � Listen to the extract again and complete the notes below using one word or a number.
• a place that is very beautiful
• a picnic area on a 1 _____ top on the north coast of 2 _____
• I went there for the first time when I was about 3 _____ years old with my
4 _____
• the surrounding 5 is breathtaking.
• the 6 of the countryside below the mountain are really spectacular
• the area is very 7 _____
• it is usually 8 as few people go there.
• it is very 9 _____ and somewhere to 10 _____ from the world
• it is a place to 11 _____

4 Work in pairs and check your answers. Then match items 1-11 to the stages (where, when,
who and why) on the Task Card .

5 m Make short notes for the Part 2 Task Card in exercise 2. Work with a new partner. Take
turns talking about the topic, using your notes to guide you. When you have finished,
discuss with your partner whether you followed the notes.

77
- The fruits of nature

Vocabulary 2: Conservation

1 Work in pairs. Choose a word, a-d, to complete each of the gaps. Think of the type of
word you need and whether it might be singular or plural.
1 Tree is crucial, because trees are the of the planet; we
chop them down at our peril.
a extinction b heart c lungs d conservation
2 Where I come from the countryside needs _____ , because it is being _____
by more and more buildings.
a spoilt b broken c protection d defence
3 In the _____ season, the countryside is not at all _____ as it is buzzing with
activity.
a plant b tranquil c tranquillity d planting
4 A huge factory, which is now derelict, _____ the landscape, but the scenery is still
_____ with wooded hills and streams.
a rules b dominates c extravagant d spectacular
5 From the mountain top you have a _____ view of the coastline, with beaches
_____ into the distance.
a stretching b panoramic c panorama d stretch
6 People go to New York to shop and to take in the like the Statue of Liberty, but
they also like to visit open like Central Park.
a sightings b spaces c sights d spacing
7 I think it is necessary to _____ the environment, because wildlife will _____
a disappear b depart c safeguard d uphold
8 People come from miles to admire the _____ across the valley, because the area
has a breathtaking _____
a scenery b scenic c outlook d view

2 For sentences 1-6 below, complete the gaps with a word from the a-d choices in
exercise 1. Make any necessary changes.
1 The coastline has some breathtaking _____ , which attract people from all over.
2 As trees produce oxygen they keep us alive, which is why they are often called
the of the planet.
0�1�1ul:ijf5"YJ 3 The beach _____ for miles with lots of wildlife, but it is in danger of
www.irLanguage.com
being if we don't conserve it for future generations.
4 Tourists spend a lot of money when travelling around and take in as many _____
as possible in a city.

I think . . . is important! 5 Wildlife like lions and tigers should not be kept in zoos, but how can they be _____
crucial/ from extinction?
vital/essential/ 6 Forest _____ schemes protect areas of national importance like the
necessary, because . Amazon rainforest.
In order to.
If we don't do 3 Work in groups. Discuss the questions below using the words from exercises 1 and 2.
anything,
1 How important do you think it is to have conservation schemes to protect the environment?
One way is to .
Another possibility is 2 In what ways can people safeguard the countryside?
to. 3 Do you think natural environments around the world will be destroyed or conserved in the
. . . can/could/should . . . future? Give reasons and examples .
for example, . . .

78
 The fruits of nature 1111
( Listening )
LiifM,i 11 SECTION 2 Questions 11-20
Questions 11-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
11 The woodland and countryside programme began
A 5 years ago.
B 10 years ago.
C 15 years ago.
12 Not all young people like the programme initially, because
A smartphone use is allowed only in the evenings.
B the use of all electronic gadgets is discouraged.
C watching TV is discouraged at all times .
13 The programme receives most of its income from
A donations.
How to go B the nursery.
about it C courses.

For Questions 14-17: Questions 14-17

• Study the map Label the map opposite.
carefully. Do not
assume that ·A' Write the correct letter, A-J,
will be the first next to Questions 14-17.
Woodland
thing you hear, the 14 Beech Lodge
description is more
likely to start at 'the 15 Chestnut Lodge
Entrance'.
16 Family Area
• Think of words
that are related 17 Plant Nursery
to sequence, for
example, then,
next, etc., as these
will indicate steps
in the sequence.
• North is marked
on the map, so
think about the
four points of the
compass.

Questions 18-10
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
18 As the centre is high up, there are spectacular ....................................... of the
surrounding area.
19 As no trees have been cut down, the ....................................... has not altered for
centuries.
20 During woodland walks, people are requested not to remove ..................................... ..
or ....................................... .

79
- The fruits of nature

1 Work in groups. Describe the steps in the process below. Try to use as many of the words
(Writing )
· 111111•
'-._IMI in the box as possible.

throw away recycle crush buy rubbish tip landfill collect

How to go transport separated colour crush recycled new bottles
about it
• Write an overview
using words to
describe sequences
such as stage, step
and phase.
• Use the correct
tense to describe
the sequence. As
this is a cycle that is
repeated, use the
present simple.
• Make sure that you
use transitive and
intransitive verbs
correctly.
• Make sure that you
use the active and
passive correctly.
• Use linking words
related to sequence,
for example, first,
then, next, after
that, subsequently,
once, as soon as,
when, where, etc.

2 Complete the gaps in the text below with suitable linking words. Think of as many linking
words as you can for each gap.

The fizzy drink is bought in the shop. 1 ___________ it is drunk, the bottle is
either thrown away, in which case it is thrown into a rubbish tip, or it is put into a
recycling bin.
2 ___________ the recycled bottles are collected and taken to a special centre,
3 ____ the glass is sorted. After this step, the glass is crushed and
4 it is used for making new glass. This glass is
5 _____________ made into new bottles which are delivered to various bottling
plants, 6 ____________ the various drinks are added.

Make sure ---, 3 Find the word step in the text in exercise 2. Which other words can you use instead of step?
you write an
introduction which 4 Write an introduction and an overview for the text in exercise 2.
paraphrases the
rubric. Do not just
copy the rubric.
Write a minimum I
of150wor�

80
 The fruits of nature mll
Describing sequences
1 Decide which one of the following linking words or phrases in the box below cannot be
used to describe sequences.

initially first at first next as soon as after

before following that finally when where

2 Work in pairs. Underline the linking words in 1-7 below and find the first step in the
sequence. Then decide what is being described and put the sentences in order.
1 If it is the latter, the broken components are mended.
2 and the phone is then sent for sale.
3 Once a device is broken, it is either thrown away or sent for recycling.
4 These are then shipped to a different factory for assembly.
5 First , the various internal components like the chip are manufactured in one place.
6 After that they are dispatched to a central warehouse for distribution.
7 At the same time, the case and the SIM card are produced.

3 Compare this manufacturing process with the natural lifecycle described in the life of an
apple tree on page 76. Decide which contains the most transitive verbs.

4 Match 1-6 below with a sentence or part of a sentence a-f to complete the sequence.
1 As soon as the wheat is fully grown,
2 Before it is wrapped,
3 Once the man goes are ripe, they are picked,
4 The components are imported and then put together.
5 When the tea bush reaches a certain height, the leaves are picked.
6 Milk production goes through various stages. When the cows are milked, the milk is taken to a
dairy where various products are made.
a the chocolate is put into moulds and left to cool.
b It is heated to kill bacteria to make it suitable for drinking, or churned to produce butter.
c and sent to the market for sale, or kept in a cold refrigerator for export.
d it is reaped.
e They are then dried, sorted, blended and wrapped in packets for sale.
f After that the machines are put into boxes and transported to warehouses or to shops.

5 Match each of the words below to a sequence in exercise 4.

packaging storage delivery pasteurisation harvesting assembly

6 Decide what the verb form is for each noun in exercise 5.

7 Write your own answer to the Task I question on page 207. When you have finished,
check your answer using the checklist on page 139.

81
 Review
Vocabulary 1: Lifecycles and processes

Match an item in column A with an item in Column B. You may use each item only once.
A B
1 blossoms produce
2 trees fruit
3 butterflies thread
4 harvest appear
5 plant trees
6 weave emerge
7 prune sprout
8 leaves branches

Write a short sentence using each noun phrase from exercise 1 above.
Example: blossoms appear Blossoms appear on plants and trees in spring.

Vocabulary 2: Conservation irLanguage.com

Complete the sentences below with a suitable word beginning with the letter given.
1 From the top of the building, you have a p_____ view of the city, with buildings
s into the distance.
2 The scenery in this part of the countryside is s____ with streams and wooded hills
and an old brick mill that that dominates the I_____
3 People go to London to shop and to take in the s like Tower Bridge, but
they also like to visit open s such as Hyde Park.
4 As there are some breathtaking v along the coast, people travel miles
to admire the s_ ____
5 The conservation of the natural e_____ is vital to help prevent the
e of wildlife.
6 It is necessary to s_____ the natural world, so wildlife will not d_____
7 The woodland around my hometown is being s____ _ by the construction of
factories and houses nearby and is in urgent need of p_____

Following directions
The following sentences take you on a tour through the map below. Follow the line and
decide whether the sentences are correct or not. Correct the sentences that are wrong.
1 We start off here at the bottom of Theed Street.
2 The tour takes us past Wren House on the right.
3 We then turn left into Chatham Street.
4 We go past Brampton Palace which is on the north side of the street on our left.
5 Just after the palace we immediately turn right into Manor Way, where we stop and look at
the building of the College of Music, which is on our left.
6 We then turn left into Weston Avenue to look at the Old City Hall, which is on the north side
of the street.
82
 The fr uits of nature

7 We continue to the end of Weston Avenue where we go south.

8 We then turn left and finish our tour on the north side of the Old City Hall.

D Weston Avenue
The Old City Hall

_::
.
ge of Music

____. �g�
Chatham Street
;
T�-
I
__:
ompton Palace

Financial
Wren House Churchill Tower
District

Theed Street
Start here

Language focus: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1 Match the words from column A with corresponding words in columns Band C. You
should use each word only once.

A B C
1 sun produce/utilise bread
2 wheat emerge garden/spring
3 cotton goes down/sets cocoon
4 flowers cultivate/harvest evening
5 butterflies bloom cloth

Write a short sentence using each word group from exercise 1 above.
Example:
Sun/goes down/evening
I enjoy watching the sun go down in the evening.

Accuracy in IELTS
In sentences 1-9 below, there is either a letters missing or there is one too many. Find
the mistakes and correct them. Try to complete the exercise in less than two minutes.
1 When the seed germinate, the plant begins to grow.
2 As soon as the wood is burnt, carbon dioxide is released into the atmospheres, which can
then cause serious problems.
3 The diagram show how the water is purified.
4 Trees are the lung of the planet as they purify the air we breathe.
5 If the plant produces fruit, it releases the seed which are either carried away by the wind or birds.
6 More conservation projects need to be organised if we are to save the countrysides.
7 Pomegranate are now found in many countries in the world.

8 What are the most common fruits in your parts of the country?
9 It is clear that there are seven step in the process.
83
 Reading

Introduction
In the IELTS Academic Reading module, there are three passages which are from
various sources like books , journals, magazines and newspapers. The passages do
not require specialist knowledge for you to understand them. At least one of the three
passages contains a detailed logical argument.
The question types used are:
• choosing suitable paragraph/section headings from a list
• classification
• completing sentences with the correct endings
• identification of information using 'True/False/Not Given' statements
• identification of the writer's claims and views using 'Yes/No/Not Given' statements
• labelling a diagram
• matching information to paragraphs/names to statements
• multiple-choice
• note/flow-chart/table completion
• sentence completion
You will have one hour to answer 40 questions, which is about 90 seconds for each
question. This means that you need to learn to move around the Reading Passage and
the questions quickly. In the exam there is no time to 'study' the Reading Passages . In
order to be as fast as possible there are three important strategies that you need to learn:
• scanning and skimming - these are reading skills that you need to employ at different
times to answer various types of questions
• understanding the different questions types
• understanding when to leave questions you cannot do initially, move on and come back
later.

Understanding True/False/Not Given statements irLanguage.com

'True/False/Not Given' statements are used to check if statements agree with information in
the Reading Passage.
Example:
Questions 22-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
What does 'false' mean here?
What is the difference between 'false' and 'not given'?

1 Read the extract on page 85 and do the exercises, which follow.

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 Ready for Reading

THE B �ONZE Ac; E: 'xlA DYNASTY

The Bronze Age in China refers to the
period between about 2000 and 771 BC,
when bronze was produced on a massive
scale for weapons and ritual objects used by
the ruling elite.
Traditional Chinese histories, written in
later centuries, speak of a series of ancient
rulers who invented agriculture, writing,
and the arts of government. The last of
these legendary rulers, Yu, is credited with
controlling floods and founding the Xia
dynasty. Yu also cast nine sacred bronze
vessels that became symbolic of the right
to rule. and these were passed on to subsequent dynasties. While the account in the
traditional histories is linear, with states following one another in a logical progression,
the archaeological record reveals a more complicated picture of Bronze Age China.
Archaeological investigation has confirmed much of the legendary history of the
dynasty following the Xia - the Shang - but the existence of Xia itself is still debated.
Today Chinese scholars generally identify Xia with the Erlitou culture, but debate
continues on whether Erlitou represents an early stage of the Shang dynasty, or
whether it is entirely unique. In any event, new prototypes emerged at Erlitou - in
architecture, bronze vessels, tomb structures. and weapons - that greatly influenced
material culture in the Shang and subsequent Zhou dynasties.
www.irLanguage.com

2 Work in pairs. Use a-k to help you analyse the 'True/False/Not Given' statements in
sentences 1-9 on page 86. Underline the relevant words in each sentence .
a verbs to do with cause and effect, for example, lead to, bring about, result in/from
b restricting/excluding words, for example, only
c quantities, for example, a//, majority/ most/ little/a little
d adjectives that qualify, for example, particular, inevitable, mistaken, higher
e adverbs that qualify, for example, largely, slightly
f numbers
g 'negative' verbs, for example, ignore, fail
h verbs/phrases that indicate doubt, for example, suggest: It is suggested ...
comparisons
verbs to do with linking, for example, connect, link, associate, but not cause and effect
k time relationships

85
Ready for Reading

Example:
The Bronze Age in China lasted more than a thousand years.
Comparison (more than) and length of time (a thousand years): ilk.
1 Bronze was used more for weapons than for ritual objects.
2 According to later Chinese histories, ancient rulers were only interested in the
administrative side of leadership.
3 Yu is said to have established the Xia dynasty.
4 Ten sacred vessels were made by Yu.
5 The sacred vessels were destroyed at the end of each dynasty.
6 The Chinese Bronze Age was a simpler period than discoveries show.
7 All of the legendary history of the Xia has been substantiated by archaeology.
8 The Xia are connected with the Erlitou culture.
9 The Erlitou culture had an impact on the Zhou.

3 Scan the text to locate the information in statements 1-9 and decide whether they are
'True', 'False' or 'Not Given'.

Understanding 'Yes/No/Not Given' statements

'Yes/No/Not Given' statements are used to check if statements agree with the claims or
views of the writer in the Reading Passage - i.e. does the writer make a judgement about
information in the Reading Passage?
Checking claims is similar to checking information. Look at the 'True/False/Not Given'
statements above. All of the statements can be classed as claims, but only statement 7
could be classed as an opinion or view. For example, statement 1 cannot be an opinion
because it is either a statement of fact or a claim. The same applies to statement 2 and
so on. You can put It is a fact that or I claim that in front of all these statements, but you
cannot say I believe that before the statements, because it is not a matter of opinion. Can
you say: I believe that water boils at 100 degrees centigrade? It is a claim until it is proven.

1 Work in pairs. Look at the extract and statements 1-7 on page 87. The words underlined
highlight the views expressed in the statements. These words can occur in statements
checking the views of the writer. Decide what the function of the words underlined is in
each sentence.

Active cities
Many cities over the years
have actively contributed to
making their residents less
physically active, as there is
now less need for the public
to walk anywhere. Yet,
the health and economic
benefits gained from financial
investment in making cities
active places for residents are
clear for everyone to see.
Active cities can provide their
residents with a range of
opportunities that encourage
people to have a more active

86
 Ready for Reading

lifestyle and improve their health. An active city is one that has, for example, open
spaces and parks which can enhance the lives of workers or local people enormously
by providing places for relaxation like walking, running or just sitting in the open air.
Further, if open spaces such as the urban greenway* in London, are joined up, this
then enables people to walk long distances through green trails, away from traffic
and noise. It is, therefore, important for more open spaces to be created to benefit the
general public health-wise, from which cities should then gain from more active and
productive citizens.
Another key feature of an active city is good urban design. Such design makes the
streets safe with good lighting and also inviting with street furniture like benches,
micro-gardens and trees. As such simple changes clearly add to people's quality of life,
they are a vital ingredient of active cities, and should be implemented everywhere.
* A cycleway and footpath in east London.

1 People in cities now tend to be less active.

2 The best way to ensure the health benefits from active cities is through investment.
3 Open spaces in an active city are of little use.to workers.
4 City dwellers should make more use of the open spaces.
5 It is easier for people in London than those in other cities to make use of open spaces.
6 It is likely that cities will benefit from having more open spaces.
7 Having good street design is an effective way to improve the quality of life of the public.

2 Scan the text to locate the information in statements 1-7 and decide whether the answer
is 'Yes', 'No' or 'Not Given'.
Write:
YES ifthe statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO ifthe statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks of this

Paragraph/Section headings
1 The title of the whole Reading Passage is The Impact of Coastal Erosion. Predict which of
the following you expect to find in the passage:

cause effect problem solution historical background

2 Match your answer in exercise 1 to words in the heading below.

Factors leading to coastal erosion

A There is little doubt that rates of coastal change will escalate with enhanced rates
of sea level rise and increasing storminess, both of which are associated with global
warming. These changes are likely to have a significant impact on coastal populations
and infrastructure. Sea levels are expected to rise significantly over the next century,
largely as a result of the melting of ice sheets and thermal expansion of the oceans.
Global warming will also change ocean currents, world weather patterns, winds, coastal
currents, waves and storms. The increase in the frequency and size of the latter, which
have an enormous influence on coastal change and near-shore sediment transport, will
have a major impact on the form of UK coasts.

3 Look at paragraph A above related to the heading.

Underline the words that relate to factors. Then �words that relate to coastal erosion.

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Ready for Reading

4 Look at paragraph Band decide whether it is about:

1 the effects of coastal change
2 the methods employed to check coastal change.
Which verb(s) and noun helped you make your decision?
www.irLan gua ge.com

B Geological, archaeological and historical records are used to establish the nature of
past coastal change. Monitoring of coastal change is also undertaken using a broad
range of techniques including airborne laser ranging technology (LIDAR) and digital
aerial photogrammetry. These techniques are used to determine coastal topography,
coastal erosion, and shoreline position with high accuracy. The bathymetry of offshore
areas is determined by several geophysical techniques including side-scan sonar or
multi-beam surveys. In the UK geoscientists are widely involved in projects that address
past coastal change and monitor how coasts are changing today. The principal aim
of many of these studies is to understand the natural processes that govern coastal
change in order to predict the patterns and rates of future coastal evolution.

5 Look at the list of headings below for the Reading Passage and� the general nouns,
e.g. factors and methods, in the headings.

List of Headings
The complexity of making decisions about coastal defences
ii A contrast between engineered and natural defence techniques
iii The methods employed to check coastal change
iv The need for an integrated approach to coastal management
v Factors leading to coastal erosion

6 Underline the words that make the general nouns in the headings specific.

www.irLanguage.com

88
 Ready for Reading

n5��
U".
1rLanguage.com

Summary completion
1 Work in groups. Look at paragraphs C-E. Read the summary below and use the questions
in the coloured boxes to help you answer Questions 10-13.

C Currently about 44% of the English and Welsh coast is protected by some form
of coastal defence. Difficult decisions will need to be made to determine how this
percentage will change in response to the increased rates of coastal erosion caused
by sea-level rise. These decisions cannot be made without widespread consultation
and will need to balance the socio-economic needs of developers, landowners and
residents with coastal protection and environmental groups. Furthermore, they will need
to take aspects of European legislation (e.g. the Habitats Directive) that have been
incorporated into British law, into consideration.
D Coastal managers have to consider not only which parts of the coast they should
attempt to defend, but also which type of defence is most appropriate. Locally it will
be best to defend coastal areas using traditional constructions, such as sea-walls,
dykes, groynes and breakwaters. Such engineered 'hard' structures are expensive
and may only result in enhanced coastal erosion on adjacent coasts. The alternative
approach is to work with natural processes and create 'soft' engineered solutions, e.g.
by encouraging accumulation of sediments in selected areas. For example, sediments
accumulating in estuarine salt marshes protect the estuaries and associated human
infrastructure from erosion, storm surges and coastal flooding.
E Whatever approach is used, no section of coast should be studied or managed in
isolation. The whole picture must be understood, in regard to changes in the past, the
present position and how any coastal management scheme will be affected by future
changes. The best and most sustainable options probably lie in an integrated coastal
zone management approach. These may contain multiple response strategies that can
be modified for different socio-economic factors and environmental conditions, working
with natural processes rather than against them. Geoscientists have a key role to play in
providing the foundations for such management.

www.irLanguage.com

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Ready for Reading

Question 10: Question 11:

Is the answer a noun/noun phrase, etc ? Is the answer a noun/noun phrase, etc?
Is the answer connected with the word Is there anything in the sentence that
decision? tells you the answer might be people or
Is decision-making connected with a body of people?
discussing? If so, which words?
Does the latter part of the sentence give
you a clue?

Questions 10-13
Complete the summary of paragraphs C-E below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Any decision on how much of the coastline will have some form of protection in years to come
will not be easy. It will, however, need to be taken after 10 . .............................. , taking into
account the needs of local people and agencies . 11 ............................... need to look at the
parts of the coast which they ought to try and protect and the most suitable defence . Local
answers will involve the use of 12 . .............................. , from sea-walls to breakwaters,
but these 'hard' structures may only lead to the erosion in nearby coastal areas . Alternatively,
methods such as encouraging the build up of sediments in certain places may be the answer.
In any case, no stretch of the coastline should be dealt with in 13 ............................... .

Question 12: Question 13:

Is the answer a noun/noun phrase, etc? Is the answer a noun/noun phrase, etc?
Do the examples after the blank space Different solutions need to be thought of
help you? together. Is this important?
Are these examples physical things?
What words do you associate with
making physical things?

2 Compare your answers with another group .

Sentence completion

1 Work in groups. Look at the last paragraph E and make questions for examining the
following sentence:

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
As well as examining the past and the present, management of the coast needs to take into
account ............................... .

The basis of an integrated management strategy can be created by ............................... .

2 Compare your answers with another group.

3 Answer the question.

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 Ready for Reading

IELTS Reading checklist

Survey any headings, the text and questions in 5-10 seconds.
2 Skim the passage and questions quickly (in about two minutes) to get the gist of the
whole passage.
3 Identify the questions which are easy and require less time.
4 Identify the questions which are difficult and require more time. Do not waste time
on such questions. Come back to them later.
5 Use the nature of the passage to predict the organisation and structure of the text,
e.g. problem/solution.
6 Use the questions to predict the organisation and structure of the text, e.g.
problem/solution.
7 Use the questions and the predicted organisation to predict the possible location of
answers in paragraphs and the text generally.
8 Predict where general information is likely to be in the whole text and in
paragraphs, e.g. is it likely to be at the beginning/end of text! paragraph?
9 Predict where specific information is likely to be in the whole text and in
paragraphs, e.g. are examples likely to be in the middle of a sentence/paragraph?
10 Use the title and repeated or related vocabulary such as words that relate to the
environment to activate schemata.
11 Use the title and related nature of the text to predict the type of vocabulary and
grammar that will occur in the text, e.g. cause and effect, present simple and
active passive.
12 Check spelling in your answers.
13 Avoid leaving questions unanswered.
14 Answer global questions like paragraph and section headings first. (They help you
find your way around the passage and help locate more specific questions.)
15 Use specific questions like sentence completion that follow global questions to
check questions relating to headings are correct.
16 Locate the part of the text relating to questions quickly to give yourself time to
analyse the questions closely.
17 Think carefully before you change answers. Your first instincts may be correct if
you have read the text closely.
18 Do not be afraid of changing your mind.
19 Make sure your answers for a Reading Passage do not contradict each other, e.g.
paragraph headings and specific questions.
20 If you panic, take a deep breath and continue.

91
 The world of work and education

Vocabulary 1: Work

(!: With a partner, look at the photographs and describe what is happening in each.

Work in pairs. Match the words to the correct explanation below.

a job a profession or occupation over a period of time
b work what people gain at the end of a course, e.g. a degree
C occupation what work people do to earn money to live
d profession the job people follow, usually after gaining some kind of qualification
e career the job or profession people have
f livelihood paid work people do on a regular basis
g qualifications what people do or the place they do something to achieve some
kind of result

92
 The world of work and education

Work in pairs. Choose a noun from exercise 2 to complete the sentences below. More
than one answer may be possible.
1 I want to be independent, so I'd like to earn my _ ___ running my own
business.
2 The _____ ethic varies from country to country and from one profession to
another.
3 I would really like to have a good _ ___ which allows me to achieve my aims.
4 The second interview was successful and I got the _____
5 Do you think it is important to have a good _____ -life balance?
6 I am a teacher by _____
7 In order to improve their _____ prospects, and thus to climb the _____ ladder,
students need to study hard.
8 Being up to date is essential; otherwise, it is possible to miss out on the best _____
opportunities.

Work in pairs. Decide which three skills are the most important for your work and
personal life. Use the items below and your own ideas. Give examples and reasons for
your choices.
• using mobile technology and laptops
• numeracy
• touch typing
• socialising
• being organised

Work in pairs. Look at three questions on goals and career below. Decide what an
examiner might expect you to say in your answers , using the items in the bubbles. T hen
explain how you would answer the questions.

Goals and career

• Make sure you I Do you think having aims and goals in life is useful for young people's careers?
support your W hy/Why not?
answers by giving Are there any benefits to society of young people achieving success in their career?
examples and Why do you think this is?
reasons.
Do you think that having a career in itself is a sign of success? Why/Why not?
Develop ideas using
cause and effect.
• Talk about abstract
details and avoid
reasons opinion
personal examples. evaluation arguments to persuade

positive impact
examples negative impact

Change partners. Take turns asking and answering the Part 3 questions above.
When your partner has finished speaking, give him/her feedback using the checklist on
page 181.

93
- The world of work and education

(Reading ) 1 m Work in groups. Decide which of the following features are the most important in a
work environment. Add your own features if you want.
il#J.UltLilii
• a relaxed atmosphere
www.irLanguage.com
• a supportive environment
• a strong boss/leader
Look at the title
• working when and where you want
and think about the
kind of information
that will be in the READING PASSAGE
passage.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the
Decide whether
the passage is Reading Passage below.
likely to be factual
or presenting an
argument about
Why people thrive in coworking spaces
There seems to be something
something.
special about coworking spaces.
What makes such spaces -
defined as membership-based
workspaces where diverse
groups of freelancers, remote
workers, and other independent
professionals work together in a
shared, communal setting - so
effective? And are there lessons
for more traditional offices?
People who use coworking
spaces see their work as
meaningful. First, unlike a
traditional office, coworking
spaces consist of members who
work for a range of different
companies, ventures, and projects. Because there is little direct competition or internal
politics. they don't feel they have to put on a work persona to fit in. Working amidst people
doing different kinds of work can also make one's own work identity stronger.
Second, meaning may also come from working in a culture where it is the norm to help
each other out. and there are many opportunities to do so. Lastly, meaning may also
be derived from a more concrete source: the social mission inherent in the Coworking
Manifesto. an online document signed by me.mbers of more than 1,700 working spaces. It
clearly articulates the values that the coworking movement aspires to, including community,
collaboration, learning, and sustainability.
So in many cases, it's not simply the case that a person is going to work; they're also part of
a social movement. They have more job control. Coworking spaces are normally accessible
24/7 People can decide whether to put in a long day when they have a deadline or want
to show progress, or can decide to take a long break in the middle of the day to go to the
gym. They can choose whether they want to work in a quiet space so they can focus, or in a
more collaborative space with shared tables where interaction is encouraged.
Coworkers feel part of a community. Connections with others are a big reason why people
pay to work in a communal space, as opposed to working from home for free or renting a
nondescript office. Each coworking space has its own vibe, and the managers of each space
go to great lengths to cultivate a unique experience that meets the needs of their respective
members. Grind, for example, is a growing network of coworking spaces in New York and
Chicago. Anthony Marinos, who oversees Grind's marketing, community management,
and member services. shared with us, "When it comes to cultivating our community at
Grind, we're all about the human element. We consider ourselves as much a hospitality
company as we do a workspace provider. Our staff knows all of our members by name and
profession, and we're constantly facilitating introductions between Grindists."

u�1>.!1 u�j ,yy,

www.irLan guage.com
94
 The world of work and education -

So what are the implications for traditional companies? Even though the coworking
movement has its origins among freelancers, entrepreneurs, and the tech industry, it's
increasingly relevant for a broader range of people and organizations. In fact, coworking
can become part of your company's strategy, and it can help your people and your business
thrive. An increasing number of companies are incorporating coworking into their business
strategies in two ways.
First, they're being used as an alternative place for people to work. Michael Kenny,
Managing Partner of San Diego-based Co-Merge, told us, "In the past year and a half,
we've seen a dramatic increase in the use of the space by enterprise employees. We have
seen teams come in to use various on-demand meeting rooms. We have users from global
companies of size ranging from several hundred to several thousand employees who use
the space not only to allow their distributed workers to get productive work done, but also
to attract employees who demand flexible workplace and work time."
Grind is also witnessing growth in the number of remote workers who are becoming
members. "We haven't had to reach out to larger organizations, they actually tend to just
come to us;· Anthony Marinos says. "We've had employees from Visa, journalists from the
Chicago Tribune, and even people affiliated with large financial institutions all work out of
Grind:'
Spending time away from the office at a coworking space can also spark new ideas.
Rebecca Brian Pan, the founder of COVO and former chief operating officer of NextSpace,
explained how the innovation team of Ricoh, a multinational company, worked out of
NextSpace Santa Cruz for several months to observe how people work and where they hit
pain points. Based on member insight and feedback, and their own observations, the Ricoh
team explored several new products that could help members in their daily work and chose
the most highly rated product to pursue.
Second, the lessons of coworking spaces can be applied to corporate offices. Just as it's
important to encourage flexibility and support your mobile workforce, there is an equally
important reality of creating the right kind of work environment inside your own walls. But
this doesn't just mean creating open plan layouts or adding a coffee bar.
In reality, people need to be able to craft their work in ways that give them purpose and
meaning. They should be given control and flexibility in their work environment. T he
combination of a well-designed work environment and a well-curated work experience
are part of the reason people who cowork demonstrate higher levels of thriving than their
office-based counterparts.

Questions 1-7
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Coworking spaces and their benefits
Definition
• Workspaces with various workers sharing a 1 ........................................
Benefits
• Different from a 2 ............... ......................... : people linked to various enterprises
• People don't have to adopt a 3 ........................................ in their job
• Working with different professionals - strengthens people's 4 . ......................................
Meaning given to coworklng
• Helping coworkers is regarded as the 5 ........................................
• Possibly coming from a concrete 6 ........................................ : mission in the
Coworking Manifesto
• Coworkers seen as a part of social 7 ....................................... .

95
- The world of work and education

How to go Questions 8-1Z

about it Look at the following statements (Questions 8-12) and the list of people below.
For Questions 8-12 Match each statement with the correct person, A-D.
• �th�names NB You may use any letter more Lhan once.
of the people in the
Reading Passage. 8 The traditional office needs substantial training input for workers.
This will help you 9 Research was conducted by one institution on various products.
find the answers
quicker. 10 Coworking spaces attract employees from international firms wanting greater flexibility.
• Note the names are 11 There is no need to do anything to attract custom from bigger institutions.
usually in the order
they occur in the 12 The focus of the development of the coworking community is on the people.
passage.
• Read and underline
List of people
words or phrases
in the statement A Anthony Marinos
that will help you
match statements B Michael Kenny
and people in the C Rebecca Brian Pan
Reading Passage.
• Note the rubric says D None of the above
you can use any
letter more than Question 13
once. Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
• Note D None of the
above at the end of Which of the following observations is made by the writer about corporate offices?
the list of names. A Care needs to be taken to develop and support a mobile workforce.
B The advantages of coworking spaces on professionals is underestimated.
C Coworking spaces have a role to play in offices in corporations.
D Open plan offices are a major step towards developing coworking spaces.

Do you think that coworking spaces are a good idea? Gives reasons and examples.
If you were able to create your ideal work environment, what would it be like?

Vocabulary 2: Collocations
Work in pairs. For 1-10 below, decide which words collocate with the noun.
1 considerable I enjoy I make I derive I accrue benefit
2 huge I education I gain I outweigh I take advantage
3 once-in-a-lifetime I silver I career I seize I waste opportunity
4 enormous I large I achieve I guarantee I depends on success
5 excellent I get I offer I boost I career prospects
6 distinct I obvious I suffer I have I enjoy disadvantage
7 total I achieve I result in I ensue failure
8 outstanding I accrue I impressive I represent I a lack of achievement
9 huge I show I make I take up I room improvement
10 good I deserve I throw away I possess I arise chance

96
 The world of work and education

Complete the gaps in 1-8 below with a word or phrase from exercise 1. There may be
more than one possible answer.
1 Achieving_________ in life depends on many factors like qualifications, but it
cannot always be_________ by having them.
2 Even if an academic career ends in_ _ _ ____ , it does not mean
that someone's long-term career are seriously damaged.
3 Everyone a fair at succeeding in life, but all
too often people waste the opportunity.
4 I made a huge_ _ _ _____ in my last years at school, but looking back there
was certainly for more.
5 A person who has a vocational education in plumbing or engineering does not suffer
any _____ _ __ in life. On the contrary, having such an education is a/an

6 The financial_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _that___ _ _ _ _ _

_ from acquiring training
and skills means that one can enjoy the fruits of one's labours.
7 Finding my first job the proudest_____ _ _ _
_ in my life
so far.
8 Going to university in my countr y is a___ _ _____ _ _ _ _ ___ that
needs to be if it comes along.

Do you think failure is ever beneficial for a person? Can you think of examples from
your own experiences?

Work in pairs. Make a list of points that you need to consider when you are doing a
presentation. Then discuss which would be the most important for you and why.

,- 12 SECTION 3 Questions 21-30

• Skim the questions
10 see what the
Questions 21-25
topic is about. Choose FIVE letters, A-H.
• _Underline words
Which FIVE improvements does Francesca suggest about the presentation?
that will help
you listen for the A test the equipment E lengthen the talk
answers.
B reduce the delivery speed F improve the organisation
C add more data G shorten the talk
D distribute the handouts H check the chair layout

Questions 26-28
Complete the sentences below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answa

JACK'S FEEDBACK
26 He thinks that he used too much
........................................ in his talk.
27 He was frightened that they would appear

28 He feels the main thing for him is to control his

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- The world of work and education

Questions 29 and 30
Answer the questions below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
29 What did the other students say the presentation was? ........................................
30 What is the tutor going to photocopy tor them to take away? .............. ............ . .............

] Have you ever seen or given a presentation? What kind of presentation was it?
Did you feel it went well? Why/Why not? What would you do differently if you had to do
it again?

Language focus: Conditionals 1

Look at the statements below from the Listening on page 3 _ Work in pairs.Choose one of the statements in
232. Identify the tenses and number the boxes as follows: exercise 2. Discuss the statement by explaining why you
agree or disagree with it. Give reasons and examples.
1st conditional
4 For 1-6 below, decide which word is missing in each
2 2nd conditional
sentence.
3 3rd conditional
The educational process for children is free of unnecessary
D If we had given ourselves more time, it would have flowed stress, they won't develop properly.
better.
2 Had there been a better opportunity in a different
D ... but if I had to do it all over again, I'd change a few things. company, I would not have left my old job.
D If I do it again, /'II definitely spend more time practising to 3 If my father had not migrated to Australia, I have been
make it run more smoothly. born in Japan.
D ... unless time is devoted to practising, it'll not be possible to 4 If people did have qualifications, it would be more difficult
give a good performance. to assess their suitability for a job.
Read more about conditionals in the Grammar reference s Some adults had better literacy and numeracy skills, they
on page 223. would access the job market more easily.
2 For sentences 1-7 below, put the verbs in brackets into the 6 Had universities permitted to expand faster, there would
correct tense. have been a more skilled workforce by now.
Going to university (turn out) to be an 5 Complete sentences 1-6 below with your own words.
enjoyable experience if students balance studying time
Were the government to take more responsibility for
with making new friends.
people's training needs, then ...
__
2 If people pursued their goals, they _ _ _
2 Had I been able to choose ...
(succeed) whatever happens.
3 If the change in the pace of life continues at its current
3 Unless governments invest money in education, they
rate, ...
_____ (find) it difficult to tackle unemployment.
4 I would not have achieved the results I did unless I 4 If people are not adaptable and prepared to change jobs,
_____ (work) hard. then ...

s If time and effort (devote) to s It is important for everyone nowadays to aim to have
team-building in the company, the team would have some kind of profession; otherwise, ...
bonded more closely by now. 6 Unless my parents had been prepared to sacrifice a lot to
educate me, ...
6 If people (give) opportunities to prepare
for the changes affecting the world, finding a job will 6 _. Work in pairs.Take turns asking and answering the
prove easier for them in the future. questions below about your future, using the following:
7 Many people would love to turn the clock back and lead What would happen if ... ?
the same life again if they (have) the
chance. What would have happened if ... ?!If you had another chance ... ?

98
 The world of work and education -

Choose one of the Task Cards A or B and check how the plans relate to each part of the
Card. Make brief notes for each part of the frame using no more than IO to 12 words.
Use words and phrases from Vocabulary 2 on page 96.

A B
Describe an achievement that you Describe a job that you would like
will never forget. to have.
You should say: You should say:
what the achievement is what the job is
how long ago you had this how long you have wanted to have
achievement this job
why you will never forget this what the job would involve
achievement and explain why you would like to
and explain how the achievement do the job.
has affected your life. www 1rLanguage.c

Frame A
What I'd like to talk about is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________
It took place/occurred/happened __________________
The reason why I'll never forget this achievement _____________
It's also very memorable, because _________ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
and also I'll always remember it because __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
It would mean that ________________________
It would also be ____ _ _ _ ____________ _ _ _ _ _

Frames
The job I'd like to have _ _ ___________________
I first decided I'd like to do the job __________________
The job would involve/include/mean/entail ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______
I think I'd like it, because it would be __________________
It would mean that _________ _______________
It would also be __ _______________________
It would help me ____________________ _ _ _ _

m Compare your notes with someone who chose the same Task Card. With another
partner, take turns talking about the topic. When your partner has finished speaking, give
him/her feedback using the checklist on page 181.

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- The world of work and education

(Writing ) _ Work in groups. Discuss the structure and content of the answer required for the
following Task 2 question. Then answer questions 1-3 below.
lffii
'1'111" -·

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Some people believe that children at secondary school should be streamed, i.e. taught in
classes according to ability, rather than being taught in mixed-ability classes.
Do you think the advantages of streaming children at secondary school outweigh the
disadvantages?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words.

What is the general context of the task?

2 What two specific areas do you have to compare?
3 Does the rubric ask you to give your opinion?

The text below is part of an answer to the Task 2 question above. Insert the following
items into the correct place in paragraph 2 and explain their purpose in the paragraph.
a it is easier to teach a class who are all of the same ability level.
b everything is aimed at the pupils in the middle-ability range.
c pupils are struggling with a chemistry lesson, the teacher can go at a slower pace and vice
versa for higher-level pupils. irLanguage.com

Grouping children at secondary level according to ability is favoured by some people

over classes with different ability levels. While there may be some advantages to this
approach, I personally think that the drawbacks of streaming outweigh the benefits.
The main benefit of streaming is that pupils of all abilities will benefit through being
taught at a pace that suits their level. If, for example, 1 _________ Some people also
argue that mixed-ability classes disadvantage students at both extremes of ability, as
2 __________ From the teacher's point of view, 3 __________ .
Having said that however, I feel that streaming children at secondary level is harmful.
The main drawback is that if children are not taught in mixed-ability classes, it does not
prepare them for the real world they will encounter in the future This could then hold
them back and reduce their career opportunities considerably.
Streaming can also disadvantage children, because it is possible that children will be
labelled wrongly and their potential not realised. Unless there is some competition in
the classroom as in mixed-ability classrooms, the children will not be stretched. This
can then have a negative impact on children's attitude to learning and to school in
general, resulting in a decline in pupils' attainment
As we have seen, there are both advantages and disadvantages involved in streaming
pupils at secondary level, but, in my opinion, the latter outweigh the former.

100
 The world of work and education

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Look at paragraph 3 in the model answer and find the following features:
1 a topic sentence
2 a disadvantage
3 an opinion
4 an adjective of evaluation
5 three results

Work in groups. Look at paragraph 4 and using your answers to exercises 2 and 3,
explain the development of the paragraph in your own words.

Work in groups. Explain how the conclusion relates to each of the topic sentences in the
three body paragraphs, the introduction and the Task 2 question.

b Now skim the model answer opposite and decide which is the correct outline below,
AorB.
A
1 introduction with opinion
2 advantages of streaming
3 disadvantages of streaming/advantages of mixed-ability
4 disadvantages of streaming/advantages of mixed-ability
5 conclusion
B
1 introduction with opinion
2 advantages and disadvantages of streaming
3 advantages of mixed ability
4 advantages of mixed ability
5 conclusion

Write your own answer for the Task 2 question on page 210. When you have finished,
check your answer using the checklist on page 139.

101
 Review
Vocabulary 1: Work

1 In each space below, add a suitable singular or plural noun related to work. You may use
each noun once only.

T he _____ that my friends want to go into are varied. Some want to find a
permanent in banking or business, while others want to go into the medical
or legal . It is possible to find in the former without
specific and considerable , but for medicine and law the first of
these is essential in order to find something where it is possible to have a good _____
a successful _ _
___

Vocabulary 2: Collocations irLanguage.com

1 Combine the two items to make five complete sentences. You may use each item once only.

What do you think people Example:

their job prospects?
nowadays can do to boost

Do you think it's possible

can lead to failure.
to achieve

Some people think that

achievement so far?
technology has made

huge improvements in the

Do you think the advantages
workplace. To what extent
of working part-time
do you agree or disagree?

What do you think is your success without

most impressive qualifications?

I think giving up rather outweigh the

than the lack of ability disadvantages?

102
 The world of work and education -

Language focus: Conditionals 1

Add the words if, unless, otherwise or nothing to the first gap in the sentences below. In
the second gap put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1 I hadn't passed my exams at university, I _____ (not be) able to follow
the profession I wanted.
2 People in today 's world should have both qualifications and experience; _____
finding a job (become) slightly harder.
3 _____ I don't learn to drive, it _____ (limit) my job opportunities.
4 _____ more money is invested in the education system, the workforce ____ (be)
less well-trained.
5 _____ people did some kind of volunteering, it _____ (help) them when they
started looking for a job.
6 _____ (not work) as hard as I did in the past, I wouldn't be as
successful as I am now.
7 _____ people _____ (focus) on achieving a good work-life balance, their
working lives would be less stressful.

8 _____ I hadn't had the chance to change my career, I ____ _(not do) it.

2 Rewrite sentences in exercise 1 using the words below. Make any necessary changes.
Example:
Had
Had I not passed my exams at university, I would not be able to follow the profession
/wanted.
had unless unless if were had were otherwise

Accuracy in IELTS

Find the spelling mistakes in the words below.

achievement profesional success occasions prospects

improvment career disatisfied excellense scenes
oportunity livlihood aspirations guaranteing impressive

2 In the text below, 8 and correct the seven words that are misspelled.
An efficient workplace is one where the work enviroment encourages people to be
succesful, to develop their proffessional skills and acheive their aspirations. If people are
denied the chanc to develop in this way, then their own and the company's success is
limited. Furthermore, if everyone has the same opportunites at school and at work, there
is a good chance their careir prospects will be improved dramatically and the economy will
benefit from a happier and, subsequently, a more productive workforce.

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103
0 Mapping the world
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www.irLanguage.com

Vocabulary: Nouns relating to places

1 Work in groups. What do the images show? Describe the similarities and the
differences between the maps. Then discuss the questions below.

• What do you think the purpose of each map is?

• When was the last time you consulted a map? Why did you use it?
• Do you think maps on smartphones are always helpful?
• Do you think satellite maps or phones that track location invade people's privacy?

2 Look at the first photograph and answer the following questions:

1 Is the area shown in the photograph urban or rural?
2 How many residential neighbourhoods can you identify?
3 Where do you think the quietest spot is?

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 Mapping the world -

3 Decide which of the nouns in brackets go in each gap. Use each noun only once to
complete the sentences and use the plural where appropriate. Make any necessary
changes.
1 Yes, I had a favourite I liked to visit, but it has become a real
tourist , so I don't go there anymore. (place/spot)
2 The park in the business is surrounded by a pedestrian _____
which makes it a real haven of peace. (area/district)
3 My family home is in a magnificent overlooking the sea. It's
a famed for its views. (region/location)
4 The _____ I now live in is quite built-up, but it still has quite a lot of big
open . (area/space)
5 There have been a few burglaries in the _ _ _ recently, but by and large it is a
very safe . (vicinity/neighbourhood)
6 India has some beautiful to visit, especially in the northern of
the country, where you can avoid most of the tourist hot . (region/spoVplace)
7 The house was built in a beautiful on a hillside with a stream and surrounded
by trees. This whole is spectacular at any time of the year but especially in
the autumn. (region/setting)

4 Work in pairs. You can build up a description of a place by adding phrases after the
noun. Decide which phrases 1-10 you associate most with phrases a-j. There may be
more than one possible answer.
1 in a lively district a surrounded by trees
2 in a beautiful setting b overlooking the sea
3 a wooded hillside c with no houses, just open fields
4 an open space d covered with trees
5 an empty desert e with lots of cars and people
6 a noisy neighbourhood f full of shops and cafes
7 a temperate zone g located near a lake
8 a sandy beach h with huge sand dunes and no people
9 a secluded spot full of wildlife
10 a rugged mountain stretching into the distance

5 For 1-4 below, put the words in italics into the correct order.
1 I live in a block of flats, small a overlooking garden. It's in a really beautiful and quiet old
buildings neighbourhood with. And though it's in the heart of the city, it is a peaceful
area, full of park large near located a flowers and plants.
2 My family home is on a beach seashore miles along the stretching for. It's an ideal place
for sports enthusiasts opportunity of boating with for lots of plenty and swimming.
The house, though two built years ago hundred, is still in good condition.
3 My family come from a village by mountains beautiful surrounded. In summer the
mountainside, purple its with flowers, is a blaze of colour.
4 My dream home would be a secluded lake with forest full a by wildlife surrounded of or
even on a hillside with covered views out but with looking trees over the countryside.

6 _ Work in pairs. Think of a place in the countryside or in a town you are familiar with
and describe it to your partner.

105
- Mapping the world

(Reading ) Work in pairs . As quickly as you can, find words or phrases in the Reading Passage
which have the same meaning as words 1-8 below.
lll@llllllilii
1 advanced 2 natural to 3 makes up 4 main
5 showing 6 linked 7 system 8 development

2 Work in groups. Bring together the information you have about the Reading Passage
so far.

www.irLanguage.com
READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading
Passage below.

Cartography
Cartography, from the Greek
word khartes meaning 'map' and
graphein meaning 'write', , is a
science that is at its simplest
level the study and practice
of making maps. At a more
sophisticated level, it is not just
a science, but an art that seeks
to give in a simple and beautiful
form, to the spatial information
in the human environment.
Cartography, along with science
and aesthetics, obviously
involves technical expertise,
which has been developing over
millennia.
Historically, maps have sought to
utilise the complex knowledge
of the environment, innate in
the majority of the human race,
to suit the needs of people who
seek to use them. Communities
living in small groups and not
travelling very far have little
need of complex maps, while
urban dwellers, seafarers or
traders operating in a much
more complex and/or wider
environment need something
more sophisticated, either to
delineate boundaries and define
ownership, or to travel routes beyond the immediate confines of their communities. As
humanity's needs have changed and the world they encountered has changed, so have the
maps they need to shape or navigate that world.
What exactly constitutes a map has made the identification of the first maps not easy.
Early dot maps of the night sky from the 17,000 BC have been found in caves at Lascaux in
France, but even earlier representations of mountains and routes dated to 25,000 BC have
been identified in the Czech Republic. At present-day Catalhuyuk in Anatolia, an aerial map­
like plan of the town has been dated to about 7,000 years BC, while at Valcamonica in the
Italian Alps, examples of images date to the 4th millennium BC.

vL::,:,1>.::1 vl:-j {YyJ

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106
 Mapping the world -

The primary function of the creation of maps is to locate the place of humanity in their
world and to guide. Drawings of totemic ancestors, such as crocodiles or birds, and their
actions, have been made on bark and cave walls by Australian Aboriginals, as well as
through songs and rituals, to act as maps to help guide souls through the world in Dream
Time. In the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean are found stick charts, which give an idea
of what maps in ancient times might have looked like. The charts are memory aids showing
the swells of the ocean that were studied and learnt prior to a sea voyage. They recorded
different features from today's maps, but nonetheless their contribution to cartography is
not insignificant.
In Mesopotamia, in modern day Iraq, ancient clay tablets dating back as far as the 3rd
Century BC have been found depicting estates and, at times, cities such as Nippur, south
of Babylon, with marking for irrigation channels, a river and estate boundaries. These tablets
are title deeds for an urbanising world. A clay tablet dated about 600 BC has a world map
with Babylon and the Euphrates near its centre. The Nazca lines in Peru in South America
have also been variously associated with irrigation and celestial maps. By contrast. there
are few maps from Ancient Egypt with those that are relating to the maintenance of the
boundaries of properties after the annual Nile floods. However, the Turin papyrus map dating
from about the 12th Century BC was used for those on quarrying expeditions and contains
topographical features such as mountains, wells and road networks.
At a much later date, in The Middle Ages, remarkably accurate sea charts, called portolans,
were used with the magnetic compass. which was not invented in Europe until the latter
part of the12th century. These sea charts were all created in in the same way from vellum
from goats or sheep skin. Further, they were rectangular in shape with the neck skin of
the animal still attached. They also all had line drawings in coloured ink. The charts basically
consisted of a network of line drawings, with the cartographer drawing a hidden circle
around a central point and then vertical and horizontal lines through the centre. A series
of other circles were drawn with similar lines. Depending on the direction, these lines
were then drawn in different colours. Another characteristic of the maps was the enlarged
headlands because they were important for seafarers. Names going clockwise around
the Mediterranean Sea were written perpendicular to the coastline to avoid obscuring the
coastline.
With three-dimensional and digital maps, modern-day cartographers have very sophisticated
digital tools at their disposal to make sense, shape and refine our place in the world and to
guide us. As in the past, cartography as a science is still having a huge impact on human
(J�IY-1 ul:,j �JD
www.irLanguage.com progress.

How to go
about it Questions 1-5
For Questions 1-5:
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
• Read the sentence 1 At a basic level, cartography is a subject that
beginnings and then
2 Cartography also
the endings.
• Check for 3 A complex map
beginnings and
4 The identification of what a map is
endings that don't
fit together. 5 The main purpose of cartography
• Scan the Reading
Passage for words
A teaches us about politics and commerce.
or paraphrases
of words in B indicates the main human settlements in late antiquity.
the sentence
beginnings. Put a C is connected with studying and making maps.
�around the D is for guidance and location of people.
words in the text
to help you refer to E includes art and technical know-how.
them.
F is of little use to people in small communities.
• Match the endings
to the words you G is a difficult process.
located in the text.
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107
- Mapping the world

u�1>.!1 ultj f!:?Y'

Questions 6-11 www.irLan gua ge.com

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Maps among different peoples

People Artefacts Purpose Other notes

Australian 6 ................ and to guide souls in contained

Aboriginals ................ 7 ................ representations of
drawings of animals totemic ancestors

Marshall stick chart memory8 ................ huge contribution to

Islanders for navigators at sea cartography
map

Mesopotamians 9 ................ 10 ................ for a containing details of

more urban society ownership of land/
mainly from 1st
millennium BC

Ancient Turin used on 11 ................ contains drawings of

Egyptians papyrus to quarry stones mountains, wells and
roads

Questions 1Zand 13
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO features of the creating of sea charts are mentioned by the writer in the
passage?
A A wide range of animal skins were used in their production.
B Coloured lines were used on the maps to indicate direction.
C The lines differed depending on where the sea charts were made.
D The features on all the sea charts were to scale and not distorted.
E The process of making the maps is apparently identical in each case.

3 (Tl Do you think using

interactive maps on smart
phones and GPS is making
life easier or reducing spatial
awareness in people? Give
reasons and examples.

www.irLanguage.com
108
 Mapping the world -

Language focus: Referring in a text

Read the following extracts from the Reading Passage on 5 The area has been transformed by the building of
page 1 06. Look at the words in bold in the first sentence of new factories and a business park. This/It/They has
each extract. Decide which word or phrase in the second unfortunately made the place less attractive.
sentence refers back to them. 6 Various industrial sites are for sale at the moment, but
Cartography, from the Greek word khartes meaning 'map' they/it/these are too expensive. This/That/It will stop the
and graphein meaning 'write', is a science that is at its area from developing.
simplest level the study and practice of making maps.At a 7 The neighbourhoods here in the south of the city are
more sophisticated level, it is not just a science ... industrialised, while these/they/those in the north are more
In the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean are found stick residential.
charts, which give an idea of what maps in ancient times
8 More people have moved away from the city centre to the
might have looked like. The charts are memory aids ... suburbs.As a result, those/they/these areas are becoming
In Mesopotamia, in modern day Iraq, ancient clay tablets more crowded and expensive.
dating back as far as the 3rd Century BC have been found
6 For 1-7 below, remove the repetition in each sentence by
depicting estates ... These tablets are title deeds for an
using a suitable reference.
urbanising world.
The price of property in this region is increasing, and the
2 Look at sentences 1-3 below.What does the word in bold
increase in the price of property in this region is set to
refer to in each sentence?
continue.
The neighbourhood is very noisy because it is full of shops
2 The neighbourhood was poor once but the neighbourhood
and restaurants.
is rich now.
2 As the region is full of large farms, it is very rich.
3 I like visiting the seaside when nobody is around; visiting
3 The cost of farming has increased dramatically over the the seaside when nobody is around is very relaxing.
period. This (rise) has led to inflation.
4 If people make an effort to clean up after themselves
3 Is it possible to use this instead of it in sentences 1 and 2? when people visit parks, then parks will be much more
Why/Why not? inviting for the public in general.
4 Is it possible to use it instead of this in sentence 3? Can you 5 My friend suggested I should go away for a few days for
leave out the word rise in the second sentence? Why/Why a break.The suggestion I should go away for a few days
not? was a good idea, but the suggestion I should go away for
Read more about referring in a text in the Grammar a few days might be expensive.
reference on page 223. 6 The government should pass laws to protect more areas
of great natural beauty. Passing laws to protect more
5 Underline the correct alternative in italics in 1-8 below.
areas of great natural beauty would benefit all of us.
The neighbourhood where I live now was very different a
7 Change in the local area cannot be stopped. Change
few years ago. The neighbourhood/It/This used to be much
in the local area is inevitable, even if the change in the
more pleasant then.
local area is very slow and the change stops altogether
2 The region is full of many places to see. This is what makes for a while. But change stopping altogether for a while is
this/it/that such a fantastic place to live. unlikely to happen.
3 The location for the new airport has been changed to 7 Work in groups. Discuss the idea in sentence 7 in
somewhere completely different. This new development! exercise 6. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Those/Theywill cost a lot of money.
4 When I first discovered the woodland itlthislthatwas not
known by many people, but now it/this/that is visited by
dozens of people every day.

109
1111 Mapping the world

Work in pairs. Look at the headings in bold and predict what the notes are about.
( listening )
iffltt•til 2 Read the notes in Questions 31-40 below and decide what type of information is
missing (nouns, etc) and which words indicate the answer is about to be mentioned.

�- 13 SECTION 4 Questions 31-40

Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Migration of early humans

• Movements of people - common occurrence through history

- First significant migration: from Africa about 31 ............................... years ago

- Early pioneers did not survive

- Earth experienced changes in 32 ............................... .

- About 70,000 years ago, departure of modern humans from Africa

Areas of colonisation
- China about 50,000 years ago

- Europe about 33 ............................... years ago

- Open steppes of Siberia some 40,000 years ago

- Roughly 20,000 years ago arrival in Japan, then linked to the main 34 ...............................
- Australia reached across the sea on 35 ............................... 50,000 years ago

- America via Alaska some time between 15 and 13,000 years ago

Migration within Africa

Bantu occupation of around 36 ............................... of the African continent by 1,000 AD

Stimulus for the Bantu migration: perhaps the farming of the 37 ...............................

Population expansion led to movement into sparsely populated surrounding areas

Introduction of iron production from 38 .. .............................

Use of iron tools by the Bantu to fell trees, clear forests and 39 ...............................

Iron gave the Bantu a 40 ............................... over their neighbours

3 Work in pairs. Do you think people will always move around the world? Give
reasons and examples.

110
 _.
Mapping the world -

1 Work in pairs. Match each sentence beginning 1-7 with an ending a-g. There may be
(Writing ) more than one possible answer
liMI
.......

1 The town centre a replaced the old hospital.

2 Several old buildings b was completely transformed over the period.
3 A new school c were turned into flats.
4 The old houses d was built in place of the old meeting house.
5 Some old derelict factories e was chopped down to widen the road.
6 A line of old trees f was converted into a restaurant and a cinema.
7 The bank g were knocked down/demolished to make way for a
new supermarket.

2 Underline the verbs used to describe change in each sentence in exercise 1.

3 Underline the most suitable verb in italics in sentences 1-8 below. Then put it into the
correct tense.
1 The railway extend/expand to the centre of town, and three new stations were built.
2 As the town extend/expand, all the open spaces were used up for housing.
3 An airport construct/become on a green field site on the edge of the town.
4 The neighbourhood completely change/demolish with the building of new apartments.
5 The area around the town turn into/become more built-up.
6 A number of dramatic developments take place/convert, which alter/expand the character
of the town completely.
7 The area turn into/become less rural and leafy with the building of new offices.
8 The empty space near the university develop/become into a park.

4 Decide which verbs in exercise 3 can be turned into nouns with the following endings:
-ation, -ition, -sion, -lion, -ment.

5 Work in pairs. Describe an area you know that has changed in recent years, using
the nouns in exercise 4 where possible.

6 Look at the two maps in the Task 1 question on page 112. Describe the map of Wetherby
in 2000 in your own words. Use the following expressions:
in the nor th/south/east/west of ...
nor th/south/east/west of ...
to the nor th/south/east/west of ...
there is ...
... lies, is situated, is sited, is located
stands, runs
Example: irLanguage.com

In the north west of Wetherby there is some farmland.

Main Street runs west to east through the middle of Wetherby.

111
1111 Mapping the world

WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The maps below show the changes experienced by the town of Wetherby at the
beginning of the 21st Century
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where necessary

Write at least 150 words.

Wetherby 2000 Wetherby 2016

FARMLAND WOODLAND HOUSES DISUSED CAR HOUSING WOODLAND BLOCK OF TECHNO PARK
FACTORY COMPLEX FLATS

4 4 4 44 4 4 4 44
0 MAIN STREET
0 MAIN STREET

OPEN-AIR SUPERMARKET
FOOD MARKET MULTI-STOREY
HOUSE WITH HOTEL WITH SPA
SHOPS CAR PARK

I I I
GARDENS
SQUARE WITH TREES
SQUARE
0 00 00

OFFICE BLOCK COTTAGES WITH GARDENS OFFICE BLOCK

7 Describe the changes to the maps in exercise 6 using the following words and phrases:
1 build in place of 6 give over to
2 give way to 7 become
3 build on the site of 8 reconstruct to become
4 not change 9 replace/build
5 turn into 10 urban transformation

8 Work in pairs. Underline the adverbs of location in each phrase a-g below which relate
to the maps in exercise 6. Decide if the adverbs are correct and make any necessary
changes.
a the shops in the north-east of the area
b the square south of the open-air market
c the woodland with the lake to the north of the farmland
d the disused car factory in the north-east
e the farmland in the north-east of Wetherby
f South of Main Street, the area witnessed even greater change
g the office block west of the house in 2016 was extended

112
 Mapping the world -

9 Look at the model. Insert items a-g from exercise 8 into the correct spaces 1-7.

The maps illustrate the changes that took place in Wetherby between 2000 and
2016. Overall. it is clear that the town underwent a complete transformation with the
conversion of some areas and the replacement of others.
Over the period, the neighbourhood north of Main Street, experienced a significant
change. For example, 1 was turned into a housing complex. while
2 remained the same. 3 was converted into a techno park
with the houses to the west being replaced with blocks of flats. 4 ______ .
The house with gardens in the northwest of the area became a hotel with a spa.
Moreover, by 2016 5 ____ . replacing all the cottages. The open-air market
had given way to a supermarket and 6 _____ had become a multi-storey car
park. Trees had also been added to 7

10 Identify the verbs only in each sentence. Decide which tense is used and give reasons.

Don't forget! 11 Identify the overview in the model in exercise 9 and rewrite it in your own words.

You need to write an 12 Work in pairs.

overview.
Student A: Look at the map of Sandring in 2016 on page 208, which has the names of
• Avoid listing the
places 1-10 missing. Listen to Student B's description and write the name of each place.
information.
• You cannot Student B: Look at the map of Sandring in 2016 on page 210, which has the names of the
summarise trends, places marked. Describe to Student A where each place is. When you have finished, show
but you can Student A your map to check their answers.
summarise overall
changes. 13 Write your own answer for the Task 1 question on page 208. When you have finished,
check your answer using the checklist on page 139.

(Speaking) 1 Work in pairs. Take turns to ask each other questions about the Part 2 Task Card below.
IPM&NIM
Describe a neighbourhood you know that has changed.
Don't forget! You should say:
• Time yourselves. where the neighbourbood is
You should speak when you first visited the neighbourbood
for up to two
minutes. what the neighbourbood looks like
and explain how the neighbourhood has changed.

2 Use words and phrases from your answers in exercise 1 to make notes for the Task
Card. With a different partner, take turns to talk about the topic. Give him/her feedback
using the checklist on page 181.

3 Work in pairs. Decide what you might talk about in your answers to the Part 3 questions
below. Then take turns asking each other the questions and give feedback using the
checklist on page 181.

Social interaction with neighbours

How much time do people spend interacting socially with their
neighbours in your country? Do you think this is the same worldwide?
How important do you think social interaction in local neighbourhoods is
for building happy communities? Why?
Has the development of blocks of flats had a positive or negative social
effect in local communities? Why do you think that is?
113
0 Review
Vocabulary: Nouns relating to places

1 Use each noun in brackets once only to complete the sentences.

1 I live in a quiet_____ with attractive houses, but my friends are staying

in a(n) of the city, which is really noisy as there are many clubs and
restaurants in the immediate_ _ _ _ . (area/neighbourhood/vicinity)

2 When I first visited the____ _

just along the coast from the city, we found a
secluded on a beach far away from the crowds, but when we went back
we didn't recognise the at all. (area/place/spot)

3 The shop is in the pedestrian____ _

next to the business ____ _
You can't miss it as it's got a huge open in front of it with some trees.
(district/space/zone)

4 My family home is in a great on a hilltop in one of the most

popular of the country. It is a fantastic to live.
(location/place/regions)

5 I'd like to live somewhere rural far from city life. The is tranquil and
beautiful as it's in the heart of the countryside with no other buildings of any kind in the
immediate___ _ _. It is so different from the _ _ __ that I live in.
(place/setting/vicinity)

Language focus: Referring in a text

1 Decide which of the two underlined sections the word in bold refers to.
1 The ruined castle is on a cliff top overlooking the North Sea. It is in a remote, but very
romantic location.
2 New schools are now spreading into residential areas in the city, so now they are
becoming even more desirable.
3 While holidays to warmer climates have always been very popular, those to other colder
places are just as desirable.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct alternatives in brackets.

1 A park was created from the derelict land. is a good use of the land,
as will benefit the local community. (it/this)

2 Last year the government suggested covering the canals in the area with roads, but
people knew wouldn't work at all, as would destroy
the area! (it/that)

3 The city is full of many places to see._ _ __ is what makes_ _ __

such an attractive tourist destination. (it/this)

4 The beach is stunning and quiet, but_____ is difficult to get to

and_ _ _ _ _
is what makes_____ attractive. (it/that/it)

114
 Mapping the world 1111
5 The Sahara desert is vast, but _ ___ is not as empty as places like
_____ seem at first sight. (it/this)

6 The renovation of the streets around the station are taking a long time,
but will be magnificent when is all finished. (it/they)

7 The location for the new airport has been changed to somewhere completely different.
At stage, such a change will involve more expense than ____
_
in charge think. (this/those)

Verbs relating to changes in places

1 Make nouns from the verbs below.

construct convert demolish replace transform renovate

2 The verbs highlighted in 1-8 below are in the wrong sentences . Rewrite each sentence
with the correct verb.
1 The old houses were transformed to make way for a block of flats.
2 The area was completely demolished with new houses and shops.
3 A supermarket was chopped down to make way for a wider road.
4 A line of trees was renovated and converted and houses were constructed in their place.
5 The bank was knocked down into a restaurant.
6 The main street replaced a small pedestrian area.
7 A new bridge was turned into the tunnel.
8 The offices were pulled down and rebuilt again.

3 Rewrite the first two sentences using nouns .

Accuracy in IELTS

1 Remove any extra words in the sentences below.

1 The tramline was extended to the suburbs and three new stations were added.
2 As the town expanded, the fields were used up for housing.
3 A retail complex was constructed on a greenfield site on the edge of the town.
4 The neighbourhood was completely transformed with the building of a huge apartment
blocks.
5 The area in the north west of the town was became more built-up.
6 A number of dramatic developments took place, which was altered the character of the
town considerably.
7 The neighbourhood to the northwest of the town centre became less rural and leafy with
the building of new offices.
8 The empt y space to the west of the university campus was turned into a technology
development centre.

115
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 What is beauty? u�1>.!1 uitj {!:?Y'
www.irLanguage.com

Vocabulary: Beauty

1 _ Work in groups. Describe the buildings in each of the photographs. Name them if
you can. Then discuss the questions below.

• What is your reaction to the buildings in the photographs? Do you think they are beautiful?
Why/Why not?
• What is your favourite building or monument in the world?
• Is it important to live in beautiful surroundings? Why/Why not? www.irLanguage.com

2 In groups, evaluate each of the buildings in the photographs in exercise 1. Rank the
buildings according to how beautiful you think they are: 1 = the most beautiful, 5 = the
least beautiful. Give reasons.
116
 What is beauty? IIJI
3 For 1-6 below, complete the gaps with a building from exercise 1 so that the statement is
true for you. T hen complete the statement using your own ideas.
Example:
I think building _____ is breathtaking, as ...
I think the building in the first photo is breathtaking because it is very elegant and
attractive for a modern skyscraper.

1 I find building very old-fashioned, because ...

2 Building means nothing to me at all, because ...

3 Building is not as beautiful as , because ...

4 Buildings such as leave me cold, as they ...

5 Building made little impression on me, but building fills me with

excitement; it makes me want to ...

6 When I look at the photograph of building _____ it makes me feel nostalgic,

because ...

4 Work in pairs. When you evaluate a building you can: A describe it physically; B say
what effect it has on you. Look at the adjectives in the box below and decide which
category they fit in , A or B.

evocative tall melancholic thoughtful ancient spacious

dazzling humbling magnificent impressive overwhelmed
emotional ecstatic stone nostalgic majestic

5 Complete the gaps in 1-5 below with the correct form of a word from exercise 4.
Example:
When I saw the Taj Mahal for the first time it made a huge impression on me.

1 Standing next to the Sphinx made me feel very _____

2 I was filled with_ ___ at the sight of the Himalayas. I was taken aback by their
majesty.

3 Thinking of places that I love sometimes fills me with _____ , but this is not a
negative feeling.

4 When I look at photographs of my home country they _____ so many memories and
usually make me feel homesick.

5 The sight of the old people wandering through the ruins made me _____ about life
and how things can change very suddenly.

6 Transform at least three sentences from exercise 5 by changing the word you added into
a noun, verb or adjective where possible. Make any other necessary changes.
Example:
When I saw the Taj Mahal for the first time it made a huge impression on me.
When I saw the Taj Mahal for the first time it impressed me enormously.

7 Work in pairs. Choose three monuments that you think represent impori:ant times
in your country's development or are symbolic of your country. Describe them to your
partner and explain why they are important. Try to use the vocabulary from this section.

117
1111 What is beauty?

You can emphasise your own opinion by contrasting it using linking words such as but,
(Speaking ) though, although, however, nevertheless, even so, even though, etc.
liMI
Even though the building leaves some people cold, I have a sentimental attachment to it.
Don't forget! Think of at least two buildings that are important, or have been important, in your life.
Write sentences about them using at least five of the words and phrases 1-6 below and
• In the exam you
the linking words above.
will only have one
minute to prepare. Example:
Even though the building where I went to secondary school leaves some people cold, I have
a sentimental attachment to it.
1 leave me cold
2 bring back memories
3 bleak but beautiful
4 ugly/unattractive/unsightly/unpleasant
5 in a rundown area
6 beautiful to see/to look at/to visit

2 ·--- With a partner, explain the effect these buildings have had on you. Use the sentences
in exercise 1.

3 Look at the following Part 2 Task Card. Choose ten verbs and/or adjectives from this unit
so far, which will help you explain why the building is important to you. Write a note for
each heading on the Task Card. T hen narrow your verbs and adjectives down to three or
four. Use the useful expressions in the box to help organise your answer.
What made (the
building) important
to me is.
Describe a building or monument that you find impressive.
The reason I chose
(the building) is You should say:
(The building) makes what the building or monument is
me .. where the building or monument is located
When I see (the what the building is like
building) or
and explain why the building or monument impresses you.
photographs of (the
building), it makes

m Work in pairs. Take turns talking about the topic. Use your notes to guide you. You
me feel.
(The building) is 4
underrated, but . should speak for up to two minutes. Time each other using a stopwatch. When you have
finished, give each other feedback using the checklist on page 181.

(Reading ) 1 m Work in groups. Look quickly at the title of the Reading Passage and skim the
iMlltl,lilil passage and the questions. Close your books and share as much information about the
passage as possible.

2 In your groups, make a list of three or four things that you would expect to read in a
passage about an architect.

3 Scan the passage and find words and phrases that have the opposite meaning to 1-7.
1 separated 5 revealing
2 alien/strange 6 talentless
3 hated 7 final
4 attacked

118
 What is beauty? -

READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the
Reading Passage below.

Giles Gilbert Scott

A A bastion of the architectural establishment in early
20th-century Britain, Giles Gilbert Scott (1880-1960) fused
tradition with modernity by applying historic styles to
industrial structures in his designs from the Battersea and
Bankside power stations in London. to Liverpool Anglican
Cathedral, and to the K2 telephone kiosk.
B At the top of the splendid Portland stone tomb of the
19th-century architect John Soane and his wife and son, in
St Pancras Old Church Gardens. north London, is a dome
in a surprisingly familiar shape. Designed by Soane in 1815
as a monument to his beloved wife, the tomb is one of
his most romantic designs, ornate in form and decorated
by stone carvings of snakes and pineapples. It is familiar
not because of its association with Soane's family tomb,
but because of its influence on the design of the red
K2 telephone kiosks, which were once a common sight
throughout Britain.
C The architect who designed the K2, Giles Gilbert Scott,
admired Soane's work and had recently become a trustee
of the Sir John Soane Museum in London when invited in
1924 to enter a competition to design a public telephone
kiosk. The shape of his design was inspired by the central domed structure of Soane's
tomb. By rooting his design in Britain's architectural heritage, Scott transformed the
telephone kiosk from what was then seen as an intimidating symbol of modernity
into something that seemed reassuringly familiar. When the wooden models of the
competing designs were exhibited outside the National Gallery, Giles Gilbert Scott's was
chosen as the winner.
D Scott continued to package modernity in British traditionalism throughout his career.
In his inaugural address as president of the Royal Institute of British Architects
in 1933, when Britain was finally succumbing to modernism and the architectural
profession was split by battling 'trads v. rads', he advocated a 'middle line' of both
embracing technological progress and the human qualities of architecture. The 'middle
line' was illustrated by Scott's best known London buildings, the power stations at
Battersea (1929-1935) and Bankside (1947-1960), where he disguised their industrial
purpose behind Gothic facades. Battersea, in particular, became a popular London
landmark. Yet in an age when progressive architects such as Le Corbusier and Jean
Prouve romanticised technology, Scott's attempts to popularise industrial buildings by
obfuscating their function seemed, at best, conservative.
E In 1923, Giles Gilbert Scott was commissioned to design Memorial Court, a hall of
residence at Clare College, Cambridge (begun in 1923), which he completed in a
Georgian-inspired style. The following year he won the telephone kiosk competition.
Traditional though his kiosk was in style, functionally it was very advanced. An ingenious
ventilation system was installed using perforations in the dome. and the glass was
divided into small panels for speedy replacement in case of breakages. Scott's original
proposal was for a mild steel structure, but the Post Office insisted on changing it to
cast iron. It also insisted on painting the kiosks bright red for maximum visibility in
emergencies rather than Scott's suggested shade of duck egg blue. Following protests
in rural areas, where people complained that the bright red kiosks looked overbearing in
the open countryside, the Post Office agreed to repaint them in green.
F Despite the rural complaints, the K2 kiosk was a popular success, and Scott was invited
by the Post Office to modify his design in 1930 for the concrete K3, intended principally
for country use. He was recalled again to design the K6 in 1935 to commemorate King
George V's silver jubilee. This became the most widely used version of the kiosk with
thousands being installed.

www.irLanguage.com 119
- What is beauty?

G As well as these landmark commissions, Scott designed dozens of churches throughout

his career, as well as more understated public projects such as monuments and
extensions to existing buildings. One of his most conspicuous commissions was as
a consultant, rather than an architect, to Battersea Power Station in south London.
Charged with making the enormous electricity generating station more appealing,
Scott suggested brick as the main material for the central structure and turned the four
chimneys - one on each corner - into reassuringly familiar neo-classical columns. The
result is surprisingly engaging for such a vast structure, but with the showiness of the
Art Deco cinemas then being constructed across Britain.
H His most significant post-war commission came in 1947 when Scott was invited to
design a second London power station at Bankside beside the Thames in Southwark.
More austere in style than Battersea, Bankside did not match its popularity until its
conversion in 2000 by the Swiss architects Herzog and De Meuron into the Tate Modern
museum. Yet formally and functionally it is the more sophisticated of the two buildings,
not least as Scott combined all of Bankside's chimneys into a single central tower.

Questions 1-4
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

1 Scott combined ............................. and ............................. in the buildings he designed.

2 Scott's efforts to make industrial buildings more popular appeared ............................. .

3 Despite not being innovative style-wise, from a practical point of view Scott's telephone
box was ...... ....................... .

4 Although people objected to the K2 phone boxes, they were generally a ........................... .

Don't forget! Questions 5-9

Questions 5-9
Classify the following events as occurring in Scott's life.
• �dates in the A between1920 and1930
passage. B between 1930 and1940
1
C after1940
5 a modification in telephone box design to mark a special occasion
6 a power station that much later became a museum
7 success in the contest to design a telephone box
8 an invitation to design accommodation for students
9 Scott's support for architectural progress that appeals to people

Questions 10-13
The Reading Passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
10 a comparison of the features of two buildings which Scott was associated with
11 the place where the designs for the K2 were put on public display
12 the reason given for the colour change to the K2
13 a reference to the fact that a tomb decoration is remarkably recognisable

4 _ Do architects have more influence on our lives than we realise? Should there be
more or less control over the work of architects? Give reasons and examples .

120
 What is beauty? -

Word building: Prefixes under- and over-

1 Scan the Reading Passage on page 119 and find examples of adjectives with the prefix
under- or over-. What is the meaning of the prefixes under- and over- here?

2 Complete sentences 1-10 below. Make a suitable word for each gap by using the correct
form of a verb from the box and the prefix under- and over-.

averprisea fund value run state come

estimate awe rate (x 2) take

Example:
However stunning the tourist attraction is, the entrance fee is definitely overpriced .

1 Many scientists have _____ the importance of early archaeological

discoveries. They are much more significant than was once thought.

2 The monuments were totally _____ by people. I couldn't take any pictures.

3 The museum is really _____ . It's a very boring building.

4 Artefacts from a long time ago are frequently _____ . At auctions they may
only sell for a fraction of the price of modern art.

5 Some people are completely _____ with emotion when they visit Florence. It's a
syndrome called the Stendhal effect.

6 The museum _____ the theme park as the most popular attraction last year.

7 Many buildings and monuments of international significance are crumbling, because

government repair schemes are _____

8 The ruins of Greater Zimbabwe are seriously _____ . I think they are more
important than they are thought to be.

9 The architecture of the building is very _____ . It is this simplicity which makes
it magnificent.

10 I was completely _____ by the carvings. I've never seen anything like them.

3 � Write two sentences about a place, country monument or film you know. Use at least
one of the words from exercise 2. Then read and explain them to a partner.
Example:
I was overawed the first time I went into the Sahara. The sand dunes stretched as far as
I could see in every direction.

121
1111 What is beauty?

( Listening ) 1 You are going to listen to a conversation between a tutor and a student about a film
project. Look at Questions 21-30 below and decide what the project is about.
lffilt•fi
2 Work in pairs. You will hear words 1-9 below during the conversation. Check the

l
meaning of the words.
• U nderline the 1 perception 2 collage 3 grandeur 4 digital stills 5 narrow down
words in the
questions that 6 discipline 7 fade 8 access 9 click
show you that the
answer is about to
be given.
� 14 SECTION 3 Questions 21-30
Questions 21-25
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
21 Malcolm feels the topic he's chosen may
be ......................................... .
22 Malcolm was .........................................
by his visit to India.
23 Malcolm comments that his pictures of
various locations were

24 The tutor suggests Malcolm should

restrict the image selection to

25 Malcolm intends to make a film that is

similar to a ......................................... .

Questions 26-30
What comments does the tutor make about the submission of the film project?
Choose FIVE answers from the box.

Comments
A prepare handouts
B follow the website instructions
C send in DVD format
D use a memory stick
E remember people's attention span
F provide background information
G focus on simplicity

Submission
26 end product ..............
27 audience ..............
28 submission process ..............
29 accompanying form · ·············
30 film format ..............

3 m Would you like to make a film about a place you have visited? Which place would
you choose? Why?

122
 What is beauty? -

Language focus: Modal verbs for evaluating

In addition to using adjectives and verbs to give evaluations, we
can also use modal verbs. Look at the following statement from
the Listening on page 233.
I should have been halfway through by now.
Malcolm is criticising himself for something he hasn't done. He
is reflecting on and evaluating his own actions.
Read more about using modal verbs for evaluating in the
Grammar reference on page 224.
m Work in pairs. Think of three things that you did last
weekend which you shouldn't have done, or you should have
done but didn't. Tell your partner about the events. 3 Which of the sentences 1-9 in exercise 2 show that
2 For 1-9 below, underline the correct items in italics. something 'didn't happen' in the past?
They should/shouldn't have knocked that building down 4 Which of the sentences 1-9 in exercise 2 express the
ages ago; it was rather hideous. following:
• a conclusion
2 The government could have dealt/must have dealt with this • a regret
more diplomatically. • a suggestion
3 He might havelshould havetold me; I'm not sure. • a criticism
• an expectation
4 She might/couldn't have told me! I really wish she had. • a possibility/weak suggestion
5 Something must/should have happened, because suddenly • a possibility
everyone seems happier. 5 Work in groups. You have been asked by the local council
6 Fines could be/must have been imposed on those who throw to come up with ways to make the city or town you live or
litter in public. study in more attractive for the general public. Make a list of
the following things in order to improve the area. Use other
7 With the involvement of UNESCO, more and more places modal verbs where appropriate and the words from the
of great natural beauty should be/shouldn't have been Vocabulary and Word building sections in this unit.
protected in future.
Things that should not have been done.
8 Local people ought to/might play a greater part in plans for
new buildings in their area. Things that should have been done.
9 The car could/must be incredibly expensive, because it's Things that should be done.
stunning to look at.

m Work in pairs. Spend several minutes thinking about the following questions. Take
turns asking and answering the questions. Try to include the verbs and adjectives that
you have used in this unit so far.

Don't forget! Beautiful buildings Buildings and traditions

• Use adjectives to Do people need to have beautiful Do you think buildings such as housing and
evaluate. Then surroundings such as buildings and public buildings should reflect the traditions
give reasons and
monuments? Why/Why not? of a country? In what way?
examples.
• Use linking words Can living and working in attractive Some people feel that modern architecture
like but, although, buildings have a positive effect on worldwide is having a detrimental effect on
however; etc. people's moods? How? the appearance of towns and cities. To what
• Keep your ideas Which is more important, the extent do you agree or disagree?
abstract. design or the function of a building? Do the advantages of preserving traditional
In what way? buildings outweigh the cost of preserving
them?
www.irLanguage.com

123
IIIJI What is beauty?

1 Work in pairs. Discuss the task below and decide what kind of statement is given in the
(Writing
liMI
) task beginning 'Some people think ... '.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:

Some people think it is important to keep and maintain old buildings rather
than replacing them with modern buildings.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

2 Work in pairs. Make a list of ideas about keeping and maintaining old buildings and
about replacing them with modern buildings. If necessary, use the ideas in the box
below. When you have finished, change partners and discuss.

built/natural environment educate in general about the past

respect buildings/property appreciate beauty
pride in one's heritage protect environment helps relaxation
promote mental/physical health

3 Work in groups. Write an outline of the essay with an introduction, a topic sentence for
each body paragraph and a conclusion.

4 You can use particular words and phrases to show the effects or consequences of
something, for example, affect, make, produce, lead to, have an effect/impact on, result in.
To describe effects and consequences you can also use adjectives from previous units,
for example, exciting, exhilarating, interesting.
Work in pairs. For 1-6 below, decide the order of a and b so that they make sense.
1 a and so urban neighbourhoods where people live are being made more appealing
b everything in the physical world makes an impression on us directly or indirectly
2 a people are able to see and appreciate different buildings in cities all around the world
b thanks to cheap travel and the internet
3 a some countries are now showcasing their national heritage by renovating old buildings
b leading to pride in their national standing
4 a for example a park could be opened and trees could be planted
b and then the health of the people in that district of the city would be improved
5 a the lack of space in many towns and cities has saved many old buildings
b with planners turning to renovation rather than erecting something new
6 a people are happier and are now more productive in many urban areas
b as a result of turning old ruins into gardens

124
 What is beauty? Ill
5 For 1-6 in exercise 4:
a decide which part of the text, a or b, describes the 'cause: and which describes the 'effect'.
b underline the words and phrases which indicate 'cause'. Then@ the words
and phrases which indicate 'effect'.
c decide if there are any sentences where no linking words are used to indicate a cause or
effect.
d decide if any of the linking words can be removed without affecting the connection.

6 Work in pairs. For 1-5 below, complete the gaps with one phrase from box A and one
phrase from box B. There may be more than one possible answer. Each phrase can be
used more than once.

A with there are, as a result, which in turn thanks to

B has a positive effect shouldn't have relaxed are focusing on

now lighten up should be attractive
www irLanguage.,

1 For example, the government _________ the restrictions on building in green

spaces in the city. very few places for people to relax.

2 The built environment in modern cities ________ to the people that live
there, but often it is overwhelming skyscrapers, which shut out
the light.

3 _________ new construction techniques and materials, modern buildings

_________ cities and make them attractive.

4 It is obvious that beauty _________ on people's well-being, ________

increases their happiness and productivity.

5 _________ increased awareness of the impact that healthy environments

have on employees, more and more architects _________ design now
and not just function.

7 Work in pairs. Make notes for the Task 2 question on page 210. Make a list of ideas about
the built environment and the natural environment. If necessary, use the ideas in the box
on page 124. When you have finished, change partners and explain your ideas.

8 Write your answer to the Task 2 question on page 210. When you have finished, check your
answer using the checklist on page 139.

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0 Review
Vocabulary: Beauty

1 Decide which adjective each sentence relates to. There may be more than one possible
answer.
Example:
The size of the statues impressed me enormously.
Adjective: impressive
1 When I first saw the city it took my breath away.
2 The palace looked really grand and regal.
3 The rooms in the palace were really enormous.
4 Old films bring back memories of the past, and I love how they make me feel.
5 When so many people came to say goodbye to me at the party, I was so overcome by their
kindness I was speechless.
6 The sight of the building made me reflect on many things.
7 The tour made me feel sad but only for a short time.
8 The archaeological site was certainly very old.
9 I was overcome with excitement when we went on the tour of castles of the Loire.

2 Use the adjectives in the first five sentences to give an evaluation.

Example:
The size of the statues impressed me enormously.
I found the size of the statues very impressive.

Word building: Prefixes under- and over-

Complete the word in italics in each sentence.

1 Early inventions are often under_____ because we are in awe of modern

technology.

2 The care of old buildings which are of great architectural interest is often
under___ _
_

3 In my opinion, the attractiveness of modern buildings is over_____

4 I think the entrance fee to the museum exhibitions is under_____

5 He was over_____ with emotion at the sight of his childhood home.

6 The documentary showed that some ancient items are often under_____
because people do not realise how old and precious they are.

7 The art galler y was over_____ by the modern art museum in the race to
become the most popular art venue last year.

8 The organisers under_____ the popularity of the exhibition, which drew

large crowds.

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 What is beauty? -

Language focus: Modal verbs for evaluating

Give your own evaluation in each case below. Use the notes to help you.
Example:
The building's not there any more.
Conclusion: They must have knocked it down.
1 The shop is not there any more.
Conclusion: They _________ closed it.

2 The neighbourhood has been improved with trees and new street furniture.
Expectation: People ________ happy.

3 Every one's here earlier than usual.

Conclusion: The transport ________ on time.

4 In the past, the government didn't invest money preserving old buildings.

Mild criticism: The government ________ invested money earlier.

5 She didn't phone me!

Criticism: She ________ phoned me!

6 The town is not very pretty.

Suggestion: _________ made more attractive.

7 The house is certainly magnificent and very impressive.

Conclusion: It ________ money.

8 The building is being knocked down and is not being renovated.

Weak Suggestion: The building ________ rather than being knocked down.

9 The new park was opened to the public today.

Expectation: ________ _ the environment more pleasant.

Accuracy in IELTS
Find the five mistakes in the paragraph below. Then categorise the type of mistake,
e.g. a missing word, wrong tense/word, etc.

The main reason is that a beautiful environment has a positive impact in people's mood,
which in turn should increase the health status of the general population. As result, the
economic health of the nation should also have improved with fewer days off work and
increased productivity. For example, local neighbourhoods could given funds to improve
their surroundings by creating mini-gardens and decorating buildings. This must definitely
have a beneficial effect on people's mood.

2 Check the organisation of the paragraph in exercise 1 by:

1 underlining the topic sentence/phrase
2 ticking three expectations in the paragraph
3 double ticking a mild suggestion
4 circling a cause
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 Writing
Introduction
The IELTS Academic Writing module lasts one hour and there are two tasks. You are
advised to spend 20 minutes on Task 1 and asked to write at least 150 words. For Task 2
you are advised to spend 40 minutes and asked to write at least 250 words.
In both tasks, you are assessed on your ability to write in a style that is suitable .
Task 1
In Task 1 you are asked to describe data, presented as a graph, chart or table, or a
diagram such as a map, plan or process, using your own words.

1 Name the charts below.

Example: 1 (stacked) bar chart

1
I I I I
40 10 so
I
30 I 35 35
I I I I
15
I
45
I I
I 40
10 50 40
I I I

3 4
30
45

5 Years 2005 2010 2015

Shop A 3,679 4,881 8,889

ShopB 22,765 15,006 7,009

2 Look at the charts again and decide whether the statements below are 'true' or 'false'.
1 Only line graphs show trends.
2 Pie charts normally present proportions in percentages, but they can also present
numbers.
3 Bar charts sometimes don't have years.
4 Stacked bar charts like 1 above present information in the same way as pie charts.
5 Tables should be read mainly from left to right but at the same time from top to bottom
for the headings in the rows.
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 Ready for Writing

Graph

1 Look at the Task 1 question and model text below. In the model answer, find:
1 the overview
2 examples of complex sentences
3 examples of language of comparison
4 sentences where high access and high equipment costs are described.

WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The graph below shows the percentage of households not having internet access
by reason in Great Britain between 2008 and 2014.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Percentage of households not having internet access by reason in Great Britain

% of households without internet access
60

50 Don't need internet

(not useful/interesting)
40
Lack of skills
30

20
High equipment cost
10 High access cost
Privacy or security
concerns
0
2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

The chart compares various reasons why households in Great Britain lack internet access
between 2008 and 2014.
Overall, it is clear that regarding the two main reasons, not needing the internet and a lack
of skills, the trend was upwards throughout the period, while that for the other reasons
was fairly flat For example, approximately one third (about 34%) of households did not
need internet access in 2008 compared to more than a half (approximately 54%) in 2014.
By contrast, while there was a rise in the proportion of households without internet
access because of lack of skills, from about 15% in 2008 to just over 30% in 2014, the
trend in the proportion for high equipment costs was slightly downwards, 10% compared
to 13% in 2000 and 2014 respectively As regards high access cost, the trend was flat
with a peak of about 15% in 2010 from 11% in 2008, but privacy and security was less of
a concern with the proportion giving this reason, however, doubling between 2008 and
2014, from approximately 3% to 6%.

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Ready for Writing

Bar chart
1 Look at the Task 1 question and the model answer below. Complete the model answer
by inserting the following data into the gaps.
a just under 25%
b 33% in 2008 in comparison with about 58% in 2012
c from just over 40% to about 60%
d Uust over 60% in 2008)
e about 35% to about 55% in 2012 with a peak of about 58% in 2011.

WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart below shows the proportion of businesses making e-commerce purchases
by industry in Great Britain between 2008 and 207 2.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Proportion of businesses making e-commerce purchases in industry
in Great Britain between 2008 and 2012

80

70

60
2008
�
en 50
Q)
C .2009
-� 40
2010
0 30
� 2011
20
2012
10

Manufacturing Construction Wholesale Retail lnfo&Comms

The bar chart provides information about the proportion of businesses purchasing items
online according to industry in Great Britain between 2008 in 2012.

Generally speaking, the proportion of businesses involved in e-commerce purchases

across the years and sectors varied with the practice being most common in the information
and communications industry. In this sector, there was a greater proportion of businesses
involved 1 than the other sectors with a rise to just under 70% in 2012,
including a peak to about 75% in 2011. The proportion of businesses involved in purchases
online in the retail sector followed a similar pattern, increasing from 2 _____

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3 _____ of construction businesses used online purchasing in 2008 compared to

more than a half in 2012, whereas in the wholesale industry the rise was much smaller
4 ___ _
_
As regards manufacturing, there was a near 100% increase in the proportion of businesses
purchasing online from about 5 ___ _
_

Pie charts
1 Study the Writing Task 1 and the model frame below. Complete the model answer using
your own words.

WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The pie charts below compare the hours worked by employees and self-employed
homeworkers in 2014 in the UK.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Average working hours for employees and self-employed

More than 30hrs More than 30hrs

45hrs or less 45hrs or less

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Employee www.irLanguage.com

The pie charts show the number of hours worked by two categories of people,
homeworkers who are self-employed and employees, in the UK in 2014.
Generally speaking, it is clear that homeworkers who are self-employed work fewer
hours on average than employees with l ____ .For
example, a greater proportion of employees (31.4%) worked 2
_______ . Likewise, while just over a third of self-employed workers (345%) work
between 30 and 45 hours,
3 --------------------. By contrast, there is a marked difference
between the two groups when it comes to working 30 hours or less.
In this category, 4

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Ready for Writing

Table

1 Study the Writing Task 1 and the model answer below. Underline all the examples of
comparison in the model. Decide what types of comparison are used, e.g., comparative
adjectives or adverbs, conjunctions, or other.

WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The table below provides a breakdown of the amount of different cereals produced
by several countries in Europe in 2000.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Production of cereals by country in 2000

Common
Rye and
wheat and Barley
maslin **
spelt*

Belgium 1,919 - 400

Bulgaria 5,3 19 28 85 1

Czech Republic 5,442 130 1,967

Denmark 5,153 678 3,548

Germany 27,711 3,854 11,563

France 37,501 128 11,775

• an ancient grain that is a sub-species of wheat •• a crop of wheat and rye grown together

The table shows the volume of various types ofcereals that were produced in a selection
of European countries in 2000. Overall, it is clear that France and Germany produce the
largest amounts of the cereal crops with Belgium producing the least
The volume of common wheat and spelt*, for example, produced in Germany was 27,711
tons compared to 37,501 for France and 5,153, 5,442, 5,319 and 1,919 for Denmark, the
Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Belgium respectively. By contrast, France produced only
128 tons of rye and maslin as opposed to 3,854 tons in Germany, with no data available
for Belgium. Likewise, Denmark produced 678 tons in contrast to 130 tons in the Czech
Republic and only 28 tons in Bulgaria.
The largest producer of barley was France with 11,775 tons followed closely by Germany
with 11,563 tons. By comparison, Denmark produced more barley than the Czech
Republic, Bulgaria and Belgium together, 3,548 tons against 1,967 tons, 851 tons and 400
tons, respectively.

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 Ready for Writing

Plan A

1 Look at the Task 1 question and the overview in the model answer. Find three nouns in
the overview that relate to type of changes that are then described in the model.
2 Find examples of each noun in the model answer and paraphrase the overview.

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WRITING TASK 1 www.irLanguage.com

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagrams below show the changes in the ground floor plan of an office between
2010 and 2016.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Reception desk Stairs

Office for Office for Office for
Floor plan
10workers 10workers 10 workers

2010 Boardroom
D Ea,raoca
Kitchen
and staff
lounge
Office for Office for
10workers 10workers

Stairs
Open-plan office
for 45 workers

8
f---- �:�;�; ic

2016
D E """""
[:] Boardroom

Meeting
rooms
8 Electronic Open-plan office
I Reception desk I database for 30workers

The plans illustrate how the ground floor of an office was modified from 2010 to 2016.
Overall, it is clear the ground floor of the office underwent a complete transformation
between the six years with the relocation, addition and the replacement of various
facilities. First all, between 2010 and 2016, the reception was moved to the right hand
side of the entrance. New seating areas were also introduced to the left and right of the
entrance with a new electronic turnstile being added just between the reception area and
the lift and stairs. Another addition was the electronic data bank to the right of the lifts.
By 2016, the three offices for 10 workers each on the left hand side had been turned into
an open plan office for 45 workers. Moreover, the kitchen and staff lounge at the back had
been replaced with meeting rooms Similarly, the two offices for 10 workers on the right had
been turned into an office for 30 workers. Meanwhile, the boardroom remained the same

133
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Ready for Writing

Plan B
1 Look at the Task 1 question and model answer. Add words and phrases from the
diagrams to complete the model answer.

WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The street plans below show a residential area with a park and playground in 2016
and the proposed changes for 2025 to make it safer for families and children.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Street plan 2016 Street plan 2025

Park with Park with Residential

Playground Playground area
Residential railings
area

High Road High Road

Residential
area

The plans illustrate the layout of the streets in a residential area with a park and playground
in 2016, along with plans for modifications for 2025 to ensure the safety of families and
children in the area.
Generally speaking, it is clear that various measures to prevent children running on to the
road and to slow down the traffic, such as the safety 1 , traffic lights
and a zebra crossing will be introduced. For example, there is a proposal to introduce
railings on both sides of the 2 at the entrance to the
3 with the playground. In addition, a 4 will
be added Just before the junction of 5 _ _ _ _
__ , west of the park and the
High Road.
Another plan is to turn the 6 of the four main roads, Tennis Street,
Bridge Street, Bond Way and Hatton Avenue into a 7 with a set of
8 at the junction of each street with the roundabout.

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 Ready for Writing

Process
1 Study the Task 1 question and the model answer below. Find:
1 the over view
2 the steps in the process
3 examples of linking devices
4 examples of intransitive verbs
5 examples of complex sentences.

2 Estimate the length of the text. Does it follow the word limit?

WRITING TASK 1 n5��

�
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. 1rLanguage.com

The diagrams below show the process of electricity generation using an artificial
lagoon and tidal power.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

High tide - every 12 hours Low tide - every 12 hours

Outflow Outflow
gate gate
Closed Open
Turbine-��!V
Turbine

Estuary Estuary
Sea water Sea water

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The diagrams show how tidal power is used to generate electricity in an artificial lagoon.
Overall, the production of the energy from tidal power using the artificial circular lagoon
involves several stages relating to the opening and closing of the inflow and outflow gates
in the lagoon. The tide around the artificial lagoon falls and rises twice a day. First of all,
before the high tide comes into the estuary, the inflow gate is opened to allow the water
to flow into the lagoon and at the same time the outflow gate is closed to prevent the
water escaping again. Then, when the tide is at its highest, the lagoon is full of water.
Subsequently, as soon as the tide turns and it is at its lowest level, the inflow gate is closed
and the outflow gate, to which a turbine is attached, is opened and the water flows out of
the lagoon, generating electricity.
The whole process repeats itself twice a day every 12 hours.

135
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Ready for Writing

Task 2
In Task 2 you are given a point of view, argument or problem. Assessment for Task 2 is based
on your ability to:
• present and support your opinion • evaluate and challenge ideas,
evidence or arguments
• compare and contrast evidence and opinions
• write in an appropriate style.
• write a solution to a problem

1 Analyse the Task 2 question below using the following:

• the suggested time limit • the possible organisation of your
answer
• the statement in the topic to be discussed
• the standard/generic rubric
• the specific questions relating to the topic
• possible ideas
• the minimum number of words
(and think of the maximum) • the general nouns in the questions

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:

Health experts say that walking is a good way to improve the health of the general
public, but nowadays people are walking less than ever before.
What are the causes? What measures could be effective?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words.

2 Label the beginning of a possible answer for the Task 2 below using the following items:

1 topic sentence x2 4 example 7 reason or cause 2

2 general statement or hook 5 condition 8 a result
3 reason or cause 1 6 possibility/possible result 9 a solution

With the advances in technology, people's lifestyles are changing and are becoming
much more sedentary. As a result, people are walking less. There are many factors
behinds this development, but there are many approaches that can be taken to deal
with the situation The main factor behind the decrease in walking among the general
population is the modern lifestyle that is much more sedentary, especially for people
working in offices. For example, if people are sitting at a desk in an office for long
periods of time rather than doing manual work on the land, this can reduce the time
for people to do simple activities like walking. Moreover people are more inclined to
travel by car or bus so there is less need for people to walk In many cases people do
not walk for more than a few minutes each day. The main solution is to encourage
people through advertising to become more physically active. Such encouragement
should start in.

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 Ready for Writing

3 List the perspectives you can use to collect ideas for one or more of the Task 2 questions
below, e.g. for 1, educational, technological, mental, physical, future, employment, etc. Are
any of the perspectives you chose relevant to other tasks below?

4 Compare the organisation of two of the four Tasks 2 questions below.

1 WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:

Some people believe that software programming should be taught at primary school.
Others think that the focus at this level should be on playing.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words.

2 WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:

Nowadays more and more museums and art galleries around the world are putting
their material contents online. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words.

3 WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:

The best way for employers to make their workforce happy is allow them more flexible
working hours.
To what extent do you agree? What other measures could be effective?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words.

4 WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:

In the modern world, many employees lack soft skills such as communication and
working in teams.
What are the main causes of this problem? What are the effects of the lack of such skills?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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Ready for Writing

5 Look at the introduction, topic sentences and the conclusion for the first Task 2 question
on page 137. Paraphrase the introduction and the third topic sentence.

At primary school, the curriculum is constantly changing to keep pace with the
modern world. While it is argued software programming should now be part of the
curriculum at this level, others feel that the focus should be on play. I feel that children
need to play more at this stage rather than being bombarded by more technology.
On the one hand, software is considered as important for primary school children.
On the other hand, playing is much more important at this level.
Having examined both these views, I am more inclined to agree with the latter view,
but I also feel that the focus in the modern world on technology is an important skill for
children to learn.
Software programming and playing are both important for the development of
children, but I personally feel that play is more important in a child's development at
the primary level.

6 Write an introduction for the second Task 2 question on page 137.

Introduction:
There is no denying that having museum art gallery content available on the internet
might encourage people not to visit them.
Personally, however, I feel that it is a major step in the right direction for educational
reasons. Another reason, in my opinion, is that it brings artifacts to the attention of
people who might not otherwise be able to see them.
As we have seen, despite there being some sound arguments against the development
of museums and art galleries making their contents available for public viewing online,
this is in the main a positive development.

1 Add the following phrases to the introduction, topic sentences and the conclusion of the
third Task 2 on page 137:
a another strategy is to make sure that
b is certainly a sound way of making workers happier
c while I feel that this is a good approach
d there is no doubt that this is an effective approach

Employers are always considering different methods to make their workforce happy,
such as permitting them to work in a more flexible way. 1 , there
are others which could be equally or more successful. Giving workers the opportunity
to be flexible as regards their working hours 2 _______
3 , but another more effective way would be to ensure that
workers are paid properly.
4 the work environment is suitable for all workers. In
conclusion, despite the approach allowing employees to work more flexibly being a
sound approach, paying workers and making the work environment more comfortable
are equally important strategies.

138 u�1�1 ul:-j {YY'

www.irLanguage.com
 Ready for Writing

8 Write an introduction, topic sentences and the conclusion for the fourth Task 2 question.

9 Complete your own answer to the fourth Task 2 question on page 13 7.

IELTS Writing checklists

IELTS Writing Task 1 IELTS Writing Task 2
Assessment for Task 1 is based on your ability to: In Task 2 you are given a point of view, an
• summarise, organise and compare data where argument or a problem. Assessment for Task 2 is
possible based on your ability to:
• describe the stages of a process • present and support your opinion
• describe an object or event or explain how • compare and contrast evidence and opinions
something works • write a solution to a problem
• write accurately and coherently • evaluate and challenge ideas, evidence or
• use a range of voc;abulary arguments
• use a range of gra;mmatical structures. • write in an appropriate style.

Checklist Checklist
Have you paraphrased the rubric in your Have you paraphrased the question in your
introduction or just copied it? introduction?
2 Have you written a clear overvi�w? 2 Have you given a clear indication of
the organisation of your answer in the
3 Have you summarised the information and introduction?
not just listed every piece of data?
3 Have you given a clear statement of your
4 Have you included any information that is stance/opinion/position in the introduction?
not in the data?
4 Have you g1ven a clear statement about the
5 Have you left any important data out? content of each paragraph?
6 Have you just listed information or have you 5 Have you given reasons and examples as
compared it? requested in the rubric?
7 Have you divided your answer into clear 6 Have you also developed your ideas by
paragraphs? expressing contrasts, causes, effects ,
8 Have you mentioned any striking features? purposes and conclusions?
9 Have you avoided repetition of words and 7 Have you written a conclusion? Do all the
structures? paragraphs now fit together well?
10 Have you used a range of grammar, 8 Is your answer abstract as required? Or does
vocabulary and complex structures? it contain personal examples?
11 Have you used the correct tenses and verb 9 Have you divided your answer into
form? clear paragraphs? Have you written 4/5
12 Have you used appropriate linking devices paragraphs?
such as adverbs and conjunctions? 10 Have you included any irrelevant ideas?
12 Have you checked your writing for mistakes? 11 Have you avoided the repetition of words
13 Have you completed the task according to and structures?
the rubric? 12 Have you used a range of grammar,
14 Have you written at least 150 words? vocabulary and complex structures?
15 Have you written too many words? 13 Have you checked your writing for mistakes?
You aren't penalised for writing too 14 Have you completed the task according to
much, but you may be penalised for not the rubric?
summarising. You don't need to write more 15 Have you written at least 250 words?
than about 185 words.

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� lsitart? www.irLanguage.com

Vocabulary: Art

Work in groups. Decide what art form is represented in each photograph and share
your opinions about each of them.

Choose your favourite art form and give reasons and examples for your choice.

140
 Is it art?

Work in groups. For 1-7 below, write as many people you associate with each word as
you can.
1 play actor director producer designer. make-up artist

2 exhibition ____________ _________ _ _ _ _ _ __

5 sculpture _______________________________

6 video game _______________________ _ _ _ ___

7film _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________________ _ _ _
_

Work in pairs. In each bubble below, find two words that go together and explain why.
There may be more than one answer.

draw design play

drama perform
direct artist video game
musical sing plot
clothes programmer
writer novels ballet

construct act

3 soap opera symphony

compose art installation

For 1-7 below, complete the gaps with the correct form of the words in the box below.

exhibit sculpt scene criticise (x2) vision collect

1 The cost a lot of money to visit and was a waste of time; it was full of
avant-garde work I couldn't understand.
2 The bronze _____ were displayed in the garden and the galleries.
3 My is purely subjective I know, but I think the paintings were not just
childlike. but childish.
4 The new extension where the sculptures are on show is more stunning than the

_____ itself.
5 His works have been hailed as masterpieces by _____ , but I honestly can't
see anything in them.
6 The in the play was a work of art in itself. The artist who painted the
panels must be a genius.
7 I prefer the performing arts to the ____ _ arts; paintings are so boring!

141
 Is it art?

Work in pairs. Discuss the similarities and differences between two different art
forms, e.g. performing arts and visual arts.

Look at the possible responses to Part 3 questions on the arts. Underline the correct
words in italics.

1 First of all, if children study drama/plays/acts

at secondary level, they can learn different
skills such as social or organisational skills,
which can help them later in their working life. 2 As the arts improve society generally,
They can also learn about different technical I think organisations and individuals
aspects of work in the theatre like arranging all promoting the arts should be
the props and scenes/scenery/backgrounds ... subsidised by the taxpayer. But many
and if they are really lucky they might have a people don't agree. For instance,
drama teacher who shows/produces/composes they attack today I modern I these-day
a theatre/play/stage or musical each year. Such art, basically because they don't
performances don't have to be very highbrow/ appreciate I see I realise it. If people
lowbrow art, but they are very useful if they look at it a little more closely, they
give young people practical experience. will be less unfavourable/critical/
approving of it. And they might
support the arts in general more.

3 I think the main way is installing more real

working/works/bits of art in public spaces
like parks and squares, which could play a
major role in making people more aware of
art. Figure I Extract I Abstract art with boxes
and colours in many modern exhibitions/
rooms/shows can be very difficult for people to
understand, but classical/established/orthodox
paintings are sometimes just as difficult.
So if vibrant art is brought to the public, it
might entice people to visit museums and art
galleries, or even to take up art themselves.

(Speaking ) In groups, match the three texts in exercise 7 above to the Part 3 questions below.
lthi
The arts
Don't forget! What are the advantages of making some form of the arts compulsory at
• Develop your ideas secondary school?
by giving reasons In what ways do you think an interest in the arts can be used to help to
and examples. improve the lives of all people in society? Give reasons and examples.
• Use abstract not How do you think institutions involved in the arts such as museums and
personal ideas. art schools should be funded? Should it be from public funds or private
• Speak fluently, but
I
donations?
not quickly.
Discuss one or more of the Part 3 questions above. Choose someone to write down the
ideas as you discuss them. When you have finished, discuss as a whole class.

Work in groups of three. Take turns performing the following roles using the questions
in exercise 1: the candidate, the examiner and the monitor. T he monitor prompts the
candidate and makes notes about the candidate's performance using the checklist on page
181 and gives feedback when they have finished speaking.
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 Is 1t art?

Q Work in groups. Discuss the statement below.

'Installation art is a legitimate and exciting art form.'

Work in groups. The following words and phrases 1-10 all appear in the Reading
Passage below. Match the words to meanings a-j.

1 commission a speed up
2 parameters b beaten by hammering
3 wing C slight
4 endorsed d job
5 expedite e limits
6 congruent f evocative
7 tenuous g corresponding
8 wrought h agreed
9 reminiscent annex
10 palette colour scheme

Scan the Reading Passage for the words from exercise 2.

READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the
Reading Passage below.

Fem Garden - an art installation

At the beginning of 1996 Mary Eagle, then the
National Gallery's Senior Curator of Australian Art,
approached Fiona Hall to consider a commission
for a work to be placed in the Sculpture Garden.
The artist proposed instead that she would
create a discrete garden on a site at the eastern
side of the building, outside the parameters of
the Sculpture Garden. This formerly out-of-sight
and unused 'courtyard' space, approximately
20 metres square, bounded by the Gallery's
23-metre high bush-hammered concrete walls
on three sides, and its planned temporary exhibitions wing on the fourth, was to become
exposed to the public gaze and re-defined through the window wall of the foyer of the new
galleries looking onto the space.
The commission was endorsed at the December 1996 meeting of the National Gallery
Council and made possible by funding from the Painting and Sculpture budget of the
Department of Australian Art along with a generous donation from the Friends ofTamsin and
Deuchar Davy. Council members were able to actually observe the design intent through a
detailed model that the artist produced to expedite planning for the commission.
During 1997 Hall refined the design and made drawings describing specific features within
the garden. The logistical challenges were many.The design involved a planting of 58 mature
Dicksonia Antarctica tree ferns 2.6 metres tall, with a system of paths, water channels,
grates, fountains, seating and a fence and gate. Expert horticultural, engineering, hydraulic
and lighting advice was sought to confirm the mechanical requirements and ensure the
congruent relationship between the elements comprising the design.
Construction began in January 1998. After initial preparatory excavation and concreting,
Fiona Hall and two assistants decorated the main 1.5-metre wide, 55-metre long pathway
and fountains with white silica and quartz pebbles quarried from a streambed at nearby
Collector in New South Wales. Pebbles of the required size were sorted from a stockpile

143
 Is it art?

and laid into a base of dry mortar which was watered to make the cement set. The ferns were
planted to a strict grid, and work continued at a pace to be completed by the beginning of
March to coincide with the opening of the new Exhibitions Wing. Botanical references and
particularly humankind's tenuous relationship with nature have been central to Fiona Hall's
expression and illustrated through works such as her Genesis series of 1984, Paradisus
Terrestris 1989-90, Historia Non-natural/s 1991 and Paradisus Terrestris entitled 1997.
The garden, based on the spiral form of the fern frond, a symbol of healing and
rejuvenation. is the artist's first opportunity to realise a major permanent installation.
The Dicksonia Antarctica tree fern is found in Tasmania and along the east coast of Australia.
Those planted in the garden, estimated to be at least two hundred years old, have stood
witness to the arrival of the settlers in Australia and the gradual disappearance of the
Aboriginal peoples and their culture. The scant number of extant Aboriginal languages
recognising the word for the Dicksonia Antarctica are represented on tombstone-like
plaques embedded in the main path. The artist approached the local Ngunnawal people for
approval to construct the garden.
There is a wrought steel gate at the entry to the Fern Garden. The main path is decorated
in vortex patterns much like the movement of the eddying stream from which the pebbles
originated. The path unfolds in the shape of a frond, and curves down a gentle ramp to
the central fountain. There is space to walk around the fountain, which is set below the
surrounding ground level, or to sit on the ledge while a circle of 101 thin jets of water is
projected upward and falls in a parabolic pattern similar to the fronds of the Dicksonia
Antarctica. Surrounding the edge of the fountain, there is a copper membrane. Auxiliary
pathways formed in plain white concrete provide options for navigating the garden and lead
to seats of austral verde granite with wrought steel spiral bases, or to the central recessed
area. The water from three smaller fountains is channelled inwards towards the main
fountain in a manner reminiscent of Islamic garden design.
The palette for the garden is refined and austere. The hard surfaces are rendered
homogeneous with the surrounding architecture - white concrete and pebbles/white
bush-hammered concrete walls. The fibrous dark brown trunks of the ferns and the tanbark
mulch are almost indistinguishable, while the frond canopy imbues the garden with a
verdant green cast. Viewed from above, from the galleries of Australian art or the foyer of
the Exhibitions Wing, the Fern Garden is all curves and a resolute foil to the straight linear
geometry of the surrounding architecture

Questions 1-9
Complete the summary using the list ofwords, A-Q, below.

The Fern Garden was created in an open space 20 metres square, which would be
1 ........................... to visitors to the proposed galleries for 2 ........................... . The
Commission for the garden was 3 ........................... by the National Gallery Council and was
funded by money from 4 ........................... . The 5 ........................... for the garden, which
was refined in 1997, 6 ........................... planting 58 mature fern trees that were several
metres tall and it contained 7 ........................... including paths and water features .
8 ........................... were consulted to ensure the whole design would 9 ...........................
together.

A government bodies B different sources C experts from different

fields
D temporary exhibitions E various officials F avoided
G show H fit I design
J various elements K operated L detectable
Mrejected N painters 0 visible
P included Q approved

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 Is it art?

Questions 10-13
Label the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Central fountain below ground level path goes down a
11 .......................... .

13 .....................-:-:
-�
=. -:-:.::.
....
:-
Decoration with pebbles
in 10 .......................... .
------�e�m�b�e:d�d�e�d�in� �m�o�r�ta�r�---
......
·-..-- ··�·� .: .. ................... ........... .... .. .... ................... ..

------� · ...................
...
: -------.... -...
.. -·..... ... . . .. .. .. .. .· .. ..
__ .,,
..
...

....
...... ::·
.. - ..
.... ..
..•
··"
..
.....
-· ......

'• ...
,._ .. ..
..
..
f'

Do you think cities and towns would benefit from having more public art
such as statues, installation art for each answer and murals or wall paintings?
Give reasons and examples.

Language focus: Defining and non-defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses provide information which cannot 2 a Part of the soundtrack in the film, which is taken from
be left out, as they identify what is being referred to. They do Beethoven's 9th symphony, is my favourite piece of
not have commas at the beginning and end of the clause. music.
Council members were able to actually observe the design intent b A pop song that I heard on the car radio yesterday was
through a detailed model that the artist produced to expedite very familiar.
planning for the commission.
3 a The artist that I would like to talk about is Kandinsky.
Non-defining relative clauses provide additional information,
b The artist, who is still alive, has influenced my own
which can be left out. They have commas at the beginning
paintings.
and the end.
4 a A museum I go to regularly has my favourite cafe on
There is space to walk around the fountain, which is set below the
its roof.
surrounding around level or . . .
b Modern museums, which often have interactive
2 Scan the Reading Passage and find other examples of relative
displays, attract many children.
clauses.
0 Read more about defining and non-defining relative 5 a The arts subjects that need to be taught at school are
painting and drama.
clauses in the Grammar reference on page 224.
b The arts, which include painting and drama, need to be
3 Work in groups. For each pair of sentences 1-5 below,
taught at school.
underline the relative clauses. Explain in your own words
what effect using a defining and non-defining clause has on 4 Work in pairs. Complete each gap with a suitable relative
the meaning of the sentence. pronoun where necessary. More than one pronoun may be
possible.
a A new play by Shakespeare, which the playwright
wrote when he was young, has just been discovered. The book _____ he gave me as a present was
really exciting.
b The play that he wrote at the age of 21 has just won a
major prize. 2 The actor, name I have forgotten now, was
in the shop this morning.
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 Is it art?

3 Art classes, often need expensive 6 Is that the folk concert ________ ?
materials, can cost a lot to run. was dazzling.
7 The culture tour
4 I think literature, is essential for the
a that you were praising last night because of the quality of
development of children, should have more time devoted
the singer
to it in the school curriculum.
b which I made when I started the art course
5 The painting he bought for $50 000 was a
fake; the other one was genuine. c which overlooks the opera house
6 The sister _____ is the dancer got married, not d whose father is the film director
the singer. e which was incredibly expensive for the length of the trip
7 Films _____ contain special effects do not always f which has some breathtaking locations
have good reviews.
g that is not dumbed down in any way
8 This is the TV programme _____ I am going to
talk about. 6 Complete one or more of sentences 1-6 below so
that they are true for you. Then explain your sentences to a
5 For 1-7 below, complete the gaps with a clause a-g.Add partner, giving reasons and examples.
any necessary punctuation.
I like literature (which/that) I ...
My uncle's flat is empty for the
next two weeks, so I'm staying there. 2 I don't like films (which/that) I ...
2 The friend got me into the film 3 I'm really mad about music (which/that) I ...
preview. 4 I want to go to an exhibition (which/that) I ...
3 One of my sculptures ___ _ ___ has just 5 I dislike (operas/rock concerts) most of all, which I have
won an art prize. never liked ...
4 The film ________ starts in a few minutes. 6 I have seen loads of films, which is a hobby of mine ...
5 I like literature _ ______

( Listening ) 1 _ Work in groups. Look at Questions 11-20 below and discuss the topic of the
,mo.;,; listening test.
'What opinions might people have about an art exhibition?'

Work in groups. Look at Questions 11-14 below and decide which words will
paraphrase the words proposals and aims.

For Questions 15-20, underline the words that warn you that the answer is coming
soon.

When you have answered the questions below, check if your predictions for exercises
1-3 were correct.

� 15 SECTION 2 Questions 11-20

Questions 11 and 12
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO proposals about the art exhibition are mentioned?
A It needs more public money.
B It should be permanent.
C More sculptures could be used.
D Local artists could be exhibited.
E More information would be helpful.

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 Is it art?

Questions 13 and 14
Choose 7WO letters, A-E.
Which TWO aims for the Public Art project are mentioned?
A more recognition for the city
B an increase in investment
C greater number of sculptures
D a happier city
E increased awareness about art
1
Questions 15-17
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
15 The public didn't go to the art institutions because of the
A expense.
B crowds.
C time.
16 The website sur vey showed a majority
A for free admission.
B for more exhibitions.
C unsure about the museum extension.
17 According to Jenny Driver, people in the art world are concerned about the
A timing of the introduction of support.
B level of financial support from the state.
C loss of jobs in the sector.

Questions 18-20
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN 1WO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
18 The radio show will have two reporters on ....................................... .
19 The purpose of the outside broadcasts is to check ....................................... to the
idea of museum charges.
20 The second reporter will be outside the ....................................... in the shopping
centre.

What do you think about public art? Do people notice it or care about it? Why/Why not?

(Speaking ) Work in pairs. Look at the Task Card and the beginning of a candidate's response.
lffii Underline the relative clauses and explain why they are used.

Describe the art form, such as visual or performing arts,

that you find exciting.
You should say:
what the art form is
how you first became interested in this art form
how often you participate in it
and explain why you find this art form exciting.

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11D lsitart?

The art form I'm going to describe is part of the performing arts ...
dancing, which to me is exciting and inspiring. I'm actually interested in
all forms of dance, but I find modern dance particularly inspiring. The first
time that I became attracted to it was when my parents took me to see a
dance show, which was very noisy and en ergetic. After that, I was hooked
and joined a dance class after school , and I've been involved in dancing,
both participating and watching, at least once per week ever since. I think
dancing is really exciting, because ...

Look at the following reasons and purposes for participating in dancing and choose the
three most important. Give reasons and examples for your choice.
to develop coordination as a form of entertainment
to meet new people to improve my physical fitness
to reduce stress to build confidence

3 Work in pairs. Add some more information about one of the purposes you chose in exercise 2.
Example:
. . . to develop coordination, which is very important in perfecting physical skills such as those
needed in any mechanical work.

t. In the example, what is the purpose of the underlined text?

Example:
. . . to develop coordination, which is very important in perfecting physical skills such as those
needed in any mechanical work, which in turn can improve your chances offinding a good
iob and hence ofearning a living.

Work in pairs and choose another purpose and develop it in the same way as in exercises 3
and 4.

6 Make notes to prepare your own answer for the topic in exercise 1. With a partner,
take turns talking about the topic, using your notes to guide you. When your partner has
finished speaking, give him/her feedback using the checklist on page 181.

(Writing ) Work in groups. Explain the statement and the question in the task below in your own
words.
lifii
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Nowadays, there is a greater focus at all levels in education on science and business
studies rather than the arts.
Do you think this is a positive or negative development?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

2 Is it possible to replace the question in the task with the following question:
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer.
148
 Is it art?

3 Read the description of someone

describing a possible plan for the I'm going to write an introduction saying
task. Decide whether the writer is that it is a negative development. My
planning a a positive, b a negative second paragraph will discuss the
or c a negative and positive answer. positive aspect(s) of the sciences
and business studies. Then, I'm going
4 Describe how to plan the answer to contrast this with two paragraphs
where the focus on science and showing the negative side of studying
business studies is the arts, followed by a conclusion.
1 a positive development.
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www.irLanguage.com
S Work in groups. Explain how the
introduction and three topic sentences below match the plan described in exercise 3.

Science and business studies and the arts are all important for progress in society in
general. However, I think the current emphasis in education on science and business
studies is a negative trend.
There is no doubt that science and business studies are invaluable in today's world.
The study of the arts, however, plays a key role in the development of society.
Another reason is that training in the arts can open up many career opportunities for
young people.

b Work in groups. Write an introduction, topic sentences and a conclusion supporting the
development in the statement in the writing task in exercise 1 opposite and then present
them to another group.

7 The text below is an extract from an answer to the Task 2 question on page 148. For
1-10, complete the gaps with a suitable word. The first letter of each word is given.

Science, business studies and the 1 a are integral to the

y
development of societ . However, I think the current emphasis in the
2 f_________ of education on science and business studies is a positive
3 t___________
There is no doubt that 4 P-------- in the arts is useful for the development
of the individual and society generally. 5 T______ drama, for example.
Drama, which requires lots of activity, is obviously good for 6 P---------
and mental health as it improves 7 c_______ , which is a skill that is missing
in education today. 8 L , painting and pottery also help in this
regard. For others, the purpose of involvement in the arts is to help them relax, even
if it is only going to see an 9 e __________ at an art 10 g _________ .
Having said this however, I feel ..

8 Find 1-5 below in the text in exercise 7:

1 examples of the writer's opinion/position
2 examples of non-defining relative clauses, if they exist
3 examples of defining relative clauses, if they exist
4 an example of a purpose
5 an example.

9 Write your answer to the Task 2 question on page 210. When you have finished, check your
answer using the checklist on page 139.
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 Review
Vocabulary: Art

1 In 1-8 below, there is one word missing. Decide which word is missing in each sentence.
1 Actors and actresses act in plays or films. Sometimes some of them become famous
because they star in soap.
2 He the symphony and conducted the orchestra at the performance.
3 She has written many fantasy novels but people still do not think that she is a great, but
there are many children and adults who would disagree.
4 As a playwright, he wrote many and even directed some of his works in well-known
theatres, appearing from time to time on the stage himself.
5 Is a newspaper journalist an? Many would like to think they have artistic qualities.
6 He was a great and painter, having car ved many famous statues and painted many of the
world's greatest paintings.
7 The producer got on well with the actors and in the film, but he didn't always like the way
the director directed it.
8 The choreographer arranged the ballet very carefully, but some of the found it very difficult
to perform.

For texts 1-3 below, underline the correct word in italics.

1 Studying drama/play at secondary

school is a very good way to be
introduced to acting. Many schools have 2 For some people I think graffiti can cause problems,
their own stages/theatres at the front because it can make urban areas seem quite
of the gym with scenery/background. threatening. But is it an act of vandalism? I personally
Drama/Actor teachers are in great don't think so. It is in many ways like primitive art. The
demand to produce/compose theatres/ problem, I think, is that extract/abstract art, like a
plays each year. It isn't very highbrow/ lot of graffiti, isn't easy for people to understand, but
drama, but everyone enjoys it so I think then how much do people these days understand
it's good for drama to be taught about paintings by classical/orthodox artists? Who
at school. for instance can unravel the allusions/illusions/
delusions in early works of art. And I think there are
places where graffiti can be a work of art/artists.

3 Yes. It's far from easy for people to

be able to appreciate/see/realise
modern art. But if they look at it in
greater depth, they will see it in a more
favourable/critical/approving way.

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 Is it art?

Language focus: Defining and non-defining relative clauses

Underline the defining clause in each sentence.

1 Although I have a large number of books, which I've collected over many years, the book
that has influenced me the most is Crime and Punishment by Dostoyevsky.
2 The sculpture (that) I want to talk about is one I saw recently in Libya, which has many
beautiful works of art.
3 Watching plays, which is a relaxing leisure activity, should be an art form that is free for all
schoolchildren.
4 The artist I admire the most is Frida Kahle, who created some amazing works.
5 An extension, which incidentally I think is impressive, has been built onto the museum that
is close to my flat.
6 Is the cafe you usually go to, which I think you said is closed today, near the market?
7 A teacher at school, who taught me maths for a while, won the art prize that was
announced last night on TV.
8 Someone that you know very well left this present, which looks rather magnificent.

Decide which of the following statements are true about non-defining clauses.
1 They help to identify something or someone.
2 They give background information that can be removed without disturbing the grammar of
the rest of the sentence.
3 You need to use commas before and after the non-defining clause.
4 You can leave out the relative pronoun when you use non-defining clauses.
5 They help to give fuller explanations and hence provide more context for speaking and
writing.

Accuracy in IELTS

In some sentences below a word has an extra letters in each sentence. Find and correct.
1 Exhibitions that entertain childrens of school age are very useful.
2 The main arts form that I like is the theatre, but I do go the cinema occasionally.
3 Public art such as installation arts is becoming more and more popular among the general
public, which is a good development.
4 The arts deserve to be funded as much as the sciences as they are integral to the
development of any society.
5 Extra-curricular activities such as trips to museums and art galleries are essential for
young peoples of all ages.
6 The gallery sells only modern arts of the last twenty years.
7 Literature is central to the development of schoolchildrens.
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151
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m The family and society u'-:!,:,1.H1 ul:oj �y,
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Vocabulary: The family

1 Work in groups. Describe the relationships between the people in the photographs.

2 Work in pairs. Answer questions 1-10 below. Then check your answers with
another pair.
1 What is the collective word for mother and father?
2 What is the collective word for grandmother and grandfather?
3 What is the collective word for brothers and sisters?
4 What is the name for a diagram showing the organisation of a family?
5 What is a widow or widower?
6 What is the plural word for people you are related to by blood or marriage?
7 What is the word for a person in your family who lived before you?
8 What is the word for you in relation to your mother or father's brother or sister?
9 What is the word for the group consisting of parents and children?
10 What is the word for the people who live in a house, flat or other accommodation, when
they are considered as a single unit?

152
 The family and society @ NM
3 Work in pairs. Match a sentence beginning 1-7 with an ending a-g.
1 I am an only child, a only me, my brother and my parents.

2 Both my parents come from b so I have no siblings.

large families,
3 My brother has two children, C but I am sure it was no different in the
past.
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www.irLanguage.com 4 There are not many people in our d they had seven children in total.
household;
5 People often criticise today's young e so I have many relatives.
generation,
Tell me about
your (siblings/ 6 My grandparents had a really big family; f my niece is called Anne and my nephew is
grandparents). called Thomas.
Can you describe 7 Our family tree can be traced to the last g so I know the names of my ancestors
your (household! century, going back four generations.
family/relatives)?
What do you know 4 Work in pairs. Write at least two sentences about yourself using the ideas in exercise
about your (family 3. Then write three questions you would like your partner to ask you relating to the
history)? sentences. Take turns asking questions and explaining the sentences you wrote.

(Reading ) Work in pairs. Find the words below in the first paragraph of the Reading Passage and
decide what you think the Reading Passage is about.
(•ttffilUl,liiti
socialize relatives kinship networks

2 Skim the passage and underline the main words and phrases in each paragraph that
show you what the paragraph is about.

READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on the Reading Passage below.

It takes a village to raise a cnild

A It takes an African relocate to live with relatives
village to bring up who will be responsible for
and socialize the child his or her upbringing. The
into the community. parents exhibit less of the
Nothing illustrates
�
�ilal�• possessiveness over children
this more than the that characterizes Western
fact that children are society.
sometimes allowed to B That adolescence brings
spend holidays with with it challenges that ought
relatives such as aunts, to be handled carefully is
uncles or grandparents appreciated by the society.
who live far away from Indeed, the initiation
home. The children are · ceremonies that mark the
shown in a practical transition from childhood
way the nature of to adulthood are primarily
kinship and the extent �llliiJI
1111!
meant to address some
of familial and kinship of these challenges. Instructions during initiation
relations. They get to know that they are part of a focus on conduct and behaviour as well as duties
wide network of relatives, who are as important as and responsibilities on the part of the initiate for
the immediate family of father, mother and siblings. his/her own good and for the interests of the entire
Such networks are useful in case of calamities when community.
a child loses one or both parents and is forced to
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11119 The family and society
www.irLanguage.com

C Kinship and family interests take precedence over E Families strive to take good care of senior citizens
individual interests. Young people who go through because it sets a good example for young children. By
the process of initiation from childhood to adulthood treating their elders well, parents send a message to
are taught that life is worth living because the society their children that they too would like to be accorded
is there for them in good and bad times. They bond that honour, respect and good treatment in old age.
together as members of the same age-grade. They Indeed, one of the important reasons for procreation
have come of age as a group, been taught the historical in traditional society was to have somebody to look
information about the cultural group and its rituals, after you in old age. Children brought up well were
and been united by the rite that they have all gone considered an asset. It was considered rude for a
through. In due course, they are supposed to marry young man to sit down while an old person was
and start raising a family. With the passage of time standing. The young person was supposed to give up a
they in turn will become elders, taking over from seat for the old person as a sign of respect. The parents
the generation that preceded them in the initiation themselves must set a good example by respecting and
ceremony. Kinship networks are still a significant taking care of their own parents. When children see
factor in the contemporary economy and politics. that their grandparents are treated well, they learn by
Waged employment is heavily influenced by familial example that they too are expected to take care of their
and kinship ties. parents in old age.
D Seniority in age is respected and admired because F The elder is the pillar of both the nuclear and
old age is associated with wisdom. Senior citizens the extended family. Being the eldest living male
therefore are accorded due respect in the light of the descendant of the eldest son of the founder of the
fact that they are custodians of societal values. Their lineage, he is the link between the living and ancestors.
counsel is usually sought during times of crisis. They He is supposed to unite the family so that the unity
should not be argued with because their curse could survives his death. He reinforces kinship ideology,
ruin one's future. However, the respect and admiration maintains peace and presides over family gatherings,
also comes with certain responsibilities. As an elder an during which period he keeps members within
individual is supposed to be unemotional, sober and bounds by insisting on customs, laws and traditional
focused during a crisis or stressful times. As an arbiter observances. He helps to socialize members of the
an elder has to be candid and sincere in providing family, immediate and extended, into the ways of the
counsel. Also, as either father and grandfather, or group. He represents the family whenever there are
mother and grandmother, the elder is supposed to be communal lineage meetings. In this way elders unite
above partisan differences for his word and counsel family and kinship members. In their oral will, in the
to be accorded due respect and recognition. He is presence of other elders, they provide guidance on
not supposed to engage in gossip. Thus while in how land will be parcelled out among family members,
general seniority is synonymous with honour, respect, appeal for unity among family and kinship members
admiration and wisdom, it is one's ability to manifest and pass the baton of leadership to the next patriarch
these qualities in old age that gives an individual of the family. Thus, all members of the society take
elevated status in society. socialization seriously. That role transcends age and
gender. This is because socialization contributes to
cohesion.

Don't f ,get! Questions 1-5

For questions 1-5: Complete the sentences below.
• Check the word
limit. Underline Choose NO MORE THAN 1WO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
key words . Do 1 One characteristic of is possessiveness over children.
not write words
from the questions 2 Familial and kinship well-being comes before personal _______
as part of your
answer. 3 In Af rican society, older people are res pected because they are the guardians of

4 Despite the many positive associations connected with old age, it has particular
_______ attached to it.
5 When counselling, an elder has to be ___ _ __ and _______

154 u�1J::!1 u�j r;f'YJ

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 The family and society •i i
Don't forget!
Questions 6-9
For questions 6-9:
The Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A-F.
• Check the rubric
to see if you can Which paragraph contains the f ollowing information?
use any letter more NB You may use any letter more than once.
than once.
6 a series of steps involved in developing kinship ties throughout life
7 the reason behind endeavours to look after older members of society
8 the role played by the wider family in the event of misfortune
9 the fact that well-raised children were considered beneficial in traditional society

Questions 10-14
Choose FWE letters, A-H.
Which FIVE of the f ollowing statements are true of the male elder within a family?
A He gives advice on how land is distributed among family members.
B He is responsible for increasing the wealth of the family.
C He hands over control to the next head of the family.
D He advises family members on career choices.
E He connects the living with their ancestors.
F He makes sure family members follow customs.
G He trains family members in the ways of the society.
H He assigns roles to the various family members according to ability.

3 (D Does what is described in the passage reflect the family and the society you come
from? Give reasons and examples.
Do you think that attitudes to the family are undergoing change in many societies
around the world? Is this change an inevitable part of progress?

Word building: Suffixes -hood and -ship

The suffixes -hood and -ship are used to express the following:
1 a state membership/partnership
2 an office or position leadership/apprenticeship
3 a skill craftsmanship/musicianship
4 a period of time childhood/boyhood
5 a group neighbourhood/brotherhood

1 Find examples of words with the suffixes -hood and -ship in the Reading Passage on
page 153. Then decide which of the five meanings above they express.

2 Work in pairs. In sentences 1-10 below, add the suffix -hood and -ship to the words in
brackets to complete the sentences.
1 It is said that Britain has a special (relation) with America.
2 Some people think it is important to develop good behaviour in (child).
3 My grandparents live in a quiet (neighbour) on the edge of the town.
4 (Parent) brings responsibilities as well as happiness.
5 Club (member) is one way for people to socialise and develop their circle of friends.
6 Before people reach (adult), they generally need to have some idea of the career
they want.
155
m:11 The family and society

7 Developing a lasting (partner) with international companies is essential for the

development of trade.
8 Establishing a national (apprentice) scheme in the technical industries can build a strong
economy.
9 Improvement of young people's prospects can be achieved through (sponsor) by private
enterprise and the government.
10 (Leader) qualities need to be identified clearly at job interviews and nurtured.

3 Work in pairs. For sentences 1-7 below, replace the underlined words with a noun with
the suffix -hood or -ship. If necessary, use the nouns in the box below to help you. Make
any necessary changes to the word order.

nation parent child leader relation sponsor hard

1 Seeing people overcome a period of great difficulty in life can inspire others to succeed.
2 When the country achieved the state of being an independent nation, there was
widespread celebration.
3 He had qualities that showed he would make a good leader, and therefore he received
enormous backing from the public.
4 I have such happy memories of my life as a child in New Zealand.
5 Being a mother or father is an enormous responsibility.
6 Government and businesses could set up a scheme to provide money to enable young
people to visit other countries.
7 The aim of the organisation is to encourage good relations between nations.

4 Work in pairs. For sentences 1-7, complete each sentence with a noun that you made in
exercise 3 and a verb from the box below. Make any necessary changes to the verb.

withdraw reach cultivate face spend show prepare

1 Over the years, the prime minister ____ _____ a close ________ with
the ambassadors of neighbouring countries.
2 The government from the social programme, but
the organisers managed to attract more funds from alternative sources.
3 Despite appalling during the journey, the
explorers survived.
4 _________ such a happy_____ ____ with my grandparents, of whom
I have fond memories.
5 When ________ was _____ ____ , there were wild celebrations
throughout the country.
6 He outstanding during the crisis.
7 Having children changes people's lives, but more information is available today to help
__ __ ____ for ________

5 (!) T he words below can be used when describing the different stages in a person's life.
Choose two or more of the stages that are relevant to your life and think of a relationship
that was important to you in each of them. Tell a partner which relationship you have
chosen and why it was important in this period.
childhood adolescence adulthood father/motherhood

156
 The family and society @ii
(Speaking ) Look at the Part 2 Task Cards A-D and match one of them to the possible answer below.
1#11
A B
Describe the time in your life that you Describe a club membership that is/
have enjoyed the most so far. was beneficial to you.
• Write only 10/12
words for your You should say: You should say:
notes. when the time was where the club is located
Glance at your where you were during this time when your club membership began
notes as you speak what happened during this time what kind of activities are/were
to guide you.
and explain why you enjoyed it. involved at the club
You have to speak
and explain why club membership is/
for 1-2 minutes. I was beneficial to you.
C
Describe a friendship that is/was D
important to you.
Describe a family relationship which
You should say: is important to you.
who the friendship is/was with You should say:
when you first met your friend how this person is related to you
what you and your friend do/did what this person looks like
together
what this person's personality is like
and explain why this friendship is/was
and explain why this person is
important to you.
important to you.

I'm going to talk about a friendship that I had when I was in my early y ears of secondary
school. It was with my best friend at the time, Jane, ... whom I met when I first went to
secondary school. I can remember very well the first day we actually ran into each other. I
think we knew immediately that we were going to become very good friends. We were in the
same class throughout our secondary school years, and we would sit next to each other in
most classes, play the same games together - we were just like sisters ..• The friendship was
very important to both of us ... firstly, because we gave each other support at a time when we
were both nervous about being in a new place. And secondly, where we grew up we both had a
happy childhood, but neither of us had any siblings, so it was nice to have the companionship
of someone at school ... And I suppose I felt that I was leaving childhood behind, and it was,
in fact, the first friendship of my adolescence. We're still friends and I sometimes think that
even if we hadn't met at school, we would've been friends, somehow.

2 Underline the parts of the answer that address each prompt on the relevant Task Card.

3 Look at the answer in exercise 1 again. Decide which 10/12 words you think the candidate
wrote in his/her notes.

4 Work in pairs. Look at the part of the text in exercise 1 which relates to the final prompt
on the Task Card. Describe the reasons given in your own words. Decide whether they are
good reasons and explain why.

5 Work in pairs. Choose one topic for your partner to talk about and make notes.

6 © Choose at least two points from the speaking checklist on page 181 that you would like
your partner to check as you speak. Take turns talking about the topic, using your notes to
guide you. When your partner has finished speaking, give him/her feedback on the points
they chose from the checklist.
157
11111 The family and society

( Listening )
4ffiit·5

1 Work in pairs. You will hear a conversation between a parent and an administrator at an
agency for host families for international students. Look at Questions 1-10 below and
discuss what you think they will talk about.

• Skim the questions I

f"• 16 SECTION 1 Questions 1-10
to identify the Complete the notes below.
types of words in
the answers. I Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
• Check the
maximum number Host Family Registration
of words/numbers. I
Example
Name of caller's friend: Mrs Dalton
...................
Host family registration process
Initial home visit for 1 ................................................
Purpose: to go through registration details
Background checks
And at least 2 ................................................ required from professionals
Length of process: normally a couple of 3 ................................................
Aim to place students with families in the month of 4 ............................................... .

Number of students
Family aims to take: 5 ................................................ students

Things to be checked:
Distance from school, library access, wi-fi access,
transport and the 6 ................................................

Preliminary meeting:
On 7 ................................................
House number: 8 ................................................
Mobile number: 9 ................................................
Email address: 10 ................................................@maltby.co.uk

2 (!) When you were at school did you go on school trips? Where to? For how long?
What do you think students learn from school trips?
158
 The family and society •MM
Language focus: Conditionals 2
Look at the following examples of conditional sentences 3 Work in pairs. For 1-6 below, underline the correct word or
from the Listening on page 235. phrase in italics.
We'd only do these ifyou made a definite commitment to proceed. Unless/If/Otherwise socialisation takes place at home and
at school, society will face the consequences.
. . . provided we're then both happy after the preliminary chat, we
usually begin the registration process there and then. 2 Ifonly/Provided/Even ifl had met you sooner, we could
have got married long ago.
What tenses are used in each of the clauses in the two
sentences? Can you use the simple future to replace any of 3 Supposing/If/Even ifcommunities are disrupted by the high
the tenses? If yes, does this change the meaning? incidence of crime, they always triumph in the end.
Read more about conditionals in the Grammar reference 4 Unless/lfonly/Providedyou are prepared psychologically for
on page 225. the interview, you'll get the job.
2 For 1-7 below, decide if sentence b is a paraphase of 5 Unless/Ifonly/Ifthe company hadn't planned for the future
sentence a. Rewrite the sentences in b that are not properly, they would be in trouble now.
paraphrases of a.
6 Unless/Supposing/Providedyou were offered a very well
Example: paid job abroad, would you take it?
a If only I had studied psychotherapy, I would be able to 4 Work in pairs. Decide which conditional clauses in exercise 3
find a job now. describe actions or situations that have already happened.
b I did study psychotherapy and now I regret it. 5 For 1-6 below, make one sentence from the two sentences
given using the word in brackets. Make any necessary
b is not a paraphrase ofa. '/didn't study psychotherapy and now I
regret it. 'is a paraphrase ofa. changes.

a Even if the course is expensive, I'll pay for it. Example:

b If the course is expensive, I'll still pay for it. Children will grow up to be unruly adults. Parents need to
2 a I'll do the psychology option on the course, unless all take an interest in social behaviour. (unless)
the places are taken. Unless parents take an interest in social behaviour; children will
b I won't do the psychology option on the course even grow up to be unruly adults.
if there are free places.
Families can help to make society a better place. The
3 a If the government should happen to address social government needs to give them support. (provided)
issues like crime and poverty, we'll see big changes.
2 The government may fund more community centres. This
b There's a possibility the government will address
will provide a place for people to meet. (if/would)
social issues like crime and poverty.
3 Globalisation occurred. Now there are social and cultural
4 a Supposing future generations are even more highly
problems around the world. (hadn't/would be fewer)
trained than they are now, will their lives be better?
b Future generations will be even more highly trained 4 Volunteer workers helped people deal with the
than they are now, but will their lives be better? psychological aspect of change. Without them the
situation would have been worse. (if not for)
5 a People need to be psychologically well adapted to the
changing face of the workplace; otherwise, they'll 5 Today trade between different countries is increasing.
find it difficult to keep up with the times. Still there are sometimes big differences between various
b If people are psychologically well adapted to the business cultures. (even though)
changing face of the workplace, they'll find it difficult 6 Social intelligence isn't taught in schools. If it were,
to keep up with the times. would it be beneficial? (supposing)
6 a If it were not for the support of my teacher, I wouldn't 6 With a partner, discuss your past, present and future,
have got such a good grade in the exam. and the things you have done, haven't done and have yet
b I got such a good grade in the exam due to the to do. Before you start, spend two or three minutes making
support of my teacher. notes.
7 a If economic growth wasn't slowing down, more
money would be available for spending and
investment.
b Economic growth is slowing down, and so less money
is now available for spending and investment.

159
11111 The family and society

(Writing ) Work in groups. Make a list of ideas for one of the topics below and compare your list
with another group.
1·1;&1111•••
1
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Some people think that the world is now one large village and we are all responsible
for each other.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words. ul:!-i1.>.11 ol;,j �JD
www.irLanguage.com

2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Taking up some kind of sport is the best way for people to improve their social
and psychological well-being.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
What other measures do you think might be effective?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words.

3
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Some people think only parents are responsible for teaching children how to behave.
Others think the main responsibility lies with schools and the government.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge and experience.
Write at least 250 words.

160
 The family and society 11111
2 Work in groups. Match the possible conclusions below to the Task 2 questions in
exercise 1. Give reasons for your choice and decide what the structure of the answer to
one of the Task 2 questions would be.
a As we have seen, while adopting some kind of sporting activity is effective for improving
people's social and psychological health, there are definitely other more effective strategies.
b As we have seen, although some argue that parents bear the sole responsibility for
the behaviour of their children and others that schools and the government are mainly
accountable, I think all three groups should share equal responsibility.
c In conclusion, there may be some strong arguments for countries concentrating their
resources on their own citizens, but there is no doubt that in the modern world we are
responsible for helping each other.

3 Work in groups. Discuss whether the conclusions match your own views on the
topics. irLanguage.com

4 Work in pairs. Look at the extracts below from answers to the Task 2 questions in
exercise 1 . Decide which question each extract relates to and explain why.

Extract I
Helping each other no matter where people are is a natural human instinct So this
characteristic should be harnessed as it leads to the betterment of people's lives. In
times of hardship and natural calamities like earthquakes and floods, people from
different parts of the world always pull together. Unfortunately, it sometimes takes
something bad to happen before people act together. As the world becomes smaller
and smaller, it is important for different countries to live and work together without
being encouraged to do so by tragedies

Extract2
Other more effective ways for people to improve their well-being exist, in my opinion,
such as doing volunteer work or joining clubs or taking up a hobby. For instance,
people could volunteer just one day a week to help others, such as young people
at a youth club or families at a community centre, doing admin work or providing
technical support This would provide them with opportunities to meet other people,
to share their skills and to develop friendships. Membership of a club or enrolment
on a course learning a new skill like pottery can also help enhance people's lives by
helping them relax.

5 In the extracts in exercise 4, underline the text you can replace with the conditional
sentences below.
For example, if people volunteered to help young people at a youth club or at a community
centre doing admin work or providing technical support, this would provide them with
opportunities to meet other people.
Provided this characteristic were harnessed, the lives of many people around the world would
be made better.

6 Work in pairs. Discuss whether you think the sentences in exercise 5 improve the
paragraphs and how they do so.

7 Write your own answer for the Task 2 question on page 210. When you have finished, check
your answer using the checklist on page 139.

161
m Review
Vocabulary: The family
1 Complete the text below with a suitable singular or plural noun.

My family 1 _____ is very difficult to trace because both sets of my 2 _____ are
from different countries, one from Egypt and one from Italy. My 3 _____ on my mother's
side, who has been a 4 _____ now for 2 years, has told me many times that one of his
5 _____ was someone who was famous, but perhaps every 6 _____ has a
7 who is famous. Our 8 is small as I have no 9 _____ , but I
have many 10 as my mother and father both come from large families.

Word building: Suffixes -hood and -ship

1 Shorten each sentence by adding the suffixes -hood or -ship to a word in each sentence.
Make any necessary changes in the sentence.
Example:
The cost of being a member of the club has increased.
The cost ofclub membership has increased.
1 He started working as an apprentice in electrical engineering last year.
2 He received money from sponsors to help pursue his dreams of being an athlete.
3 When I was a club member, I met many new friends.
4 I remember the time when I was a child with fondness.
5 Before people become adults, they are generally much more carefree.
6 My father and my uncle became partners in a business when they were very young.
7 The area and neighbours where I live now is generally very quiet.

Language focus: Conditionals 2

1 Add the phrase below to the appropriate places in the sentences.
a keep in touch
b If only apprenticeships
c we wouldn't have
d If I had to
e we will soon be able to
f If family bonds
g Unless people in local communities
1 choose the time in my life that has been the most enjoyable,
it would have to be my early teens.
2 Supposing you hadn't become a member of the swimming club,
___________ become friends.
3 Even if young people move abroad, they can __________ more easily
than in the past.

162
 The family and society @ NM
4 have access to a range of facilities like parks and leisure
centres, there is little opportunity for interaction.
5 in engineering were more widely available, I might not have
gone to university.
6 Provided communication software continues to develop, ___________ send
holograms to close friends and family.
7 are strong, then the various members will stay in touch no
matter how far apart they are.

2 Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets. You can change the order of the
information and there may be more than one answer.
1 Whatever the cost of the psychology course is, I'll pay for it. (expensive)
2 I will do the technology component of the course, if it's in the afternoon. (unless)
3 People can contribute to society with the support of the government. (provided).
4 The government can fund more creches to enable more people to go to work. (if)
5 Parents and schools should both play a role in teaching good behaviour to children,
otherwise they will not know right from wrong. (unless)
6 Private sponsorship of some university places is needed for people to develop their
careers, otherwise the process will be harder. (if not)
7 It is essential that the socialisation of children takes place at home and school to ensure a
healthy society. (if)
8 The world's present advanced state is due to the heavy investment in social and
technological development programmes. (if not)

Accuracy in IELTS
1 Find and correct the seven mistakes below.

Some people think that the sole responsibility for bringing up children lies with parents,
while others argued that schools also have an important role to play in this respect.
Personally, I feel that both parents and schools should share the responsibility for a child's
upbringing.
If we will look at the situation from the perspective of social skills, for example, it is clear
that both parties should share the responsibility. Obviously, parents can teach children to
form deep and meaningful relationships with friends and family at home. Schools could
also have shown how to develop such relationships outside the home with their peer,
while the same time picking up knowledge and information. If we as adults had not been
introduced to the social norms of society, we would not know how to behave yourselves
nor do we know how to pass on the skills essential to our children.

163
@ Travelling around the world

Vocabulary: Adjectives with multiple meanings

1 (!) Work in pairs. Decide what adjectives you could use to talk about the places in the
photographs. Describe each photograph and answer the questions below.

Are these the sorts of places that you would like to visit? Which one appeals to you t�
most/least? Give reasons.
2 Have you ever visited anywhere that you would classify as pristine or completely
unspoilt? Where?
3 Do you think people's desire to have novel experiences is actually destroying pristine
environments? In what way(s)?

2 What does novel mean in question 3 in exercise 1? What other meanings does it have?

164
 Travelling around the world @fj

3 Work in pairs. For 1-9 below, underline the word that does not have the same meaning as
the word on the left.
Example:

pristine new and untouched clean different

1 curious apathetic inquisitive unusual
2 alien strange native extraterrestrial
3 odd unusual irregular different new
4 foreign from another country unfamiliar local
5 different dissimilar diverse unusual similar
6 strange unexpected unfamiliar uncomfortable odd
7 fresh new and different cold and windy odd recently
made
8 new recently arrived extra inexperienced replacing
something
9 unique treasured only happening unlike
in one place anything else

4 For 1-9 below, complete the gaps with an adjective from exercise 3 that makes sense in
sentence a and b.
1 a I would like to live in a _______ area to where I am now.
b Having types of houses gives character to an area.
2 a The area was really to me at first, but I soon got used to it.
b I had this really feeling that I had been inside the house before.
3 a Snowflakes have shapes; no two flakes are alike.
b With globalisation and the accessibility of travel, it is more difficult to find
________ travel experiences.
4 a The building has these carvings over it, which none of us had
ever come across.
b He was ______ _
_ to know what the town looked like.
5 a Being in a country is usually very exciting, especially when
you're young.
b The _______ minister met with the president and other ministers.
6 a It was mainly sunny, but we did have the rain shower.
b When I travelled into the Sahara for the first time I had this really ________
sensation.
7 a I was _______ to the job and didn't really know anything.
b I bought a set of clothes for the interview.
8 a The fruit we bought at the local market was very _______
b Moving city and changing job was a _______ start for me.
9 a I found myself in the middle of an landscape.
b His ideas were completely ________ to mine.

5 Work in pairs. Check your answers to exercise 4 and decide what the noun is for each
adjective you put in the gap.

(!) Tell your partner about an experience you had recently, or an event that occurred
recently. Use the adjectives from exercises 3 and 4.
165
- Travelling around the world

( Listening ) Work in groups. Read the questions and create a general description of the Listening.
ifiiif.i,i

l
� 11 SECTION 2 Questions 11-20
Questions 11-15
• Underline the
words in the Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
questions that 11 The sources of information about the speaker's travels are
show you that
the answer will be A a book and a website.
given soon. B a book and a blog.
C a website and a blog.
12 According to the speaker, St Petersburg was
A among his ten most popular holiday destinations .
B his tenth favourite destination for a city break.
C in the top five destinations in a recent survey.
13 The city of St Petersburg was memorable because of
A the size of the river.
B the weather.
C the size of the museums.
14 The speaker says that visitors to the city will be struck by
A the location of the city.
B the size of the palaces.
C St Petersburg's rich heritage.
15 The highlight of the trip to St Petersburg was
A visiting the Hermitage Museum .
B going round the Mariisnky theatre.
C seeing the Bronze horseman.

Questions 16-10
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN 1WO WORDS for each answer.

16 Apart from flying direct to St Petersburg, people can visit it as part of a

.............................. of the Baltic Sea.

17 In the city outskirts, places to visit are magnificent . .............. ...............

and .............................. .

18 Visitors should ensure they have time to .............................. beyond

the city centre.

19 Holidays to destinations that are difficult to reach are more and more

20 For the speaker, the St Petersburg trip was a .............................. and a real
adventure.

2 _ How do people feel when they travel abroad for the first time? If you have travelled
to another country, what did you feel before you went, while you were there and after
you came back?

166
 Travelling around the world

Word building: Words related to memory

1 When people travel, they often bring back something to remind them of their trip. What
is this thing called? With a partner, use a dictionary to find words with the root mem­
that are related to memory.

7 Work in pairs. For 1-8 below, complete the gaps with a word made from the word
memory. Make any necessary changes to the form of the word.

1 I have many happy _____ from my time in the Caribbean. I can still picture
the beaches and the surf.

2 Do you _____ the last time you had a long holiday?

3 She's writing her _ ___ now that she is no longer president. T hey should
be interesting reading.

4 Collecting cinema _____ is not particularly exciting. I'd rather collect

holiday posters.

5 We tried to _____ the route on the map so we would know it perfectly, but
when we were going along the road through the forest we got lost.

6 Would you say that your trip to Japan was a _____ experience or not?

7 We visited the Taj Mahal in India. It's a _____ to the Mughal

emperor Shah Jahan's wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

8 It's always nice to have even a small _____ of a trip, even if it's only a card.

In the paragraph below the words in italics are in the wrong place. Decide the correct
position 1-8 for each of the words.

I have really vivid 1 memorabilia of my holiday in Mexico last

summer. I had a digital camera which takes excellent photographs.
And as I am the sort of person who collects 2 memories of any kind,
like concert tickets or theatre programmes, I came back with loads
of 3 memoirs like little statues and trinkets. If I ever write my
4 mementos, I shall have lots of material to draw on. We visited
a beautiful village, and I even bought a replica of a 5 remember
to a famous heroine whom I don't really know, but the monument
to her was very moving, which is what made it so 6 remember.
Unfortunately, I am not sure I'd 7 memorise how to get there again
as I didn't take much notice of the map. I didn't 8 memorial the
name of the town.
www 1rLanguage

_ Work in pairs. Write at least three questions each using the items below. Take turns
asking and answering the questions.
Do you find it easy to memorise ...
Are you the sort ofperson who collects ... memorabilia?
What is your (most treasured/fond/vivid) memory of. .. ?
What details do you remember about ... ?
What was your most memorable ... ?

167
- Travelling around the world

Look at the Part 1 questions below about travel where you live. Match each of the
following ways to begin an answer to questions 1-4.
a More and more people use ...
b Most of the time I use ...
c I think I'd ...
d One problem they face is ...

Travel
1 How do you prefer to travel abroad?
2 Has the way people travel abroad changed much in recent years?
3 What problems can people face when they travel nationally and/or
internationally?
4 How would you improve long-distance travel?

2 Work in pairs. Think of at least two other suitable ways to begin the answer to the
questions in exercise 1.

3 Take turns asking and answering the questions in exercise 1. Before you start, choose
two points from the checklist on page 181 that you would like your partner to give you
feedback on.

c�g,�aking ) Work in groups. Discuss the questions below.

What synonyms do you know for the word journey?
What words do you associate with the word journey?

2 Look at the following Task Card and make lists in answer to questions 1-4 below.

Write only 10/11

words for your Describe a journey you remember well.
notes.
You should say:
Glance at your
notes as you speak where this journey was to
to guide you. when it was
You have to speak what you did on this journey
for 1-2 minutes. and explain why you remember this journey well.

1 What adjectives do you associate with the word journey?

2 What verbs do you associate with the word journey?
3 What kinds of places do you associate with the word journey?
4 What reasons are there for going on a journey?

.l Use the words in the lists to help you make notes for the topic above.

4 With a partner, take turns talking about the topic. Before you start , choose two points
from the checklist on page 181 that you would like your partner to give you feedback on.

168
 Travelling around the world @fj

(Reading )
i•Mh·Hlilil

Work in groups. Decide whether the

following statements are true or false.
1 World heritage sites around the world are
designated by UNESCO.
2 The Grand Canyon is in the United States of
America.
3 The Great Barrier Reef is off the coast of New
Zealand.
4 The Inca ruins are in South America.
5 The Parthenon is in Rome in Italy.
6 The Giant Stelae of Aksum are in West Africa.
The Grand Canyon
7 Mount Fuji is in Japan.
8 The Terracotta Army is in China.
9 The Hermitage museum is in Moscow.
10 The ruins of Persepolis are in Afghanistan.

Work in groups. Look at the title of the Reading Passage on page 170. What facts do you
already know about this topic? Share your information with the rest of your group.

Each of the following words from the Reading Passage has different meanings. Look at
the words and their meanings and decide which is more likely in this passage.
1 shelf a ledge ( of rock or land) a flat surface (for storing things on)
2 maturity state of being fully developed adulthood
3 system scheme organism
4 range variety scale
5 list catalogue slant
6 vulnerable weak in danger (of attack)
7 breed reproduce farm
8 colony group (of animals) settlement
9 historic ancient important
10 sanctuary asylum place of safety (for animals, etc)

4 Read the passage to check you have chosen the correct meaning. Explain your choices.

169
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- Travelling around the world

READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading Passage below.

he Great Barrier Reef

The islands and cays support
around 215 bird species, many
of which have breeding colonies
there. Reef herons, osprey,
pelicans, frigate birds, sea
eagles and shearwaters are
among the seabirds that have
been recorded.
The Great Barrier Reef is also of
cultural importance, containing
many archaeological sites of
Aboriginal or Torres Strait
Islander origin, including fish
The Great Barrier Reef was Some have coral cays. The reefs traps, middens, rock quarries,
one of Australia's first World range in size from less than one story sites and rock art. Some
Heritage Areas and is the hectare to over 1,000 km2, and in notable examples occur on
world's largest World Heritage shape from flat platform reefs to Lizard and Hinchinbrook
Area. The Great Barrier Reef elongated ribbon reefs. Islands, and on Stanley, Cliff
was inscribed on the World The Great Barrier Reef provides and Clack Islands where there
Heritage List in 1981 and habitat for many diverse forms are spectacular galleries of rock
was one of 15 World Heritage of marine life. There are an paintings. There are over 30
places included in the National estimated 1,500 species of fish historic shipwrecks in the area,
Heritage List on 21 May 2007. and over 360 species of hard, and on the islands are ruins,
The Great Barrier Reef is the reef-building corals. More than operating lighthouses and other
world's largest World Heritage 4,000 mollusc species and over sites that are of cultural and
property extending over 2,000 1,500 species of sponges have historical significance.
kilometres and covering been identified. About 99.3 per cent of the World
348,000 km 2 on the north-east Other well-represented animal Heritage property is within
continental shelf of Australia. groups include anemones, the Great Barrier Reef Marine
Larger than Italy, it is one of the marine worms, crustaceans and Park, with the remainder
best known marine protected echinoderms. in Queensland waters and
areas. The Great Barrier Reefs The extensive seagrass beds are islands. Because of its status,
diversity reflects the maturity of an important feeding ground many people think the entire
the ecosystem which has evolved for the dugong, a mammal Great Barrier Reef is a marine
over many thousands of years. species internationally listed sanctuary or national park,
It is the world's most extensive as vulnerable. The reef also and therefore protected equally
coral reef and has some of the supports a variety of fleshy throughout. However, the Great
richest biological diversity found algae that are heavily grazed Barrier Reef Marine Park is a
anywhere. The Great Barrier by turtles, fish, sea urchins and multiple-use area in which a
Reef contains extensive areas of molluscs. wide range of activities and uses
seagrass, mangrove, sandy and The reef contains nesting are allowed, including extractive
muddy seabed communities, grounds of world significance industries.
inter-reefal areas, deep oceanic for the endangered loggerhead This has been achieved using
waters and island communities. turtle, and for green, hawksbill a comprehensive, multiple­
Contrary to popular belief, and flatback turtles, which are use zoning system. Impacts
the Great Barrier Reef is not all listed as vulnerable. It is also and conflicts are minimized
a continuous barrier, but a a breeding area for humpback by providing high levels of
broken maze of around 2,900 whales that come from the protection for specific areas.
individual reefs, of which 760 Antarctic to give birth in the A variety of other activities
are fringing reefs along the warm waters. are allowed to continue in a
mainland or around islands. managed way in certain zones

170
 u�1J:!1u1.:,j�y,
Travelling around the world @fj
www.irLanguage.com

(such as shipping, dredging, for the Great Barrier Reef: the The Australian and Queensland
research, commercial fishing Queensland Government and Governments have a cooperative
and recreational fishing). the Australian Government. and integrated approach to
A new Zoning Plan for the The majority of the World managing the Great Barrier
entire Marine Park came into Heritage property is still Reef. The Great Barrier
effect on 1 July 2004. The relatively pristine when Reef Marine Park Authority
proportion of the Marine Park compared with coral reef (GBRMPA) is the Australian
protected by no-take zones was ecosystems elsewhere in the Government agency responsible
increased from less than five world. Guided by the principle for overall management, and
per cent to over 33 per cent, and of balancing conservation and the Queensland Government,
now protects representative sustainable use, the regulatory particularly the Queensland
examples of each of the 70 framework significantly Environmental Protection
broad habitat types across enhances the resilience of the Agency, provides day-to-day
the entire Marine Park. Two Great Barrier Reef. management of the marine park
authorities are now responsible for the Authority.

Questions 1-6
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN 1WO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
The Great Barrier Reef, one of Australia's first sites to become a World Heritage area,
is situated on the 1 ............................................ off the nor th-eastern coast of Australia.
The 2 .............. ........................... ... of the reef is a result of the evolution of the
3 ..................................... over a very long time. Being the biggest 4 ..............................
of its kind, the reef is, from the 5 ..................................... point of view, very varied. This
vast area consists of disconnected reefs of different lengths and provides a habitat for a
wide range of 6 ................................ from fish to coral and sponges and other creatures.
Questions 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
Write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
7 The reef provides food for turtles.
8 No other World Heritage area contains as many culturally significant sites as the
Great Barrier Reef.
9 There are plans to renovate some of the ruins on the islands.
10 All industrial activity is forbidden in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.
Questions 11-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
11 What are kept low as a result of the high degree of protection for specific places?
12 What has a major impact on the Great Barrier Reef's capacity to flourish?
13 What is the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority accountable for in respect of the reef?

www. agt:.com
5 Provided money were no object, would you like to visit the Great Barrier Reef?
What aspect of the reef would appeal to you? Why?
Would you be concerned that carbon produced by travelling there could contribute
to the destruction of the reef?
171
- Travelling around the world

Language focus: Articles

In the extract below from the Reading Passage on page 170, 4 a The Amazon flows through various
underline examples of the following: countries.
1 the definite article b Rivers like Nile bring life to desert regions.
2 the zero article 5 a ____ capital city of Mexico is enormous.
3 the indefinite article b ____ Mexico City is particularly big.
Contrary to popular belief, the Great Barrier Reef is not a continuous 6 a ____ United Kingdom is usually just called the UK.
barrier, but a broken maze of around 2,900 individual reefs, of which b ____ kingdoms are ruled by monarchs.
760 are fringing reefs along the mainland or around islands. 7 a prime minister runs the country.
Read more about articles in the Grammar reference on b prime ministers are appointed by heads of
page 225. state or parties.
2 -= Work in pairs. Answer questions 1-9 below. Pay 8 a heart sends blood around the body.
attention to the articles in your answers. b The body has various organs.
1 What gives us light during the day? 4 In the following underline the articles that should not be
2 What objects do you see far away in the sky on a clear night? there.
3 Is the sun a star or a planet?
A trip I would like to describe is a journey I went
4 When can the sun be classified as a star?
on to the Brazil a few years back. I went with
5 Are there different solar systems?
my family, two brothers but no the sisters, five
6 What is the highest mountain in the world?
people in all. We flew to the Rio de Janeiro
7 Which mountain range is it in?
which is an amazing city with many people and
8 What is the capital of Japan?
lots of entertainment. What I really like about the
9 Are there different oceans on our planet? Name three.
city is that it has the beaches and, of course, it's
3 Work in pairs. For sentences a and b in 1-8 below, decide famous for its nightlife. We all had lots of the fun
which sentence requires an article and which does not.
Explain why. there with a sightseeing and parties, which we
1 a I spent the day visiting old monuments. went to nearly every night. The cost of the living
b monuments I visited were old. is cheap there and a meal in a restaurant is a real
2 a I like climbing mountains. treat as everyone is very lively. I
b I'd like to go climbing in ____ Himalayas. recommend Brazil as a place for
3 a You shouldn't look at sun directly. the holidays and relaxing
b ____ stars twinkle because they are far away.

(Writing ) 1 Work in groups. Explain the Task 2 question below in your own words. Then list what you
need to do to complete all parts of the task.
l•ilffilii···
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Some people think that the best way to broaden young people's understanding of
the world is to encourage them to travel to other countries.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
What other measures do you think might be effective?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

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 Travelling around the world @fW
2 Decide which of the ideas 1-7 below you think are the most relevant to the question.
Then add your own ideas to the list.
1 bad for the environment
2 learn language and culture
3 learn more while travelling
4 travelling enjoyable experience
5 waste of time when access to information elsewhwere
6 online videos
7 exposure to new ideas
3 For 1-6 below, decide whether the text in italics is relevant. Rewrite the text that is not
relevant.
1 Travel broadens people's minds by exposing them to new ideas and cultures. For example,
it allows them to experience a culture, which films or images cannot do.
2 Railway systems are being developed in many countries, as trains become faster and
more comfortable. At the moment, more people are travelling by coach.
3 Tourism can have a positive impact on travellers as well as on local culture as people learn
other languages and about culture.
4 Precious ecosystems around the world are in danger of being destroyed by the very
tourists who most want to protect them, so access to such sites needs to be restricted.
5 More people than ever, of all ages, are holidaying in other countries compared to previous
generations. This is surely because young people don't often stay in hotels.
6 Virtual tours and modern 30 TVs mean people can travel without leaving their living
rooms. Moreover, they will soon be able to immerse themselves in new places using
virtual reality.

4 Write sentences for at least two ideas in exercise 2, or about your own ideas.

5 Discuss the following Task 2 question. List three main ideas for each point of view and
think of an example.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Today, more people than ever are travelling around the world.
Do you think this is a positive or negative development?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

6 Write your own answer for the Task 2 question on page 210. When you have finished,
check your answer using the checklist on page 139. Check your answers for correct use
of articles.

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 @Review

Vocabulary: Adjectives with multiple meanings

Use the same word to replace the words and phrases in brackets in each pair of
sentences below.
1 a It's always a good sign if children are (inquisitive) about the language when they travel to
another country.
b My grandfather's got an (unusual) way of fixing things, but it works.
2 a The graph shows the results of a survey on various modes of transport in (several)
countries.
b Visiting an area with (unusual) types of houses and shops is always interesting.
3 a People are always looking for (new and different) experiences, which is why the travel
industry will always thrive.
b Do you prefer to eat (recently made) food or ready-made meals?
4 a It was such a (new) experience for me to travel by helicopter for the first time.
b I'm going to talk about a (long story) that I read when I was at school.
5 a The landscape was so (unfamiliar). It was like nothing I'd ever seen before.
b Would we not be the (extra-terrestrial) on another planet?
6 a We're (recently arrived) here and don't know our way around yet.
b What I'm going to describe is a time when I was (inexperienced) in a job, but still
effective.

Word building: Words related to memory

Match the bubbles below to create five short dialogues.

Example:

Do you find it easy to Yes, I don't remember them

memorise new words? for long unless I use them
more than once.

Is your memory
good?
Do you collect
Where did this historical memorabilia? Mmm, I have so many
memento come vivid memories of my
from? time there.

What was your most Don't you recognise it?

memorable experience in It's from the famous
South America? memorial I visited in
India.
Yes, but sometimes I No, they don't interest
leave memos for myself me. But I love reading
on the fridge to remind the memoirs of famous
me to do things. historical figures.

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 Travelling around the world @fM

Language focus: Articles

Use each of the following, a/an, the and the zero article, once only to complete each
sentence below. Change the punctuation as necessary.
1 ____ _ trains, some of which are very luxurious, are _____ good way to travel
around _____ world.
2 _____ Abu Dhabi is _____ state in _____ UAE.
3 I have _____ fond memories of my stay in _____ Netherlands, even though I
was there for relatively short time.
4 universe is made up of billions of _____ galaxies where _____ star
like the sun in our solar system might exist.
5 Antarctica is enormous expanse of _____ ice where _____
temperatures can drop to less than -90°C.
6 Some people like travelling by ____ plane, as it is_ __ _ quick way of
travelling for those going to other side of the world.
7 Trips giving people unique experiences are in _____ great demand across
_____ age spectrum and are not restricted to single group of people.
8 _____ river like _____ Amazon supports _____ wildlife as well as people.
9 Information about _____ different tours is available on _____ separate page on
_____ website.
10 Around half of ____ _ human body is _____water, which is _____ surprise
to some people.
11 quality of _____ accommodation is _ _ _ _ great asset for any
hotel.

Accuracy in IELTS
In each text below, find an irrelevant piece of information, two extra articles and two
words in the wrong form.

1 Soon everyone will have access to virtual tours of places such as the Stonehenge in
the UK or the Grand Canyon in the USA just by wearing a headset. Such immersion is
an exciting new development, which could help people 'see' places that they might not
have the opportunity of visit normally. And it will also help the environment. However,
it could also increase pressure on already overcrowded tourist sites and, at the same
time, make the people more isolated socially as they retreat into a virtual world of
artificial memory.

2 Holidays to the distant places are more popular than ever before. This has resulted from
a combination of factors such as a decrease in the cost of travel, as people strive to find
the next memory experience. It has also resulted in an expansion of the leisure industry,
which is important. For example, in the past travelling by plane was restricted to a
small number of wealth people, but now that costs have come down and more people
have the larger disposable incomes, they can afford to spend more on new leisure
experiences like travelling form China to Europe.

175
 Speaking

Introduction
The IELTS Speaking module lasts between 11 and 14 minutes and has three parts.
The exam is recorded.
The examiner assesses your ability to communicate effectively in English.

Part 1
Part 1 takes between four to five minutes. You will be asked general questions about
yourself, such as your family, your job/studies or your interests and a variety of
similar and familiar topics. You will be assessed on your ability to give opinions and
information on these topics.

1 Work in pairs. Look at the two sets of Part 1 questions about Friends and Crafts and
decide how you would answer each question. Then choose a set each and ask each other
the questions.

A Friends
Do you prefer to go out with one friend or a group of friends? Why?
What do you do when you go out?
Do you think it's important to keep in contact with friends you make at work or on
courses? Why/Why not?

B Crafts
Do you like making things, e.g. cooking, pottery or painting? Why/Why not?
Do you think learning crafts is important in our lives? Why/Why not?
Tell me about a traditional craft in your country.
Do you think these will be popular in the future? Why/Why not?

2 Look at the following beginnings to possible answers to the three questions in set A.
Decide which one is not suitable and why.
1 I like friends.
2 We tend to go to the cinema or the theatre, because ...
3 Yes, sometimes, because ...
4 There are many reasons, but perhaps the most important is ...

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 Ready for Speaking

3 Using the correct sentence rhythm and stress helps your intelligibility, and good
pronunciation leads to a higher score. You can help yourself relax as you speak by
developing a rhythm and breathing properly. Look at sentence 2 above. You can create a
rhythm by stressing the important words like verbs and nouns:
We tend to go to the cinema or theatre, because . . .
Say these words and then read the sentence beginning. Take a shallow breath at the
comma before the word because. Decide which words you should stress in sentence 4.

4 Work in pairs. To help you understand the examiner better, decide which nouns and
verbs the examiner will stress in the questions in set A. T hen do the same with the
questions in set B.

5 Think of your own sentence beginnings for set B. T hen decide which words to stress and
practise saying the nouns and verbs as in exercise 3.

6 Take turns asking and answering the questions again, using a different set from the one
you chose in exercise 1.

Part 2

In Part 2 the examiner will give you a Task Card with a topic from a wide range of areas.
You will be given one minute to think about the topic and make notes before you speak.
You should speak for one to two minutes. When you have finished speaking, the examiner
will ask one or two questions to round off the topic. You will be assessed on your ability to
speak at length about a topic, organise your ideas and use appropriate language.

177
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Ready for Speaking

1 Work in pairs. Decide which Task Cards 1-6 the candidate notes a-frelate to.

1 Describe a place where you enjoy studying. 2 Describe a skill that you would like to learn.
You should say: You should say:
where this place is what the skill is
when you first visited this place when you would like to learn this skill
what this place is like where you would like to learn this skill
and explain why you enjoy studying there. and explain why you would like to learn this
skill.

3 Describe something expensive you bought 4 Describe a meeting with someone that
but you didn't use/haven't used. changed your life.
You should say: You should say:
what the item is who this meeting was with
when you bought the item when this meeting happened
where you bought the item where this meeting happened
and explain why you didn't use/haven't and explain why this meeting changed your
used it. life.

5 Describe something you have made that you 6 Describe a website that you like.
are proud of. You should say:
You should say: what this website is
what you have made how often you visit this website
where you made it what special features this website has
how you made it and explain why you like this website.
and explain why you felt proud about
making the item.

a b C
maps table friend
weekly carpentry class 3 years ago
detailed maps wood saw nails hammer course
see world polish funny/laugh
learn challenging reliable
have fun helpful

d e f
cafe guitar musical instrument
near river last August soon
month ago on holiday class - irritating
cheerful little time privately
relaxing annoying relaxing
friendly not relaxing helps concentration
great view healthy

2 Work in pairs. Decide how the words in the notes for the first two topics relate to each
part of the topic.
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 Ready for Speaking

3 Look at the possible answer for the topic in Task Card 3. Underline the paraphrase the
speaker uses for the notes that they prepared.

The item that I'd like to talk about is a musical instrument, a guitar that I had planned to
learn how to play. I actually acquired it at the end of the summer when I had a few days
off and was visiting my friend in another town. I saw it in a new music shop in the town
centre. At first, I was going to buy the guitar online, but decided to buy it there and then.
But I haven't actually played the instrument much at all, mainly because I haven't really
had any spare time as I've been very busy at work and also socially with friends and
family. So what happens is I keep putting off practising the guitar and it just sits there in
the living room unused. And another reason is that I've never learnt to play a musical
instrument before, so I've found it quite irritating and challenging when I've tried to do
basic things on it. So, all in all playing the guitar's not good at helping me unwind and
I should've thought about it before buying it . But friends've told me I should persevere
and take classes as they say playing an instrument helps them to improve their ability
to focus before studying or working, which I think would help me too.

4 d" 18 Listen to a candidate talking about Task Card 2 in exercise l. Identify the
differences between the notes about the candidate's answer.

5 Decide whether you think the changes make the answer better or not. Give reasons.

6 Work in pairs. Each choose a card for your partner. Make your own notes or use the
notes above. Then take turns talking about the topic on your cards. When you have
finished speaking, give each other feedback using the checklist on page 181 .
Part 3
In Part 3, you will have a discussion with the
examiner, which will last between four and
five minutes. The discussion will be linked to
the topic in Part 2, but it is more abstract so
you are not encouraged to talk about personal
experiences. You will be assessed on your
ability to communicate and justify views and
discuss and analyse issues.

1 Work in groups. Look at the following Part 3

questions and discuss what you might include
in your answers.

Information on the web

How useful do you think websites are for bringing information to people? What
about training or advertising?
In what ways can websites benefit small businesses?
In business terms , are people more influenced by what they see nowadays on the
web than on television? In what ways?
Distance learning
How can the web be used for distance learning?
Should the training that is available on the web be regulated more? Why? How?
How do people in your country feel about awarding degrees and diplomas based
solely on learning over the internet? Give reasons and examples.

ww;.TrLanguage.com
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Ready for Speaking
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2 19 Listen to Part 3. Number the examiner's questions 1-6 below in the order that
they are asked.
1 How essential do you think it'll be for workforces in the future to be proficient
technologically?
2 Do you think it's important to keep acquiring new skills throughout one's life?
3 Should preparation of children and young people for work focus on computing skills at the
expense of practical skills?
4 Do you think people will have to work longer in the future?
5 How can people ensure that work does not control their lives?
6 In what way do you think learning only computing skills can be a disadvantage in life?

3 Work in groups of three. Take turns asking and answering the questions in exercise 1.
T he third student should use the checklist on page 181 and give feedback on criteria
agreed by the student being examined.

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 Ready for Speaking

IELTS Speaking checklists

IELTS Speaking Part 1 IELTS Speaking Part 3
See the checklist for Part 3. 1 Did you paraphrase the question?
1 Did you paraphrase the question? 2 Was your answer organised?
2 Did you develop your answer by giving simple 3 Did you develop your answer by giving
reasons? reasons and examples?
3 Were your ideas relevant to the question? 4 Did you also develop your ideas by expressing
contrasts, causes, effects, purposes and
4 Did you avoid repetition of words and conclusions?
structures?
5 Was your answer abstract as required or was
5 Did you use a range of grammar, vocabulary
it too personal?
and complex structures?
6 Were your ideas relevant to the question?
6 Did you concentrate too much on accuracy
rather than fluency? 7 Did you avoid repetition of words and
structures?
7 Did you speak clearly?
8 Did you use a range of grammar, vocabulary
8 Did you speak too quickly or slowly?
and complex structures?
9 Did you speak using the correct rhythm or
9 Did you concentrate too much on accuracy
sentence stress?
rather than fluency?
10 Did you use the correct word/phrase stress?
10 Did you speak clearly?
Remember this section is personal not abstract. 11 Did you speak too quickly or slowly?
12 Did you speak using the correct rhythm or
sentence stress?
IELTS Speaking Part 2 13 Did you use the correct word/phrase stress?
See checklist for Part 3 and 1-5 below.
1 Did you make notes?
2 Were your notes short-no more than about
ten words?
3 Did you answer all the parts of the question
in order?
4 Did you refer to your notes as you spoke?
5 Were your notes easy to glance at as you
spoke? o�I.P-l(Jl,,j(';:?.>"
www.irLanguage.com

181
© The importance of infrastructure
Vocabulary: Nouns related to systems

Work in groups. Describe the photographs and decide what aspects of urban
infrastructure you can see in each. Then discuss the questions below.

• What other types of infrastructure systems

are there? Why are they important?
• Which is the most important and why?
• In what ways do the various systems help
people? Are they ever a hindrance? How?

Complete the questionnaire for yourself and two other students.

Questionnaire
Have you used each of the following systems today?
You Student 1 Student 2

1 transport system D D D
2 road network D D D
3 water service D D D
4 electricity grid D D D
5 telephone network D D D
6 satellite system D D D
7 internet D D D
8 GPS system D D D
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 The importance of infrastructure @ ii
3 ITl Work in groups. Compare your findings by answering the following questions:
• Were any systems used by everyone? Which one(s)?
• Were any systems not used by anyone? Which one(s)?
• Which system was used most/least often?

L, Work in pairs. Decide how the nouns on the left below are related to the words in italics,
for example infrastructure and lines, etc. are related to railways because ... Try to do this
on your own before looking at the words in the box below to help you.
1 infrastructure lines bridges tunnels viaducts
2 network mobile fibre-optic browse satellite
3 system dish communications channel weather
4 web host access seNer connection
5 supply tap treatment filter purification
6 grid national generators cables pylons
7 supply pipelines industry fields appliance
8 industry field wells refineries exploration

electricity gas telephone oil satellite water internet railway

5 Work in pairs. For sentences 1-7, complete each gap with a word from exercise 4.

1 _____
is produced on wind farms, which then feed into the national____ _

2 is sent via _ _ _ _ _
from _____ in remote areas and to
people's homes.

3 The safety of the _____ _____ is taken for granted in many countries, but
without the process of _ _ _ _ _
the water many people are drinking is putting their lives
at risk.

4 The transport of _ _ _ _
_ from the_____ to the _____ can cause pollution,
as we have seen with spillages at sea.

5 A can be used to connect people in remote areas of the world that don't have
landlines, and it can also be used to collect data on the ____ _

6 The revival of interest in the train as an efficient means of transport has led to investment in
_____ like new _ ___ connecting various towns.

7 If you have wireless ___ _ _

to the_____ , you can browse and download
information anywhere, but you have to make sure the _ ___ is secure.

6 m Work in pairs. Think of an incident where a system or part of a system worked well or
did not work. Describe to your partner what happened and how you reacted, if it did not
work.

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 The importance of infrastructure

( Listening ) For 1-7 below, tick (.I) the items that are related to the research process. For each,
,mu.,,, decide what they mean and how they relate to the process.
1 aims and objectives 2 lectures 3 research question
4 research findings 5 data analysis 6 teaching
7 literature review

Work in pairs. Decide which item in exercise 1 you think is likely to be the most difficult.
Give reasons.

(i, 20 SECTION 3 Questions 21-30

Questions 21-23
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
21 Andrei's research is on
A the impact of road networks on urban areas.
B the link between people and urban transport infrastructure.
C the main reasons behind system breakdowns in cities.
22 Tracey is finding that the examination of her data
A is demanding a lot of effort.
B is a straightforward and interesting task.
C is a very rewarding experience.
23 What did Tracey think as she commenced her research project?
A She assumed that it was going to be much more difficult.
B She imagined she would never be able to begin.
C She felt relaxed about the whole process.

Questions 24-28
What comments does Tracey make about the various aspects of her research?
Choose FWE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to
Questions 24-28.

Evaluation Aspects of research

A fairly easy 24 research question
B very easy 25 literature review
C fairly difficult 26 research proposal
D very difficult 27 methods design
E especially challenging
28 aims and objectives
F very tiring
G time-consuming

Questions 29 and 30
Choose 1WO letters, A-F.
Which TWO of the following does Tracey recommend Andrei should contact
for help with writing?
A main library D research supervisor
B private teacher E language centre
C student union F course tutor

184
 The importance of infrastructure @ii
Word building: Modal verbs to adjectives
Look at the comment by Andrei from the end of the Listening on page 236.
A: OK, but there's likely to be a fee involved.
The meaning of the adjective likely can be expressed in the following ways:
. . . will probably be . . .
it is probable that . . . will be . . .

Work in pairs. For 1-9 below, underline the most suitable word in italics.
1 Can the communications sy stems be improved? Yes, it's probable/possible/certain.
2 They wouldn't build an extension of the railway line. They were very unwilling/willing/likely
to do so.
3 They didn't need to build more refineries. It was unnecessary/necessary/possible.
4 The satellite should improve communications dramatically. At least that's the unlikely/
certain/expected result, but nobody is sure.
5 The government should hit its target. But that's only a obligatory/probable/possible
outcome, not a certainty.
6 The oil company could do what it wanted without any interference from the government.
They were able/willing/possible to do any thing they wanted.
7 Do safety measures have to be imposed on every construction project? Yes, I think it's
compulsory/optional/certain.
8 Oil will run out some time. It can't last forever; that's essential/certain/obligatory.
9 They don't have to build a motorway through the nature reserve; it's not possible/essential/
probable.

2 Work in groups. In the following extract from IELTS Speaking Part 3, underline
the modal verbs that show possibility, probability and obligation. Choose a suitable
adjective from exercise 1 to replace each one. Make any other necessary changes.

Examiner: Can faster

communication systems
Candidate: I think the development of faster
like broadband have an
communication systems than we have now
impact on people's lives?
can have an impact on local as well as national
economies, as they should enable people to do
business faster. Obviously, they can't solve every
problem, but they can at least help. For a while,
governments wouldn't invest in fibre optics, but
now the cables are being installed everywhere.
For example, in my home country they provide
jobs for local people ...

3 (I) What developments in infrastructure do you think there will be in your country in
the near future?
Which developments do you think are necessary?

185
111111 The importance of infrastructure

(Reading ) Work in groups. Look at the title and discuss what you think the Reading Passage
is about.
llJ@IM,LIIW
Scan the Reading Passage to find words and phrases relating to infrastructure.
Compare your list with another group and then with the rest of the class.
www.irLanguage.com

READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading Passage below.

Cycling for Transportation and Health: The Role of Infrastructure

Oregon metropolitan area. The results can lead to
policy recommendations for infrastructure investments
and planning and zoning policies to encourage more
cycling for everyday travel.
D Each participant in this study was provided with a
specially programmed personal digital assistant with
GPS to carry on all bicycle trips for 7 days. These units
were chosen because they could be programmed for
the participant to enter some data. Several actions
were taken to try to improve the accuracy of the GPS
data. Prior to use, the units and software were tested
in different weather conditions, in various parts of
the city, including downtown and under tree cover,
A To help address health and other policy concerns, and on different places on the bicycle. With location
policy makers and professionals are looking at ways points collected every 3 seconds, the remaining points
to increase the use of walking and cycling for everyday usually provided enough data to recreate the route.
travel. While most of the focus on "active living" has Participants were also asked to turn the unit on and
been on walking, cycling may have a greater potential wait for satellites to be detected before starting their
to substitute for motorized vehicle trips because of trip. At the start of each bike trip, the participant
its faster speed and ability to cover greater distances. tapped on the screen to enter his or her trip destination
Bicycle commuting has been shown to be an activity ( e.g., work, shopping, exercise) and the weather details.
that meets recommended intensity levels and to be
E The study does have several limitations. First is
related to lower rates of unhealthy weight and obesity.
the under-representation of people who cycle only
B The potential for cycling as a transportation mode has occasionally or even less than S days a week. Most of
been recognized nationally through objectives to raise the participants were everyday bicyclists. Therefore,
cycling rates and significant increases in funding for they are likely to be more confident than less frequent
building new infrastructure. Several states and cities bicyclists. This is likely to affect route choices. Second,
have also adopted aggressive policies and programs the data collection method may have influenced
to increase cycling. However, the United States lags far behavior. Six of the 164 participants noted that they
behind many other developed countries, particularly bicycled more or on different routes than intended
several European countries, with respect to the share because of the GPS device. Third, at least 8% of the
of people traveling by bicycle. Moreover, most bicycle bicycle travel was not recorded by the GPS units. It is
travel in the United States, particularly among adults, unknown whether or how the missed travel might have
is for recreation, not daily travel. This is in contrast to differed from the recorded travel in terms of route
cycling in countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, choice. Malfunction of the GPS units, including dead
and Germany. batteries, accounted for about half of the missed travel.
C This research aims to provide insight on whether F The study demonstrated that cycling for transportation
cycling for everyday travel can help US adults meet can be used by adults to meet the recommendations for
recommended levels of physical activity and what daily physical activity. A supportive environment, like
role public infrastructure, particularly bicycle lanes, that found in the Portland region, appears necessary
paths, and bicycle boulevards, may play in encouraging to encourage cycling for everyday travel, allowing
this activity. Using global positioning system (GPS) more adults to achieve active living goals. The first
technology, the study collected information on cycling part of that environment is bicycle infrastructure that
behavior from a convenience sample of166 bicyclists addresses people's concern about safety from motor
from March to November 2007 in the Portland, vehicles. In Portland, this includes a network of bike

186 u�1J:!1 ul:ij {!?JD

www.irLanguage.com
 The importance of infrastructure

lanes, paths, and boulevards. Building such a network and costs. Public agencies can, however, look for such
requires a comprehensive plan, funding, and political opportunities when building other infrastructure, such
leadership. In Oregon, state law requires that both as new rail transit lines, along existing transportation
bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure be built whenever corridors, and when expanding to new undeveloped areas.
roads are built or rebuilt (with few exceptions), and that G The findings and limitations of this study point to
cities, counties, and the State spend a reasonable share additional analysis and research. The detail of the data
of their state highway funds, usually defined as 1%, on allows for more extensive analysis than presented here.
pedestrian and bicycle features. Comparing different types of cyclists (e.g., men and
A network of different types of infrastructure appears women) may provide insights into how to increase
necessary to attract new people to cycling. Simply cycling among groups that traditionally do not bicycle
adding bike lanes to all new major roads is unlikely to for transportation in the United States. Comparing the
achieve high rates of cycling. For people concerned with actual bicycle routes to shortest path or other possible
safety and avoiding traffic, a well-connected network of routes can provide estimates of how much cyclists
low-traffic streets, including some bicycle boulevards, value different types of infrastructure, based on how far
may be more effective than adding bike lanes on major they went out of their way to use it. Collecting similar
streets with high volumes of motor vehicle traffic. data from other locations and from a larger number of
Opportunities to build separate paths are often limited different types of cyclists would be a valuable addition to
in existing neighborhoods due to space constraints this work.

Questions 1-6
The Reading Passage has seven sections, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

List of Headings
How the scope of the research is limited 1 Section A
ii The impact of constructing more bike lanes Example Answer
iii Possible advantages of cycling for daily travel Section B V

iv What the research showed

Section C
V Potential for increasing cycling for transport purposes
3 Section D
vi The need for more research
Section E
vii An improvement in the accuracy of GPS
5 Section F
viii The research methodology
6 Section G
ix What the aim of the study is

Questions 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the Reading Passage?
Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks of this
7 In the Netherlands, people cycle more for recreational than commuting purposes
compared to the United States.
8 It is possible that the research on cycling in Portland will influence policies relating to
the encouragement of daily cycling.
9 The GPS units employed in the study required considerable training for participants
before use.
10 All of the participants in the study cycled on a daily basis.

187
 The importance of infrastructure

Questions 11-13
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
11 According to the information in section F, it seems that safety for cyclists
A necessitates the introduction of wider lanes and paths for cyclists.
B depends on having an infrastructure for cycling for daily travel to develop.
C means that cycling for daily travel should be restricted to adults only.
D accounts for a disproportionate share of the Oregon state budget for highway funds.
12 A common restriction to the construction of separate cycling lanes and paths is
A objections from local neighbourhood lobbies.
B the confusing network of different types of infrastructure.
C the further congestion of already busy streets.
D the lack of space.
13 A comparison of the different bicycle groups will possibly show how to
A improve the different routes that cyclists use on a daily basis.
B promote cycling among USA citizens for whom it is not a normal means of transport.
C encourage the general public to cycle at least once a week.
D develop other research projects into infrastructure for cycling.

(D Do you think cycling should be encouraged among all age groups? How?
Give reasons and examples.

Language focus: Concession and developing ideas irLanguage.com

You can make your argument more persuasive by conceding Increasing the capacity of the phone network is
or acknowledging a point of view and then adding your own. a good solution to the problem. It is not the only one.
Look at the following sentence from the Reading Passage on (although ... may)
page 186:
2 This is a sound argument. I think I'd want to see more
While most of the focus on "active living" has been on walking, funds made available for new carriages as well. (may ...
cycling may have a greater potential to substitute for motorized but)
vehicle trips ...
3 The facilities available are endless. Inner city conditions
The sentence uses the structure while ... , may ... .Which of are cramped. (while ... may)
the structures below can also be used?
4 I don't like the idea of computers controlling systems like
Although ... , may ... transport.They perform a vital function. (nevertheless)
2 may ... ,but ... 5 I agree with the creation of high-speed communication
Read more about concession in the Grammar reference on systems. I can't help thinking that they will lead to more
page 226. demands on workers and hence more stress. (much as)
6 They are expensive to maintain and upgrade. Extensive
2 Work in pairs. Rewrite 1-8 below so that they contain the
words in brackets. Make any necessary changes and be metro systems exist in many major cities. (may ... but)
careful with punctuation. 7 I partly agree with the opinion expressed here. I think it is
naive to suggest that increasing the fares will in the end
Example: lead to a better transport service. (but)
I can't deny this is an admirable idea. We will have to wait 8 It's clear the quality of public services is improving. More
and see what the future holds. (though) needs to be done. (nonetheless)
Though I can't deny this is an admirable idea, we will have to wait
and see what the future holds.

188
 The importance of infrastructure

3 Sentences a-e below develop the idea of five of the 4 Use your own ideas to develop the other three sentences.
sentences in exercise 2. Match a-e below with a suitable 5 (!) Work in pairs. Think of at least three issues in the
idea in exercise 2. news at the moment that you partly or largely agree with.
a It'll just put more cars on the road, and then revenue will Prepare reasons and examples to support your opinion
decrease and there will be another problem. and then add an outcome. Use the words and phrases for
conceding and adding your opinion in exercises 1 and 2.
b The trains themselves could also be refurbished.
6 Explain your opinions on the issues you have chosen to
c We need to ensure they are working for us and not us for
another pair of students.
them.
d The line rental, for example, could be reduced.
e This, in turn, will increase costs for companies.

(Speaking ) Work in groups and discuss the differences and similarities between the Part 2 Task Cards
below.
1#11
A B

Describe your favourite street or square. Describe a street or square you'd like to
live in.
You should say:
where the street or square is You should say:
what the street or square is like where the street or square is
how often you go there when you first came to know about
the street or square
and explain why it is your favourite
street or square. what the street or square is like
and explain why you would like to live
in the street or square.

Paraphrase the underlined phrases. Compare your answers with another group
1 The street that I'd like to describe is in the area where I now live just south of
the River Thames in Central London. 2 The street's got a wide variety of small
shops with flats above them. It's also got a small park with sports facilities on the
west side of the street, and so it gets lots of sun. 3 The street may be full of cafes
and different places to eat ... and has several art galleries but it's fairly quiet
and peaceful. 4 I like the street very much so I walk along it three or four times
a week. 5 I find it attractive because it's relatively traffic-free even though it is
right in the centre of London, 6 and yet it has the feel of a small village. 7 The
street is also pleasant to walk along because without much traffic it's peaceful.
And there're no large shops like supermarkets and department stores and it's
unlikely that there'll be any in the future, making it a relaxing place to be. 8 At
any time of the day you'll find people having a stroll, ... looking in the windows
of the shops, or sitting in one of the cafes watching the world go by.

Decide which of the topics in exercise 1 is being described.

Spend one minute making notes for the topic in exercise 1 that wasn't discussed in exercise 2.

In pairs, take turns talking about the topic. When you have finished, look at each
other's notes and decide whether you think your partner followed their notes or adapted
them as they spoke. Give feedback.

189
11111 The importance of infrastructure

Work in groups. Look at the questions below. Decide how to begin your answers without
repeating the adjectives necessary, possible or likely in each case.

Transport systems
Don't forget! Do you think it is necessary to invest more in private or public forms of transport?
• Try to paraphrase Give reasons and examples.
the examiner's How do you think it is possible to improve people's experience of using transport
question and infrastructure such as roads and railways?
develop your
Some people think that flying cars are as likely as driverless cars in the future.
and examples. _J
answer with reasons
Do you agree or disagree with this?

Work in pairs and take turns asking and answering the questions. Give feedback using
the checklist on page 181.

(Writing ) Work in groups and describe the table below in your own words.
l•DiM!Dilll••r
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The table shows the number of overseas visits to the UK by country of residence
and mode of travel in two years.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Number of overseas visits to the UK by country of residence and mode of travel
(thousands)
Air Tunnel

2011 2013 2011 2013

Belgium 167 183 569 746

Bulgaria 57 71 6 12

France 1,339 1,441 1,514 1,761

Germany 2,070 2,129 141 218

Italy 1,445 1,562 24 23

Portugal 260 251 4 7

Sweden 756 766 19 3

Total World 22,631 23,754 3,670 4,479

Work in groups. Answer questions 1-6. Compare your answers with another group.
1 How do you 'read the table'?
2 What do the numbers relate to?
3 What is the trend in each case?
4 How does Total World relate to the other data?
5 Will this line of information help you write the overview?
6 What is the clear trend of the overview?

190
 The importance of infrastructure

Decide which two of the following introductions are suitable for the question in exercise 1.
1 The table provides a breakdown of the number of overseas visitors to the UK according to
country of residence and mode of travel in 2011 and 2013.
2 The table compares the number of UK visits from various countries by different means of
transport in two years, 2011 and 2013.
3 The data provides information about visits in thousands to the UK from a selection of
countries according to two means of transport in 2011 and 2013.

Work in pairs. You can add data in your answer in different ways as shown below.
Explain at least two of the different ways in your own words.
• ... and ... , respectively: The number of visits made to the UK from Sweden was slightly
higher in 2013 compared to 2011, 766,000 and 756,000 respectively.
• from ... to: Trips to the UK by air from Sweden rose between 2011 and 2013, from
756,000 to 766,000, respectively.
• with+ noun+ verb+ ing: Trips to the UK by air from Sweden rose in 2013 compared to
2011 with numbers rising to 766,000 from 756,000, respectively.
• verb+ ing: Trips to the UK by air from Sweden rose between 2011 and 2013, increasing
from 756,000 to 766,000, respectively.
• with+ noun: Trips to the UK by air from Sweden rose in 2013 compared to 2011 with a
rise to 766,000 from 756,000, respectively.

For 1-7 below, combine the two sentences using the structure in brackets.
Example:
Trips to the UK by air from Sweden rose in 2013 compared to 2011. The rise was from
756,000 to 766,000, respectively. (with+ noun)
Trips to the UK by air from Sweden rose in 2013 compared to 2011 with a rise to 766,000
from 756,000, respectively.
1 There was a gradual increase in visits by air from Belgium between 2011 and 2013. Visits
rose from 167,000 to 183,000 . (from ... to)
2 The general trend for the number of overseas visits by air and by tunnel from Bulgaria
was clearly upward. It climbed from 57,000 for the former in 2011 to 71,000 in 2013, and by
tunnel from 6,000 to 12,000, respectively. (verb+ing)
3 Visits from France by air and tunnel also went up. They rose from 1.339 million to 1.441
million, and 1.514 million to 1.761 million, in 2011 and 2013 respectively. (with+ noun)
4 Trips from Germany by air and by tunnel saw an increase. They were 2 .070 million and
2 .129 million for the former and 141,000 and 218,000 for the latter. ( . . . and ... ,
respectively )
5 As regards Italy, there were 1.445 million trips to the UK by air and 24,000 trips by tunnel in
2011. There were 1.562 million trips by air and 23,000 trips by tunnel in 2013. (with+ noun)
6 Trips from Portugal by air fell and by tunnel they rose. The number of trips by air fell from
260,000 to 251,000 and trips by tunnel rose from 4,000 to 7,000, respectively .
(with +verb+ing)
7 The overall visit numbers by air and tunnel went up between 2011 and 2013. They were
22 .631 million to 23.754 million and 3.67 million to 4.479 million, respectively . (from ... to ... )

Write your own answer for the Task 1 question on page 208. When you have finished,
check your answer using the checklist on page 139.

191
@ Review
Vocabulary: Nouns related to systems

Add the words in brackets to the appropriate space in the texts 1-5 below.

1 The railway infrastructure consists not just of and viaducts that carry
the railway across rivers and valleys, but also of
_____ _ _
that take the network through mountains and sometimes under the
sea. (bridges/lines/tunnels)

2 The _ _ ____ supply goes through a process where the water undergoes
_______ that involves purification and filtering before we turn on the
_______ . (tap/treatmenUwater)

3 Electricity comes to us via cables and _____ _

_ from huge _ _____ that
supply the national (generators/grid/pylons)

4 The oil industry is an essential part of the energy infrastructure in many countries of the
world. The oil is extracted from in both on land
and under the sea with being conducted in some of the most
inhospitable places on the planet. (exploration/fields/wells)

5 Nowadays ____ _ _
_ to the internet for many people is made using different
_ _ _ _ __ , but increasingly the device of choice for people of all ages is the
smartphone rather than PCs, laptops or tablets, as _______ speeds rise around
the world. (access/connection/hosts)

2 Write a sentence about one of the following:

1 Satellite systems: receiver, dish, communications, channel, weather
2 The gas supply: pipelines, industry, fields, appliance
3 Telephone network: mobile, fibre optic, browse, satellite

Word building: Modal verbs to adjectives

Use the hint in brackets to choose the correct word in each sentence.
Example:
It's (not probable and not certain) that high-speed train networks will replace the
aviation network in the future.
It's possible that high speed train networks will replace the aviation network in the future.
1 Infrastructure like roads and light transport systems are (more than possible) to expand as
urban populations increase.
2 The new rail extension line (probable) be finished ahead of schedule.
3 An ability to use a wide range of systems like the internet is (essential) in the modern
world.
4 The train is (should) to arrive on time.
5 It is (more than possible, not unlikely and not certain) that we will be talking about flying
lanes in cities soon rather than cycle lanes.

192
 The importance of infrastructure •i•
6 It's (no option) for all drivers to pay on toll roads.
7 It is (can't do without it) for the government to increase investment in the improvement of
the waterways such as canals.
8 The authorities were (wouldn't do it) to plant more trees between parks to create a natural
pathway for urban areas.
9 Rural infrastructure such as roads (think of the word necessary) as much attention as
urban does.

Language focus: Concession and developing ideas

1 Link the two sentences using the words in brackets. Check if the order of the sentences
needs to change. Make any necessary changes to the punctuation.
1 The running and maintenance costs are high. Metro systems are efficient at carrying
millions of passengers around major cities worldwide. (may/but)
2 Increasing people's access to the transport system by reducing fares is a good approach
to reducing unemployment. It is not the only one. (although/may)
3 I think the infrastructure is still not extensive enough yet for them to have an impact.
Electric cars help the environment. (nevertheless)
4 I think it is foolish to suggest that increasing the fares at peak hours will improve the train
service. I partly agree with this opinion. (but)
5 Personally, I am wary of automation in transport systems such as aviation. Computers
make them much safer. (though)
6 More improvement is necessary. It's clear the integration of transport systems such as
trains, trams and ferries has been transformed in recent years. (nonetheless)
7 It is definitely worthwhile having more cycle lanes. The volume of traffic won't be reduced.
(may/but)
8 I agree that communication systems such as broadband should be more advanced. It will
lead to a more stressful working and home life. (much as)

Accuracy in IELTS
1 Find five grammar mistakes and two mistakes relating to data.
1 Passengers numbers on the ferry soared between 2012 and 2016, from 135,000 to
567,000.
2 Passenger journeys on the metro system rose in 2016 compared to 2015 with numbers
increase to over 4 million a day compared to 3.5 million respectively.
3 The proportion of visitors to the UK by air overall fell from 2011 to 2013, decreasing from
7.5%, to 8.9% respectively.
4 The number of people using the station went substantially between January and June
2016 with a jump from 410,000 to 349,000.
5 The number of visits made to the UK from Sweden was noticeably lower in 2015 compare
to 2012 (155,000 and 2 10,000 respectively).

u4'1.HI oi:-j �.JO

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193
� Money and well-being

Vocabulary: Money matters

1 _ Work in groups. Describe each of the photographs. Then discuss the questions
below.

• What is your reaction to the following quote?

'Real riches are Lhe riches possessed inside.'
B. C. Forbes
• Will cash, paper money and coins, disappear in the near future? Give
reasons and examples from your own experience.
• Some people think it is impor tant for children and young people to be taught
'financial literacy' and money management in the modern world. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?

194
 Money and well-being @IN
2 Make a list of words and phrases associated with the word money. Then compare your
list with another group.

3 Work in pairs. Noun phrases can be formed with a noun + noun, for example money
collocates with government and problems to form the noun phrases government money
and money problems. Decide whether the following words go before or after the word
money.
1 management 3 pocket 5 paper 7 counterfeit
2 market 4 laundering 6 sponsorship 8 box

4 Work in pairs. For 1-9 below, Sthe noun that is in the correct position.
Example:

finance government/state/capital �
1 cash reser ves/flow/payment/settlement/limit/crisis/crop cash
2 currency conversion/markets/speculation/fluctuation/reser ves/crisis currency
3 credit agreement/arrangement/facilities/terms/limit/transfer credit
4 debt collection/repayment/burden/mountain debt
5 savings account/plan/bank savings
6 spending consumer/government/public spending
7 expenditure consumer/government/public/welfare/education expenditure
8 income capital/investment/household/family income
9 finances company/government/state/family/household finances

5 For 1-8 below, cross out the incorrect words in italics.

Example:
More government money governme11t was allocated to improve local bus services.
1 A cash crop cash is a valuable source of income for many families in agricultural
communities, but cash flow cash can be a problem because produce is usually seasonal.
This can lead to a cash crisis cash for local farmers.
2 Money paper money was invented by the Chinese.
3 Education expenditure education has declined at a time when few working in the field
think it should. The current expenditure level expenditure should at least be maintained.
4 Family finances family are often the concern of the finance minister finance, especially
when making funding decisions.
5 Management money management needs to be taught as much to adults at work and
students in university as to schoolchildren.
6 A fall in a country's foreign currency reserves currency can trigger a currency crisis
currency.
7 Many prominent individuals have called for the burden debt burden of some nations to be
reduced by cheap loans or complete cancellation.
8 My grandparents encouraged me to open a savings account savings when I was very
young and I still have it.

6 - Work in groups. T hink of at least three ways that money has directly or indirectly
affected your life in the past week , for example, paying for transport with cash or an
electronic card, etc. Take turns describing your experiences. Ask questions about each
other's experiences.

195
- Money and well-being

( Listening ) 1 m Work in groups. Discuss the main ways you are familiar with for purchasin g items.
Are any methods becoming more common? Explain why.
iifiM
2 Skim Questions 31-40. Discuss the topic of the talk and list as much detail about the
topic as you can. Compare your list with another group.

(I, 21 SECTION 4 Questions 31-40

• As there is no title,
look at the last Questions 31-34
question. Skim the
passage and/or the Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
questions quickly 31 The speaker says that money is more than an economic tool and has a
to get the gist.
A psychological and historical dimension.
u�1�1 ul:oj e;?JA
www.irLanguage.com
B social and psychological dimension.
C social and historical dimension.
32 According to the speaker, money is an invention resulting from the human capacity to
A allocate symbols a value.
B label the world.
C create special symbols .
33 What does the speaker say about accepting any object as money?
A The community needs to establish procedures for its use.
B Its use needs to be accepted by the user and the community.
C Laws need to be introduced to make it legal tender.
34 When bartering goods, the seller had to
A agree a standard of exchange as part of the purchasing process.
B accept whatever the local common medium of exchange was.
C find someone who was willing to purchase the goods for sale.

Questions 35-40
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Commodity money
Commodity money depended on the acceptance of certain objects as money that was
inherently 35 ................................ for every person.
All metals were accepted as commodity money - being convertible into precious tools,
e.g. 36 ................................ and ................................ .
Metals, e.g. gold and silver, had secondary advantages - identifiable and
37 ... ............................. .
Metal coins
They acted as a 38 ................................ for exchanging goods and services.
Representative money
When adopted, representative money was a 39 ................................ in human
consciousness.
Psychologically, there needed to be a transfer in the sense of value from a usable
material object to an 40 ................................ symbol .
Socially, there had to be a group agreement on the common usage of the symbol.

196
 Money and well-being @IN
Word building: Values and beliefs

1 Look at the following quote from the speaker in the Listening on page 23 7 .
. .. the values and principles of all societies in the world.
What do you think the terms values and principles mean here?

2 Match the words below to their meaning a-g.

1 principles a feelings that something is true or real
2 ethics b major ideas or theories that a system of beliefs is based on,
for example in politics or education
3 values c things that people do that are traditional or usual
4 customs d principles of right or wrong behaviour
5 beliefs e a set of principles people use to decide what is right and wrong
6 standards f things that are generally accepted
7 morals g ideas about what is good and right that you try to follow in your
life and behaviour
8 ideals h principles and beliefs that influence the behaviour and way of life
of a group or community

3 Work in pairs. Make a list of as many words as you can from the word standard.

4 Complete the gaps in the text below with words relating to the word value. Use the
prompts given to help you.

1 _____ (plural noun) are standards that individual people attach great importance
to. If you 2 (verb) something in your life, then you treasure it enormously.
3 (plural noun) like precious objects made of gold and diamonds may be
4 (adjective) to some people as status symbols, but they are 5 ____ _
(adjective) when compared to attributes like honesty, integrity, loyalty and trust.

5 Complete the gaps with words relating to principle. Use the prompts given.

Philosophy can teach people the 1 _____ (plural noun) of right and wrong, but it
is becoming increasingly difficult for people to be 2 _____ (adjective) in life and
maintain a high moral standard. Unfortunately, 3 (adjective) people are found
in all walks of life, whether it be business or politics, so one must be on one's guard to make
sure one doesn't do anything that compromises one's 4 (plural noun).

6 Complete the gaps with words relating to ideal, moral and ethics. Use the prompts.

People are often accused of being 1 _____ (adjective) rather than realistic when
pursuing their 2 (plural noun). It is easy to attack someone whose personal
3 (plural noun) or 4 (adjective) stance you don't agree with.

7 m Work in groups. Discuss the question below.

'People today get their values from national figures like politicians and celebrities.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? Give reasons and examples.'

u�1.>1.1u�j�.JS)
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- Money and well-being

1 Work in pairs. Scan paragraphs A-D in the Reading Passage below for words that are
(Reading ) synonyms of 1-8.
l•MIIU,Lilii
1 markers 3 weight 5 elements 7 benefit
2 assess 4 happenings or facts 6vital 8 mainly

2 Work in pairs. Each choose one paragraph to skim. Then briefly explain what it is about
to your partner. Find another pair of students that have chosen the same paragraph and
check that you agree.

READING PASSAGE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Reading Passage below.

Measuring subjective wellbeing

B Objective measures of wellbeing often fail to
tap into what people think or feel, so have to
assume certain observable factors influence
wellbeing in certain ways. Generally speaking,
objective measures focus on either objective-list
or preference-satisfaction accounts, with a view
to either improving objective circumstances such
as health and education (Sen, 1999) or increasing
the choices people have by raising average incomes
(Harsanyi, 1982). Although objective measures of
wellbeing are crucial, they cannot tell the whole
story and the array of indicators currently available
(e.g. numeracy, literacy and crime rates) sometimes
complicates the picture, with many observable
factors acting as proxies for what really matters .
C The main advantage of asking people to assess their
own wellbeing is that paternalism (prescriptive
questions that assume certain things are good or bad
for wellbeing) can be avoided and people's thoughts
and feelings are placed at the centre of policy.
Although objective measures tend to correlate well
with subjective wellbeing (Di Tella &: Macculloch,
2007; Oswald, 1997), they generally only account
for a small proportion of one's life satisfaction or
A Subjective wellbeing concerns people's self­ happiness (Galloway et al, 2005) Scottish Executive,
reported wellbeing (e.g . life satisfaction, happiness, 2005). Measures of subjective wellbeing, however,
psychological wellbeing). Survey questions of this are seen by many as getting to the heart of the issue
nature aim to measure how people think and feel (Layard, 2005).
about their wellbeing rather than relying on more
D Although Victorian social policy emphasised the
traditional objective indicators such as the level of
importance of promoting mental health, the rise
educational achievement, employment, crime or
of behaviourism in the 1950s heavily influenced
material wellbeing. Indeed, human perception is
disciplines such as Psychology and Economics
fundamental to the definition of wellbeing and it
and encouraged the measurement of what is
can be argued that the only person who really knows
observable (behaviour) to the exclusion of what is
whether a person is feeling well is the experiencing
unobservable (the mind). By and large, UK social
self (Layard, 2005). Survey questions that ask people
and economic policy since the Great War has
to evaluate their own wellbeing allow for individual
focussed predominantly on improving the economy
differences in terms of values and identity to be
and meeting the material needs of the population.
expressed. Although one person may answer a life
Mental health and psychological needs have been
satisfaction question by placing significant emphasis
conceived as harder to measure, unreliable and
on their salary and job security, another may answer
within an individual's own responsibility. Objective
the same question by placing significant emphasis
measures of wellbeing have been favoured for
on their family relationships and health. T his means
that such measures capture what people think and feel some time because they're easier to measure and
observable through behaviour.
rather than focussing on observable phenomena that
sometimes have little bearing on peoples' wellbeing.

198 u�1.1=1ut:,j�.JD
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 Money and well-being @II
E Nonetheless, an encouraging literature is now subjective wellbeing, it does suggest that much
emerging suggesting that subjective wellbeing is more than economic growth is required to elevate
a valid construct that can be reliably measured. wellbeing.
Much recent research indicates that measures of
G Whether measured as an end to itself or as a means
subjective wellbeing tend to correlate well with
to an end, such subjective wellbeing data could be
other people's views, behavioural data, brain
used to: a) monitor 'the state of play'; b) inform
activity and objective characteristics such as
new policy; c) promote public wellbeing; and d)
unemployment (see Layard 2005 for a useful review).
evaluate the impact of new or existing policies on
Crucially, the last 10 years have seen a number of
wellbeing. The evidence suggests that various social
government and non-government reports begin to
an� economic factors affect self-reported wellbeing,
unpick how the UK could generate meaningful data
so it should be possible to influence subjective
of this nature. Political momentum has also gathered
wellbeing via policy. A growing body of research also
pace alongside the abundance of research now
suggests that high levels of subjective wellbeing are
regularly published in fields as diverse as behavioural
a partial cause of various positive life events and
economics, psychology, neuroscience and philosophy.
outcomes (Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005).
F Strong arguments are developing suggesting that
H Interest in measuring subjective wellbeing has
now is a good time to generate national data on
grown considerably over recent years in the UK.
subjective wellbeing. The idea is that these data
Indeed, a number of major social surveys in the UK
can then be used by policy makers alongside other
measures that go beyond GDP (Dolan & White �lready include subjective wellbeing questions, and
it seems that various policy areas could make use of
2007; Michaelson, Abdallah, Steuer, Thompso� &
these data. The question therefore is not whether
Marks, 2008). The well-cited 'Easterlin Paradox'
to measure subjective wellbeing, but how to do this
demonstrates that UK levels of life satisfaction and
from now on. The balance between exploiting data
happiness have not risen since the 1950s despite
unprecedented economic growth, and although that already exist and generating new data needs to
_ be explored further, based on whether unmet user
this research has been criticised for not taking into
account the use of bounded measures to measure requirements exist.

Questions 1-5
The Reading Passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
1 the fact that objective measures of wellbeing do not give a full picture of wellbeing
2 research stating that data on subjective wellbeing can be used with measures other
than GDP
3 suggestions for use of data on subjective wellbeing
4 a reference to the focus of government policy of satisfying the population's material needs
5 an explanation of the term subjective wellbeing

Questions 6-9
Look at the following statements and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person/persons, A-F.
6 Objective measures of subjective wellbeing usually compare well with wellbeing itself.
7 The only one who can gauge wellbeing is the individual.
8 According to research, positive life events and outcomes can to some extent result in raised
_
subJect1ve wellbeing.
9 Measuring wellbeing objectively may be carried out to enhance people's lives.

List of people
A Layard D Di Tella & Macculloch
B Sen E Galloway et al
C Harsanyi F Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener

199
- Money and well-being

Questions 10-12
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN JWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10 Recent literature shows that subjective wellbeing is a measurable ......... .
11 There is proof to suggest that .......... wellbeing is impacted on by different social and
economic influences.
12 Data on subjective wellbeing could be utilised by a number of

Question 13
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Which of the following is the most suitable title for the Reading Passage?
A How to measure subjective well-being
B How to balance existing and new data
C An emphasis on promoting mental health
D Measuring subjective wellbeing

3 __ Is it really possible to measure people's subjective well-being? Why/Why not? ls it

useful to do so? Give reasons for your answer.

Language focus: Substitution and ellipsis

Look at the following quote from the speaker in the Reading Passage on page 198.Then answer the questions below.
Although one person may answer a life satisfaction question by placing significant emphasis on their salary andjob security,
another may answer the same question ...
What does the word another replace?
2 What happens if the words are repeated?
3 Which common expression in speech do you know where the word so is used like another to substitute?
Read more about substitution and ellipsis in the Grammar reference on page 226.
2 Work in pairs. Match texts 1-8 below with a suitable continuation a-h.
Companies can help local communities to develop by a and continued to do so when we were adults.
putting back some of the profits they have made from the
b but ways need to be found to apply such research for the
local people.
benefit of the public.
2 My grandmother told us how to behave when we were
c I suppose I will continue to do so in spite of the pressures
young
to the contrary.
3 People follow the traditions and ways of the society they
d In doing so they believe that the general behaviour in
belong to.
society will be improved.
4 The government should introduce philosophy into the
e I did so with some trepidation, but it turned out to be
school curriculum.
exciting in the end.
5 I left home when I was 18 to go to university.
f Doing so would have a beneficial effect on student
6 Detailed analysis has been done on what makes people behaviour.
happy,
g Handing down such customs from generation to
7 My family have always adhered to the traditions of the generation is important if a community is to survive.
community we came from and
h Such philanthropic behaviour would set a good example
8 According to some people, moral standards on television for other organisations.
are declining and should therefore be raised.

200
 Money and well-being @I•
3 For 1-8 in exercise 2, underline the words and phrases of substitution and the words they replace.
4 For sentences 1-7 below, cross out any unnecessary words.

Although the government wanted 2 The banks didn't want the policy on extending
to stop funding the railway venture, loans to small businesses to change, but the
they weren't able to stop funding it. government did want the policy to change.

3 Some people don't believe that there is a 4 The college was praised for
clear link between happiness and money, student behaviour and success
while others do think there is. as it hoped it would be praised.

5 The university didn't invest as much 6 My father laid down the law with
in delivering subjects like philosophy us when we were children, but my
as it could have invested. mother didn't lay down the law.

5 What happens if people use substitution a lot in writing or speaking? www.irLanguage.com

(�&,;aking ) 1 Work in pairs. Read the following Part 3 questions and decide what the focus is of each
question, e.g. examples of different factors, an evaluation of a factor with reasons.

Well-being
What factors contribute to people's general sense of well-being?
Do you think having free time is the key factor in people's well-being? Why/Why not?
Some people think modern life is too stressful for people to be generally happy.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Money and its effects
How does money impact on people's well-?eing in activities such as work and leisure?
In terms of social development, do you think the pursuit of money has a negative or
positive effect? Why/Why not?
In the future, do you think money will have a greater or lesser role to play in our lives?
Give reasons.

.
2 Work in groups. Match the ideas in the list below to a suitable question and suggest your

•
own ideas .

.. •
a factors such as technological gadgets/ f lesser - money may even disappear
money/time g health/work/friends/leisure time
b exciting, not stressful h beneficial, as it allows improvement
c allows people to do things they want in ...
d brings greater freedom reduces/increases anxiety
free time not everything, other factors j pleasant neighbourhood

u�1.H1 ul:oj �..,.,,

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201
11119 Money and well-being

3 Work in pairs. Look at the beginnings of the six answers to the questions in exercise 1.
Decide whether they involve the use of ellipsis or substitution.
1 I think there are many, such as ...
2 I don't think so, because ...
3 I actually think it's not as much as it was in the past, because ...
4 Enormously. For example, it ...
5 It's mostly beneficial, I think, as it ...
6 In the short-term, money ...

4 Work in pairs. Take turns asking each other the questions. When you have finished,

_.
give each other feedback using the checklist on page 181.

1 Work in groups. Describe the bar charts and pie charts in the Task 1 question below. Use
(Writing ) the words and phrases in the box below.
liMI
......

u�1�,0�jf!:?.JSI proportion constitute reflect vast majority only pattern

www.irLanguage.com
similarity difference quarter age group year-olds

WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
T he charts show the frequency of happiness of different age groups and two groups of
workers in Europe in the previous four weeks.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Frequency of being happy in the last four Frequency of being happy in the last four weeks
weeks by selected age groups in Europe by full-time and part-time workers in Europe
100

80

0..
eOl
:::,
60

0 40
0

20

Full-time employed Part-time employed

0
16-24 25-34 35-49

• A little/none of the time • Some of the time All/most of the time

2 Work in groups. Decide what other words and phrases or what other structures you can use
to express the same ideas as those listed in exercise 1.

202 www.irLanguage.com
 Money and well-being •I•
3 Work in groups. Compare your answers to exercises 1 and 2 with another group.

4 -.- Decide which words and phrases in the model answer for the writing task in exercise 1
can be replaced by items a-g. Compare your answers with a partner and say which you
prefer and why.
a the latter workers
b the proportions for those in the next age group were noticeably different
c as opposed to
d mirror
e most 16-24 year olds stated that
f provide information about
g a link

The charts illustrate the degree of happiness reported among selected European
groups in the last four weeks.
Overall, there seems to be a correlation between age and the frequency of being
happy In the 16-24 age group, the vast majority cited they were happy some of the
time and all/most of the time, 21.6% and 71.5% respectively, with only 6.9% being
happy a little or none of the time. There was a marked difference in the proportions
of those aged 25-34, with just under two thirds (65.7%) being at least mainly happy
and just under a quarter (24.8%) being so some of the time compared to 9.5% for
those who were happy little or none of the time. Whereas most 35-49-year-olds
were happy some or all/most of the time (878%), a greater proportion of this age
group stated that they were less so (122%).
The full-time and part-time workers' responses reflect those of the three age groups
with identical proportions (908%) among both groups being happy at least some of
the time, but a greater proportion of part-time workers being slightly happier all or
most of the time (66.5%)

5 Work in groups. Read the model answer in exercise 4 again and identify an example of
1-8 below.
1 a synonym for the verb 'said'
2 an overview
3 the verb that is used to show a connection between the data in the stacked bar charts and
the pie charts
4 a paraphrase that combines two items in the legend 'happy some of the time' and 'all/most
of the time'
5 at least one example of the use of ellipsis
6 t wo complex sentences
7 an adjective that means exactly the same
8 nouns that are used to summarise the data
6 Work in groups. Paraphrase the first and last paragraphs and compare your answers
with another group.

7 Write your own answer for the Task 1 question on page 209. When you have finished,
check your answer using the checklist on page 139.
203
� Review
Vocabulary: Money matters

1 Decide whether the words in the noun + noun phases are in the correct order. Correct
the mistakes.
1 money paper
2 education expenditure
3 debt mountain
4 payment cash
5 savings account
6 household income
7 crisis currency

2 Fill only one blank space in each sentence below with a suitable word.

1 Countries try to build up ______ reserves ______ to buy foreign products.

2 ______ sponsorship ____ _

_helps many artists and young people achieve
their ambitions in life.

3 When I was a child, I kept my savings in a ______ money __ _ _ _ shaped

like a red telephone box.

4 Many countries are not restricted to just one ______ crop __ _ _ _ _

such as
rice or wheat.

5 To develop the financial literacy of the general public, children at school should be given
lessons on ______ management ______

6 Do you have much ______ money ______ left after paying for all your
outgoings?

7 _ ____ family ______ are as much a concern for finance ministers as

health, housing and welfare.

8 The cancellation of a _____ _ burden ______ can be an enormous relief.

Word building: Values and beliefs

1 Put the words in brackets in the correct form.

1 Would you say that you are realistic or (ideal) when dealing with different situations?
2 Where do you think people today get their (value) from? Is it from TV personalities or other
famous people?
3 In any job nowadays, it's not easy to make sure you do not compromise your (principle).
Do you agree?
4 Who or what would you say you (value) most in life? Do you agree having physical and
mental well-being is (value)? Are material possessions such as cars and jewellery more
(value) than people?
5 Many people around the world are concerned that their local (custom) are disappearing in
the face of globalisation. Do you think they should be concerned?

204
 Money and well-being @I•
Language focus: Substitution and ellipsis

1 Substitution: Complete the second sentence in your own words.

1 It is essential for people to aim for physical as well as mental well-being.
Ifthey do ____
2 Thinking classes should be introduced in secondary schools.
Doing _ _ __
3 Education on money management is crucial to help people control their finances.
Such _____
4 Children can attend extracurricular classes relating to their hobbies.
By doing _____

5 I will start university next term./ know I'll do _____

2 Ellipsis: Underline the two correct phrases in italics in each sentence below.
1 At first, students had little interest in learning about different currencies, but they
did!didn 'tlhad in the end.
2 I wanted to change courses, but I wasn't able to/couldn't/mightn't.
3 There are many who don't think that education and happiness are connected, while others
do/think they are/think.
4 Fortunately, I finished my essay by the deadline, just as I thought I would/will do/would have.
5 We didn't pay as much attention to speed of delivery as perhaps we could have/did!
should have.
6 He will attend the class tomorrow, but I will/won't/might not.
7 Did you put as much effort into completing the assignment as you could have/might have!
would have?
8 It is argued that a happy family life is more important than a satisfying career, yet it's
obvious that it is/must be/will be.

Accuracy in IELTS
Use the hints in brackets to find the two mistakes in each sentence below.
1 There was greater proportion of household income in 2016 allocated to accomodation
expenses than in 2010, 27% and 33% respectively. (spelling mistake, missing word)
2 The majority of the increase in expenditure education was in building project in the last
four years. (word order, missing letter)
3 Young people accounted the second largest aged group participating in volunteering.
(missing word, extra letter)
4 A similar pattern was seen in 25-35 age group with a smaller proportion open a savings
account in 2016 compared to 2015. (wrong word form, missing word)
5 It seem that there was little difference between the proportion of cash payments and credit
card payments in first five years of the period. (missing letter, missing word)
6 The charts provide informations about the proportion of people involved in volunteers work
by age group. (extra letter, extra letter)
7 The number of volunteers in the 15-19 age group felt from 11% to 10% between the two
years. (wrong word, wrong word)
8 Nearly twice many people stated that they found paying by contactless cards more
convenent than using cash. (missing word, spelling mistake)
9 There were slight fluctuation in the numbers of sponorship grants allocated each year.
(missing letter, spelling mistake)
205
Additional material
WRITING TASK 1

Unit 1 (page 15)

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graph below shows Twitter use by age group in the USA between November 20 7 0 and May 2013.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words. Twitter use by age group, over time

35

30

25 - 18-29

- 30-49
20 - 50-64

-65+
15

10

10/11 10/12 11/01 11/05 11/08 12/02 12/08 12/12 13/05

Unit 3 (page 39)

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table below illustrates UK participation in selected sports by gender between 2005/06 and 2008/09.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

.
Sports participation, by sex, 2005/06 to 2008/09

�mtml �
Swimming or diving (indoors)
2005/06 13.3 18.0
2006/07 12.2 16.6
2007/08 12.2 16.8
2008/09 13.0 16.5
Cycling (health, recreation, training, competition)
2005/06 12.7 7.0
2006/07 13.3 6.8
2007/08 13.8 6.5
2008/09 14.4 6.4
Jogging, cross-country, road-running
2005/06 6.9 3.5
2006/07 7.8 4.8
2007/08 7.5 4.3
2008/09 7.6 4.8
206
 Additional material

Unit 5 (page 69)

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. www irLanguage

The charts show projections for global production by sector in 2030 and 2050.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

World, projected production by sector

4.0% 5.6%

2.9%
........_

51.2%
50.2%
30.6% 33.1%

u�1�1ut:,j{!f.JD
www.irLanguage.com
2030 2050

Services • Manufacturing Materials • Energy • Agriculture • Info-Com Tech

Unit 6 (page 81)

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram below show the production of a lead pencil.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

The production of a pencil

4 months replanted 3 years thinned 14 years

hard-pressed
new slat
60daya treated
�

cut groove

'
painted, sharpened, stamped

207
Additional material

Unit 8 (page 113)

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The maps below show the changes experienced by the town of Harton at the beginning of the 2 7 st Century
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where necessary

Write at least 150 words.

Harton 2008 Harton 2016

Derelict Woodland Woodland

Car park
warehouses
Residential Residential
area area

Arts
Centre I School I Multi­
screen
cinema

Residential area Shopping centre

Industrial
Industrial
complex

Residential area

Sandring 2016
Unit 8 (page 113) Student A

10

Unit 13 (page 191)

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table below shows the number of visits to selected countries from four UK airports in 20 7 3.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words. Airports

Number of visits abroad (OOOs): Heathrow Gatwick Manchester Stansted

by UK airport used and main
country visited 2013 Canada 187 91 50
Austria 86 148 66 44
Finland 58 25 53 8
Irish Republic 278 158 111 187
Lithuania 15 33
Spain 273 1,896 1,715 814
Total 884 2,334 1,995 1,087
208
 Additional material

Unit 14 (page 203)

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. www.irLanguage.com

The charts below show the frequency of being happy in the last four weeks by labour status and by age group.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Happiness in the last four weeks by age group Happiness in the last four weeks by labour status
O/o %
%

100

80

60

40

20

50-64 65-74
0
Retired Self-employed In education or
training

• A little/none of the time Some of the time • All/most of the time

o�1Y-1 u'1j �JD

WRITING TASK 2 www.irLanguage.com

Unit 2 (page 27) Unit 4 (page 57)

WRITING TASK 2 WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic: Write about the following topic:

Some people think that technology is now an Many people feel that urban environments are more
invaluable study tool for young people. Others, unhealthy than they have ever been.
however, believe that it is harmful for the studying What do you think are the main causes of this
process. problem? What measures can be effective in tackling
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. this problem?

Give reasons for your answer and include any Give reasons for your answer and include any
relevant knowledge or experience. relevant examples from your own knowledge or
Write at least 250 words. experience.
Write at least 250 words.

209
Additional material

Unit 7 (page 101) Unit 9 (page 125)

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic: Write about the following topic:

Nowadays, experience is more valued in the workplace Some people think it is important to construct new
than knowledge in many countries. buildings rather than wasting money on maintaining
old ones.
Do you think the advantages of this outweigh the
disadvantages? To what extent do you agree or disagree with this
opinion?
Give reasons for your answer and include any
relevant examples from your own knowledge or Give reasons for your answer and include any
experience. relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.
Write at least 250 words.

Unit 10 (page 149) Unit 11 (page 161)

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic: Write about the following topic:

Nowadays technology is influencing modern art in areas Investment in local amenities such as leisure centres
such as design, painting and film. is the best way for the government to foster a good
community spirit.
Do you think this is a positive or negative development?
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any What other measures do you think might be effective?
relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience. Give reasons for your answer and include any
relevant examples from your own knowledge or
Write at least 250 words.
experience.
Write at least 250 words.
www.irLanguage.com
Unit 12 (page 173)
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. WRITING TASK 1
Write about the following topic: N
Unit 8 (page 113) Student B
Some people think that the increase in international E
travel has a negative impact on the environment and Sandring 2016

should be restricted. Shopp;ng

centre
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any Lake

relevant examples from your own knowledge or

experience. Hotel
Railway station Industrial wasteland

Write at least 250 words.

Industrial zone Entertainment area

ul:i,:,I.HI (J�j ef'.>"

www.irLanguage.com

210
 U�I.J:!l(Ji:,j�,JO
www.irLanguage.com
Word list
Unit 1 remain stable/stabilise
rise gradually/increase slowly but surely
A Describing people soar/rocket
Adjectives Nouns
artistic a climb
adventurous a decline
ambitious a dip
artistic a drop
considerate a fall
conscientious an increase
creative a peak
helpful a plunge
patient a rise
reliable fluctuations
sporty
supportive Unit 2
talkative
A Verbs of cause and effect
Nouns and adjectives
talent/talented Verbs Nouns
humor/humorous achieve achievement
care/caring/careful advance advancement
generosity/generous affect effect
confidencdconfident damage damage
society/sociable/social destroy destruction
knowledge/knowledgeable deteriorate deterioration
punctuality/punctual enhance enhancement
harm harm
B IELTS Reading improve improvement
Choosing headings for paragraphs or sections influence influence
produce production
Nouns and their synonyms promote promotion
comparison result result
ranking ruin ruin
methods shape shape
reasons
popularity Phrases to describe cause and effect
importance bring about an increase in ...
impact bring about the destruction of ...
means cause (enormous) damage to .. .
how (various media) affect change the shape of ...
do harm to ...
C Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage have a/an (dramatic) effect (on ... )
communication methods (huge) impact (on ... )
the impact of/have little impact on (positive/negative) influence (on ... )
alternative means of lead to a (significant) improvement (in ... )
spend time with/interact (with) lead to the ruin of ...
communication devices make better links between ...
While this does not necessarily mean that result in a (sharp) deterioration in ...
Mobile devices help facilitate frequent connections
between B Evaluating adjectives
This compares with Positive and negative adjectives
have access to
appealing � unappealing
D Verbs of movement convenient � inconvenient
Verbs
effective � ineffective
dip/fall slightly and quickly recover
harmful � harmless
important � unimportant
fall slightly and then level off
fall gradually/decrease steadily
inspiring � uninspiring
fluctuate/be erratic
necessary � unnecessary
practical � impractical
hit a low/reach their lowest point
worthwhile � worthless
hit a peak/reach a high
plummet/plunge

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Word list

Synonyms C Adjectives with prepositions

Unimportant insignificant/trivial addicted to ...
useless impractical bored with .. .
valueless worthless capable of .. .
harmless safe enthusiastic about ...
important critical/crucial/essential/key/vita! fond of ...
useful helpful valuable convenient indifferent to ...
valuable helpful precious invaluable interested in ...
harmful dangerous keen on ...
mad about ...
C Linking devices passionate about ...
although/but/however
as/because/since D Useful expressions to describe data
also/furthermore/moreover/similarly/what is more a greater smaller proportion of ...
accordingly/as a result/and so/so/f or instance/ a third of (the number of) ...
consequently/therefore a quarter of ...
in order to a third of ...
for example/for instance some noticeable differences
half of ...
D Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage three-quarters of ...
in the early stages of this development ... twice as many ...
the process of urbanization goes hand in hand with ... three times as many ...
there is reason to believe that five times the number of ...
played an important role in half as many ...
emerge as the center of ... forty/40% of ...
become the seat of ... over fifty/SO% of ...
exercised a certain degree of ... proportionately
there is reason to believe that ... the bulk of ...
can be regarded as the culmination of ... three/four out of every ten ...

Unit3 E Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage

build the f oundation of ...
A Sports become a guinea pig
create the illusion of ...
Sport Place Equipment discover what goes on
bodybuilding gym weights ensure the experience is memorable
boxing ring glove/shorts experience a few seconds of thrills
diving sea oxygen tank exhilarating (ride)
football pitch ball/goal figure out how to ...
golf course clubs/irons push the boundaries of ...
running track shoes/spikes relive their (terrifying) experiences
swimming pool costumes/trunks spend hours (living out)
tennis court racquet/ball This can lead to
Types of sport trigger the release of a ...
combat outdoor understand the broad effects of ...
equestrian racket/racquet
indoor table Unit4
motor water
A General nouns
B Adjectives ending in -edling
Nouns and collocations
Verbs and adjectives adverse/unfavourable/trying circumstances
annoy annoying/annoyed main/likely/probable cause
challenge challenging/challenged significant/political/current event
excite exciting/excited favourable/false/good impression
exhilarate exhilarating/exhilarated burning/controversial/major issue
fascinate fascinating/fascinated memorable/festive/state occasion
inspire inspiring/ inspired golden/excellent/perfect opportunity
interest interesting/interested acute/serious/insurmountable problem
invigorate invigorating/invigorated ideal/happy/dangerous situation
irritate irritating/irritated imaginative/effective/perfect solution
motivate motivating/motivated (company) crisis
refresh refreshing/refreshed amusing incident
thrill thrilling/thrilled unexpected outcome
faint possibility

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 Word list

B Useful expressions Units

It was too good an opportunity to miss.
It is a rather awkward situation. A Adjectives/noun collocations
It is a divisive issue that arouses passion. agricultural society
It was an annoying incident. dominant culture
It was the happiest event of her life. general public
C Uncountable nouns with countable nouns as
governing elite
examples
indigenous people
accommodation like flats modern civilisation
cash like coins thriving community
urban population
clothing like shirts
crime like burglaries B Forming adjectives from nouns
equipment like computers
fruit like oranges Adjectives ending -al
furniture like chairs agriculture agricultural
information like bank details industry industrial
litter like bottles/cans nation national
luggage like suitcases technology technological
media like magazines tradition traditional
merchandise like goods Adjectives ending -ous
rubbish like bottles danger dangerous
(bad) weather like storms luxury luxurious
D Linking devices population populous
although space spacious
but Adjectives ending -ful
despite the fact that beauty beautiful
even if success successful
even so use useful
however
much as Verbs of prediction
nevertheless Verb Noun
nonetheless anticipate it is anticipated that ... anticipation
still estimate it is estimated that ... estimation
though expect it is expected that ... expectation
while forecast it is forecast(ed) that ... forecast
yet predict it is predicted that ... prediction
E Developing ideas by expanding the meaning of project it is projected that ... projection
adjectives C Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage
Adjectives and verbs adapt accordingly
alarming frighten have made it possible to ...
appealing attract key characters
interesting fascinate post a photo on Instagram
motivating encourage predictions ... came true
satisfying please Several experts have made their predictions about what
shocking stun the world of 2045 will look like.
worrying trouble the latest fad in ...
make long-term forecasts
F Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage this can be done by ...
a skills shortage (we won't be able) to tell the difference between ... .
be at a disadvantage this means ...
due to lack of suitably qualified candidates, (to the point where) there is no longer a perceptible
half of the respondents said ... difference between ...
it's no surprise when companies have problems with wearable technology
recruiting a new generation of engineers and technicians
more needs to be done to encourage young people to take Unit6
up ...
there are areas that are harder to recruit A Conservation
they would focus more on ...
Collocations
this implies that ...
admire the scenery
which is good news for graduates ...
breathtaking view
derelict factory
dominate the landscape

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Word list

planting season Unit7

tree conservation
panoramic view A Work
spoilt/unspoilt countryside (a teacher) by profession
spectacular scenery career ladder
tranquil countryside earn a livelihood
visit open spaces have a good job/occupation
hold down a job
B Transitive and intransitive verbs
improve their job prospects
Transitive Intransitive Both job opportunities
bear appear break good/academic qualifications
collect become break up work ethic
create blossom decrease work-life balance
crush bloom disperse
cultivate come out (of) grow
B Collocations
disappear increase
gather emerge ripen Adjective/noun/verb collocations
harvest exist smell considerable/enjoy/derive/accrue benefit
lay fall eat huge/gain/outweigh/take advantage
make flow weave once-in-a-lifetime/career/seize/waste opportunity
plant go down enormous/achieve/guarantee/
pollinate happen depends on success
p1-oduce look excellent/offer/boost/career prospects
reap occur distinct/obvious/suffer/have disadvantage
transplant open up total/result in/ensue failure
utilise rise outstanding/impressive/
sow sprout represent/a lack of achievement
pick huge/show/make/room improvement
roast good/deserve/throw away/arise chance
Verb/noun collocations with additional verbs
C Describing sequences
enjoy advantage
Linking words and phrases gain benefit
initially/first come up/give somebody/
then/next/following that/after that grab/take a chance
as soon as/once/after/before end in/expect failure
finally offset disadvantage
when/where constitute/scope for improvement
provide/squander opportunity
Nouns to summarise stages in sequences
damage/have prospects
assembly
enjoy success
collection
delivery
harvesting C Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage
packaging (work in a communal space,) as opposed to working from
pasteurisation home
recycling counterparts
separation creating the right kind of work environment
storage first, unlike (a traditional office)
transportation ... is also witnessing growth in the number of ...
... may also be derived from ...
D Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage
(experience that) meets the needs of their respective
evidence suggests that ...
members
which are widely distributed across ...
remote workers
it has been noted that ...
... see their work as meaningful
its ability to thrive in tough conditions
So what are the implications for traditional companies?
investigations are being carried out on how ...
the lessons of coworking spaces can be applied to ...
likewise, ...
when it comes to (cultivating our community), ...
olive oil is classified according to ...
requires further processing to yield
the oil is obtained from the fruit shortly after harvesting.
the olive has shaped the landscape
the beneficial qualities of olive oil have been attributed to
the fruit is then cured

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 Word list

Unit8 E Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage

... have little need of complex maps
A Nouns relating to places to suit the needs of people
digital tools at their disposal
Adjectives and nouns examples of images date to
(residential)area ... is still having a huge impact on human progress
(business)district have also been variously associated with
(magnificent)location further, ...
(safe)neighbourhood have very sophisticated
(beautiful)place their contribution to cartography is not insignificant
(northern)region What exactly constitutes a map has made ...
(beautiful/spectacular)setting
(derelict)site
(open)space
Unit9
(tourist hot)spot A Beauty
(pedestrian) zone
Adjectives relating to reactions
B Useful expressions for describing places beautiful
covered with ... breathtaking
fed by ... dazzling
full of ... ecstatic
located near ... emotional
overlooking ... evocative
surrounded by ... humbling
stretching into the distance impressive
with ... magnificent
C Verbs relating to changes in maps majestic
chop trees down/down trees melancholic
convert ... into ... nostalgic thoughtful
create a ... Useful expressions for describing reactions
demolish be taken aback by ...
give way to ... evoke memories of ...
knock ... down/down ... fill (someone)with ...
make way for ... humble (someone)
pull ... down/down ... impress (someone)
replace ... with ... make an enormous impression on (someone)
... take (their)place make (someone)feel ...
(tear ... down/down ... ) make (someone)thoughtful about ...
(completely)transform
turn ... into ... B Prefixes over- and under­
Verbs and nouns overawed
build building overcome
change change over/underestimated
construct construction over/underpriced
develop (into) development over/understated
expand expansion overtaken over/underrated
extend extension overrun over/undervalued
transform transformation underfunded
D Location C Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage
embracing technological progress and
Location phrases inspired by ...
North in the north of ... , north of .. ." , to the north of ... transformed the ... from what was then seen as ... into ...
South in the south of ... , south of ... , to the south of ... become a popular (London)landmark
East in the east of ... , east of ... , to the east of ... attempts to popularise industrial buildings by ...
West in the west of ... , west of ... , to the west of ... it necessarily involves not only, ... but also ...
Verbs of location possess a complex spatial knowledge of ...
there is ... can broadly be identified with
lies ... share characteristics
is situated ... record for posterity
is sited ... show a profound knowledge of ...
is located ... throughout his career
stands ...
runs/flows ...

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Word list

partnership
Unit 10 professorship
A Art (cultivate/maintain) relationship
(withdraw) sponsorship
People in the arts
play acto1� act1·ess , lead (role), playwright, director, Collocations with the word relationship
producer, costume designer, set designer broken
exhibition: visitor, exhibitor, designer, ar tist sculptor build
painter close
musical: singer, actor/actress, writer, song-writer, family
producer, conductor, musician, pianist, violinist, long-lasting relationship(s)
percussionist network of
book: novelist , writer, illustrator, author, reader, editor parent-child
sculpture: sculptor, artist, professional
video game: designe1·, writer, illustrator artist, sohware special
programmer, producer, engineer C Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage
film: actor/actress , director, star , starlet , producer, it takes a village to bring up ...
distributor, scriptwriter, fan kinship
a wide network of relatives
B Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage responsible for his or her upbringing
an art installation the interests of the entire community
a work to be placed in take precedence ov er ...
a curator that role transcends age and gender
made possible by (funding) socialization contributes to cohesion
imbues the garden with
indistinguishable, Unit 12
the artist proposed instead that she would create .. .
the garden, based on the gradual disappearance of ... A Adjectives with multiple meaning
the logistical challenges were many
to coincide with alien strange/extraterrestrial
to expedite planning curious inquisitive/unusual
different dissimilar/sen,ice/diverse/unusual
Unit 11 foreign from or in another country/unfamiliar
fresh new/cold and windy/recently made or
A The family prepared
novel book/original
Words relating to family members new recently arrived/inexperienced
ancestor odd unusual/irregular
family pristine new and untouched/morally good
family tree strange unexpected/unfamiliar/odd
young/old generation unique treasured/happening only in one place/
grandparents not the same as something else
household
niece/nephew B Words related to memory
offspring memento (n.)
parents memo (n.)
relatives memorabilia (n.)
siblings memoirs (n.)
widow/widower memorable (adj.)
memorial (n.)
B Suffixes -hood and -ship memory (n.)
Nouns and relevant verbs memorise (v.)
(reach) adulthood remember (v.)
apprenticeship C Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage
boyhood ... diversity reflects the maturity of the ecosystem
brotherhood ... also supports a variety of ...
(spend) childhood ... which are all listed as vulnerable
craftsmanship/musicianship ... is also of cultural importance
fatherhood/motherhood ... are of cultural and historical significance
(face) hardship ... have a cooperative and integrated approach to
(show) leadership managing ...
membership
(reach) nationhood
neighbourhood
parenthood

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 Wordlist

Unit 13 conversion
crisis
A Words related to systems currency fluctuation
electricity grid cables/generator/national/ markets
pylons reserves
gas supply appliances/fields/industry/ speculation
pipelines/works
oil industry exploration/field/refineries/ Collocations with words relating to money
slick/wells consumer
railway/train infrastructure bridges/lines/tunnels/ education
viaducts government expenditure/spending
satellite system channel/communications/ public
dish/receiver/weather welfare
water supply filter/pressure/purification/
tap/treatment capital
B Modal verbs to adjectives state finance
can/may possible government
could/can able
didn't need unnecessary company
don't/didn't have to not essential family
have to be compulsory government finances
may permissible household
should expected/probable/likely state
will certain
wouldn't/won't unwilling capital
family income
C Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage household
addresses people's concern about ... investment
appears necessary to attract new people to cycling.
are looking at ways to ... crisis
... have also adopted aggressive policies crop
... like that found in the Portland region, flow
may have a greater potential cash limit
might have limitations payment
opportunities to build separate paths are often limited reserves
the results can lead to ... settlement
this is in contrast to ...
the study demonstrated that ... burden
to help address health and other policy concerns debt collection
to substitute for ... collector
to try to improve the accuracy of the ... mountain
Unit 14 cut
A Money matters
expenditure level
pattern
Collocations with money
counterfeit department
government finance director
paper money minister
public
sponsorship bracket
taxpayers' income group
statement
laundering tax
money management
market account
box savings bank
plan
agreement
arrangement
credit facilities
limit
terms
transfer

217
Wordlist

B Values and beliefs

Nouns
(a high) moral standard
individual morals
invaluable objects
moral stand
personal morals
set of principles
standards of behaviour
system of ethics
traditional values
valueless objects
Adjectives
principled
unprincipled
Collocations
accuse someone of being moralistic
adhere to a strict ethical code
attach importance to one's beliefs/values
compromise one's principles
follow customs
take a moral stand
treasure valuables
value something
C Useful words and phrases from the Reading Passage
although objective measures of (wellbeing) are crucial,
they cannot tell the whole story ...
ask people
by placing significant emphasis on ...
despite unprecedented economic growth
... has focussed predominantly on improving
it can be argued that ...
fields as diverse as ...
much recent research indicates that phenomena
interest in measuring subjective wellbeing has grown
considerably over recent years
tend to correlate well with ...
the main advantage of asking people to assess their own
wellbeing is that ...
to evaluate their own wellbeing
various social and economic factors affect

218
 Grammar reference
Unit 1 • for possession and senses (such as taste, thoughts,
feelings, smell)
Likes and dislikes I have a bicycle.
The ver·bs like, love, enjoy, can't stand/bear, detest, dislike, • Ah, yes, I think I know the place well. to describe stages
hate and loathe can be followed by a noun. in a process or lifecycle, and thus in a narrative
I like football. The sun rises and heats the water, which then
I hate spiders. evaporates and fonns clouds.
2 The verbs enjoy, fancy, dislike, detest and loathe can be My grandmother helps us a lot and makes us feel
followed by a verb + -ing only. happy.
I enjoy swimming. (NOT I enjoy to swim.) • to give directions
3 The verbs can't stand/bear, like, hate, love and prefer can You come out of the main station entrance, and you
be followed by a verb+ -ing or to. turn left and just walk about 100 metres and you are
I like playing/to play baseball. here.
I can't bear watching/to watch sport on TV • for facts, general statements and truths
4 You can use like with a verb+ -ing or to to express a Water boils at J 00 °C.
particular meaning. It's clear that car sales fall steadily over the period.
! like to go for a swim every morning. (I think that this is Cities generally attract a lot of people from the
a good idea but don't necessarily enjoy it.) countryside.
I like going for a swim every morning. (I enjoy it.) B Present continuous
5 prefer You use the present continuous:
You can use the following to express a preference for one • to describe actions and events which are happening
thing compared to another: 'around now' (the actions and events may not be
• prefer+ noun + to + noun. Use the -ing form if the apparent at the time of writing or speaking)
things are activities. The earth is becoming warmer year by year.
I prefer books to computer games. More and more students are applying for the course.
I prefer surfing to sailing. I'm doing a course on pottery at the moment.
• prefer+ to + infinitive+ than + infinitive without to • to describe an action that is in the process of
I prefer to read novels than play computer games. happening as you speak or write
6 I'd rather You are preparing for IELTS if you are using this book.
You can use the following to express that you would The baby's sleeping. Try not to wake her.
rather do one thing compared to another: • to talk about the future (see Unit 5)
• would!'d rather(not) + verb
C Present simple or present continuous?
f'd rather go to the concert.
1 You use 'state' verbs like know, promise and understand
I'd rather not watch the horror film.
• would!'d rather+ verb + than + verb only in the present simple.
I promise I'll come to the party.
I'd rather play the piano than go out.
I understand what you are saying.
7 would like/love/prefer/hate
2 For verbs that have a 'state' and 'action' meaning, you
Would like/love/prefer/hate must be followed by to+
infinitive. use the present simple to describe 'states' and the present
I'd love to go to a live concert. continuous to describe 'actions'.
I'd prefer to eat in than go to the restaurant. State: I think studying languages is important.
Action: I'm thinking about this problem. Give me a few
Present simple, present continuous and past minutes.
simple State: I have a pen.
A Present simple Action: The government is having difficulties.
You use the present simple: State: This perfume smells nice.
• for an habitual action Action: The cat is smelling the food. Maybe he'll eat it.
I get up before 8 am every day. 3 With always
Lectures start at 9 am every day. Present simple: He always gets up at 7 am. (He does it as
• to show how frequently people do things a matter of routine.)
I sometimes arrive late, because the buses are not Present continuous: He's always talking about his health.
reliable. (He does it more than I think he should.)
• to describe states and situations 4 With the verb to be
I know the area very well. Present simple: She is very persistent. (This is part of her
My work requires a lot of contact with people. personality.)
• with common state verbs which are not normally used Present continuous: She is being very persistent at the
moment. (This is unusual for her. This is not her normal
in the present continuous (see present continuous)
I like sport. behaviour.)
! love swimming and skiing.
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 Grammar reference

D Past simple I used to play chess quite a lot when I was a child.
You use the past simple: Note that used to becomes use to with questions and
• to describe a completed action, event or state in the negatives.
past which is not connected with now. The time in the I didn't use to play outdoor games much.
past may be clear from the information around the Did your parents use to travel much when they were
sentence younger?
2 You use would to describe past habits, but not states.
At one time, people believed that the world was flat. I would work for my uncle every Tuesday evening when I
(But they don't now.) was 16.
He lived in China for a long time. I used to own a collection of antique clocks.
Dickens wrote many brilliant novels. (He wrote them a (NOT I would own a collection of antique clocks.)
long time ago.) Would is often used to reminisce about the past and in
• to describe an action or event at a particular time, or descriptive writing.
during a particular period of time On spring afternoons, I would go for long walks with my
I stayed in London for two months in 2008. friends and look at the wildlife.
Sales rose between 2005 and 2009. Note that you usually don't use would in negative or yes/
• to describe habitual actions in the past no questions.
I attended classes in pottery for three months.
Adverbs of frequency
1 You use adverbs of frequency to indicate how often
Unit2 something happens. Common adverbs of frequency
Past simple and present perfect are always, usually, normally, regularly, often, frequently,
sometimes, occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, seldom, never.
Past simple
2 You use adverbs of frequency after be and auxiliaries, but
For use, see Unit 1.
before all other verbs.
2 Present perfect I am always on time for lectures.
You use the present perfect: He has never eaten noodles before.
• to describe actions or events that have a connection Politicians rarely pay attention to the opinions of the
with the present people.
I have just passed my exam. Look at my certificate. 3 You can invert the subject and the verb when you use
I've just fixed the TV! Look, it's working! never, rarely and seldom at the beginning of a sentence.
• to talk about an action or event that has happened at Never have I seen such an impressive PowerPoint
any time up to now, but you don't know or mention presentation from a student.
when. The emphasis is on the fact the action or event
has happened, not the time that it happened
I have lived in West Africa.
Unit3
He has visited France. Adjectives with prepositions
• to talk about periods that continue to the present
Some adjectives are followed by a particular preposition
My parents have lived in their house since 2001. (when used with the verb be). Sometimes a different
I have studied hard for the past month. preposition is used depending on whether you are referring
Note the contrast between the past simple and the to 'people' or 'things'. You can check this in a dictionary, but
present perfect. they include:
I did a lot of work yesterday (no connection with the angry/annoyed/happy/upset about (things)
present), but I haven't done much today (connection good/bad at
with the present). late/famous/ready for
I visited Spain ten years ago, but I haven't been to different from
Italy. interested in
When did you finish the book? afraid/fond/frightened of
Or keen on
Haven't you finished it yet? kind/married/used to
2 Present perfect continuous angry/annoyed/bored with (people)
You use the present perfect continuous to describe When you use a verb after the proposition, you use the verb
periods up to and including the present. +-ing form.
She's been watching that film all afternoon. He's keen on playing football.
I have been learning English since I was ten. I'm interested in learning about other cultures.
When you learn new adjectives which are followed by
Habit in the past - used to and would prepositions, try to learn the adjective and the preposition
You use used to and would to describe habitual actions and together.
events in the past.
1 You use used to to describe habits or states in the past
which no longer happen or exist. (J�l�I ul:,j f:?Y'
I used to live in the countryside. www.irLanguage.com

220
 Grammar reference

Comparison E Comparative structures www.irLanguage.com

A Comparative adjectives 1 than
You can make comparisons by using than.
1 One syllable adjectives
Sales were greater in 1980 than in 1990.
You form the comparative from adjectives with one
syllable by adding -er. 2 as + adjective + as to compare two equal things
high ---> higher You can compare two equal things by using as + adjective
+ as.
For one syllable adjectives ending in -e, you add-r.
large ---> larger I'm as tall as my sister.
For one syllable adjectives ending in a consonant, you 3 not as + adjective + as to compare two things that are
double the final consonant. not equal
big-+ bigger You can compare two things that are not equal by using
2 Two or more syllable adjectives not as+ adjective+ as.
You normally form the comparative from adjectives with Computer sales weren't as high in June as they were in
two or more syllables with more/less. January.
exciting ---> more/less exciting F Words to strengthen or weaken comparisons
3 Adjectives ending in consonant + -y You can add words and expressions to strengthen or
You form the comparative from adjectives ending in weaken comparisons.
consonant+ y, by changing-y to -i. 1 Comparatives
dry -+ drier Words and expressions that can be added to
easy ---> easier comparatives include: a bit, a little, slightly, much, (quite)
Note some adjectives can be formed with -er or more/less. a lot, far, significantly, considerably, a great deal, twice,
The river is shallower/more shallow here than over there. three times.
Theme parks with thrilling rides are becoming Book sales rose much/a lot/far more slowly in the last
commoner/more common than in the past. quarter.
B Superlative adjectives The number of shoppers was a little lower last month
1 One syllable adjectives compared to this month.
You form the superlative from adjectives with one 2 Superlatives
syllable by using the before the adjective and adding-(e) Words and expressions that can be added to superlatives
st to the adjective. include: by far, easily, a long way .
long ---> the longest The Indian architect's building was by far the most
2 Two or more syllable adjectives popular in the competition.
You form the superlative from adjectives with two Sweden is the company's smallest market, by a long way.
or more syllables by adding the most/least before the 3 Withas ... as ...
adjective. Words and expressions that can be added to modify
interesting ---> the most/least interesting the structure as ... as ... include: (not) nearly, not quite,
3 Adjectives ending in consonant + -y almost, just, half, twice, three times.
You form the superlative from adjectives ending in The population of the town is three times as big as it was
consonant+ y, by changing -y to-i. in 1960.
dry -+ the driest The rest of the team were not nearly as good as the captain.
easy ---> the easiest
C Irregular comparatives and superlatives Unit4
Some common adjectives have an irregular comparative Countable and uncountable nouns
and superlative form.
good ---> better -+ the best 1 Countable nouns
bad -+ worse -+ the worst Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. They
far -+ farther/further -+ the farthest/the furthest are used with the singular or plural form of a verb.
She is a better player than he is. I have a car. The car works well.
The performance of the team was worse than last time. I have two cars. The cars work well.
Note some common countable nouns only have a plural
D Comparative adverbs form. These include goods, means, trousers, stairs.
Like comparative adjectives, you form comparative The goods are already with the customer.
adverbs by adding-(e)r to one syllable adverbs and using
2 Uncountable nouns
more/less with two or more syllable adverbs.
Uncountable nouns only have one form and are used
Computer sales rose faster over the last decade compared
with the singular form of the verb.
to the previous one.
The information is in the leaflet.
Attendances at the cinema fell more dramatically in the
(NOT The informations are in the leaflet.)
first quarter than the second.
In order to quantify uncountable nouns you use phrases
like a piece of/a bit of/a slice of/a sheet of. etc.
The leaflet contains several pieces of information.
u�1.P-1ut,,jl!:?.,.o
www.irLanguage.com Can I borrow two sheets of paper?
221
 Grammar reference

Note that news is followed by a singular verb. 2 going to

The news is on in a few minutes. You use going to+ infinitive for plans and intentions in
3 Some nouns can be countable or uncountable depending the near and distant future.
on the meaning. The countable meaning is specific and I'm going to train to be an accountant a�er I finish my
the uncountable meaning is general. Examples include: university course.
a business (a company) business ('business' in Going to is also used to make predictions when there is
general) evidence in the current situation.
a painting (a work of art) painting (the activity) There's going to be a storm - look at those clouds.
a noise (a specific noise) noise ('noise' in general) Note going to should not be used to make predictions in
a fruit (a specific type of fruit) fruit ('fruit' in general) graphs in IELTS Writing Task 1 answers.
Fruit is good for you. 3 Present continuous
Two fruits, apples and pears, are grown in this region. You use the present continuous for arrangements or
4 Many common nouns are uncountable in English, but plans that have already been made. There is usually a
countable in other languages. time expression.
Accommodation is expensive in London. We 're all flying to Bangkok next Sunday. (We have
Information is available on the website. planned the trip and bought the tickets.)
The furniture is very modern. 4 Future perfect
The weather is very good today. You use the future perfect to make predictions about
5 Some nouns can be used with the singular or plural form actions that will be completed before a certain point in
of a verb. These include army, class, company, crowd, the future.
data, family, government, group, public, team. Everyone will have left by 9 pm.
The government is/are preparing for the next election. Sales will have reached 2000 a month by the middle of
The family is/are very happy with the new house. next year.
Note that in Australian and American English the 5 Future continuous
singular verb is used with government, etc. You use the future continuous to talk about actions or
events that will be happening at a particular point in time
Making suggestions in the future.
You can use the following to make suggestions: Sales will be rising at the rate of ten million units per year
• modal verbs like should/ought to to make strong at the end of the decade.
suggestions 171 be writing my dissertation by then.
Shopkeepers should/ought to be made responsible for
6 Future perfect continuous
cleaning the area around their shops.
You use the future perfect continuous to emphasise the
Note that you can use must to express a very strong
duration of actions or events that will be happening at a
suggestion.
particular point of time in the future.
Shopkeepers must be made responsible for cleaning the
People will have been living on other plants for a long
area around their shops.
time by then.
• modal verbs like could/might to make weak
suggestions 7 Present simple
A new body with strong powers could/might be set up You use the present simple to talk about future events
to tackle the problem of international pollution. that are based on a fixed schedule or timetable.
• fixed phrases that introduce suggestions. These are The train leaves at 8.00 am.
followed by would be ... /is to ... The film starts in 15 minutes.
The best way to/A good way to/One way to improve You also use the present simple to talk about the future
the environment would be/is to ... aher the following words: when, after, before, unless, in
A good idea would be/is to ... case, as soon as, until, by the time, the next time.
When I visit Dubai again, I'll take more photographs.
Unit 5 8 Common phrases to talk about the future
You can use the following common phrases to talk about
Ways of looking at the future the future:
1 Simple future ... be about to ... for the immediate future
You use the simple future to make predictions. The world of technology is about to undergo another
The train will arrive late. major change.
I'll be better this evening, don't worry. . .. be bound to ... for certainty
Attendances at the cinema will continue to rise. She is bound to succeed as she is very intelligent.
You can use with the following verbs to describe graphs: . .. be to be+ verb ... for fixed arrangements
predict He is to be made into chairman of the company.
forecast ... be set to ... I ... be (un)likely to ... for probability.
project These are useful for IELTS Writing Task 1.
estimate Shopper numbers are set to rise dramatically.
anticipate Sales are likely to fall in the coming months.
It is predicted that sales will rise.

222
 Grammar reference

Unit6 www.irLanguage.com If I had spent less time studying, I could/might have been
less nervous about the exam now.
Transitive and intransitive verbs 4 You can begin with were in the second conditional and
1 A transitive verb has an object. had in the third conditional and change the word order
The tree produces fruit every year. as follows:
An intransitive does not have an object. Were he to learn to drive, it would open up new job
I usually walk to class. opportunities.
2 You can use transitive verbs in the active and the passive. Had I spent less time studying, I'd have been less tired
Farmers produce much of the food we eat. (active) before the exam.
Much of the food we eat is produced by farmers. (passive) This form is more formal.
3 You cannot use intransitive verbs in the passive. 5 You can use unless instead of if not in conditional
Car sales fell over the period. clauses.
(NOT Car sales are fallen over the period.) Unless I get some money, I won't be able to travel abroad
The sun rises in the east. to study.
(NOT The sun is risen in the east.) If I don't get some money, I won't be able to travel abroad
to study.
4 Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive.
Unless he had saved a lot of money, he could have never
The farmers grow fruit on the hillside. (transitive active)
managed to travel abroad.
Fruit is grown on the hillside. (transitive passive)
If he hadn't saved a lot of money, he could have never
Fruit grows on the hillside. (intransitive) managed to travel abroad.
5 Certain verbs like become can be followed by a noun or
an adjective. It is a linking verb like the verb to be
The -flowers become seeds. ('become' + noun)
Units
The fruit becomes ripe. ('become'+ adjective) Referring in a text
Note the old-fashioned use of the verb become as a 1 You use the following pronouns to refer back to a noun:
transitive verb. • it for singular nouns
The hat becomes you. ('The hat suits you.') The neighbourhood where I was brought up used to be
very busy, but now it is very quiet and peaceful.
Unit 7 The place I like to visit when I go home is near my
parents' house. It is a very secluded spot on a hill by the
Conditionals 1 river.
First conditional: if+ present simple + will + In the example above, it is clear that it refers back
inf'utitive to the noun place. The word spot helps you to
You use the first conditional to talk about situations in understand this.
the present or future and their possible results. • they for plural nouns
If young people focus on skills for the modern age, they A number of sites are still lying idle, yet they could be
will never be out of work. used for houses.
You can also use may/might/going to/can instead of will in
2 You can use the following to refer to a noun, event or
the main clause.
idea, or the latter part of the previous sentence.
If it is difficult, I can help you.
• this
If the train is late, we may miss the beginning of the
The government brought about a massive
concert.
transformation of the area, but this (change) needs to
2 Second conditional: if+ past simple + would + be further supported.
inflnitive In the example above, this refers to the massive
You use the second conditional to talk about imaginary transformation of the area. The word change can
or unlikely situations in the present or future. be added. It cannot be used because it might not
If he learnt to drive, it would open up new job be clear whether it refers to the government, the
opportunities. transformation or the area.
If I were you, I'd learn to drive. The district has become more prosperous in recent
Note that If I was you is often used in spoken English. years. This has led to an increase in house prices in the
You can also use could/might instead of would in the area.
main clause. In the example above, this refers to the idea that the
If he learnt to drive it could/might open up new job district has become more prosperous in recent years.
opportunities. It cannot be used.
3 Third conditional: if+ past perfect + would have + • these
past participle Many new buildings were constructed in the district in
You use the third conditional to hypothesise or speculate the last few years. These have brought many new people
about the past. into the area.
If I had spent more time studying, I'd have been less In the example above, these refers to the many new
nervous about the exam now. buildings. They is not correct as it might refer to 'the
You can also use could/might instead of would in the last few years'.
main clause.
u�1�1u1.tj�.)IJ
www.irLanguage.com
223
 Grammar reference (J�IY-1 ul,,j ef'>°
www.irLanguage.com

• that They could have protected the building! (It was worth
You can use that to refer back to a noun, event or idea, protecting, but they didn't.)
but it is not as common as this. Private companies might at least have contributed to the
The region has many wild animals roaming around cost of the new building! (They didn't contribute and I
the plains. That is what makes it very exciting to visit. think they should have!)
In the example above, that refers to the many wild 4 Weak possibilities and weak suggestions
animals roaming around the plains. The pronoun it You can use could/might to express weak possibilities and
refers to the region. suggestions.
• those The coins we found could be worth a lot of money. (It is
The speakers' recommendations were endless, but only possible, but I'm not sure.)
those that were cost-effective were adopted. They might put works of art like sculptures to make the
In the example above, those refers to some of the city more attractive. (I'm not saying they should do it, but
speakers' recommendations not all of them. it is a possibility.)
3 You can use the pronoun it to refer back to this or that in They could/might like to build a new art galle,y to help
a text. improve the area. (I'm suggesting this would be a good
The setting for the film was decided upon at the last idea.)
minute, but this did not cause any serious problems. It
did, however, mean it cost a lot more. Unit 10
In the example above, this refers to decided upon at the
last minute and it refers to back to this. Defining and non-defining relative clauses
4 You can often use this, that, these, those followed by a Relative clauses contain a relative pronoun: which, that,
noun to refer back to nouns, events or ideas. where, who, whose, whom. You can use them in sentences to
The committee suggested that the financial district provide additional information about nouns.
There are two types of relative clauses: defining and non­
should be expanded. This recommendation was
defining.
accepted.
Wildlife like tigers and lions are often held in captivity, A Defining clauses
but these creatures need to be allowed to roam freely. Defining clauses provide essential information which
In the past, people used to believe strange things about the identifies 'who' or 'what' is being referred to. You do not
natural world. However, those ideas went out of fashion use commas at the beginning or end of the clause.
years ago. The artist who painted the pictures in this gallery has used
very vibrant colours.
Unit 9 The film that/which we saw last week was very exciting.
You can leave out the relative pronoun only if it is the
Modal verbs for evaluating object of the clause and only in defining clauses.

Expectations and suggestions The water-colour (that/which) she painted in her teens has
You can use should/ought to to express suggestions. just sold for a record sum.
The government should increase taxes to fund education. The artist (who/whom) I saw this morning was very famous.
You can also use should/ought to to express expectations. In speech, you can use that instead of who/whom.

The increased investment in education should help The artist (that) I saw this morning was very famous.
improve standards. A Non-defining clauses

2 Drawing conclusions Non-defining clauses provide additional information,

You can use must to draw conclusions about the present. which can be left out. You need to use commas at the

The house must be very expensive. Look at the size of the beginning and the end of the clause. In speech, you
garden! indicate a non-defining clause by pausing briefly at the
You can use must/mustn't have+ past participle to draw commas.

conclusions about the past. The square, which is very small with many old buildings,
The paintings must have cost a lot of money. (They are by is my favourite place in Paris.
a famous artist and look very expensive.) You cannot leave out the relative pronoun in non­

They mustn't have spent a lot of time preparing for this defining clauses when it is the object of the clause.
production. (It wasn't very good.) The square, which I visit very frequently, is my favourite
place in Paris. (NOT The square, I visit very frequently, is
3 Making criticisms
my favourite place in Paris.)
You can use should/shouldn't have+ past participle to
You cannot use that to introduce a non-defining clause.
make criticisms about the past.
The squttie, ,httt is .e,y small with 11ttt11y e,ld buildings, is
The council should have protected the building as it
my fav0u1 ite place iit Pa,is.
was very important historically. (They were wrong not to
protect it.) that/which
They shouldn't have knocked the building down as it was You use that or which when referring to things. You use
very important historically. (They knocked it down which which rather than that with prepositions.
was not the right thing to do.)
My mobile phone, for which I paid a lot of money, has
You can also use could have/might have + past participle been stolen. (NOT My mobile phone, for that I paid a lot of
to make criticisms or show annoyance.
money.)

224
 Grammar reference

2 who/whom Unit 12
You use who or whom when referring to people. You can
use whom as the object of the word who. Whom is more Articles
formal and it is not often used in speech. There are two types of articles that are used with nouns:
The artist who/whom I saw this morning was very definite and indefinite. The indefinite article -a/an/zero
famous. article withs - is used with countable nouns and the zero
You use whom with p1-epositions. This is quite formal article withouts with uncountable nouns. The definite
and is only used in formal writing. article - the - is used with countable nouns in the singular
The manager to whom I sent the cheque has disappeared. and plural and with uncountable nouns.
The manager who I sent the cheque to has disappeared. Indefinite article: a/an
3 whose You use a/an:
You use whose to show that something belongs to • when you introduce a countable noun for the first
someone. time
Thats the film director whose film just won the award. He bought a book this morning.
4 when/why/where A new car was launched today.
You use when when referring to a time and why when • with a countable noun which is one of a group
referring to a reason. You can leave out when and why in I played a song from the CD.
defining clauses. • for someone's occupation
The reason (why) the bridge looks so elegant is the Hes an artist.
materials used. • with certain numbers/quantities
I bought half a kilo of tomatoes.
5 where
I invited about a dozen people.
You use where when referring to a place.
• with hours, days, weeks, years and decades
You cannot leave out where in defining clauses.
I visit him once a week. She earns nearly $50 an hour.
The town where I was brought up has expanded.
(NOT The town I was brought up has expanded.) 2 Definite article: the
You use the definite article:
• with uncountable and countable nouns that have been
Unit 11
mentioned before
Conditionals 2 He bought a book this morning. The book was very
expensive.
Even if ...
• when it is clear what the context is for the noun
You can use even if for emphasis.
1 had lunch in a restaurant near home today. The food
Even if it doesn't solve the problem, its surely worth a try.
was fabulous. ('The food' in the restaurant)
Even if they spent a lot of the money on the programme, it
• when there is only one in a system
would be worth it.
The sun was hidden by clouds this morning.
2 Supposing/what ifrimagine!let's say ...
• with plural countries and abbreviations of countries
You can use supposing/what if/imagine/lets say ... for
names
speculation.
the Netherl.ands the UAE
Supposing you inherited a lot of money, what would you do?
• with mountain ranges, rivers and oceans/seas
Imagine you could do any job for a day, what would you
the Alps the Amawn the Pacific
choose?
• with nationalities
3 Otherwise The Irish have migrated to many different countries.
You can use otherwise as an alternative to unless/if not. • with groups of people
More money needs to be put into upgrading the broadband the young
system; otherwise, it will slow down. ('Unless more • with instruments
money is put into upgrading the broadband system, it I have played the piano since I was ten.
will slow down.') • with superlatives
4 If only the best/worst
You can use if only to express regret. • with time
If only I had spent more time learning to play the violin in the past/future
when I was younger, I'd be much better now. Note at present.
5 If ... should ... 3 Zero article (no article)
You can use if. .. should ... as a variation of the second You use the zero article:
conditional. • with countable and uncountable nouns when you are
If the government should introduce a law to promote talking generally
electric cars, there will be a lot of support for it. I buy apples every week.
6 On condition that/provided/provided that/as long as Happiness is easy to find.
You can use on condition that/provided/provided that/as with names of cities, countries, states and roads
long as as a variation of if. Sao Paulo Germany Oxford Street
Provided that the roads are clear, traffic will move freely. • with geographical areas, lakes, mountains and islands
Northern Europe Lake Victoria

225
 Grammar reference

Mt. Kilimanjaro Corfu Here did is replacing did support the idea of privatizing
• with days, months and years health care.
Tuesday February 1979 The goveniments advisors wanted to reduce investment
• with meals when you talk about them generally in health provision, but ministers didn't.
Le,t s go out for dinner. Here didn't is replacing didn't want to reduce
Compare: investment in health provision.
The dinner we just had was very cheap. • to do so/doing so
• with company names The social care provided needs a complete overhaul.
Starbucks You Tube Google Doing so/to do so would require considerable sums of
money.
Unit 13 Here doing so/to do so is replacing to overhaul the
social care provided.
Concession • neither/nor
1 Conjunctions I haven't visited any cities outside London, neither/nor
You can use linking words like although/though/while to has my family.
highlight your ideas. You concede or agree with someone Here neither/nor replaces not visited any cities outside
else's idea and then add your own. London.
Although/though I agree with the proposal, I think it is • not
better lo increase pensions for those over 75 years of age. Do you think that people need money to be happy? I
You can use while and whereas to compare two things hope not!
and emphasise the difference between them. Here not replaces people do no/ need money to be
While 1he home team was slow and clumsy, the away team happy.
was fast and precise. B Ellipsis
2 may/might with although/though 1 You can use the following to avoid repetition:
You can use the modal verbs may and migh1 with • Leave out words to avoid repetition after and/but
although/though to make concessions. Although/ I live in the countryside and commute to work in the
Though this idea may be sound, !here are better ways to city.
tackle the problem. (INSTEAD OF I live in the countryside and I commute
3 may/might with but to work in the city.)
You can use may/might with but. I go to museums in Lisbon a lot and to the street
This may be a very good way to improve the cohesion of markets.
sociely, but it must be done in conjunction wilh other (INSTEAD OF I go to museums in Lisbon a lot and I go
measures. to the street markets.)
• used to to avoid repetition of verbs
4 much as
I think people don't read books a lot now, but they used
You can use much as with verbs of feeling, approval and
to.
agreement to express concessions.
Here used to is replacing read a lot of books in the past.
Much as I approve of the solution to the problem, I don't
• modal verbs to replace the main verb
believe it is the best way to deal with 1he situalion.
The government don.'t put much effort into finding ways
S Adverbs to increase the happiness index of the population but I
You can use adverbs like neverlhelesslnonetheless. think they should.
The policy is no/ popular with the general public. Here should replaces the government should put much
Nevertheless/Nonetheless, it needs lo be continued. effort into finding ways to increase the happiness index
of the population.
2 You cannot leave out:
Unit 14 • main verbs after the verb be
Substitution and ellipsis Many people are involved in volunteer work, but more
could be done.
A Substitution
(NOT Many people are involved in volunteer work, but
You can use the following for substitution in speech and
more could be.)
writing to avoid repetition:
• been after a modal verb in the perfect passive
• so
People of my generation were not given enough
Are you coming to the party this evening? I think so.
information about focusing on quality of life as opposed
Here so is replacing that I am coming to the party.
to money, when they should have been.
Note that you do not use it instead of so.
(NOT People of my generation were not given enough
You can also use so at the beginning of a clause.
information about focusing on quality of life as opposed
Many people think the situation is get ling better and so
to money, when they should have.)
do I.
• do/don't/did/didn't
The public didn't support the idea of privatizing health
care in any way, but the governmenl at the time did.

226
 Listening scripts
Unit 1 do encourage everyone to get
involved one way or another,
museum'. Entrants could choose from
a selection of the museum's artefacts
�01 either acting or behind the to create exhibits on this topic. We've
scenes. Usually everyone is really had loads of entries from secondary
(M = Maggie; D = Director) enthusiastic to take part. schools, which is important as more
M: Hi. My name's Maggie . I think M: Is it possible to have a look local teenagers are getting involved.
I spoke to you yesterday about around? I just want to give you some
coming in to see you about the D: Yes, sure. The building's used background information about this
drama classes. by other groups. ... We have no year's competition. The competition
D: Oh yes. Hi. How can I help you? changing facilities, just a large was open to groups of young people
M: We're new to the area and I'd like room with lockers where people from institutions like schools and
my children, Terry, Andrea and can put their things, if necessary. youth clubs, who were aged between
Jasmine, to join the drama classes. But we advise people to come 15 and 19 on the final entry date for
They love acting, singing and dressed for the workshops ... in the competition, which was 1 3 May.
dancing and they're very energetic loose clothing and trainers. While preparing their competition
and I also thought it would be entry, the competitors were allowed
a good way for them to make to use the educational facilities at the
M: Can my kids join immediately?
friends. museum and to look for help from
D: Yes they can. We always ask
D: Oh yes, we offer dancing and local sponsors, but were not allowed to
people to come and have a go first
singing as weU as acting classes buy any equipment. We then had seven
of all.Children usually come to
and the club's a good place for shortlisted exhibits, which visitors to
meet new people and then want to
everyone to meet new people. We the museum of all ages we1-e allowed
come back, even the shy ones.
have different social and family to vote on for the first three places.
M: That's a good sign. Is there a fee?
groups and everyone here's very
D: There's a joining fee of £ 14 a The prize-winning exhibits are having
friendly.
year per person and then there's a big impact on Penwood Museum
M: Great.Can I just ask you some
a separate fee for the Saturday attendances which have risen by up
questions about the drama
workshops, but they're usually to 45 per cent since the summer show
classes?
very cheap. It's just to pay the opened. The first prize in this year's
D: Yes sure. What would you like to
workshop traine1-, as we survive on competition has been won by a group
know?
small grants and gifts. of seven young people, who chose
M: Mmm, what classes are there and
M: OK. I think I'd like to bring the various exhibits from the museum's
when are they held?
children along. collection of equipment from the
D: Well ... during the week, we have
classes for different age groups.
D: Great! What's your full name and 1950s to the 1970s. T hey arranged
address? them with modem versions and then
... By the way, what ages are your
children?
M: My name's MaggieCampbell. recorded their own reactions and
M: Terry's 8. Andrea's 12 and
D: Is thatC-A-M-P-B-E-L-L? comments to the exhibits. They then
M: Yes. did the same with the comments made
Jasmine's 16.
D: Well, for the youngest age group,
D: And the address? by visitors aged 65 and over. And so
those aged 7-J I, the timesare5.30 pm
M: It's 1 33 Arbuthnot Dr.ive. I'll spell can we have a round of applause f or
it. It's A-R -B-U-T-H-N-0-T. the winners from TigersCommunity
-6.30 pm on Tuesday evening and
for those aged 12-15 between .1.
D: And the postcode? Centre, who called their entry
and 6 pm on Wednesday evening
M: It's RV27 8PB Technology - now and then?
D: And the children's names again? And the second prize winners are
... and for those 16 and above it's
6-8 pm on Friday evening .
M: Terry, he'll come for the Tuesday Tabard High . ..
class, so that's 17 March. And
M: Is there anything at the weekends?
Andrea, she'll come for the class
D: Yes. We also have workshops on
on 18 March. And Jasmine on the Before we have some refreshments,
Saturdays from 10 am-I pm, but
20th. I'd like to draw your attention to
they're usually f or older members,
18 and above . We also have social
D: Can I take a mobile number? some of the video commentaries
M: It's 07700 3 3 6601. on the winning exhibit which have
outings to theatres, at discount
rates. So it's possible for whole
D: And your email address? been left by members of the public,
M: It's M-A- . .. and which are very moving ... and
families to come. We even get fTee
theat1-e tickets at times, which we some very funny. I particularly liked
announce on our website. Unit 2 seeing the recording of the reaction of
M: Oh that's good to know. And what several people when they talked about
about school holidays? (1)02 an early wooden-framed TV from
D: Well, during the holidays, we run their childhood. They remembered
Welcome. My name's Darren Timpson, their first TV which they thought
summer camps for young people
and I'm the Director of the Penwood still fitted in with today's trends.
up to the age of J 6. These usually
Museum and I'm here to announce the They remembered how they would
run from JO am-I pm and 2 pm
winners of our annual competition, sometimes all go round to someone's
-5 pm Monday to Friday. They
which as usual runs in conjunction house to watch TV as a special treat.
are combined with the youth club
with our summer exhibition. Each But they thought the modem TV screen
activities and nm during August.
year the competition has a specific with the remote was much easier to
M: And what about performances?
theme. And the theme we chose watch.
D: For each level, we aim to have at
for this year's competition is 'the
least one show a year in the As for the collection of old radios,
use of technology to improve links
summer. There is no pressure it has to be seen. They are reaJly
between the local community and the
for anyone to perform, but we huge old wooden-framed radios in

227
 Listening scripts

perfecl working order and in perfecl K: Well, we thoughl Lhat face-to-face K: Like Marco, I expected facilities to
condition. Some teenagers' reactions interviews, however brief. would come next, and ...
to the radios were very funny; they be better as we'd be able to probe M: ... most people said the Centre
couldn't believe how big they were. people gently to give us more managed to attract some really top
And the older visilors, all of whom details, if need be. quality people working as coaches.
used to have one, said they liked them. T: And your findings so far? They see their job as pushing
But they also thought they were too M: The membe1-s we've spoken to participants to realise their full
big to fit into living rooms these davs. all think that the centre's very potential. They are really good ...
A few more items worth looking al well-run. The sile and event the most experienced cuaches are
from Lhe display are old kitchen items. managers're very focused and those running courses in Learn-
Young people thought the cooker from work well together. And the building in management. They are
the 1950s looked funny alongside the management team includes also very motivating leaders, who
latest microwaves. representatives from the Centre are passionate about what they do.
Nearly all interviewees who were users. T: And the third factor? ... Kelly?
aged 65 and over used microwave K- This means that when decisions K: Mmm ... the next factor is the
ovens, which thev thought were much are made, they're not taken range of courses and adventure
handie1� Seeing old typewriters on in isolation of the members, opportunities. There are outdoor
display next to slim laptops made as so often happens in other endurance courses covering
them look weird and cumbersome. All organisalions. The management trekking, mountain climbing,
those who were 65 and over preferr;;:f team's then in touch with the obstacle courses and the Centre
the laptops which they thought were members and vice versa. also offers to design specific
thrilling. The other electronic items T: You seem to have learnt a lot so corn-ses for companies. It was
on display were a collection of old far. 1-eally thrilling to see all this in
and fairly recent cameras. They also M: I ag1-ee. It's been a really action as the staff worked to
thought the older cameras were 'well challenging, but exhilarating become the best in their field.
made, and better than the newer ones'. experience being there. I can't T: It sounds as if you've got a lot out
wait to go in every day. of this experience.
I'd like to thank you all fo1- coming and
············································· ········· ··· ······ M: It's the sort of place I'd like to work
please give a round of applause for all
after I've graduated.
the entrants to the competition. T: OK. Would you like to tell me K: Me too.
a bit about the reasons behind
the success of the Centre? Kelly,
Unit 3 would you like to go first? Ready for Listening
K: OK. Mmm ... well ... when we
(Do3 questioned Lhe people we asked
Section 1
what they thought ... the most
(T = tutor; M = Marco; K = Kelly)
important 1-easons for the Centre's (1)04
T: OK Kelly and Marco. We arranged
success were. There were three (R = receptionist; C = Clara)
Lhis tutorial so you could give me
factors that stood out from all the R: Good morning. How can I help
an update of your joint projecl,
others ... you?
the, mmm ... case sludy on the
T- Can you say something more C: Hi. Mmm ... I'm not ,-egistered as
work you've been doing at the
about each of these specific a patient here at the moment as l
Janson ... Adventure Sports
points, Marco? Would you like to moved to the north of the city, and
Centre. ls that right?
go on ? I was wondering if it was possible
M: Yes. That's it. Mmm ... it's won
M· Well, as Kelly said, we isolated to register again now and make an
quite a few awards lately ... it's
three main factors that were appointment as well.
not Lhat far from the unive1-sity
clearly mo1-e important than R: Yes, 1 can register you today, but
campus.
others. We found that, for most all the appointments for today are
T: Right ... . Yes, I have it here. Fire
people and organisations like taken, unless it's an emergency.
away.
businesses, having award- C: No, I can't say it's an emergency.
M: Well, at fit-st we were going to look
winning courses that encouraged R: OK, so I can register you. Is it just
only at the management structure
team-building and leadership for yourself?
of the Centre, but, mmm ... we
development were absolutely C: No it's for the whole family,
decided to examine the r·easons
crucial to the success of the myself, my husband and my
that have made it more successful
Centre. They felt that the quality daughter as well.
than other centres. The Centre's
of the courses, which had been R: I can check on the system to see if
success has not just come from
validated by external assessors, your details are still on here.
its many achievements; it's also
were important to ... having C: 1 moved to another doctor about
attracting people of all ages from
confidence in the Cent1-e. four and a half yea1-s ago, so ...
a wide range of backgrounds. Mm
... we talked to staff and membe,-s
T: Yes. That doesn't sound surprising R: Well I can have a look.
considering how many centres C: OK.
and ..
and clubs are not as professional R: Can you tell me your name and
T: How many people did you talk to?
as this centre appears to be. We date of birth? And I can check
K: There'1-e just over 600 members
can't expect them all to be perfect, using both.
overall and 43 staff, including
but ... . And the next factor? C: My name's Clara Wight.
freelance trainers. So far we've
M: Mmm ... l pe1-sonally thought the R: Is that W-H-I-T-E?
talked to 111111 .•. oh, about -
39
qualiLy of facilities would come C: No. It's W-1-G-H-T.
members.
T: Didn't you think of giving a next, but a close second was the R: Right. Mmm and your date of
quality of the coaching, which is birth?
questionnai1-e to everyone?
more professional than most places C: 23rd October 1990.
K: We decided against it.
the respondents have come across. R: OK ... let's see. ... Was your
T: Why was tha:'t?
address before 72 Crocket Street?

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C: Yes. That's it! That was my old Before we proceed to the opening groups. And also every Wednesday
address. ceremony, I'd like to say a few words tickets will be half-price for members
R: We have basic details, but no about the transformation of the of the theatre. The membership is only
records. They were all transferred theatre. £70 a year and gives members and a
to the other health centre you The venue has changed from being a guest access to member-only events
registered at when you moved. rundown building to what can only and to previews and access to the
Mmm ... and your pi-esent add,-ess ? be described as a modern theatrical members' restaurant in the basement.
C: It's 88 P alace Avenue. experience, and for me it's wonderful And another innovation at the theatre
R: And the postcode? to see so many of the original features is the monthlv programme of lectures
C: It's ZE24 2TP. of the building still intact, especially and master classes delivered by
R: If you fill in this form for yourself on the fas;ade where all the dirt has actors, producers and writers, on
and your family, then we can input been removed. There is now multi­ various aspects of the theatre. This is
the details. coloured glass panelling on the cei-tainly a major development, which
C: OK. But do I need to bring any fac;:ade, so the entrance looks really will definitely pull in many theatre
proof of identity? welcoming. enthusiasts, and hopefully ,-evitalise
R: I need proof of your address from the area.
The auditorium which was not
a utility bill, etc.
particularly welcoming in the past I'd now like the Mayor to say a few
C: I've not got any bills, but I've got
letters saying we're connected has had a complete makeover to create words before opening ...
for the gas and electI-icity and of something modern and up-to- date.
course I've got a letter showing the And we now have a concert venue
tenancy agreement with our name for a wide range of uses, where we Section 3
and the address on it. can hold not just plays, but concerts
R: That should be OK. for pop and classical music and for (i)06
conferences. For the latter, we also
(Z = Zahra; T = Thomas)
have a new extension with rooms for
R: The first available appointment meetings and educational purposes all Z: Hi Thomas.
I have is on Thursday at three fitted out with the latest technology T: Zahra, hi. So, have you decided
o'clock with Dr Jackson. along with an area for mingling and yet what you're going to do your
C: Mmm that's a bit awkward as I've entertaining. seminar paper on?
got to� my daughter from Z: Yes, I have. Mmm ... it's all al an
The fover of the theal!-e here as vou
school. Have you got anything early stage so far, but it's on the
can see has been made bigger with a
later? impact of smartphone technology
much larger ticket office and machines on our lives, but I'll probably
R: I've got an appointment with Dr for collecting tickets that have been
Barker at 4 pm on Friday ... restrict it to just the field of
booked in advance. And where there studying al university.
C: Yeah that's OK. was only a machine serving coffee
R: But it's at our other health centre. T: Well, that sounds very topical. If
and cold drinks and a few stools and
C: Where's that? you think of it, smartphones only
high tables there's now a proper coffee
R: It's not that far. It's less than I 0 started to become popular around
shop selling a wide range of light 2008 and look how quickly they've
minutes' walk from here on orth refreshments, which looks rather
Street. Do you know where the changed everything.
inviting. The roof terrace which used Z:
cinema is on North Street? Yes, of course. Things're
to be closed is now accessible, with a
C Yes. happening so fast, ... I love new
landscaped garden and a restaurant
R: Well it's on the same side of the technology, but it's all too much
open to the public all year round.
,-oad between the cinema and the at times. It'll be interesting to
pharmacv on the opposite side of The basement, which leads out into a research. At least, I think it will.
the road from the bank. garden at the back, has been converted T: Yes, l do loo. And how're you
C: Yes .... I know it. There's a mall into a members' room with a cafe going to do the research for your
park just further along on the for light refreshments and an area seminar paper?
same side of the 1-oad on the other for art displays or stalls. The theatre Z: Well mrnm I thought of
side of New Street, where the bus shop is no longer beside the ticket imerviewing people in the student
stops. office· it is now next to the entrance body and members of the public
R: Yes. That's it. We will send you a to the basement cafe. IL doesn't just - I want a wide range of ages
text to confii-m - can I just confirm sell sweets, as it did before, but and backgrounds but I haven't
yolll- mobile number's 07700 also theatre-related memorabilia, narrowed it down vet.
900807? including programmes and books, T: Any minimum age?
C: Yes, that's cor rect. Thanks for your DVDs, CDs, posters . Z 16/17 minimum perhaps, but as
help. for an upper age limit, not really.
R: Bye. And in the info1-mation pack you all T: Mmm ... and what're you setting
have you may notice that there is a out to show?
programme of events for the summer Z: I'm not sure at this stage either
Section 2 months mmm ... . As it's during the but something along the lines of

(t))os school holidays, there'll be a wide

range of special events aimed at
... mmm ... the idea that we are
allowing smartphone technology
Good evening, everyone, and welcome children. For the matinee performance to control the way we do things
to the official opening of the Glitz each dav the theatre is offering free too much but I haven't made up
Theatre, an exciting new development tickets to 200 children up to 16 vears my mind yet. I'm just thinking
on this side of the city. The renovation of age. And there'll be special rates for on mv feet here. I haven't really
of the theatre has taken nearly three theatre-goei-s who book a meal in the thought it right through to the
years of painstaking restoration work roof-terrace restaurant as well. And end, to be honest.
and the results of the effort that has we'll be having special evenings where T: What about yow- queslionnai,-e?
gone into it all are clearly visible. there'll be concerts and plays by local

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Z: Mmm ... , yes that's another thing. T: For many different things like the replenish reservoirs. In other parts of
What I'm not really decided about news, the weather, health checks, the US, electricity utility companies
is the length the questionnaire as my wallet, train tickets and as a are especially fond of seeding to bring
should be. TV remote control. I can't wait to more water to hydroelectric plants.
T: The best thing is to keep it short. get it connected up to more things With national budgets devoted to
Z: Maybe. But I'll finalise the length at home. I think I'll end up using it agriculture running into the tens of
when I sit down to type it up. for organising my entire home life. millions, if not billions of dollars in
Z: Do you think so?And the score for some cases the interest in attempts to
these other things? control the weather is not surprising
Z: I need to find someone to try out T: A definite .8..
my questions on. I've got some and deserves attention.
Z: OK thanks, that's really helpful ...
already written.
T: I can be your guinea pig if you
Last year the agricultural and
want. Section 4 irLanguage.com
meteorology departments at the
Z: Great!
(1)01 university were given a 20 million
T: Fire away'
dollar grant, funded in part by the
Z: Let's see, ... . Let's start with this
Good morning everyone. The topic of government and various companies in
one ... which electronic device do
my talk this week is a rather unusual the food and agricultural industry, to
you use most frequently?
method of bringing water to drought­ conduct research into cloud seeding
T: Mm, I love my tablet, but actually,
ridden regions of the world. The to increase precipitation. While the
I'd have to say it's probably my
methods people most think of, or read research is aimed primarily at the US,
smartphone.
about in newspapers and/or see on TV, it is hoped that the benefits accrued
Z: What do you use it for generally?
er ... are preventing deforestation and will have far-reaching consequences
T: Mmm ... apart from
encouraging reforestation to prevent for other drought-ridden regions of
communication like video­
water run-off from barren land, the planet.
phoning my family and friends
and hence to stop flooding. Another ow ... let's see, mmm ... if we look
at home and social media, and
listening to and downloading method is ... er ... drilling bore holes at this diagram here, we can see how
music, I use it for practically to bring water from aquifers deep in cloud seeding works. There are two
everything. but probably less and the ground to irrigate the land. basic methods: from the air and from
less for texting. But the method I'd like to talk about the ground. Looking first at seeding
Z: On a scale of 1-10, where I today is the production of rain through from the air, we can see that an
is least useful and 10 most seeding clouds. For those of you who aeroplane flies above the clouds from
useful, how useful do you are not familiar with this practice, it where it fires silver iodide into clouds
find your smartphone is for is basically a process where nature is by dropping chemical flares in order
communication? coaxed, as it were, to produce rain. In to increase precipitation. Silver iodide
T: Very useful, so 8. Without it, I'd be many places in the world, attempts crystals then attach themselves to
totally lost. have been made throughout history water droplets, which makes the water
Z: And what about studying? Do you to produce rain in times of drought freeze and fall as rain or snow over
use it in your studying? through magic, but from the latter high ground. If we now look at the
T: AJI the time. I use it for mmm ... part of the last century scientists've diagram showing cloud seeding from
for searching on the net, and I also been endeavouring to come to the the ground, we can see that there is a
use it for downloading documents rescue by chemical means. ground seeding generator here on the
and for writing or dictating notes And at times they've been trying not right, which has a tall chimney, and er
or bits of assignments on my just to produce rain, but also to divert ... next to this on the left is, mmm ...
mobile ... it so that it does not rain on special a fuel tank containing propane. Heat
Z: Mhmm ... days, such as national or international generated from the burning of the
T: ... and recording lectures 01· parts ceremonies. Cloud seeding has been propane lifts the silver iodide crystals
of them when I can't be bothered carried out since the middle of the up to cloud level again leading to
taking notes on my mobile and last century, but no scientist can precipitation.
then it transfers to my laptop confirm that the practice is actually So let's now ...
automatically when I switch it on. responsible for rain, and not nature
Z: And I thought I used my mobile a itself. Because who can confirm that
lot! the clouds would not let loose a deluge Unit4
T: ... but in the main I use it for
studying more and more, rather
anyway?
Having said that, I am aware there
(i)oa
than just browsing the internet. is some evidence that seeding clouds Good morning, I'm going to talk to
Z: Using the same scale, what about to produce rain can lead to a 15% you today about the importance of
using the mobile for studying increase in rainfall. But what would infrastructure developments such as
then? happen, for example, if the actions railway systems in helping solve some
T: Well, let's see ... . It's more of cloud seeding in one place led to of society's problems ... and I'll also
essential than communicating for a disastrous deluge in another? It highlight some social and economic
me, and so it's a score of ... 2. would also be tricky to prove that opportunities these have provided.
Z: What about entertainment? any damage was the responsibility
T: I can use it for music and music First of all, I'd like to give a brief
of cloud seeders. Some people are overview of the history of the railway
videos and films and TV shows. understandably against the practice of
Z: What score would you give it for system and its effect on the world. The
cloud seeding as we don't really know timeline given here shows the most
usefulness? the consequences of interfering with
T: Mmm ... well, for that, I'd give a significant events in the expansion
nature. of the railways in the UK in the early
score of 7.
Z: What else do you use it for? Cloud seeding has apparently been 19th century. Let's start with probably
used by Californian officials to the most important year on the

230
 Listening scripts

timeline, the year 1831, which saw the There are now many examples of passes. Your name will come up
opening of the successful Liverpool to modern high-speed links around the with the number; it'll be the same
Manchester railway. This was powered world, which provide business and number on each one. I'll register
by the locomotive, The Rocket, which tourist opportunities generatingjobs one for Tuesday and one for
was created by the engineer, Robert and trade links. We have the Eurostar Friday, and then when you use one
Stephenson. This is generally thought with passenger statistics showing it'll automatically cancel.
of as the first modern railway, because the incr-easing popularity of the line, C: OK, the number is S-F-6-7-99.
both goods and passenger traffic and the Sapsan, the high-speed link M: ... 99. Thank you, I've got that.
were carried on trains according to a between Moscow and St Petersburg C: What about services like places to
scheduled timetable. in Russia, and also the Bullet train in eat and so on?
The success of the railway would not Japan and the high-speed rail link in M: Oh, there are 15 restaurants in all.
have been possible without previous China. C: That's a lot.
developments to which Stephenson is Now let's look at some of the business M: There'll be lots of people ... there
indebted. As you see in 1803, the first opportunities created in India in are three sandwich bars and the
horse-drawn railway was opened in greater detail. others are different types of dining
south London by an engineer called areas around the Fair. Some
William Jessop. The first railway restaurants from the area around
steam locomotive was built in 1804 Unit 5 the Fair venue will be there doing
by an English engineer Richard special promotions at the Fair
Trevithick and in the year 1812, the (Dog itself, so you won't go hungry.
first commercially successful steam (M = Marcus; C = customer)
locomotive, the Salamanca appeared C: Is there somewhere nice to stay
on the scene at Middleton in Yorkshire M: Good morning, Fair booking
office. Marcus speaking. Can I nearby?
in the north-east of England. After M: Oh yes. There're rooms at the
the success of the Stockton to help you?
C: Is that the booking office for the nearby halls of residence, which
Darlington railway in 1825 with the are part of the university. They're
engine Locomotion, money flooded Fair on Futuristic Home Design?
M: Yes sir, that's correct. How can I just across the road from here.
into the north-west of England as the C: How much are they?
region went through a period of rapid help you?
C: Well, mmm ... I'm attending the M: A single room is £65 per night,
industrialisation, with the railway which includes breakfast in the
linking the rich town of Manchester Fair and I'd just like to check a few
things if that's OK? cafeteria. And there are some very
and the thriving port of Liverpool. pleasant family-run hotels in the
M: Yes, sure.
And the social and economic effect C: OK. I understand the Fair opens area. They range from around
of the opening of the Liverpool the week after next on the Tuesday, £70 to about £90. IL depends how
and Manchester railway on the and ... the preview is on Monday. much you want to spend really.
commercial world? It was quite M: Yes, that's right. There is a preview C: What about getting there? Are
dramatic. By 1834, the number of on Monday, but the Fair's not open there good transport links?
passengers using the railway had to the general public on that day. M: Yes. We're very well located -
risen to nearly half a million. Also But for the rest of the week it is. about a 30-minute walk at most
more merchandise, including coal and C: OK, I see. That's fine. I've got two from the train and bus station, and
cotton, was transported between the complimentary day passes· can about 45 minutes from the airport.
two cities using the railway. The age you tell me if I can use them on There are lots of buses; the best
of the railway as a means of carrying any day? one, which stops just by the main
people from one place to another had M: Well, I'm not sure if there are any entrance, is bus 70. No, sorry, it's
arrived. The increase in rail passenger restrictions, ... let's see ... yes, here bus 11. I keep getting them mixed
numbers and in the movement of we are. up. You want the bus going in
goods led to a drop in other costs such C: Yes? the direction of Brookfields. The
as those for road and canal use. M: You can use them on any day buses 1-un every 12 minutes and
including the preview day, except you catch it from Stop W close to
Saturday. But you need to sign up the station.
Just as the inventions of these earlier C: OK. How much does it cost?
pioneers opened up travel between for the workshops and seminars
you want to attend in advance. M: It only costs £3.20 from the
towns and cities in the UK, railways station. But you can also buy a
around the world are still creating C: Oh, I see. I haven't decided which
workshops or seminars to attend yet. weekly ticket for £ 15.
trade links within countries and across C: How long does it take?
borders, bringing communities and M: Mmm ... well ... Saturday you
can't attend any with the passes M: Ten minutes, but there may be lots
nations together. of traffic.
you have, and Thursday they're
Railway systems worldwide are already completely booked. I think C: OK.
responsible for improving people's the other days'll book up fairly M: And there's also a river bus.
living standards by bringing jobs to quickly now, as there's a lot of C: A river bus?
people and people to jobs. In India, for interest from the general public M: Yes. You can take Route A to the
example, millions have access to work and retailers. marina. It runs every 20 minutes.
through the railways. The country C: You mean I won't be able to attend You can catch it on the river front,
comes top as regards the number any workshops on Saturday even which is five minutes' walk from
of passenger-kilometres yearly, a with my free pass? the station.
staggering one billion passenger M: I'm afraid not. It's better to register C: Is it more expensive?
kilometres a year accounting for for the other days now. M: Not much. It's £3.95 and there's no
about one third of the total number of C: OK. I suppose, mmm ... I'll attend weekly pass. But the journey only
passenger-kilometres travelled globally all the seminars on Tuesdav and takes 5 minutes and it's probably
in 2006. But the Swiss are the lop Friday. Do you need my name? more pleasant and comfortable.
rail travellers individually with about M: No, I just need to take your C: And taxis? Just in case.
2,500 kilometres each year according reference number from the day
to the Switzerland Office for Statistics.
u�1.>:1 1 u'1j e?.t4
www.irLanguage.com 2 31
 Listening scripts

M: Mmm, for a taxi ... you'll pay a can see the cabins running along the life, especially their job prospects.
maximum of £20. east side of the path as you go north. J: And we learnt a lot from actually
C: Mmm ... well that all sounds OK. The first cabin Beech Lodge is for delivering the presentation as
students. It's quite large and can well, which is really useful for the
accommodate 10 students in bunk future.
Unit6 beds. Then the next four cabins're F: Yeah, that was important too.
m,o for families and the cabin after that
Chestnut Lodge, is for teachers, which
Mmm ... as I said, I was pleased
with it, but if I had to do it all over
I'd like to desc1;be a place that is can hold up to four adults. On the west again, I'd change a few things.
really very beautiful. It is a picnic side of the path, directly opposite the T: Like what, for instance?
area on a mountain top on the north family cabins.are the educational F: Well, mmm the first thing I'd do
coast of Ireland. It is close to where facilities. They're quite up-to-date is work on the pace of the talk
my father was born and I went the1·e with all the latest wizardry. And next and make the delivery slower. And
for the first time when I was about 14 to that's the cafeteria, which is shared I'd keep a clock in front of me so
years old with my family on holiday. with visitors to the centre. Just beside that I was aware of the speed and
And I've been back many times since. the cafeteria is a family area with ... and the next thing is mmm ...
The place is special to me, because climbing frames for children. We don't the length of the talk ... I'd make
the sun-ounding landscape is b1·eath­ allow open-air cooking here, because the presentation time 15 minutes
taking. I also like it because the views of the trees. for each of us, because I think ten
of the countryside below the mountain The plant nursery's that area you can minutes each was much too short.
are really spectacular. The area is very see that runs all the way along the If we'd given ourselves more time,
scenic, but it's usually empty, as you north part of the map. it would have flowed better.
need a car to get there and there are no J: Yes, I agree. I thought the timing
facilities, so few people go there. That was a bit tight. I'd say maybe even
makes it very peaceful and somewhe1·e If you go ove1· here, between the 30 minutes each.
to escape from the world. It isn't quiet family area and the nursery, the path T: Mmm ... 30 minutes might've
because of the wind, but it is a place leads to the woodland itself. We're on been a bit long for both you and
to relax. a hill here and quite high up, ... and the audience.
as there's some spectacular scenery J: Maybe you're right; 15 minutes
around here, we have breathtaking each would probably have been
Good morning and welcome to the views of the countryside. You can see better.
Moodand Countryside and Woodland the river stretching for miles through F: And the next thing is the order of
Programme. I'd like to give you some rolling countryside. Fortunately, the the data. I thought the sequence
information about the programme and whole woodland is protected by law, so was bad - it could've been a lot
the short courses we run for people on nobody can chop down any trees. better.
woodland awareness. The landscape here's not changed for T: Yes. If I had to give some
hundreds of years. Some of the trees've particular advice, I'd say you
We're actually a programme run by needed to give yourselves a run
volunteers, and we were set up 15 been growing here rather a long time,
and the aim of the scheme and the through once or twice using the
years ago to educate people of all ages equipment, just to see what it's
and backgrounds about the wonders volunteers is to keep it that way. We
advise people to stick to the paths, like. Doing it without preparation
of our woodlands and, hence, nature like that's not that easy.
itself. And for the past five years we've because it's very easy to get lost. As
you walk through the woodland, you'll F: No definitely not. And another
been taking groups of youngsters in thing for me is that we forgot to
their teens on educational trips on see workers removing dead wood and
trees. I'd ask everyone not to remove give out the handouts with the
Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays, copies of our slides on them for
mmm ... from schools mainly from anything like seeds or flowers from the
woodland so we can try and conserve people to take notes. I should've
around the area.... but some've given them out before we started.
come from much further afield. At it for future generations.
And one final thing I'd do is ... I'.d.
first some youngsters're not very­ check that everyone could see the
impressed by the setting because
we discourage them from usino Unit 7 screen properly ... mmm ... I'd
make sure the an-angement of the
any electronic devices, especially a,12 chairs in the room made it easy for
smartphones, so they can engage more
everyone to see.
with the sun-oundings ... this throws (T = tutor; J = Jack; F = Francesca) T: And Jack? What about you? How
them quite a bit. But almost without T: OK, if you want, we've got some did you feel about it all?
exception, by the end of the three days time left for some feedback on Well, e1· ... I agree with Francesca.
J:
they're here the young people don't your joint presentation today. Yeah ... in everything she said. It's
want to leave and want to come back J: Yeah, we can do it now while it's very difficult to make the delivery
again. In fact, two of the workers here fresh in our minds, if it's OK with smooth. If ... when I do it again,
came with student groups five years Francesca. I'll definitely spend more time
ago, and when they left school they F: It's OK with me. practising to make it run more
came straight to work for us. T: So, Francesca, how do you think it smoothly.
The programme is completely self­ went?
sufficient, due in part to the sales F: Well, mmm ... I was really happy
from the plant nursery and also with it actually, but I'm glad it's T: But would you add anything to
to donations, but the bulk of our over. I think the main advantage what Francesca said?
income's now from running the of doing the presentation was that J: Mmm ... perhaps I'd try to pack
educational and awareness courses. we both learnt quite a lot about less information into the time
training and skills development given. Er ... I thought at first it
This is a basic map of our centre. would be the opposite. Er ... I was
We're here at the entrance and you for the workplace and how they
improve people's opportunities in afraid that we'd end up looking

232
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foolish. And alsoI thinkI'd spend settled in the wide open spaces of Africa by about 100 AD.
less time on the information Siberia about 40,000 years ago and It was contact with Sudan in North
gathering phase because, unless about 20,000 years ago modern Africa that introduced the Bantu
time is devoted to practising, it'll humans reached Japan, which was to iron production, in which they
not be possible to give a good connected to the main land mass at excelled. Once they had exchanged
performance. that time. knowledge of working in iron
T: Yeah,I thinkI'd agree. Anything Now, there was no land connection from Sudan, the quality of their
else? between Australia and South East work rivalled that produced by the
J: Yeah.I get very nervous whenI Asia, so the first Australians who Mediterranean people of the time.
speak in front of people.IfI did arrived around 50,000 years ago must They now had better tools to cut down
it again,I'd make sureI practised have made the journey across the trees, clear forests and work fields.
speaking out loud and projecting sea in simple boats to settle on the And there is one other benefit iron
my voice.I think the key for me is Australian continent. gave them, and that was a military
learning to steady my nerves. advantage over their neighbours.
F: But you were very calm! Modern humans moved from Asia to
J: Not insideI wasn't! North America, which was reached I'd say that migration has transformed
T: Well, it didn't show. across what is now the Bering Strait the world from early times, and we all
F: I think you need the nerves to keep through Alaska. This migration reap the benefits of different peoples
you going, but maybe try to take happened between 15 and 13,000 coming into contact with each other.
your mind off it beforehand by years ago. There is also some evidence
exercising or something. to suggest that modern humans came
T: Is that everything? across pack ice via the North Atlantic, Unit9
but this theory has been discounted by
J:
T:
Yeah.
OK. Well, you'll be pleased to some. Since that time, the American �14
know the feedback from the continent has been the destination of (T = tutor; M = Malcolm)
class questionnaires was that waves of human settlement.
T: Hi Malcolm. How are you?
the presentation was enjoyable, M: Fine, thanks. And you?
so well done.I have to say that I Before we look at more modern T: Yes,I'm OK, thank you. You left
agree with them. examples of human movement, like a message when you booked this
J: Oh, thanks. the Anglo-Saxon migrations to Britain tutorial to say that you wanted to
T: I'll make a copy for both of you of in the 5th century AD, the migration talk about your film project. AmI
the questionnaires, if you want. of Turks during the Middle Ages and right?
And if and when you do give a talk the migration of theIrish to America M: Yeah.
again, you can keep them to refer to. in the mid-19th century,I'd like to look T: So, how canI help you?
at a migration within the continent of M: Well,I'm having difficulty getting
Unit 8 Africa itself, thatI'm personally very my project started. I should've
interested in. been about halfway through by
m13 If we look at the map of Africa, we can
now, butI haven't done anything
at all really. I thinkI'm feeling a bit
Well, in today's lecture we are going see some patterns that are common overwhelmed by it all.
to explore early human migration to other waves of human movement T: Overwhelmed?In what way?
out of Africa to colonise the world. throughout history. The routes here M: Mmm ...I don't know.I may've
Throughout history there've been show what is probably the most chosen something that's too
waves of humans migrating as people significant migration in Africa itself: abstract.
have moved from one locality to that of the Bantu, who spread out from T: Which is? Remind me what the
another, sometimes quickly over very a small region in West Africa near the focus of ... ?
short distances ... and sometimes present day border of Nigeria and M: The title's 'Perceptions of Beauty
slowly over very great stretches of Cameroon, just around here on the inIndia'.
land, mmm ... in search of a new or map ... to occupy roughly 30 per cent T: Yeah. That's a good subject; it's
different or better life. There now of the continent by the year 1,000 AD. probably quite challenging, but
appears to be general agreement A trigger for this movement may have very appealing.
that the first movement of people of been the result of the cultivation of the M: I wanted to put together a moving
any real significance in any part of yam, a starchy root vegetable, which digital photo collage of my
our planet originated in East Africa Bantu farmers started to grow as part travels aroundIndia last summer
approximately 100 000 years ago. This of their staple diet. This cultivation showing the beauty of the place.
first group of modern humans made began around 2,750 BC, resulting in I was completely overawed by the
their way across the Red Sea, which the expansion of the population. The whole experience.
was then a dry bed. Then through Bantu people then spread out into the T: How many did you take in all?
Arabia and into what is now the neighbouring territories, which were M: At least 600.
Middle East. But these early pioneers at that time sparsely populated. As the T: That is a lot. I'm sure it's a
soon died out. land of the rainforest could not sustain wonderful photographic record,
the farmers and their families for butI think your problem lies
Just like today, the Earth was subject
longer than a few years, they moved there. Can you tell me? What did
to shifts in temperature. About 70,000
on, felling trees and creating new you take photographs of?
years ago the planet became warmer
clearances in the forest to cultivate M: Buildings like palaces and official
and another group of modern humans
yams. With the numbers of the Bantu places like the government
migrated out of their homeland of
on the increase between 2,500 and buildings in New Delhi by Lutyens
Africa, following basically the same
route, and then moving on to South 400 BC the people were constantly -I think they're really underrated
on the move, migrating south
Asia. By about 50,000 years ago, People just think of the Taj Mahal,
down through modern-day Congo
modem humans had colonised China, ... in central Africa, and reaching butIndia's not all like that.It's
and about 45 000 years ago they had Zimbabwe and modern-day South huge: it's got tradition, colour
reached Europe. These early humans

233
 Listening scripts

and beauty at every corner. I've And don't forget you have to fill in secQndly through tourism in the
also got some dazzling images of a submissiQn form detailing the area we wanted to make i;ieoi;ile
places like the Ganges at Varanasi; backgrnund of the project. more aware of the city nationally
the grandeur and splendour of the M: Yeah, I ... I know all that. But and internatiQnally. Both are
images simply take your breath can't I just email it to you when it's difficult to gauge in the long term,
away. done? but for the moment the number
T: OK, I have a suggestion. T: I'm afraid not, it has to go through of people visiting the city seems to
M: Yeah? the central process. We used to point to success.
T: What about going through your ask f or copies burned on DVD, ... P: What do you think about the idea
digital stills on the computer and four copies with the submission of making all museums and art
selecting the ten images which form, but we've been overtaken by galleries free of charge?
appeal to you the most? And ... technology, so you hand it in on a D: There has been a fierce debate
M: I don't know if I could narrow it memory stick. about this over the past year or so,
down to that. M: OK, I can do that. because people are deterred from
T: Well, you'll be surprised. Select the visiting places of a cultural nature
top hundred, and then narrow that like the Horn Gallery because
down to 25. And then you could ... Unit 10 Qf the CQst. And while children
M: I've just thought of an idea. 15 are able to get in free, they rarely
T: Yes? come with their parents, which is
M: I could mmm ... Yes that's it! I (P = Presenter; D = Director) a bad thing. So, basically, I am for
could select the top ten as you P: Welcome on this lazy Saturday the change. From the survey we've
suggest, and then find various morning to Radio Hope. This is had on our website, I think about
people's views on these ... and Charlie Carter, your host on your 75 per cent said they were for
then do a video collage with the favourite show, Your Chance ... entrance being free, only ten per
pictures swirling around like a l2Ql2 and we have a lot for you this week. cent were very definitely against and
video. Why didn't I think of that 20 per cent said they didn't know.
before! That's it! I've got Jenny Driver the Director
P: Have you any concerns about the
T: Problem solved? of the Horn Art Gallery in George
removal of charges?
M: Yes, but now I have to do all the Street and we'll be talking about
D: There is Qne thing I and other
work! developments on the art scene this
people working in the gallery
week.
........... ...... ... ........................................... wQrld are worried about and that
D: Thank you Charlie. Well, first,
T: Before you submit the project, is the level of government funding.
there's the new Public Art Project
We've always had subsidies
there are a few things I'd like to throughout the city, which opened
say. The length ... from the government to run the
last weekend in conjunction with
M: galleries, but this has always
Can the film be longer than 15 the Horn Gallery and which has
minutes? been topped up by entrance fees.
caused a sensation judging by
T: We're waiting to see if this will be
I wouldn't advise it. There might the response on Twitter. And then
have been a few people on the reflected in the government's arts
we have a debate about charging
course last year who made funding for next year.
for entrance to museums and art
20-minute, or even 25-minute galleries. But first to the Public Art
films, but I have to say they were Project. P: Now, as you all know, we've been
the least successful. I think you'll There has been some criticism wanting to do some outside
find that it's good discipline to try that the public art on display is a broadcasting on the show for
to work within a short time limit waste of public money, but also a long time, and this week for
and overall concentrate on having many peQple have suggested the the first time we will have two
an end i;iroduct that is simi;ile. sculptures on display cQuld be reporters on the street ... because
M: Mmm ... made permanent, which could we think this is an important
T: And I'd say that ten minutes might encourage more people to visit issue, ... mmm and we want to
be good ... the city and its museums and art gauge mmm ... i;iublic reaction
M: Ten minutes! That's almost galleries. Gallery attendance has to the museum charge debate.
nothing. definitely been on the increase We have one reporter, Angie
T: You'll be very surprised. One since the public art sculptures Hunter, standing by outside the
minute per place fading out and were installed. The idea of a Horn Gallery. And we'll see what
in. It could be very effective. permanent public display is a people really think about their
Remember the work we did on very good one. But some people art galleries being free or not.
adverts and the short attentiQn have also emailed in suggesting To make sure we get as wide a
span of 12eoi;ile generally, especially that instead of having only spectrum of people as possible we
these days. international artists, the gallery have another reporter, Alex Grey,
M: Yeah, I suppose you're right. I'm could use the exhibitiQn as an who's standing in front of the
just thinking of all the materials opportunity to support local department store in the pedestrian
- 600 plus stills down to ten, and sculptors who get no help from shopping precinct. So, if you're
then reduced to a ten-minute film. the public funds, which is a valid listening and want to make your
What about the format? How do I suggestion. views known, pop down to the
need to submit it? P: Do you think the Project will precinct or the gallery. We'll be
T: Mmm ... all the information is on achieve its objectives? starting the outside broadcast in
the department website. You can D: Well, I think so. The Public Art 15 minutes at 12.45, after we have
access it as ger usual. Project had two broad objectives, got through the other items today,
M: What's it under? which were to raise public so ...
awareness about art, especially
T: Go to 'Digital Photography'. Then sculpture, which I think has
'Year One', and then click on 'Film been achieved with the increase
Project', and everything is there. in museum attendances. And,
234
 Listening scripts

Unit 11 A: Can I ask how many students you The first time I went there was in
were thinking of hosting? winter ... it was memorable, partly
(1)16 P: We thought that we would like to because I visited various cultural
take two to start with. We have places like the Hermitage, the famous
(A= administrator; P = parent) two daughters aged 14 and 15 so museum on the bank of the River
A: Accommodation Office, Tom we'd like two students arounia Neva, a place that I had always
speaking. How may I help you? similar age ... that would be ideal �a!-1ted t<;> visit. But I remember my
P: Yes, hi. My name's Margaret ... it's easier then for them to strike visit particularly well because it was
Williams. up a friendship. very cold ... the river was frozen solid
A: Oh, hi. A: That shouldn't be a problem. and I saw moisture freezing in mid­
P: Mmm ... I understand that you're air as the wind came off the frozen
looking for host families for river. The place was so magical. It's
A: Obviously, we have to look at moments like this that make travelling
international students. things like how far the host
A: Yes, we're always looking for so worthwhile. It was such a different
family home is from schools we experience from anything I'd ever had
suitable families, as we have a lot cover, access to libraries, whether
of demand at the moment. How before.
you have wi-fi, access to public
did you hear about us? transport and the neighbourhood The city is famous, like Venice, for
P: Mmm ... from a friend, Mrs in general. its canals, but there is just so much
Dalton, who's already with your OK. That sounds very reasonable. to see, as it is a city full of beauty.
P:
agency. We live in the same street The people are so welcoming, ...
I think we'd like to proceed.
as her in Maltby. and what strikes you as a visitor is
A: OK, that's good. We could actually
A: Ah yes ... I know who you mean. do a preliminary visit at the end of the richness of the heritage. Near to
You're quite close to several of our this week, Thursday morning or the Hermitage Museum, that I have
schools. Friday afternoon, or any time on already mentioned, is a very striking
P: ... and I just wanted to ask some Saturday, and have a more detailed statue, the Bronze Horseman, which is
questions about registering with a memorial to Peter the Great. Other
chat and start the application
you. places that are worth seeing are the
process, if appropriate.
A: No problem. OK, we're both free on Friday Mariinsky Theatre and the metro of St
P:
P: OK. Can you tell me how we go Petersburg, which although is not as
afternoon.
about becoming a host family with famous perhaps as that of Moscow is
A: That'd be fine. Can I have the
you? still worth seeing, especially the Av�ovo
number of your house?
A: Well, once a family first metro station, which is without doubt
P: It's 53.
approaches us, we like to make A: one of the most beautifully decorated
53 and two more things ... could I
a preliminary visit to the home, metro stations you're ever likely to see.
take a mobile number?
have an informal chat and discuss But for me if I had visited nothing else
P: Yes, it's 08977 392251.
all the registration details first. in St Petersburg and had only gone
A: ... 392251.
P: That sounds great. Do we need to P: Yes, that's right. around the Hermitage Museum it
make an application at this stage? would've been well worth the visit.
A: �o, we like to come and visit you A: ... and your email address?
P: It's MAW973@maltby.co.uk.
first and provided we're then both
A: OK, I'll email you the confirmation
happy after the preliminary chat, For breaks to a city like St Petersburg,
of the meeting, and shall we say 2 pm? _
we usually begin the registration you h�ve different ways of travelling
P: Yes, that'd be ...
process there and then, and you and different types of holidays. You
can complete it and send it in by can fly direct to St Petersburg from
email. Unit 12 London or you can visit the city as part
P: What about references and things of a summer cruise of the Baltic Sea
like that? (1)11 that also takes in the Gulf of Finland.
A: Mmm, if the application for Visits don't have to be restricted to
Good evening. I'm really pleased to
registration is submitted and be asked to be part of your winter the city itself. In the city suburbs
accepted, we need to do some there're fabulous palaces and gardens
series on cities around the world and
background checks first of all to entice visitors. Apart from the
I can see from your programme that
and we like to have at least tw� you have had speakers talking about famous Peterhof Palace, there's also
references from families or- ­ _ the Catherine Palace with its famous
a wide range of places from Asia to
professional people. We'd only Africa and South America. This helped �mber room and extensive park. So,
do these if you made a definite 1f you are thinking of visiting the city,
me narrow my choice down to three
commitment to proceed. different places, and I finally decided leave yourself some time to explore
P: OK. further than the centre of the city.
on a city that made a huge impression
A: We think it's better to check that
a family's clear about what is
on me, namely St Petersburg in �ut of course, any holiday destination
Russia. Bef ore we start, ... if you'd like 1s a personal choice. For many
involved in the whole process ... people the word 'holiday' conjures
more information about the places
then we can begin the application up different things. For example,
mentioned in the talk you can find it
process. adventure holidays to places that
on my website and in my blog, details
P: How long does the process take? are generally inaccessible are now
of which I'll give you at the end.
A: It depends, but it's usually a few increasingly popular, as are those
weeks, unless there are any delays. All of the places I've visited over
the years have made a profound to pristine beaches untouched
Once everything is agreed, we by humans, but for me, even as a
match students with suitable impression on me. But my trip to St
Petersburg will always stay in my seasoned traveller, my trip to St
families at the beginning of a term Petersburg in the heart of winter
and usually at the beginning of the IT.IeIT.Iory.._ .. And
_
I have to say that the
city 1s defimtely in the t op ten pl aces among the ice and snow was a novel
academic year in September. experience and a true adventur_e__ - -
P: That all sounds reasonable. that I have ever visited for a holiday.
Now let's look at ...

235
 Listening scripts

Ready for Speaking Part 3 technicians, etc, then the,-e'll be a

major problem.
Part 2 (1")19 E: Do you think people will have to
work longer in the future?
(1)18 (E = examiner; C = candidate) C: At one time, it was thought that
E: Let's talk about learning new people would have more leisure
(E = examiner; C = candidate) skills generally. Do you think it's time in the future, but it seems
E: Now, I' m going to give you a card important to keep acquiring new that the opposite is true. As people
with a topic to look at. You have skills throughout one's life? are living longer worldwide,
one minute to make notes and C: Yes, I think it is. they're also being asked to work
then I'm going to ask you to talk E: Why do you think so? longer with the result that the age
about the topic. C: Well, mmm, at the moment at which people will be drawing
E: Can you talk about the topic? life is changing so fast with the a pension, if they have one, will
C: The skill that I'd like to talk about advances that have been made be later than it is now. And in fact
is playing a musical instrument, in technology, and also through it's already starting to happen in
mmm ... like the piano, and I'd mmm ... globalisation in the past many countries like the UK and
like to learn it in the near future. few decades, so it's important for France.
I know it's possible to go to a people of all ages to keep up-to­ E: How can people ensure that work
class to learn to play the piano, date with skills of all kinds. does not control their lives?
but mmm ... I know I'd find that E: How essential do you think it'll be C: It's not easy, but not impossible
very annoying. I think learning for workforces in the future to be either. One way is to ensure that
to play the piano's one of those proficient technologically? one has interests outside work,
skills that'd be better to learn ... to C: Mmm, I'd say it'll be vital, because and that these interests are not
acquire by paying for individual more and more of the work that connected with work in any way.
tuition. I realise it might be is done nowadays requires a For example, if people are involved
expensive, but it'd be mmm ... lot of input using one form of in working in computers all day,
very rewarding in other ways. technology or another, so that in they could find something that
Why I'd like to be able to take up the near future it will be almost requires manual skills, like pottery.
the piano is because ... it's mmm impossible to find work, even
basic work, without practical
... very soothing to play and to
computing skills. Take car Unit 13 irLanguage.com
listen to. It's a wonderful feeling
design, for example. It seems that
to lose yourself in the music as m20
you're playing. I've got several technical drawing done by hand is
friends who are mad about less important now than knowing (T = Tracey; A = Andrei)
music, and I've listened to them how to create new products on T: Hi Andrei. How're you getting on
many times. They've played both the screen. Soon designers'll be with your research project?
classical and pop music to me, creating holograms of cars, not A: I've just started, and it's giving me
and they've found it thrilling to just three-dimensional computer a headache. I really thought it'd
play for someone. And to me it images. And the same applies to be nothing like this, but then ... I
is a very peaceful experience just architecture and teaching too. suppose it'll probably get easier, ...
sitting there and listening. As well E: In what way do you think learning I hope.
as helping to calm people down, only computing skills can be a T: Getting started is always the worst
playing an instrument like the disadvantage in life? part for me. I always hate getting
piano's mmm ... very good for the C: Mmm ... first of all, people are down to it.
brain as it keeps it active. One of already becoming over-reliant on A: Well, yeah, it can be a real
my friends, who plays the guitar computers for virtually everything. problem, but it doesn't have to be.
and the piano, says that he plays In the current knowledge-based T: So ... you're doing something ...
for about ... half an hour before he society, where information is on the relationship between the
does any homework, and it helps available literally at people's public and systems such as roads
him to focus on his work and fingertips, there's a danger that and other transport in cities?
concentrate more. And it's healthy, people's knowledge'II decrease and A: Yes, that's it. And you're looking at
because it helps take away part of accessing information'll become ... ?
the stress of modern life. Friends just like switching on the light T: Cityscapes and their impact on
have also told me that it improves without necessarily understanding people's moods.
their ability to focus, and so they what's happening. And people're A: Ah, yes.
play before they study or do any in danger of losing their ability to T: It's given me lots of headaches too.
work, which I think would mm ... do basic things. What's your problem?
benefit me too. E: Mmm, should the preparation A: Oh, ever ything basically. I'm just
E: OK. Thank you. Which type of of children and young people for trying to get my head around
music would you like to learn to work focus on computing skills at everything and don't know where
play? the expense of practical skills? to start.
C: Mmm ... I'd like to start with C: Mmm ... I think it's a matter of T: Mmm ... I'm in the middle of
classical, but I'd like to learn jazz balance, because we need the looking at data analysis and I'm
music later on and maybe some people to build computers and having a bit of a struggle myself at
pop music. so on, and the people to learn the moment.
to be able to use them for their A: You're at the data stage. Oh right.
work. Also, if any machines break You're quite far on then.
down, we need people to be able T: Yeah. I am ...
to fix them. And so if education A: Could you tell me what your
concentrates on training people to experiences have been as you're
use machines to access knowledge further along than me? IL might
at the expense of training make me feel a bit better.

236
 Listening scripts

T: Yeah sure. Looking back I don't A: OK, but there's likely to be a fee any of these objects as money because
know how I got to this stage, involved. they had inherent use value for every
but mm ... I found it fairly T: Mmm well you can get help individual. ... And, therefore, they
straightforward getting started. through the main library. It's not would be widely accepted by other
I was expecting it to be much just for lending books you know. people.
harder, but it all came together A: Really? I never thought of that. All metals were accepted because
rather quickly. T: It's so easy to get isolated and not they could be easily converted into
A: That's good to hear. So that's know everything that's available. precious tools, for instance, axes and
promising. But can you tell me spades. Metals such as gold and silver
about your experience say of
mmm ... coming up with the
Unit 14 also had secondary advantages. They
were also easy to identify and visually
research question? <1)21 attractive. Gold, silver, copper as
T: I thought I'd have difficulty well as other usable objects such as
turning my ideas into a research As we continue our series on customs salt and peppercorns are categorised
question, but it wasn't as bad and traditions that influence the as commodity money, since they
as I thought. In fact I found it values and principles of all societies combine the attributes both of a
relatively painless. in the world, today we're going to usable commodity and a symbol.
A: OK ... I might ask for your help talk about money. It is easy to think
on that then. What about the of money as just an economic tool in So people accepted foods and metals
literature review? the world of finance, but it also has a as money because they were sure of
T: The literature review? That I social and psychological dimension. It their value to themselves and to other
found really took up a lot of time. is woven into the fabric of our society people.
But I have to admit, I actually like and thinking, and as such has, through
digging into things and getting to history, despite people's criticism of its Then came metal coins, which were
the bottom of problems, so part of pursuit, helped lay down the standards
another step in the evolution from
that was me. and the ethics that govern modern
usable commodities such as grains
A: Yes, I agree it can be fun. I'm society.
to . .. symbolic forms of money.
reading a lot to try and get myself First of all, to look at the history Metal had a use value of its own, but
to frame my research question, of money we need to ask ourselves coins became accepted in trade for
and I' m really getting into the what money is. Money is, in fact, their symbolic value. They acted as
literature. an invention of the human mind, ... a standard measure for exchanging
T: Well, the thing I was very glad to which is made possible because we as other goods and services of value
get out of the way was writing human beings are able to give value to rather than for the use of the metal
the research proposal. I was symbols. And money is one of the most they contained.
exhausted aher that, because important symbols in all societies
it's important to make sure the The next stage in the evolution of
because it represents the value of
research proposal's really clear on money is that of representative
goods and services. If we accept any
the focus of your research. It's not money. Representative money is
object as money - say a gold coin or
easy summarising everything and symbolic money that is based on
a digital bank account balance - both
bringing it together. useful commodities, such as the
the user and the wider community
A: And what about designing the warehouse receipts issued by the
have to agree to this. So, all the money
methods? ancient Egyptian grain banks, and
that we use today has ... mmm ... not
T: That was really easy to do - I enjoy more recent forms of paper currency
just an economic dimension, but a
analysing systems and putting that were backed by gold or silver.
psychological and a social one as well.
them together so I think I sorted The adoption of representative money
the methods design out really Before we look at so-called was a significant evolution in human
quickly. But what I found really 'commodity money' .. . with consciousness. Psychologically, the
agonising was writing the aims the introduction of coins and individual had to transfer the sense of
and objectives. That was probably representative money, let's go back to value from a usable material object to
particularly hard to deal with. the time of bartering. Before money an abstract symbol. Socially, groups
A: Yeah ... they aren't easy. was invented, bartering was the main of people had to agree on the common
way to exchange goods. An individual usage of the same symbol.
who had something of value, such as
The invention of representative money
T: Is all of this any help Andrei? some grain, could directly exchange
then had a profound effect on the
A: Oh yes. One of the problems is the grain for another item, which was
evolution of both money and society
that it's OK to see things written seen to have an equivalent value, like
and ...
on paper but it's the thinking a small animal, or a tool. The seller
behind it. of the grain of course had to find
T: Yes, of course. It is. someone who wanted to buy it and
A: Yeah. I appreciate it. My spoken who could offer in return something
English is not a problem, I think, the seller wanted to buy. There was no
but I've not done much writing common medium of exchange such
and I' m going to find that bit as money into which both seller and
difficult. buyer could convert the commodities
T: Well, you can get help you know. they wanted to trade.
A: Yeah? Mm, do you think I need a So, the first stage in the evolution
private tutor? of money was commodity money.
T: Oh no, that's not necessary, I'm This involved accepting objects or
sure. I know there's language commodities, such as grain or metals
support in the university if you or animals, as being inherently
are not a full-time student; you valuable so they could be used as a
just need to contact the Language common standard of measure and
Centre. unit of exchange. People could accept
237
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238
 Sample answer sheets

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239
240
 Answer key

Unit 1 6 Correct
Vocabulary: Describing people Page 6 7 Incorrect- 'doing'
2 3
Possible answers
1 playing
2 to live
1 adventurous, sporty 2 supportive, helpful 3 being/to be
3 reliable, conscientious 4 artistic, creative 4 keeping/to keep
3 5 taking
1 talented 2 humorous 3 caring/careful 6 to be
4 generous 5 confident 6 social, sociable 7 socialising/to socialise, staying/stay
7 knowing, knowledgeable 8 punctual 8 playing
4 9 to see/seeing
1 humorous 2 knowledgeable 3 talented 4
4 punctual 5 confident 6 generous 1 I'd like to live in the country.
7 caring 8 sociable 2 Nowadays people dislike doing certain sports.
3 I like playing tennis.
Listening Section 1 Page 7 4 She enjoys shopping enormously.
3 5 He likes people he knows to be honest .
Acting, singing and dancing 6 She would prefer to see the film on DVD at home ratht
Both children and adults than at the cinema.
4 7 He really loves mingling/to mingle with other people a
Number parties.
2 Number
Speaking Part 2 Page 9
3 Noun
4 Number 1
5 (plural) Noun Possible answers
6 Number/Noun supportive, helpful, patient
7 Number
8 Name 4
9 Number who this person is- present simple/future with going to
10 Number what this person does- present simple
what qualities this person has - present simple
Questions 1-6 explain why you would like to be similar to this person -
1 5.30 (pm) conditional
2 4 (pm)
3 Friday Reading Page 10
4 (older members) 18/eighteen 3
5 summer camps Questions 1-6
6 ]/one show 1 vi 2 vii 3 i 4 ii 5 viii 6 iii
Questions 7-10 Questions 7-10
7 (£)14 7 regular basis
8 Arbuthnot 8 not necessarily/always
9 RV27 8PB 9 half
10 07700336601 10 broaden
Language focus 1: Likes and dislikes Page 9 Questions 11-13
1 11 FALSE 12 NOT GIVEN 13 TRUE
She uses the -ing form after love as she is emphasising what
her children love from past experience of doing it. This is Language focus 2: Present sunple, present
different from would like followed by the infinitive with continuous and past sunple Page 13
to, which indicates future action, routine, habit or duty, as 1
opposed to enjoyment from past experience. Compare: I'd 1 Paragraph G 2 Paragraph A 3 Paragraph F
love to go to the cinema/I want to go to the cinema, with I love
to go to the cinema.
2
1 noted - past simple
2 2 are making, is changing- present continuous
Correct 3 help - present simple
2 Correct
3 Incorrect - 'to join'
3
a present simple
4 Correct
b present continuous
5 Correct

241
Answer key
u�1J::!1 u�j r;;?>°
www.irLanguage.com
c past simple 4
d present simple
4 Model answer
helps
2 participated The chart shows the proportion of users of Twitter
3 affected by age group from November 2010 to May 2013 in
4 influenced the USA.
S are recruiting Overall, it is clear that there is an upward trend
6 feel in Twitter use with the greatest increase seen
among those aged 18-29. For example, there was a
Writing Task 1 Page 13 substantial rise in the proportion of 18-29 year-olds
Verbs of movement Page 13 using Twitter with a more than twofold increase
from approximately 14% in November 2010 to 30%
in May 2013. By contrast, while the use of Twitter
1 h 2d 3b 4g Sj 6 7a Se 9c 10 f among those aged 65+ was slightly upward with
2 some noticeable fluctuations and a peak of about
fell and then levelled off 6% in May 2011, their use constituted about 4% in
2 hit a peak November 2010 compared to 5% at the end of the
3 dipped period.
4 plummeted
S rose gradually The rise in Twitter use among 30-49 year olds was
6 remained flat dramatic, with an increase of more than 150%
7 declined steadily from about 7% to 17% in November 2010 and May
S fluctuated 2013, respectively. Similarly, there was an increase
9 hit a low among those in the 50-64 year-old age group, with
10 soared those in November 2010 accounting for 6% of users
in this age group against approximately 13% in May
3 2013.
The following verbs can be nouns:
dip, decline, decrease, drop, fall, increase, rise Word count: 183 words
Note: recover/recovery, stabilise/stability/stabilisation,
Comments
fluctuate/fluctuations
4 The response fulfils the requirements of the task.
There is a clear overview which is supported by
Possible answers reference to the data in the graph . The summarising
2 There was a peak in numbers in the year 2009. and comparison mean the information is not just
3 There was slight fall followed by a quick recovery in the listed but combined into an integrated whole. There
amount of money spent. is a range of vocabulary and different structures are
5 There was a steady increase in book purchases over the used.
year.
7 There was a gradual decrease in attendance at the
conference last year. Review 1 Page 16
S There were (some) fluctuations in the growth rate during
the previous year. Vocabulary: Describing people
9 There was a low in member numbers in March.
1
Analysing main trends and purpose Page 14 humorous
2 talkative
yes 3 punctual
2 Facebook slight; Pinterest - dramatic (more than double); 4 reliable
Instagram - dramatic (more than double); Linkedln - s talented
noticeable (up by a quarter); Twitter - dramatic (nearly 6 conscientious
50% increase) 7 ambitious
3 a S sporty
2 Language focus 1: Likes and dislikes
1 d 2a 3g 4c Sf 6b 7e
1
3 le 2f 3e 4a Sh 6b 7d Si 9g
a there was an upward trend in the proportion of adult
users of the websites Language focus 2: Present simple, present
b enjoyed a 25% rise in the proportion of adult users continuous and past simple
c the proportion of adults using Instagram more than 1
doubled 1 enjoy, is causing
d the graph depicts 2 use, did you first use
e remained stable 3 have, contact
f a similar pattern was apparent 4 want, is, lives, is studying, started
g the proportion of ... increased slightly 5 spend, was
6 are having, communicate
242
www.irLanguage.com
 Answer key

7 think, it, became, runs Listening Section 2 Page 20

8 was, liked, told, made, is 1
9 helped, started, support
10 appeal, understand.
Possible answers
yearly: every/each year; on a yearly basis
Writing Task 1 is held together: happens/takes place/is organised in
1 conjunction with/along with/as part of
Club membership increased dramatically between subject: topic/theme
January and March. during the preparation for: while the ... is being prepared
2 There was a steady fall in visits to the museum in 2016. influence: have an effect/impact on
3 There were noticeable fluctuations in online sales. Questions 11-15
4 The number of people joining the social website reached
a peak in 2015.
11 C 12 B 13 C 14 A 15 C
5 There was a gradual increase in spectator numbers over Questions 16-20
the football season.
16F 17A 18C 19D 20E
6 Overall, it is clear that the numbers rose erratically
throughout the period. Word building: Evaluating adjectives Page 21
7 There was a slight decline in the number of visitors to the
1
leisure centre.
unimportant: insignificant, trivial, irrelevant, minor
8 Ticket sales to the concert rose significantly.
useless: ineffective, worthless, inadequate
Accuracy in IELTS valueless: insignificant, worthless, useless
harmless: safe
1
1 rose dramatically (spelling mistake) 2
2 users in the (spelling mistake) morning. Possible answers
3 He enjoys being (wrong verb form) important: crucial, vital, essential, key
4 people prefer to spend (wrong word) time useful: practical, helpful, effective
5 rocketed (wrong tense) valuable: invaluable, worthwhile, useful
6 My best friend (spelling mistake) harmful: damaging, destructive, detrimental
7 really talented (wrong word form)?
3
8 so I don't go (wrong tense)
1 useless 2 impractical 3 unimportant 4 unnecessary
9 He loves (wrong verb form) 5 insignificant 6 harmless 7 valueless 8 inconvenient
10 Attendances at the conference fluctuated significantly
9 ineffective 10 unappealing 11 worthless 12 uninspiring
(word order)
4
1 impractical 2 (an) effective (solution) 3 convenient
Unit 2 4 worthwhile 5 (a) harmless (activity) 6 inspiring

Vocabulary: Verbs of cause and effect Page 18 Speaking Part 2 Page 22

2 1
1 improvement 2 destruction 3 production Possible answers
4 effect (does not follow the patterns mentioned) An electronic device you have bought:
5 harm 6 enhancement 7 promotion 8 damage smart watch
9 ruin/ruination 10 result 11 advance/advancement online
12 deterioration last week
3 to track fitness
1 Positive 2 Negative 3 Neutral 4 Neutral 5 Negative An electronic present you have received:
6 Positive 7 Positive 8 Negative 9 Negative 10 Neutral tablet
11 Positive 12 Negative friend
4 last month
1 promotion 2 destruction 3 Advancements/Improvements attr·active, modern, convenient, practical
4 production 5 deterioration
Language focus 1: Past simple and present
5 perfect Page 22
1 People constantly debate whether television has
positively or negatively influenced society. 1
2 The use of mobile phones is dramatically affecting the a won - present perfect, chose - past simple; b ar ranged
way we communicate. - past simple, recorded - past simple; c allowed to use -
3 Climate change has destroyed many crops. past simple
4 Did the invention of the internet really harm the way 2 the present perfect introduces the news about the winner.
people live and work? It describes an event which has a connection to the
5 The sales of certain mobile telephones deteriorated present. The past simple is used to describe completed
sharply as a result of a series of new software inventions. actions, events or states in the past.
6 The use of technology meant that the archaeologists 3 a and c. In a the passive is used as the prize is the focus of
hardly damaged the site. the sentence. In c the passive is used because the agent is
7 Many people like Einstein and Newton have shaped not important .
science.
243
Answer key

2 2
I began a more inconvenient/less convenient/greater inconvenience
2 were, didn't have, have become b harmless for society
3 have started c affecting production at work positively
4 went, have never visited d (more) impractical
5 Have you ever seen 3
6 have improved Brainstorming: where you write down as many ideas
7 did, have not done, spent associated with the topic as y ou can, often in a limited time.
3 Word association: where y ou write down words that y ou
I active; revolutionised associate with a word or idea; using perspectives such as
2 active; contributed educational, social, financial, environmental, economical,
3 active; led technological.
4 passive; was first played 4
5 passive; was invented Introductions 2 and 3: They cover all three elements of the
6 active; created, shaped, lived question: both points of view and the writer's own opinion.
7 active; travelled Introduction 1 is quite short and covers only the two points
8 active; influenced of view and does not state the writer's position/stance/
opinion.
Reading Page 23
5
Questions 1-6 1 Add another sentence: e.g. Personally, I think it is a
I TRUE 2 FALSE 3 FALSE 4 NOT GIVEN mixture of both./Personally, I think that technology is
5 FALSE 6 FALSE largely beneficial.
Questions 7-12 7
7 B 8 B 9 A 10 C 11 A 12C Example Reason Result
Question 13
B Adverb for example As a result

Language focus 2: Habit in the past Page 25

Conjunction because
1
la 2a 3b
like,
2 Other
such as
1 Correct 2 Correct
3 Used to is used to talk about states (e.g. occupations),
not would. Additional
Purpose Contrast
4 Correct information
5 You don't say would build or used to build his own car,
but built Adverb Moreover However
6 Didn't go to is needed, not didn't use to. The action is
neither repeated nor a state.
Conjunction in order to
7 Correct 8 Correct
Adverbs of frequency Page 25 Other
1
sometimes, position 4
2 8
usually, normally, commonly for instance/Take, for example, ....
3 9
position 2: usually Conjunction/contrast: but, although
position 3: commonly, regularly, often Conjunction/reason: since, as
position 4: occasionally, not often Conjunction/result: so, and so
position 5: not often, hardly ever, rarely Adverb/additional information: similarly, furthermore, also
4 Adverb/result: consequently, so, therefore
Other/purpose: to
1 never 2 usually /normally 3 correct
4 rarely 5 correct 6 correct
u4,:,1.J:!1 ultj e?.JD
www.irLanguage.com
Writing Task 2 Page 26 irLanguage.com
1
Positive: the first part (Some people believe ... )
Negative: the second part (... while others think
... )
2 a positive b negative c negative d positive

244
 Answer key

11
2 There has been serious damage to the environment as a
Model answer result of/due to computer waste. I The environment has
been seriously damaged by computer waste.
Technology is seen by some people as the key to 3 Some startling technical advances such as driverless cars
success for young students. Others, however, argue have resulted from scientific research.
that it has a negative impact, but I think technology 4 Global communication has been improved by
is a positive force for the young as they study. smartphone technology.
Some are of the opinion that the role played by 5 Air travel has been profoundly affected by certain
technology in the studying process for the young inventions such as the jet engine.
is very important, because compared to the 6 In future, industrial production will be made easier by
past, studying is now much more efficient and inventions such as 3D printing.
convenient. For example, recent advances in areas 7 Greater stress among workers compared to the past has
such as mobile technology mean that information resulted from/is the result of/due to the rapid pace of
can now be accessed at any time and anywhere, advances in technology.
thus reducing the effort students need to devote 8 The automobile world has changed shape as a result of
researching for essay and studies, in general. new techniques in design.

Others, however, believe that the negative effect Word building: Evaluating adjectives
technology can have on young people's studies 1
is not insignificant. They argue that far from 1 Having advanced computer skills is unnecessary for all
improving the way young people deal with workers.
knowledge as they study, technology is, in effect, 2 Travelling daily to an office is inconvenient for modern
harming the thinking process. Their argument is workers.
that students' thinking is being done by laptops 3 Inventions like the radio and TV are often seen as
and tablets. As a result, they are unable to analyse unimportant by some people.
and use the information they encounter, which can 4 Using computers for long periods of time is definitely
damage their education. harmful.
Personally, I feel that technology is useful for 5 I think having a knowledge of computer programming
young students nowadays. As well as improving the is invaluable.
studying process, technology allows young people 6 The changes in the sales figures were insignificant.
to manipulate the vast amounts of knowledge they 7 In my opinion, the software training was ineffective.
encounter via the internet and in libraries . Without 8 Doing the language games on the computer was
technology, in fact, preparing for exams and certainly worthwhile.
studying would both be impractical, because they 9 It is impractical to have everyone studying the same
would not be able to look at, process and examine subjects at university.
the vast amounts of information at their finger tips. 10 The lecture on technology in the workplace was
uninspiring.
As we have seen, while the effect of technology on
young people's studies is seen as both positive and Language focus 1: Past simple and present
negative, on balance I think it is a valuable tool. perfect
Word count: 281 words 1
1 has transformed, came
Comments 2 visited, have been
The response to the task clearly follows the 3 installed, have helped
organisation required in the task. There is an 4 received, shaped
introduction and each of the two views has a 5 have rarely ever used, downloaded
separate paragraph with supporting ideas. The 6 happened, influenced
third paragraph explains the writer's opinion 7 needed, have built
against the background of the first two body 8 have risen, dipped
paragraphs with the conclusion connecting the 9 was, has been
former to the introduction and the task. 10 has definitely been, became

Language focus 2: Habit in the past

Review 2 Page 28 irLanguage.com 1
1 haven't visited
Vocabulary: Verbs of cause and effect 3 knew
1 6 used to
1 improvements 2 damaged 3 led to 11 it never seemed
4 improvements 5 effect 6 make easier 12 just carried on
7 resulted in 8 changed shape
Accuracy in IELTS
2 and 3
1 In the last 10 years, health care has been improved 1
considerably by technology. I Considerable improvements New technology has changed student life forever, because
with the internet students can access information for essays
in health care have been brought about by technology.

245
Answer key

and do research from anywhere. For example, they can 27 confidence

work at home or in cafes or on trains without going to a 28 (the) coaching
library. Students can now use resources such as articles, 29 full potential
books, videos and lectures online and watch lectures that 30 adventure opportunities
they have missed.
Language focus 1: Adjectives with
Furthermore, the books students need at the library can
often be reserved online or they can go on the internet in prepositions Page 32
order to buy books and have them delivered next day. As a 1
result, considerable amounts of time can be saved. Thoug:h, 1 on 2 to 3 about 4 in 5 with 6 to 7 about 8 of
technology may make the studying process much more 9 about 10 of, about
convenient, it can cut students off from each other and so it 2
is important for them to meet face to face in seminars and 1 b/f 2c 3e 4d 5 b/f 6g 7a
lectures.
2 Speaking Part 1 Page 32
moreover: furthermore 1
like: such as 1 What kinds of sports are popular in your country?
to: in order to 2 Do you do/play the same sports now as you did in the
consequently: as a result past?
since: because 3 Are the same games as popular as in the past where you
live?
4 Do young people do more physical activities like extreme
Unit 3 sports now than in the past?
5 What makes these games interesting to people?
Vocabulary: Sports Page 30 6 Are sports more challenging now than they were in the
1 past?
Coasteering 7 Are young people challenged more nowadays than in the
2 Kite buggying past?
3 Snowmobiling
4 Highlining, slacl<lining, tightrope walking Word building: Adjectives ending in -ingl-ed
2 Page 33
1 football, rugby 1
2 boxing If something is challenging it means that it makes
3 running people challenged. It is an active adjective. If somebody is
4 bodybuilding, weightlifting challenged by something it is having an effect on the person
5 swimming to make them feel challenged . It is a passive adjective .
6 water-skiing 2
7 tennis, squash 1 thrilling 2 irritated 3 interested 4 inspiring 5 exciting
8 golf 6 annoying, annoyed 7 challenging 8 invigorated
3 4
Possible answers 1 excited 2 challenged 3 interesting 4 fascinating
1 Formula 1 racing, motocross 5 motivated 6 exciting 7 refreshed 8 excitement
2 water-skiing, swimming, wind surfing, water polo,
Speaking Part 3 Page 34
sailing, surfing
2
3 tennis, squash, badminton
1 to 2 so 3 so that 4 in order to 5 so as to 6 in order to
4 skiing, snowboarding
5 rugby, running, cricket 3
6 table tennis, table football Possible answers
7 judo, fencing, boxing 1 because they want/like to keep fit
8 show-jumping, horse-riding 2 because they would like/want to lose weight
9 squash, basketball 3 because they would like/want to make friends
10 football, basketball, hockey, cricket 4 because they like/want to relax
5 because they want an adrenaline rush
Listening Section 3 Page 31
6 because they want/would like to improve their
1 performance
Questions 21-25
Reading Page 35
21 successful
22 freelance trainers Questions 1-6
23 39 members lB 2F 3H 41 SD 6H
24 more details
25 representatives
Questions 7-12
7 NOT GIVEN 8 FALSE 9 NOT GIVEN 10 TRUE
Questions 26-30 11 NOT GIVEN 12 TRUE
26 leadership development
Question 13
B
246
 Answer key

Language focus 2: Comparison Page 37 Writing Task 1 Page 38

1 2
gentler: 'r' is added. Yes 'more' is possible as the adjective Sentence 4, because we do not know numbers only
'gentle' has two syllables. proportions.
2 more immersive: 'more' is added. No, you cannot add an 1 True 2 False 3 True 4 No information 5 True
ending as the adjective 'immersive' has more than one 6 False 7 False 8 True
syllable. 3
2 www.irLanguage.com 2 ... a far smaller proportion of men than women ... or ...
a far greater proportion of women than men ...
Adjective Comparative Superlative
4 Proportionately, nearly twice as many men as women
bad worse the worst went cycling/BMXing.
good better the best 6 ... played basketball , ...
noisy noisier/more noisy the noisiest 7 Basketball was the least ...
wet wetter the wettest 4
a 5 b 8 call of the others.
tasty tastier the tastiest
5
cheap cheaper the cheapest
Possible answer
lively livelier the liveliest
It is clear that the proportion of both genders participating
the most/least
appetising more/less appetising in selected activities varies noticeably.
appetising
7
3 1 a smaller percentage ... than
1 happier 2 easier 3 more popular 4 the most energetic 2 a far greater proportion of ... than
5 more difficult 6 the least/most stressful 3 ... less likely than ...
7 more/less important 8 the fittest 4 twice as many ... as ...
4 5 ... compares data about ...
1 happiness 2 ease 3 popularity 4 energy 6 ... while ...
5 difficulty 6 stress 7 importance 8 fitness 7 ... the least popular ...
8 ... there are ... differences in ...
have: happiness, difficulty, importance
need/require: energy, fitness 8
enjoy: happiness, popularity The rugby match was attended by a third of the number
experience: difficulty, happiness, stress of spectators as the football match.
2 The sports department was visited by five times the
5 number of shoppers in February 2008 when compared to
People who do some physical activity are supposed to
February 2009.
enjoy/have greater happiness than less active people.
3 More than 40% of the competitors were from the main
2 Places to do specialist sports can be found with more ease
city.
outside cities and towns.
4 A smaller proportion of players were home-grown rather
3 With more people taking it up, bowling enjoys/has more
than from overseas.
popularity than it used to.
5 Three-quarters of the members of the sports club paid by
4 Which sport do you think requires/needs the most energy
credit card rather than cash.
(of all)?
6 The team won just over 50%/half of the games they
5 People have greater difficulty/more difficulties organising
played last season.
their lives around work nowadays.
6 Is work the aspect of modern life that causes the greatest 9
stress?
7 Does mental activity have less/more importance than Model answer
physical activity? I Is mental activity of lesser/greater
importance than physical activity? The data provides information about the
8 People don't realise that racing drivers are the individuals engagement of men and women in various sports
with the greatest fitness in sport. I People don't realise in the UK from 2005/06 to 2008/09. Overall, it is
that racing drivers are the individuals that have the clear that participation of both genders in the
greatest fitness in sport. selected sports varied with jogging experiencing a
significant increase. It is noticeable that whereas
6 jogging, cross-country and road-running had the
1 ... more exciting than ... lowest level of participation among both genders,
2 Correct
there was a significant increase in involvement. In
3 ... more dangerous than ... 2008/09, participation among men was higher with
4 ... fitter ... a rise to 7.6% from 6.9% in 2005/06. By contrast,
5 ... the most exciting ...
the rise among women was much larger, to 4.8% in
6 Correct 2008/09 from 3.5% at the beginning of the period.
7 ... the fittest ...
8 Correct u�1Y-1 ulti �.>4
9 Correct www.irLanguage.com
10 . .. more tiring than ...

247
Answer key

Accuracy in IELTS
For indoor swimming or diving, while there
1
was a slight decline in the proportion of male
1 Nearly twice as many spectators watched the football
participation from 2005/06 to 2008/09, 13.3% match live on the internet compared to the last time.
to 13.0%, the drop in female engagement was 2 There were far fewer men than women involved in
greater, from 18.0% to 16.5% over the period. By walking.
comparison, in cycling for various purposes a 3 Generally speaking, similar proportions of males and
greater proportion of men than women took part, females participated in each sport.
with male involvement increasing slightly from
4 Males were less likely than females to take part in
12.7% to 14.4% compared to a fall among women running.
from 7.0% to 6.4%. 5 A greater proportion of women than men participated in
Word count: 177 words badminton.
6 The table compares data about male and female
Comments involvement in a range of sports in New Zealand last year.
The response fulfils the requirements of the task, 7 Compared to last year, more than twice as many males
summarising, including an overview in the second took up keep-fit classes.
sentence of the first paragraph, and exemplifying 8 In 2016, a much larger proportion of girls (15.89%)
using appropriate data. There is a range of played football in sharp contrast to 2015.
vocabulary and structures and there is also clear 9 Kayaking was the least popular extreme sport.
paragraphing.

Ready for Listening

Review 3 Page 40
Section 1 Page 42
Vocabulary: Sports
1
1 1 family 2Wight 3 23 (rd) October 4 88 Palace Avenue
1 winter 2 baseball 3 track-and-field 4 car-racing 5 ZE24 2TP 6 agreement 7 pick up 8 Friday 9 B 10 D
5 water 6 Outdoor 7 table tennis 8 racket 9 boxing
Section2 Page 43
Word building - Adjectives ending in -ingl-ed
1
1 The parts of the theatre (items 11-16) would normally be
1 thrilled, thrilling introduced first, followed by details about what happened
2 motivated to them.
3 exciting, excited
2
4 fascinating, fascinated
5 invigorating, irritating Possible answers
6 annoying, challenging A enlarged: extended, made bigger/more spacious
7 interested, interesting B replaced: changed, taken the place of, instead of/in place
of
Languagefocus 1: Adjectives with C access added: entrance enabled, accessible, now open
prepositions D thoroughly cleaned: spotless, the dirt removed, as good as
1 new, looks like new
The sport that I am most enthusiastic about is gymnastics. E modernised: made more modern, brought up to date,
As a keen motorist, I' m not interested in walking holidays. updated, renovated
She's very fit and capable of playing tennis for a long time. F totally rebuilt: completely/entirely reconstructed, built
It's my sister that's mad about football, not me. from scratch
I'm addicted to all kinds of video games. G moved: shifted, transferred, relocated, not in the same
As my grandfather's very active, he's the sort of person who place as before
rarely gets bored with life. 3
I'm a cyclist and keen on fitness. 17 information pack
18 free tickets/16/allocated/matinee performance
Languagefocus2:Cornparison 19 reduction/ticket prices
1 20 new development
1 livelier, the dullest 4
2 quieter, noisier llD 12E 13A 14B 15 C
3 the most energetic, lazier 16 G 17B 18 B 19B 20 C
4 the most difficult, easier
2
1 popular 2 important 3 fitter 4 better
5 sadder 6 expensive

248
 Answer key

Section 3 Page 45 4
1 problem can be used in both gaps.
talk: lecture/seminar/paper/presentation 5
2 lb 2c 3a 4g Sh 6f 7d 8j 9e lOi
Nearly all of them could be undecided. 6
1 incident 2possibility 3cause 4events 5 problem
Possible answers: 6 issue 7 impression 8 outcome
A number of questions
B photographs, photos, illustrations, drawings to be used Listening Section 4 Page 50
C amount of data/information/facts/figures
Questions 31-37
D length of questioning
E period of research: investigation, study 31 events 32timetable 33developments 34Money
F people to be questioned/asked questions/participants 35 industrialisation 36cotton 37costs/charges
G objectives Questions 38-40
3 IN ANY ORDER: B, C, F
Numbers: Questions 27 and 30
Plural: Question 26 and 28 Language focus: Countable and
4 uncountable nouns Page 51
21 C 22-24 A, F, G in any order 25 everything 1
26 lectures 27 9 28shows 29home life 30 8 links: countable
merchandise: uncountable
Section 4 Page 46 coal: uncountable here. Coal can also be countable
1 when referring to a piece of coal.
31 boreholes/provide 32in the past/induce rain 2
33 proof/increases rainfall 34not support lb 2a 3j 4f Sc 6d 7h Se 9g lOi
35 agriculture/weather control
3
Possible answers 1 equipment, computers
31 2 weather, storms
A employed/utilised in factories 3 Information, details
B on farms 4 Business, businesses
C drinking and washing/use in the home 5 Accommodation, flats
6 Furniture, wood, trees
32 7 Rubbish
A mystical/magical methods/ways 8 jobs, work, money
B burning (something)
C ritual (dancing) 4
1 ... machines are
33
2 behaviour ...
A between 10 and 20% 3 Information
B just over half 4 Robberies are ...
C a quarter 5 opportunities
34 6 Suggestions ... are
A not many advantages 7 language ... follows
B price of the equipment/equipment is expensive/costly/ 8 litter
not cheap 5
C impact/outcome/result
1 Useful information is available nowadays on the internet.
35 2 Social media help people make new friends.
A needs extra money/funds 3 Transport such as buses and trains leads to the
B needs attention development of communities.
C an astonishing tale 4 Accommodation is becoming very expensive in many
3 major cities.
31 B 32 A 33 A 34C 35 B 36 chemical 37freeze 5 Technological waste, such as computers and phones, is
38 generator 39fuel tank 40 cloud level now a growing problem.
6 Leisure activities help people relax.
7 Electronic goods like refrigerators cause considerable
Unit 4 harm to the planet.

Vocabulary 1: General nouns Page 48 Speaking Part 1 Page 52

2 1
lf 2e 3g 4b Sc 6a 7d Sh Food
1 Countable: types, country
3 Uncountable: food
opportunity, situation, problem, possibilities, crisis, 2 Countable: products
occasion, incident, circumstances, outcome Uncountable: food

249
Answer key

3 Countable: people B
Uncountable: food causes: cost of accommodation, shortage of land
4 Countable: people solutions: provide cheaper accommodation, revitalise
Uncountable: food the economies in rural areas
Manufactured goods 3
1 Countable: types, country The solutions and causes are similar.
Uncountable: equipment A has three causes and three solutions with a cause and
2 Countable: goods, country solution in each paragraph.
3 Countable: country, goods B has two causes in one paragraph followed by paragraphs
4 Countable: shops, country, countries with one solution in each.
Uncountable: merchandise The organisation is a matter of preference.
5 Countable: clothes
Uncountable: furniture Suggesting causes and solutions

Reading Page 52
Possible answers
Questions 1-9
1 man-made pollution/(natural) climate change
lH 2C 3D 40 SP 61 7A SB 90 2 human actions
Questions 10-14 3 population increases, fewer resources, greater life
expectancy
10 NOT GIVEN 11 NO 12 YES 13 NOT GIVEN
4 pressure from agriculture/population increases/climate
14 YES
change
Vocabulary 2: Developing ideas Page 55 2
1 a Governments ought to encourage people to ...
1 encourage 2 stunned 3 pleases 4 fascinated b Protection orders can be put on ...
5 attracts c Water desalination plants might work in ...
d I think that more trees should be planted.
2
1 It 2 It 3 them 4 It 5 them 3
ld 2b 3a 4C
3
Possible answers Developing a topic sentence
1 It is spreading at an alarming rate.
2 It makes people anxious and frightens them. 1 reason 2 contrast 3 result 4 example S purpose
3 They frightened the government/schools/parents. 6 result 7concession
4 They attract them because many people like the thrill of 2
being scared. 1 because 2 Yet 3 therefore 4 For example 5 in order to
6 then 7Although
Speaking Part 3 Page 55
3
1
Adverbs: however, nevertheless, though, nonetheless, still,
solve: tackle, remedy, deal with, cope with even so
issues: problems, situations, matters of concern Conjunctions: though, although, but, while, even if, much as
rising: growing, increasing, spreading, on the rise Both: yet
main: major, most important 4
facing: confronting, challenging
1 However,
opportunities: chances, openings, prospects
2 but/although
problems: issues
3 While/Although
2 4 Even ifrfhough
The first question: link with vocabulary - individuals/people; 5 Even so/Nonetheless
issues/problems; solve/tackle 5

Writing Task 2 Page 56 Model answer

1
1 Negative Towns and cities around the world are much less
2 Causes, measures healthy for their inhabitants compared to the past.
3 Give reasons and examples. This situation is the direct result of several factors,
but many approaches exist to address the issue.
2
A One reason for the problem is greater population
causes: cost of accommodation, shortage of land, density combined with increased traffic, which, in
migration of people to cities turn, causes pollution, like air and noise, as well as
solutions: subsidise accommodation, more tower blocks stress. For example, many countries worldwide, not
with flats, e�onomies in rural areas improved/revitalised just in Europe, are becoming more urbanised as
people move to cities because of the entertainment
and education f acilities available, along with

(J�l�I oL:,j �JD

250 www.irLanguage.com
 Answer key
u�1-'=1 u4j f':.>4
www.irLanguage.com

Vocabulary 2: Developing ideas

greater work opportunities. As a result, city life is
1
considerably less wholesome now both physically
1 dangerous 2 motivated 3 alarming 4 appealing
and mentally than for previous generations.
2
To make city environments healthier, however, 1 People sometimes feel motivated enough by health
several important steps can be taken. For example, adverts to change their lifestyle. They encourage people
urban areas can be made greener by introducing to exercise.
more green spaces, even if they are only 2 Certain situations such as flooding can be very alarming.
micro-gardens with a few trees, shrubs and seats. They are very frightening for people.
This can lead to both cleaner air and reduced stress. 3 The volume of electronic waste in the world is now
The problem can also be addressed by public and dangerous. Throwing away your old computer endangers
private buildings being made greener with the the environment.
creation of roof gardens for people to relax in. 4 Action video games are appealing to people of all ages.
Having transport systems that are efficient, cheap The characters, story and graphics are attractive to many
and comfortable is another way of ensuring that people.
cities are healthy places. Such a measure will also
enhance the quality of city life by reducing air Language focus: Countable and
pollution and stress on the roads as people are uncountable nouns
drawn to using the transport system. Attractive 1
buildings that integrate work and living conditions 1 fruit
as well as facilities like leisure, health and 2 accommodation
education set in attractive open spaces, can also 3 rubbish/packaging
lead to improvements in the health of the urban 4 clothes/clothing
environment. 5 media
6 information
Thus, despite cities being less healthy than in the
7 furniture
past, the root causes can be tackled with several
8 language
simple strategies.
2
Word Count: 284 words
Possible answers
Comments 1 I like fruit such as/like apples and oranges.
The response meets the requirements of the task, 2 I have lived in an apartment and a house.
because it is more than 250 words; it is divided into 3 People throw away things like bottles and lots of paper.
five clear paragraphs with an introduction linked to 4 I mainly buy work clothes like trousers and shirts.
the task; the first body paragraph deals with causes 5 I like to read the newspaper every day to keep me up to
and the next two paragraphs with solutions; each date on world events.
body paragraph is connected to the introduction 6 The internet contains lots of news, facts and data relating
with the use of a topic sentence. The conclusion to many different topics.
then summarises the response. 7 I have a really comfortable sofa and chairs at home.
8 I keep a notebook with me so I can write down any new
words or phrases.
www.irLanguage.com
Review 4 Page 58
Accuracy in IELTS
Vocabulary 1: General nouns 1
1 1 trying major issue
1 a burning issue 2 such� incidents
2 a serious problem 3 Ilov.ever, Although I agree that this is a major issue, I
3 a golden opportunity think ...
4 a state occasion 4 contributing meastue factor
5 trying circumstances 5 As For example, ...
6 an imaginative solution 6 makes the C'\'Cnt situation worse
7 a difficult situation 7 As regards actions solutions, ...
8 a major cause 8 positive stories for in order to
9 a faint possibility 9 negative and positive oeeasions events
10 a profound impression
11 an unexpected outcome
2 Unit 5
1 outcome, unexpected
2 faint, possibility Language focus: Ways of looking at the future
3 cause Page 60
4 situation, difficult 3
5 problem 1 Plan 2 Fixed schedule 3 Prediction 4 Prediction
6 impression, profound 5 Prediction 6 Fixed schedule
7 solutions, effective

251
Answer key

4 Questions 7-10
a the present continuous - 2 7 17 8 marina 9 5/five 10 3.95
b going to- 1
C will- 5 Word building: Forming adjectives from
d future continuous - 3 nouns Page 65
e future perfect - 4 1
f present simple - 6
Adjectives ending Adjectives ending Adjectives ending
5 -al -ous -fut
1 will/'11 arrange
2 spending technological luxurious useful
3 'II have completed, 'II be working agricultural populous successful
4 will be/is, is it going to traditional spacious beautiful
5 arrives , 'II be carrying
national dangerous
6
have enjoyed: enjoy/be enjoying industrial industrious
2 sit: be sitting 2
3 I'll have met: I will meet 1 spacious 2 technological 3 beautiful 4 traditional
4 is happening: will happen/is going to happen
5 national 6 Luxurious 7 populous 8 successful
5 have become: be
7 Reading Page 65
1 The present simple is not possible. It is used for a
Questions 1-7
timetable.
2 Society will not have changed dramatically by 2030. 1 high-quality emotions
Not going shows this is a prediction about what is not 2 ugly objects
going to happen based on present information. The 3 distinction
future perfect shows that it will not have happened before 4 digital, artificial
the date mentioned. 5 power themselves
3 The present continuous is not possible. 6 feelings
4 The world is certainly going to change for the better by then. 7 emotional state
The future perfect shows that it will have happened Questions 8-11
before the date mentioned. Going to shows this is a
SA 9C IOD llB
prediction about what is going to happen based on
present information. Questions 12 and 13
5 The human race will live in more closely-knit communities 12 alternative power sources
in the future. 13 negative emails
The future continuous predicts what will be happening in
the future. Will makes a straightforward prediction. Vocabulary 2: Verbs of prediction Page 67
6 going to is not possible. Both are predictions. However, 1
will is used for a spontaneous reaction and going to is prophesy, assume, foretell, foresee
used after looking at the present information.
2
Vocabulary 1: Adjective/Noun collocations prediction, predicted/predictable
forecast, forecast(ed)
Page 63
projection, projected
1 estimate, estimation, estimated
1 modern 2 agricultural 3 dominant 4 thriving anticipation, anticipated
5 general 6 urban 7 governing 8 indigenous expectation, expected
2 3
1 general public 2 modern civilisation 1 By the year 2030 it is estimated that the population will
3 agricultural societies 4 urban populations have increased to nearly 70 million.
5 dominant culture 6 governing elite 2 Spectator numbers are forecast to rise dramatically
towards the end of the year.
Listening Section 1 Page 63
3 It is projected that sales next month will be lower than
1 this month.
1 a chance to see a show, film or play before it opens to the 4 Sales are predicted to climb at the rate of 20 per cent a
general public year.
2 two weeks from now 5 Attendances are anticipated to decline gradually in the
3 limitations 4 register 5 appear 6 enrol/join next two years.
7 variety/scope 6 It is expected that advances in technology will not slow
Questions 1-4 down in the coming years.
7 Ticket purchases are estimated to recover in the third
1 Monday 2 day passes 3 Tuesday, Friday 4 SF6799
quarter.
Questions 5 and 6
IN EITHER ORDER B and E

252
 Answer key

Writing Task 1 Page 68 Word building: Forming adjectives from

1 nouns
1 show 2 is 3 is expected 4 is predicted 5 will be 1 luxurious, spacious
6 is anticipated 7 is estimated 8 will account for 2 dangerous, traditional
9 will be 10 will remain 3 national, beautiful
2 4 technological, traditional
In contrast/By comparison 5 successful, industrial
2 By contrast/Meanwhile. 6 useful, traditional
3 but/whereas 7 populous, agricultural
4 Meanwhile/In contrast 8 national, technological
5 whereas/whilst Language focus: Ways of looking at the future
3 1
64%, 44% 1 will land, will be living
2 12%, 5% 2 will have changed, will be, will have access
3 64%, 44% 3 we're going to, will increase
4 1%, 6% 4 We're meeting, we'll be, are going to do
5 2%, 18% 5 will close, is opening
6 64%, 44%
2
4 a4 b5 c2 d3 el

Model answer Accuracy in IELTS

1
The charts show projections for global production
1 By the year 2025, the proportion of graduates in the
by sector in 2030 and 2050. Generally speaking,
workforce will haverisen significantly.
there is little change in the projected proportion of
2 It isestimated that shopper numbersin the department
production by the various sectors in the two years,
store will increase next month.
with manufacturing and services being the most
3 Next year, there will be a noticeable rise in smart TV
dominant.
sales to 5,000 units a month.
It is forecast that the services and manufacturing 4 The trend in energy consumption is predicted to
sectors together will account for more than three dramatically increase during thenext decade.
quarters of global production in 2030 and 2050, 5 The projected salesfigures for next year show that there
80.8% (50.2% and 30.6%) and 84.3% (51.2% and will be a slight decline.
33.1 %) respectively. By contrast, the proportion 6 The use of industrial robots isanticipated to continue
of production from energy is expected to decline increasing worldwide.
from 6.7% in 2030 to 4.3% in 2050, a drop of 7 In the last quarterof the year, it is expected that
approximately one third. It is also anticipated that registrations at the gym will beginrising again gradually.
there will be a similar dramatic drop for agriculture 9 Overall, it isexpected that a clear upward trendwill be
production from 4% to 2% with production in seen in the funding for space research.
materials, by contrast, comprising 3.5% in 2050 2
compared to 2.9% in 2030. 1 By the year 2025, there will have been a significant rise in
As regards info-communications and technology, the proportion of graduates in the workplace.
there is expected to be little difference in the 2 Shopper numbers in the department store are estimated
proportion of production the sector constitutes, to increase next month.
with a slight rise form 5.6% to 5.9% over the period. 3 Sales of smart TVs will rise noticeably next year to 5,000
units a month.
Word count: 165 words 4 It is predicted that the trend in energy consumption will
Comments dramatically increase during the next decade.

The response fulfills the requirements of the task,

summarising all the information and supporting Unit 6
the overview with specific data.There is a range
of vocabulary and structures relating to forecasts Vocabulary 1: Lifecycles and processes
about the future. Page 72
2
Review 5 Page 70 a4 bl c3 d2
3
Vocabulary: Adjective/Noun collocations Any or all of the words listed below:
1 modern civilisation a flowered, fruit, produced, becomes, seeds, fall, carried,
2 agricultural societies birds, animals, wind, drop, ground, spring, germinate,
3 urban populations grow, process, repeats.
4 dominant cultures b blooms, crop, picked, hand, machine, collected, taken,
5 thriving communities factory, crushed, oil, extracted, plant, made, essence,
6 general public used, perfumes, toiletries.

253
Answer key

c lays, eggs, leaves, plants, hatch, caterpillars, eat, weave, 4 Cotton is white and is utilised to create a very light cloth.
form, cocoon, insect, emerges. 5 A butterfly comes out of a cocoon to become a flying
d plants, produce, flowers, open, attract, insects, pollinate, insect.
plant. 6 Flowers are colourful, bloom in gardens and look and
smell very nice.
Reading Page 73 6
1 grow (tall), become (bigger), sprout, appear, open up
Descriptive/factual 7
2 Possible answers
lC 2G 3E
seeds:grow
Questions 1-5 saplings:grow (tall)
lE 21 3F 4J SH branches:prune, bear
tree:grow (tall), become (bigger), bear
Questions 6-9 buds: appear
6 FALSE flowers:open up
7 TRUE fruit: harvest, ripen, cultivate
8 NOTGIVEN 9
9 FALSE 1 are planted/grown 2 are transplanted 3 pruned 4 grow
Questions 10-14 5 sprout 6 pollinate 7 ripen 8 harvested
10 shortly Speaking Part 2 Page 77
11 production method
12 heat 2
13 leftover cake All the stages
14 feed, compost 3
1 mountain
Language focus: Transitive and intransitive 2 Ireland
verbs Page 76 3 14
1 4 family
1 harvest(ing), occur(s) 5 landscape
2 is cleaned, is processed, is extracted 6 views
3 are grown 7 scenic
8 empty
2
9 peaceful
transitive:is cleaned, is processed, is extracted, are grown,
10 escape
harvest(ing)
intransitive:occur 11 relax
both:grow 4
Where:1, 2
3
When:3
Transitive Intransitive Both Who: 4
make look decrease Why: 5-11
produce happen weave Vocabulary 2: Conservation Page 78
rise 1
collect
become 1 d, c 2 c, a 3 d, b 4 b, d 5 b, a 6 c, b 7 c, a 8 a, d
sow 2
flow 1 views
process
2 lungs
pick emerge 3 stretches, spoilt
crush occur 4 sights
5 safeguarded
Note:The verb become can be intransitive in certain 6 conservation
circumstances:That hairstyle becomes you. Otherwise, it is
a linking verb and functions like the verb to be. Listening Section 2 Page 79
4 Questions 11-13
1 the sun 2 cereal, wheat, corn, spelt, rye 3 tea 11 C 12 B 13 C
4 cotton 5 a butterfly 6 flowers
5 Questions 14-17
14G 15 B 16 J 17 A
Possible answers
1 The sun rises and goes down every day. Questions 18-20
2 Cereal(s)/Wheat/Spelt/Corn/Rye is/are gathered/harvested 18 views
to produce bread. 19 landscape
3 Tea leaves are cultivated to produce a hot drink from China. 20 seeds, flowers

254
 Answer key

www.irLanguage.com
Writing Task 1 Page 80
After sixty days, the wood can be used for the
2 production of pencils. At this stage, a groove is cut
1 Once, When, As soon as, After into the slat and a special glue is injected, with a
2 Then, Next, After that black lead being put into the slat and then another
3 where empty slat on top to form a sandwich. This is heated
4 then, next, after that and hard-pressed so that the two slats become
5 then one piece, which is then cut to produce individual
6 where pencils. These are finally decorated, sharpened and
3 stamped before reaching the consumers.
phase, stage
Word count: 1 79
4
Possible answers Comment
Introduction: The pictures show how glass is recycled/the The response reflects the diagram in the task
recycling process for glass. detailing the steps as they occur. There is a clear
Overview: It is clear that during recycling glass goes through overview and a wide range of vocabulary and a
a number of stages. range of structures, including active and passive
verbs in the present simple to reflect the nature of
Describing sequences Page 81 the task.
1
at first
Review 6 Page 82
2
1 If 2 and, then 3 Once 4 then 5 First 6 After that Vocabulary 1: Lifecycles and processes
7 At the same time 1
The life cycle of a mobile phone. A B
Correct order: 5, 7, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2. 1 blossoms appear
2 trees produce
3
3 butterflies emerge
The manufacturing process
4 harvest fruit
4 5 plant trees
ld 2a 3c 4f Se 6b 6 weave thread
5 7 prune branches
packaging - 2a, 4f, Se 8 leaves sprout
storage - 3c 2
delivery - 4f
Possible answers
pasteurisation - 6b
harvesting - Id, Se 1 Blossoms appear on plants and trees in spring.
assembly - 4f 2 Trees produce oxygen as a result of removing carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere.
6
3 When butterflies emerge from a chrysalis, they are at first
packaging: package/pack
unable to fly.
storage: store
4 Farmers harvest fruit every year.
delivery: deliver
5 It is important to plant trees in order to preserve the
pasteurisation: pasteurise
environment.
harvesting: harvest
6 Manufacturers weave thread to make cloth.
assembly: assemble
7 It is often best to prune branches towards the end of
7 u�1.H1 u�j �jSI summer when the trees have a chance to recover quickly.
www.irLanguage.com
8 Leaves sprout on trees following long periods of cold
Model answer weather.

The illustration shows the process involved in the Vocabulary 2: Conservation

production of pencils. 1 panoramic, stretching
2 spectacular, landscape
Overall, it is clear that the process is efficient and 3 sights, spaces
eco-friendly, because all parts of the tree are used. 4 views, scenery
At the first stage, seeds grow in nurseries before 5 environment, extinction
being transplanted after four months. Three 6 safeguard, disappear
years later, the trees in the plantation are thinned 7 spoilt, protection
allowing them to grow and improving the quality
of the wood. When the trees are fourteen years old, Following directions
they are cut down to make logs. These are then cut 1 We start off here Qil Theed Street.
into thin pieces, called slats, before being treated to 2 The tour takes us past Wren House on the kft..
help them dry. 3 Correct
4 We go past Brompton Palace which is on the north side of
the street on our right.
5 Correct
255
Answer key

6 We then tum right into Weston Avenue to look at the Old Understanding 'Yes/No/Not Given' statements
City Hall, which is on the north side of the street. Page 86
7 We continue to the end of Weston Avenue where we go
nm:th.
1
8 Correct Generalisation/Probability
2 Comparison
Language focus: Transitive and intransitive 3 Qualifying word
verbs 4 Recommendation
1 5 Comparison
1 sun: goes down/sets, evening 6 Probability
2 wheat: cultivate/harvest, bread 7 Qualifying adjective
3 cotton: produce/utilise, cloth 2
4 flowers: bloom, garden/spring 1 Yes 2 Not Given 3 No 4 Not Given 5 Not Given 6 Yes
5 butterflies: emerge, cocoon 7 Yes
Accuracy in IELTS Paragraph/Section headings Page 87
1 1
1 When the seed germinates, the plant begins to grow. The following are most likely: cause, effect, problem (solution)
2 As soon as the wood is burnt, carbon dioxide is released 2
into the atmosphere, which can then cause serious cause: factors
problems. effect: leading to
3 The diagram shows how the water is purified. problem: coastal erosion
4 Trees are the lungs of the planet as they purify the air we
breathe. 3
5 If the plant produces fruit, it releases the seeds which are 1 factors:
either carried away by the wind or birds. ... with enhanced rates of sea level rise and increasing
6 More conservation projects need to be organised if we are storminess, both of which are associated with global
to save the countryside. warming.
7 Pomegranates are now found in many countries in the Sea levels are expected to rise significantly over the next
world. century, largely as a result of the melting of ice sheets and
8 What are the most common fruits in your part of the thermal expansion of the oceans. Global warming will also
country? change ...
9 It is clear that there are seven steps in the process. The increase in the frequency and size of the latter, which
have an enormous influence on ...
2 coastal erosion
Ready for Reading Page 84 ... rates of coastal change will escalate ...
... coastal change and near-shore sediment transport ...
Understanding 'True/False/Not Given' ... the form of UK coasts.
statements Page 84 4
2 2; monitoring, techniques
1 more for weapons than (i) 5
2 only (b) complexity
3 is said to (h) ii contrast
4 ten (f) iii methods
5 destroyed (g)/at the end of each dynasty (k) iv need
6 simpler (d, i) v factors
7 all (c) 6
8 are connected (j) of making decisions about coastal defences
9 had an impact on (a) ii between engineered and natural defence techniques
3 iii employed to check coastal change
1 NOT GIVEN. There is no comparison of weapons and iv for an integrated approach to coastal management
ritual objects. v leading to coastal erosion
2 FALSE. ... speak of a series of ancient rulers who
invented agriculture, writing, and the arts of government. Summary completion Page 89
3 TRUE. ... founding the Xia dynasty. 1
4 FALSE.... Yu also cast nine sacred bronze vessels.
5 FALSE.... these were passed on to subsequent dynasties. Questions 10-13
6 FALSE. ... the archaeological record reveals a more 10 widespread consultation
complicated picture of Bronze Age China. 11 Coastal managers
7 FALSE. Archaeological investigation has confirmed 12 traditional constructions
much of the legendary history of the dynasty following 13 isolation
the Xia - the Shang.
8 TRUE. Chinese scholars generally identify Xia with the Sentence completion Page 90
Erlitou culture, ... 1
9 TRUE. ... that greatly influenced material culture in the the whole picture
Shang and subsequent Zhou dynasties. Geoscientists

256
 Answer key

Unit 7 Questions 26-28

26 information
Vocabulary 1: Work Page 92 27 foolish
2 28 nerves
a paid work people do on a regular basis
Questions 29 and 30
b what people do or the place they do something to achieve
some kind of result 29 enjoyable
c the job or profession people have 30 questionnaires
d the job people follow, usually after gaining some kind of
Language focus: Conditionals 1 Page 98
qualification
e a profession or occupation over a period of time 1
f what work people do to earn money. 3, 2, 1, 1
g what people gain at the end of a course, e.g. a degree 2
3 will turn out
1 livelihood 2 would succeed
2 work 3 will find
3 job/ca1-eer/profession 4 had worked
4 job 5 had been devoted
5 work 6 are given
6 profession 7 had
7 job, career 4
8 job/career 1 Unless the educational process ...
2 Had there not been ...
Reading Page 94 3 ... I would have been born ...
Questions 1-7 4 If people didn't have ...
5 ff some adults had ...
1 communal setting
6 Had universities been permitted ...
2 traditional office
3 work persona Writing Task 2 Page 100
4 work identity
5 norm
1
education
6 source
2 streaming i.e. teaching children in classes according to
7 movement
ability, with teaching children in mixed-ability classes
Questions 8-12 3 Yes: 'Do you think ... ?'
8D 9C 10 B 11 A 12 A 2
1 c: an example (condition, result)
Question 13
2 a: a reason
C 3 b: a perspective, a claim/opinion, a contrast, conclusion
Vocabulary 2: Collocations Page 96 3
1 Having said that however, I feel that streaming children
1
at secondary level is harmful.
1
considerable, enjoy, derive, accrue
2 The main drawback is that if children are not taught in
2
huge, gain, outweigh, take
mixed-ability classes, it does not prepare them for the
3
once-in-a-lifetime, career, seize, waste
real world they will encounter in the future.
4
enormous, achieve, guarantee, depends on
3 ... I feel that streaming children at secondary level is
5
excellent, offer, boost, career
harmful.
6
distinct, obvious, suffer, have
4 harmful
7
total, result in, ensue
5 ... it does not prepare them for the real world they will
8
outstanding, impressive, represent, a lack of
encounter in the future.
9
huge, show, make, room
This could then hold them back ...
10 good, deserve, throw away, arise
... and reduce their career opportunities considerably.
2
4
1 success, guaranteed
2 failure, prospects Possible answer
3 deserves, chance The first sentence contains a topic sentence stating that
4 improvement, room streaming is a disadvantage with two possible reasons. A
5 disadvantage, benefit consequence (result) of not having mixed-ability classes is
6 benefits, accrue stated. This is then followed by other consequences/results
7 represented, achievement in the last sentence.
8 once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, seized 5
Listening Section 3 Page 97 Possible answers
There is a thread all the way through the answer. The
Questions 21-25 introduction mentions the two specific areas about
IN ANY ORDER: B D E F H

257
Answer key

education in the first sentence. In the second sentence, a

statement of opinion is given as 1-equired in the question of Comments
the Task. The answer shows and develops the writer's
The topic sentence in the first body paragraph acknowledges position regarding the fact that the advantages
the benefits of streaming as per the introduction. of the focus on experience outweigh the
The two topic sentences of the next two paragraphs state the disadvantages. The importance of knowledge
writer's opinion i.e. that streaming has a negative impact is looked at first and this is contrasted with the
and is a disadvantage. greater importance of having experience.
The conclusion reflects the order of the presentation of
the information in the introduction (advantage followed
by disadvantage). The topic sentences (and hence, the Review 7 Page 102
three body paragraphs) follow the same structure as the
introduction and the conclusion. The whole answer is
Vocabulary 1: Work
tightly bound together. 1
The occupations that my friends want to go into are
6
varied. Some want to find a permanentjQQ in banking or
A
business, while others want to go into the medical or legal
7 professions. It is possible to find work in the former without
specific qualifications and considerable experience, but for
Model answer medicine and law the first of these is essential in order to
find something where it is possible to have a good livelihood
Experience and knowledge are both crucial and a successful career.
in the modern work environment. However, I
personally feel that the focus on the former is much Vocabulary 2: Collocations
more beneficial in the modern knowledge-based 1 Do you think it's possible to achieve success without
economy. qualifications?
2 Some people think that technology has made huge
The importance of knowledge for workers cannot
improvements in the workplace. To what extent you agree
be underestimated. For example, employees need
or disagree?
qualifications and knowledge of skills such as
3 Do you think the advantages of working part-time
numeracy and literacy, as well as knowledge of
outweigh the disadvantages?
how systems, such as computer systems, work. In
4 What do you think is your most impressive achievement
order for professionals such as engineers, teachers
so far?
or doctors to be successful, for example in their
5 l think giving up rather than the lack of ability can lead
careers, they need knowledge as well as experience.
to failure.
While certain types of knowledge can be acquired
during work experience, it is essential for a body Language focus: Conditionals 1
of knowledge such as medical and engineering
information to be acquired beforehand.
1
If, wouldn't have been
ln today's world, however, where knowledge is 2 otherwise, will become
effectively controlled by machines, it is essential 3 If, will limit
for workers to focus on developing the skills to 4 Unless, will be
manipulate this knowledge, as it is so voluminous 5 If, would help
that it is now impossible to acquire. Knowledge, 6 If, hadn't worked
in effect, plays a secondary role to skills and 7 If, focused
experience. 8 If, wouldn't have done
There are, therefore, clear advantages to attaching 2
greate1- value to experience compared to knowledge Had I not passed my exams at university, I would not be
in the workplace. The modern world demands that able to follow the profession I wanted.
companies and institutions have employees with 2 Unless people in today's world have both qualifications
very sophisticated skills not just in technology, and experience, finding a job will become slightly harder.
but in dealing with modern systems. As a result, 3 Unless I learn to drive, it will limit my job opportunities.
frequently workers' technical expertise often takes 4 If more money is not invested in the education system,
precedence over basic knowledge and without the workforce will be less well-trained.
workers with the necessary experience, it is 5 Were people to do some kind of volunteering, it would
impossible for companies and organisations to help them when they started looking for a job.
flourish. 6 Had I not worked as hard as I did in the past, I wouldn't
be as successful as I am now.
As we have seen, despite knowledge being very 7 Were people to focus on achieving a good work-life
important in the modern workplace, it is clear that balance, their working lives would be less stressful.
the advantages of a greater emphasis on experience 8 I had the chance to change my career otherwise I
outweighs any disadvantages. wouldn't have done .it.
Word count 268 words

258
 Answer key

Accuracy in IELTS Reading Page 106

1 1
achievement 1 sophisticated/complex 2 innate 3 constitutes
professional 4 primary 5 depicting 6 associated 7 network
success 8 progress
occasions
Questions 1-5
prospects
improvement lC 2£ 3F 4G SD
career Questions 6-11
dissatisfied
6 bark, cave
excellence
7 Dream Time
scenes
8 aids
opportunity
9 clay tablets
livelihood
10 title deeds
aspirations
11 expeditions
guaranteeing
impressive Questions 12 and 13
2 IN ANY ORDER: B, E
An efficient workplace is one where the work environment
encourages people to be successful, to develop their Language focus: Referring in a text Page 109
professional skills and achieve their aspirations. If people 1
are denied the chance to develop in this way, then their The study and practice of making maps.
own and the company's success is limited. Furthermore, The charts are memory aids ...
if everyone has the same opportunities at school and at These tablets are title deeds .. .
work, there is a good chance their career prospects will be 2
improved dramatically and the economy will benefit from a 1 the neighbourhood
happier and, subsequently, a more productive workforce. 2 the region
3 the cost of farming

Unit 8 3
The nouns would need to be in the latter part of the sentence
Vocabulary: Nouns relating to places Page 104 or the whole sentence. They are too far away from this to
refer to.
2
1 Urban 4
3 Possible answer: the gardens It is not really possible to work out what it refers to: cost/
farming/period/the whole sentence/part of the sentence.
3
If you keep the word rise, the phrase This rise refers to
place, spot
the latter part of the sentence from increased onwards. If
2 district, area
you use this on its own it can refer to the same part of the
3 location, region
sentence or the whole sentence.
4 area, spaces
5 vicinity, neighbourhood 5
6 places, regions, spots 1 It 2 it 3 This new development 4 it, it 5 This
7 setting, region 6 they, This 7 those 8 these
4 6
1 e, f 1 The price of property in this region is increasing, and
2 a, b, c, d, g, h, i and possibly j this/it is set to continue.
3 b, c, d, g, i and possibly j 2 The neighbourhood was poor once, but it is rich now.
4 a, b, C, g, h, i, j 3 I like visiting the seaside when nobody is around; it is
5 h,j very relaxing.
6 e, f 4 If people make an effort to clean up after themselves
7 b, C d, g, i when they visit parks, then these places will be much
8 a, b, h,j more inviting for the public in general.
9 a, b, d, g, h, i 5 My friend suggested I should go away for a few days for a
10 a, b, d, g, i break. This was a good idea, but it might be expensive.
6 The government should pass laws to protect more areas
5
of great natural beauty. This would benefit all of us.
overlooking a small garden, neighbourhood with old
7 Change in the local area cannot be stopped. It is
buildings, located near a large park full of flowers and
inevitable, even if it is very slow and it stops altogether
plants
for a while. But this is unlikely to happen.
2 stretching for miles along the seashore, with plenty of
opportunity for lots of boating and swimming, built two
hundred years ago
3 surrounded by beautiful mountains, with its purple
flowers
4 surrounded by a forest full of wildlife, covered with trees
but with views looking out
259
Answer key

Listening Section 4 Page 110 remained

was converted into
1
witnessed
The migration of humans over time.
was extended
2 became
31 number Past p erfect: the verbs below are governed by the phrase
32 noun "by 2016" and actions that had happened before that time.
33 number had given way
34 noun (phrase) had become
35 noun (phrase) had also been added
36 number (fraction or percentage)
37 noun
11
38 noun (place) The overview is the second sentence.
39 noun (phrase) Possible answer
40 noun (phrase) Overall, it is clear that the town is/has been completely
Questions 31-40 transformed/changed with the ...
31 100,000 /one hundred thousand 32temperature 13
3345,000 34land mass 35 simple boats 3630%/per cent
37yam 38 Sudan 39 work fields 40 military advantage Model answer
Writing Task 1 Page 111 The maps illustrate the developments that occurred
1 in Harton between 2008 and 2016.
1b 2 g/c 3 aid 4 g/c 5 g/c 6e 7 d/f/b Overall, it is clear that the town of Harton
2 undergoes a complete transformation during the
a replaced b transformed c turned into d built period with a significant reduction in residential
e chopped down f converted g knocked down/demolished areas. For example, the residential neighbourhood
3 in the southwest gave way to a shopping centre,
1 was extended while the industrial complex east of the river
2 expanded expanded replacing a substantial part of the
3 was constructed wooded area, where the lake was drained and
4 was completely changed/was changed completely/ reduced to a pond.
changed completely Moreover, by 2016 the derelict warehouses in the
5 became north of Harton next to the residential area had
6 took place, altered been converted into a car park and where the
7 became old town once stood south of the warehouses,
8 was developed offices and a university have been built. Another
4 significant change was the conversion of the arts
extension centre in the west of the town to a multi-screen
expansion cinema. The school next to the arts centre west of
construction the river, meanwhile, remained unchanged.
demolition
Word Count: 153 words
alteration
conversion Comments
development
The answer to the task covers all the developments
8 in the two maps, indicating the location of the
a the shops in the east of the area features. There is a wide range of structures
b the square south of the open-air market including complex sentences and a range of
c the woodland with the lake to the east of the farmland vocabulary relating to change and location.
d the disused car factory in the north-east
e the farmland in the north-west of Wetherby
f South of Main Street, the area witnessed even greater Review 8 Page 114
change.
g the office block south of the house was extended in 2016 Vocabulary: Nouns relating to places
9 1
le 2c 3d 4f 5g 6a 7b 1 neighbourhood, area, vicinity
2 area, spot, place
10 3 zone, district, space
present simple: as it is the introduction. 4 location, regions, place
illustrate 5 setting, vicinity, place
is
Simple past: for events in the past
underwent
experienced
was turned into

260
 Answer key

Language focus: Referring in a text B evocative, melancholic, thoughtful, dazzling, humbling,

1 magnificent, impressive, overwhelmed, emotional,
1 The ruined castle ecstatic, nostalgic, majestic
2 residential areas in the city 5
3 holidays 1 humble 2 emotion 3 nostalgia 4 evoke
2 5 think/thoughtful
1 This, it 2 that, it 3 This, it 4 it, that, it 5 it, this 6
6 they, it 7 this, those 1 ... the Sphinx was very humbling/filled me with humility.
2 The sight of the Himalay as made me feel emotional/
Verbs relating to changes in places moved me.
1 3 ... that I love sometimes makes me melancholic ...
construction, conversion, demolition, replacement, 4 ... my home country, they are evocative of so many
transformation, renovation memories ...
2 5 ... wandering through the ruins made me thoughtful/
The old houses were demolished to make way for a think about life ...
block of flats. Reading Page 118
2 The area was completely transformed with new houses
and shops. 2
3 A supermarket was knocked down to make way for a Possible answers:
wider road. a description of (famous) buildings, background history,
4 A line of trees was chopped down and houses were influences on the architect, dates etc.
constructed in their place. 3
5 The bank was renovated and converted into a 1 fused 2 familiar 3 beloved 4 romanticised
restaurant.
5 obfuscating 6 ingenious 7 original
6 The main street was turned into a small pedestrian area.
7 A new bridge replaced the tunnel. Questions 1-4
8 The offices were demolished and rebuilt again. 1 tradition/modernity
3 2 conservative
The demolition of the old houses made way for a block of 3 very advanced
flats. 4 (popular) success
2 The area underwent a complete transformation with new
Questions 5-9
houses and shops.
SB 6C 7A SA 9B
Accuracy in IELTS irLanguage.com Questions 10-13
1 10 H 11 C 12 E 13 B
The tramline was extended to the suburbs and three new
stations were added. Word building: Prefixes under- and over-
2 As the town expanded, the fields were used for housing.
1
3 A retail complex was constructed on a greenfield site on
overbearing (paragraph E): too much/more than they
the edge of town.
should
4 The neighbourhood was completely transformed with the
building of huge apartment blocks. understated (paragraph G) : below/less than they should
5 The area in the northwest of the town became more 2
built-up. 1 underestimated 2 overrun 3 overrated 4 undervalued
6 A number of dramatic developments took place, which 5 overcome 6 overtook 7 underfunded 8 underrated
altered the character of the town considerably. 9 understated 10 overawed
7 The neighbourhood to the northwest of the town centre
became less rural and leafy with the building of new Listening Section 3 Page 122
offices. 1
8 The empty space west of the university campus was The project is about the photographs the student took of
turned into a technology development centre. India.
2
1 perception: way of looking at things
Unit 9 2 collage: arrangement/(random) collection of items
3 grandeur: magnificence
Vocabulary: Beauty Page 116
4 digital stills: digital images
1 5 narrow down: limit
1 Dubai Rotating Tower, Dubai 6 discipline: control
2 The Egg, Beijing, China 7 fade: weaken/become pale/disappear
3 Jal Mahal, Jaipur, India 8 access: get into
4 La Boca, Buenos Aires, Argentina 9 click: select (on a computer)
5 The Royal Tombs, Petra, Jordan
Questions 21-25
4
A tall, ancient, spacious, stone 21 too abstract
22 completely overawed
261
Answer key

23 dazzling 5 the effect is contained in the prepositional clause

24 ten/10 (images) beginning with the preposition with.
25 pop video 6 the prepositional phrase as a result ofintroduces the cause.

Questions 26-30 d
4 the word then could be left out.
26 G 27 E 28 B 29 F 30 D
6
Language focus: Modal verbs for evaluating 1 shouldn't have relaxed, There are, as a result
Page 123 2 should be attractive, thanks to
3 Thanks to/With, now lighten up
2 4 has a positive effect, which in turn
1 should 2 could have dealt 3 might have 4 might 5 Withrrhanks to, are focusing on
5 must 6 could be 7 should be 8 ought to 9 must
8 www.irLanguage.com
3
1, 2, 4
Model answer
4
a conclusion: 5, 9 The skylines of cities around the world are
a regret: 4 changing rapidly as more modem building are
a suggestion: 8 being constructed, replacing older buildings, which
a criticism: 1, 2, 4 require more money to renovate and maintain.
an expectation: 7 Personally I feel that preserving older buildings is
a possibility/weak suggestion: 6 often a waste of money for various reasons.
a possibility: 3
There is no denying that it is worthwhile keeping
Writing Task 2 Page 124 certain old buildings. Many castles and mansions,
for example, around the world are of great
1 historical interest and they deserve to be preserved,
A view/opinion of other people which is expressed using a
but in some cases old buildings are often overrated,
comparison.
while many new buildings are undervalued.
3 Instead of money being spent on improving them,
Possible answer many old buildings should have been demolished,
The preservation and upkeep of old buildings is seen because they are not fit for purpose. Many people
by some as essential, while others think they should be like them for nostalgic reasons, and there is no
demolished and new ones built instead. In my opinion, doubt that they are evocative of another era, but
it depends on the buildings concerned, but I favour the they are in many instances not very practical to
protection of older buildings, where possible. work or live in.
It is clear that modern buildings do have their attractions On the other hand, new buildings are generally
compared to older ones. cheaper to build and maintain than keeping old
Yet, I believe that older buildings such as old houses or buildings. The costs involved in the latter arise
factories of architectural interest should be preserved, because it is difficult sometimes to find the correct
because they are part of people's heritage. materials for renovation. It is also time-consuming
to modernise them while at the same time keeping
The visual appeal of some old buildings is another factor in
the original features.
the need to preserve them. Another reason is that some old
buildings are worth preserving, as they are very appealing Some people dislike modern construction methods
visually. because they use a lot of glass and steel rather than
As we have seen, although modern buildings do have their old-fashioned materials such as bricks. Personally,
attraction, many older buildings play a vital role in the I find certain modern skylines in cities like Doha
preservation of people's heritage and are also attractive. in Qatar, Shanghai and New York, impressive and
beautiful. Cities which don't have modem buildings
4
can seem rather melancholic and not as dazzling as
1 b, a 2 b, a or a, b 3 a, b 4 a, b 5 b, a or a, b
some people feel.
6 b, a or a, b
5 As we have seen, the construction of modern
a buildings is more worthwhile than maintaining
1 cause b, effect a 2 cause b, effect a 3 cause a, effect b older ones.
4 cause a, effect b 5 cause a, effect b 6 cause b, effect a Word count: 273 words
b
Comments
Cause: 2 thanks to
Effect: I and so 3 leading to 4 and then 5 with The answer is well-organised with clear
6 as a result of paragraphing. Each paragraph presents and
C develops an argument that is supported with
2 the prepositional phrase thanks to indicates the cause reasons and examples. The conclusion reflects each
without any linking device. paragraph and is linked with the task.
3 the gerund is used to show a result.
o�l�I .:.,L:,j �..>'J
www.irLanguage.com
262
 Answer key

Review 9 Page 126 2

False. Barcharts, tables and a sequence of pie charts can
Vocabulary: Beauty also show trends.
1 2 True. Pie charts usually show proportions with
1 Breathtaking 2 Magnificent 3 Spacious 4 Nostalgic percentages, but they can show proportions where the
5 Overwhelmed 6 Thoughtful 7 Melancholic 8 Ancient values are give in numbers, e.g. hundreds, thousands, etc.
10 Ecstatic 3 True.
4 True. Stacked bar charts are like horizontal or vertical
2
pie charts. They are used because it is easier to compare
Accept all suitable answers.
visually the various proportions.
Word building: Prefixes under- and over- 5 True.
1 Graph Page 129
1 underrated 2 underfunded 3overstated 4 underpriced
1
5 overcome 6 undervalued 7 overtaken 8 underestimated
the overview:
Language focus: Modal verbs for evaluating Overall, it is clear that regarding the two main reasons ,
not needing the internet and a lack of skills, the trend was
1
upwards throughout the period, while that for the other
Possible answers reasons was fairly flat.
1 Conclusion: They must have closed it. 2 examples of complex sentences:
2 Expectation: People should be happy. By contrast, while there was a rise in the proportion of
3 Conclusion: The transport must have been on time. households without internet access because of lack of
4 Mild criticism: The government could have invested skills from about 15%in 2008to just over 30%in 2014,
money earlier. the trend in the proportion for high equipment costs was
5 Criticism: She might at least have phoned me! slightly downwards, 10%compared to 13%in 2000and
6 Suggestion: The town should be made more attractive. 2014respectively.
7 Conclusion: It must have cost a lot of money.lit must be As regards high access cost, the trend was flat with a peak
worth a lot of money. of about 15%in 2010from 11 % in 2008, but privacy and
8 Suggestion: The building could be renovated rather than security was less of a concern with the proportion giving
being knocked down. this reason falling between 2008and 2014, approximately
9 Expectation: It should help to make the environment 6%and 3%, respectively.
more pleasant. 3 examples of language of comparison:
(For example, approximately one third (about 34%) . . .
Accuracy in IELTS compared to more than a halfCapproximately 54%) in
1 2014.
1 . .. a positive impact on (wrong word) By contrast while there was a rise in the proportion
2 As q_ result (missing word) of households ... (the trend in the proportion for high
3 ... the nation should also improve (wrong tense) equipment costs was slightly downwards, 10%) compared
4 ... neighbourhoods could be (missing word) to I 3%in 2000and 2014respectively.
5 This should definitely (wrong word) . . . but privacy and security was less o{a concern . . .
4 sentences where high access and high equipment costs
2 are described:
The main reason is that a beautiful environment has a
. . . the trend in the proportion for high equipment costs was
positive impact on people's mood, ...
slightly downwards, 10%compared to I 3%in 2000and
2 . .. which in turn should increase the health status of the
20I 4respectively. As regards high access cost, the trend was
general population.
flat with a peak of about 15%in 20/0from 11%in 2008 . . .
As a result, the economic health of the nation should
also improve with fewer days off work and increased
productivity. Bar chart Page 130
This should definitely have a beneficial effect on people's
1
mood.
1 d 2e 3a 4c Sb
3 For example, local neighbourhoods could be given be
given funds to improve their surroundings by creating
mini-gardens and decorating buildings. Pie charts Page 131
4 a beautiful environment (cause of positive impact)
1
with fewer days off work and increased productivity (part
of cause of the economic health of the nation) Possible answers
1 almost three quarters of employees putting in at least 30
hours per week and just over half of self-employed people
Ready for Writing Page 128 doing so.
2 more than 45 hours per week compared with 25.3% for
Task 1 Page 128 self-employed homeworkers.
1 3 a much larger proportion of employees (42. l %) do so.
1 (stacked) bar chart 2 pie chart 3bar chart 4 self-employed workers working 30 hours or less per week
4 graph 5 table accounted for 40.2% of the total as opposed to a much
smaller proportion of employees, only 26.4%.

263
 u�'�'ultj�_)IJ
www.irLanguage.com
Answer key

Table Page 132 Then, when the tide is at its highest, the lagoon is full of
water.
1
Subsequently, as soon as the tide turns . . .
Comparison: comparative adjectives, !adverbsL
. . . the inflow gate is closed and the outflow gate . . . , is
conjunctions, or other.
opened and the water flows out of the lagoon . . .
The table shows the volume of various types of cereals that
3 Overall,
were produced in a selection of European countries in 2000.
First of all, before
Overall, it is clear that France and Germany produce the
and at the same time.
largest amounts of the cereal crops with Belgium producing
Then, when
the least.
Subsequently, as soon as
The volume of common wheat and spelt, for example,
to which
produced in Germany was 27 711 tons compared to 37 501
4 falls and rises
for France and 5153, 5442, 5319 and 1919 for Denmark, the
Czech Re ublic, Bulgaria and elg m respectively. turns
! � 5 Overall, the production of the energy from tidal power
B contrast , France produced onl !128 tons of rye and
using the artificial circular lagoon involves several stages
maslin as opposed to 3854 tons in Germany, with no data
relating to the opening and closing to the inflow and
available for Belgium.!Likewise!. Denmark produced 678
outflow gates in the lagoon.
tons in contrast to 130 tons in the Czech Republic and !only!
First of all, before the high tide comes into the estuary, the
28 tons in Bulgaria.
inflow gate is opened to allow the water to flow into the
The largest producer of barley was France with 11 775 tons
lagoon and at the same time the outflow gate is closed to
followed close! by Germany with I I 563 tons.
prevent the water escaping again.
B com arison , Denmark produced more barley than the
Subsequently, as soon as the tide turns and it is at its
Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Belgium together, 3548 tons
lowest level, the inflow gate is closed and the outflow gate,
against 1967 tons, 851 tons and 400 tons, respectively.
to which a turbine is attached, is opened and the water
Other flows out of the lagoon, generating electricity.
Prepositions:
compared to, in contrast to, against 2
Zero relative: Yes, 166 words
fallowed closely by Task 2 Page 136
Plan A Page 133 2
The main factor behind the decrease in walking among
1
relocation, addition, replacement the general population is the modern lifestyle that is much
more sedentary, especially for people working in offices.
2 The main solution is to encourage people through
relocation: the reception was moved to the right hand side of advertising to become more physically active.
the entrance 2 With the advances in technology, people's lifestyles are
addition: New seating areas were also introduced to the lefi changing and are becoming much more sedentary.
and right of the entrance with a new electronic turnstile being 3 The modern lifestyle that is much more sedentary,
added just between the reception area and the lift and stairs. especially for people working in offices.
Another addition was the electronic databank to the right of 4 . . . especially for people working in offices.
the lifts. For example, if people are sitting at a desk in an office for
replacement: the three offices for JO workers each on the lefi long periods of time rather than doing manual work on
hand side had been turned into an open plan office for 45 the land, this can reduce the time for people to do simple
workers. Moreover, the kitchen and staff lounge on the back activities like walking.
wall had been replaced with meeting rooms. Similarly, the two 5 ... if people are sitting at a desk in an office for long periods
offices for JO workers each on the right had been turned into of time rather than doing manual work on the land . . .
an office for 30 workers. 6 . . . this can reduce the time for people to do simple
Plan B Page 134 activities like walking.
7 Moreover, people are more inclined to travel by car or bus . . .
1 8 . . . so there is less need for people to walk.
1 railings 2 High Road 3 park 4 zebra crossing 9 . . . to encourage people through advertising to become more
5 Staple Road 6 major junction 7 roundabout physically active.
8 traffic lights
3
Process Page 13 5 Possible answers
1 educational, entertainment, financial, i.e. cheap leisure
Overall, the production of the energy from tidal power activity/attracting visitors, technological, developmental,
using the artificial circular lagoon involves several stages national/international, e.g. attract people from around the
relating to the opening and closing to the inflow and country not just local, regional, national, environmental,
outflow gates in the lagoon. e.g. 'visitors don't have to travel'.
2 First of all, before the high tide comes into the estuary, the You can use other perspectives here and you can use the
inflow gate is opened to allow the water lo flow into the perspectives to analyse and trigger ideas.
lagoon ...
. . . at the same time the outflow gate is closed to prevent the
water escaping again.

264
 Answer key

4 9 www.irLanguage.com
Possible answers
Model answer
Two statements with two views and a statement asking
candidates to write about each of the views and then give In recent years, the lack of such soft skills as
their own opinion. communication and working in teams has
2 One statement giving a development, followed by a grown. This development is the result of various
question that asks whether the development in the factors, which can have a negative impact on both
statement is negative or positive, i.e. students have to employees and employers.
give their opinion/an evaluation: positive or negative. The
rubric asks for reasons and examples in support of the A deficiency in soft skills is caused by various
candidate's ideas. factors such as the current emphasis on
3 One statement giving a solution, with an evaluation, to computer-based work, automation, and as a
a problem, followed by two questions asking whether consequence a lack of socialisation in general.Take
they agree with the evaluation and what other measures the impact of working electronically, for example.
could be effective. Students have to give their opinion/an This can lead to a decline in the experience of
evaluation of the measures, and suggest other measures. dealing with colleagues face to face on a daily basis.
The rubric asks for reasons and examples in support of As a result, workers are less able to communicate
the candidate's ideas. effectively with their fellow workers, their
managers, and, if applicable, the public. From the
5 automation perspective, many business processes
Possible answer such as dealing with the public have increased the
The curriculum at primary school is in a permanent state distance between people generally, and have further
of change with the constant educational advances. It is led to decline in overall socialisation.
suggested by some that software programming needs to be The above factors have a direct impact both on the
taught to primary school children, but others argue that employees and businesses and the public. From
play is more important. Personally, I think the latter is more the perspective of the employee, the effect can be
valuable for children at this stage than immersing them in both psychological and financial. A bank worker
technology. may, for instance , become dissatisfied with their
From my point of view, I agree mainly with the second work and their efficiency may decline. This, in
group, but I think the importance of technology in the turn, can lead to a lack of promotion or bonuses,
modern world means that it is a valuable skill for primary leading to further dissatisfaction. From employers'
school children to acquire. perspective, such a situation is not healthy as it
6 can affect profits and ultimately the viability of the
Possible answer organisation. The consequences are also felt by the
Many museums and art galleries around the world are general public who are then faced with a reduction
making the content of their institutions available to the in the quality of service.
general public by uploading them onto the internet. While As we have seen, there are various reasons behind
some feel this is a negative step, I personally think that it is the lack of soft skills like communication and team
primarily positive for various reasons. working among modern employees, which can
7 have a huge impact on people in the workplace,
le 2b 3d 4a companies and the general public.
8 Word count: 283 words
In recent years, the lack of such soft skills as
communication and working in teams has grown. This Comment
development is the result of various factors, which can have The response satisfies all parts of the task. It has
a negative impact on both employees and employers. two body paragraphs of similar lengths dealing first
A deficiency in soft skills is caused by various factors with causes, and then effects. The paragraphs are
such as the current emphasis on computer-based work, well balanced with the third paragraph analyzing
automation, and as a consequence a lack of socialisation in
the impact from three perspectives: the employee,
general.
the employer and the general public. Note the use
The above factors have a direct impact both on the
language relating to cause and effect throughout.
employees, businesses and the public.
As we have seen, there are various reasons behind the lack
of soft skills like communication and team working among u�1�1ut,,j�..>1J
modern employees, which can have a huge impact on Unit 10 www.irLanguage.com
people in the workplace, companies and the general public.
Vocabulary: Art Page 140
1
1 Music 2 Sculpture 3 Dance 4 Theatre 5 Painting
3
Possible answers
1 play: actor, actress, lead (role), playwright, director,
producer, costume designer, set designer

265
Answer key

2 exhibition: visitor, exhibitor, designer, artist, sculptor, Paragraph 7: The main path is decorated in vortex patterns
painter much like the movement of the eddying stream from which the
3 musical: singer, actor/actress , writer, song-writer, pebbles ori,:inated.
producer, conductor, musician , pianist , violinist , 3
percussionist 1 a: ... which the playwright wrote when he was young ...
4 book: novelist , writer, illustrator, author, reader, editor Adds additional information about the play related to
5 sculpture: sculptor, artist when it was written.
6 video game: designer, writer, illustrator, artist, software b: ... that he wrote at the age of 21 ... A defining clause
programmer, producer, engineer needed to identify which particular play won the award.
7 film: actor/actress , director, star, producer, distributor, 2 a: ... which is taken from Beethoven s 9th symphony ...
scriptwriter, fan Additional information not necessary for identification.
4 b: ... that I heard on the car radio yesterday ... A defining
1 artist/draw (an artist draws pictures/images) clause needed to identify which pop song.
direct/play (a director directs plays) 3 a: ... that I would like to talk about ... A defining clause is
design/clothes (a fashion/clothes designer designs needed to identify the artist.
clothes) b: ... who is still alive ... Additional information about the
video game/programmer (a software programmer creates artist.
video games.) 4 a: ... I go to regularly ... A defining clause is needed to
2 drama/plot distinguish between museums.
drama/writer b: ... which often have interactive displays ... Extra
novel/plot information given about modern museums which is not
novel/writer needed.
(a writer writes novels and dramas. Novels and dramas 5 a: ... that need to be taught at school ... A defining clause is
have plots) needed to point out which arts subjects need to be taught.
musical/sing (singers sing in musicals) b: ... which include painting and drama ... Additional
ballet/perform (a dancer performs in a ballet) information which is not necessary for identification
3 construct/art installation (an art installation needs to be purposes.
constructed) 4
soap opera/act (actors act in a soap opera) 1 no pronoun necessary, that/which are possible
compose/symphony (a composer composes symphonies) 2 whose
5 3 which
1 exhibition 2sculptures 3criticism 4 collection 4 which
5 critics 6 scenery 7 visual 5 no pronoun necessary, that/which are possible
7 6 who
1 drama , scenery, produces , play, highbrow 7 that/which
2 modern , appreciate , critical 8 no pronoun necessary, that/which are possible
3 works , Abstract , exhibitions , classical 5
1 , C,
Speaking Part 3 Page 142 irLanguage.com
2 , d,
1 3 , b,
What are the advantages of making some form of the arts 4 , f,
compulsory at secondary school? 5 g
2 How do you think institutions involved in the arts such as 6 a
museums and art schools should be funded? Should it be 7 , e,
from public funds or private donations?
3 In what ways do you think an interest in the arts can be Listening Section 2 Page 146
used to help to improve the lives of all people in society? 2 proposals: suggestions , recommendations
Give reasons and examples. aims: objectives , purposes
3 15 public 16website survey 17Jenny Driver, art world,
Reading Page 143 concerned 18 radio show 19outside broadcasts
2 20 second reporter
ld 2e 3i 4h Sa 6g 7c Sb 9f lOj Questions 11 and 12
Questions 1-9 IN EITHER ORDER: B, D
10 2D 30 4B 51 6P 7J SC 9H Questions 13 and 14
Questions 10-13 IN EITHER ORDER: A , E
10 vortex patterns 11 gentle ramp 12 ledge 13 jets Questions 15-17
Language focus: Defining and non-def"utlng 15 A 16A 17 B
relative clauses Page 145 Questions 18-20
2 18 the street 19 public reaction 20 department store
Paragraph 4: Pebbles of the required size were sorted from a
stockpile and laid into a base of d ry mortar which was watered
to make the cement set.

266 u�1J::!1uL:,j�.JD
www.irLanguage.com
 Answer key

Speaking Part 2 Page 147 6

1 Possible answer
Defining clause: T he art form I'm going to describe is ... (to Introduction: Science and business studies and the arts are
identify which art form) all important for progress in society in general. However,
Non-defining clause: ... part of the performing arts, ... I think the current emphasis in education on science and
dancing, which to me is exciting and inspiring ... business studies is a positive trend.
(to give additional information) First topic sentence: There is no doubt that the arts are
Non-defining clause: ... a dance show, which was very noisy invaluable in today's world.
and energetic... . (to give additional information) Second topic sentence: Science and business studies,
4 however, play a key role in the development of society.
which, in turn, can improve your chances of finding a good Third topic sentence: Another reason is that training in
job: effect of what went before and cause of what comes next science and business studies can open up many career
and hence of earning a living: effect opportunities for young people.
Conclusion: As we have seen, the present focus in education
Writing Task 2 Page 148 on science and business studies is a positive development.
1 7
The statement describes a trend and compares a situation 1 arts 2 field 3 trend 4 participation 5 Take 6 physical
in the past with a present situation. In the present the focus 7 coordination (concentration may also be possible)
in education at all levels is more on science and business 8 Likewise 9 exhibition 10 gallery
studies compared to the arts, i.e. the former is becoming 8
more important. 1 However, I think the current emphasis in the field of
The question asks students to give their opinion as to education on science and business studies is a positive
whether this is a positive or negative development. Students trend.
can say it is positive or negative or a mixture of both. 2 Drama, which requires lots of activity, is obviously good for
2 physical and mental health ...
No, because the statement in the task is a development ... coordination, which is a skill that is missing in
not an evaluation or view/position/stance/opinion. If the education today.
statement said 'Some people think that nowadays there is too 3 No examples
much focus at all levels in education on science and business 4 . . . the purpose of involvement in the arts is to help them
studies rather than the arts', then it would be possible to relax ...
replace the question with 'To what extent do you agree or 5 Take drama, for example.
disagree?' 9
3
negative Model answer
4 The advances in technology are being keenly felt in
an introduction saying that it is a positive development; modern art in fields like design, painting and film.
a second paragraph discussing why it is a negative Such a trend I think is beneficial for those studying
development and supporting an (equal/greater) emphasis and working in these areas, as well as the public.
or greater on sciences and business studies; two
paragraphs showing the positive side of the sciences and The main criticism levelled at the use of technology
business studies; a conclusion. in the areas above is that it is de-skilling workers.
2 an introduction saying that the development has positive With computer painting and design, including
and negative aspects; a second paragraph discussing why on tablets, students in the above areas are losing
it is a development, (with positive perhaps being stronger basics skills in producing objects by hand.
than negative or vice versa); a third paragraph discussing Likewise, children are losing the ability even to hold
why it is negative development; a fourth paragraph saying implements like pens and brushes, to coordinate
it is both positive and negative and why; a conclusion. their actions, to plan and to think through the basic
5 processes for producing something. The same
The introduction contains a hook in the first sentence, applies to workers in these areas.
which states the importance of the two main areas (science This is a valid criticism, but the benefits derived
and business studies and the arts) for society, i.e. both are &-om the increasing use of technology in the areas
positive for society. The second sentence then states that the above are huge. Computer software, such as 3D
current focus on science and business studies is a negative printing, supplements the skills of the students and
development. workers in design, paint and films. The technology
In the first topic sentence, the writer acknowledges the value does not replace people, but is an additional tool
of science and business studies. like any other.
In the second topic sentence, the writer contrasts this with Another reason why the effect technology is having
the importance of the arts for society.
on the fields above should be seen in a positive light
In the third topic sentence, the writer gives another reason
is that these areas have through the ages adapted
why the arts are important. to the available technology to improve their work
for the benefit of society. The latest technology
now allows efficient car design and mechanics,

267
Answer key

2
as in hybrid cars. Artists and film makers can use 2,3
computers to create more entertaining interactive
art works and films with computer-generated Accuracy in IELTS
imagery for the public's benefit. 1
As we have seen, while there may be some 1 children
downsides to the increasing role of technology in 2 art
modern art such as design, painting and film, its 3 art
increasing influence is a positive development . 4 Correct
5 people
Word count: 281 words 6 art
Comment 7 schoolchildren

The answer is clearly presented in five paragraphs

with an introduction setting out the writer's
position. The first body paragraph looks at the
Unit 11
negative impact of technology' in the modern art Vocabulary: The family Page 152
fields mentioned, while the other two support 1
the writer's position on the value of its use. The 1 village community
conclusion brings everything together and reflects 2 nuclear family
the introduction and task . 3 large extended family
4 grandparent and grandchild
Review 10 Page 150 2
1 parents
Vocabulary: Art 2 grandparents
1 3 siblings
1 Actors and actresses act in plays or films. Sometimes 4 family tree
some of them become famous because they star in soap 5 widow: someone whose husband has died
operas. widower: someone whose wife has died
2 He wrote the symphony and conducted the orchestra at 6 relatives
the performance. 7 ancestor
3 She has written many fantasy novels but people still do 8 niece/nephew
not think that she is a great author, but there are many 9 family
children and adults who would disagree. 10 household
4 As a playwright, he wrote many plays and even directed 3
some of his works in well-known theatres, appearing lb 2e 3f 4a Sc 6d 7g
from time to time on the stage himself.
5 Is a newspaper journalist an artist? Many would like to Reading Page 153
think they have artistic qualities. 2
6 He was a great sculptor and painter, having carved many Possible answers
famous statues and painted many of the world's greatest
paintings. Paragraph A: African village, bring up, socialize, child,
7 The producer got on well with the actors and actresses community, relatives, kinship, familial and kinship
in the film, but he didn't always like the way the director relations, network of relatives, upbringing
directed it. Paragraph B: adolescence, society, initiation ceremonies,
8 The choreographer arranged the ballet very carefully, but mark the transition from childhood, adulthood, conduct
some of the dancers found it very difficult to perform. and behaviour, duties and responsibilities, interests of the
2 entire community.
1 drama, stages, scenery, Drama, produce, plays, highbrow Paragraph C: Kinship and family, individual interests,
2 abstract, classical, illusions, art Young people, process, initiation from childhood to
3 appreciate, favourable adulthood, the society, good and bad times, bond, members,
same age-grade, taught the historical information, cultural
Language focus: Defining and non-defining group, rituals, marry
relative clauses Paragraph D: Seniority, age, respected and admired,
wisdom, respect, counsel, crisis, certain responsibilities,
that has influenced me the most elder, unemotional, arbiter, above partisan differences,
2 (that) I want to talk about synonymous with honor (etc.), manifest these qualities in
3 that is free for all schoolchildren. old age, elevated status in society.
4 I admire the most is Frida Kahlo Paragraph E: good care of senior citizens, good example,
5 that is close to my flat. respect, good treatment in old age, procreation, somebody,
6 the cafe you usually go to old age, Children brought up well, asset, children see that
7 that was announced last night on TV. their grandparents are treated well, learn by example
8 that you know very well

268
 Answer key
www.irLanguage.com

Paragraph F: elder is the pillar, nuclear, extended family, 3

link between the living and ancestors, unite the family, Possible answers
reinforces kinship ideology, helps to socialise, provide
friendship, secondary, same class/games, support,
guidance, pass the baton, all members of the society take
companionship, first friendship, adolescence, still friends
socialisation seriously
Questions 1-5 Listening Section 1 Page 158
1 Registering to be a host family for international students.
1 Western society 2 interests 3 societal values
4 responsibilities 5 candid, sincere Questions 1-10
Questions 6-9 1 informal/preliminary chat 2 two references 3 weeks
4 September. 5 2/two 6 neighbourhood
6C 7E SA 9E
7 Friday afternoon 8 53 9 08977 392251 10 MAW973
Questions 10-14
IN ANY ORDER: A, C, E , F, G
Language focus: Conditionals 2 Page 159
1
Word building: Suffixes -hood and -ship Example 1: Second conditional: We'd only do these ...
Page 155 (present); ... made ... (past).
Example 2: Zero conditional: ... we're then both happy ...
1
(present); we usually begin (present)
State: kinship
In the second example, the following is also possible with no
Period of time: childhood, adulthood
change of meaning: ... we usually begin ...
2
1 relationship 2 childhood 3 neighbourhood
2
1 Paraphrase
4 Parenthood 5 membership 6 adulthood
2 I won't do the psychology option on the course if there
7 partnership 8 apprenticeship 9 sponsorship
aren't any free places.
10 Leadership
3 T here's a possibility there will be a change in society if
3 the government addresses social issues like crime and
1 hardship 2 nationhood 3 leadership qualities poverty.
4 childhood 5 Parenthood 6 sponsorship scheme 4 If future generations are even more highly trained than
7 relationships they are now, will their lives be better?
4 5 Unless/(If) people are (not) psychologically well adapted to ...
1 cultivated, relationship 6 Paraphrase
2 withdrew, sponsorship 7 Paraphrase
3 facing, hardship 3
4 spent, childhood u�1�1ut,,j�.JD 1 Unless 2 If only 3 Even if 4 Provided 5 If 6 Supposing
5 nationhood, reached www.irLanguage.com
6 showed, leadership
4
2 ,5
7 prepare, parenthood
5
Speaking Part 2 Page 157 1 Families can play a part in making society a better place,
1 provided the government gives them support.
Task Card C 2 If the government funded more community centres, this
would provide a place for people to meet.
2
3 If globalisation hadn't occurred, there would now be
Describe a friendship that is/was important to you:
fewer social and cultural problems around the world.
I'm going to talk about a friendship that I had when I was in
4 If it were not for volunteer workers helping people deal
my early years of secondary school.
with the psychological aspect of change, the situation
who the friendship is/was with: would have been worse.
It was with my best friend at the time, Jane, ... 5 Even though today trade between different countries is
when you first met your friend: increasing, there are sometimes big differences between
... whom I met when I first went to secondary school. various business cultures.
what you and your friend do/did together: 6 Supposing social intelligence were taught in schools,
We were in the same class throughout our secondary school would it be beneficial?
years, and we would sit next to each other in most classes,
Writing Task 2 Page 160
play the same games together - we were just like sisters ...
1
and explain why this friendship is/was important to you:
The friendship was very important to both of us ... firstly, Possible answers
because we gave each other support at a time when we were 1 Agree: world smaller, some countries richer than others,
both ne,vous about being in a new place. And secondly, where have responsibility, unethical not to help
we grew up we both had a happy childhood, but neither of us Disagree: charity begins at home, responsibilities to local
had any siblings, so it was nice to have the companionship of communities
someone at school ... And I suppose I felt that l was leaving 2 Agree: gives people confidence/opportunity to interact
childhood behind, and it was, in fact, the first friendship of my with others
adolescence. Disagree: not the only way, social help, financial help,
basic necessities, depends on situation and individual

269
Answer key

Other measures: government help with better housing,

local facilities, better environment, better education/ provide well-maintained open spaces that attract
more interesting jobs, developing friendships local people along with venues to give them a
3 View 1: parents' responsibility, their children, early years chance to interact with each other, like local shops
with parents instead of large supermarkets, all of which can
View 2: children spend time at school, parents at work nurture a local identity and spirit.
need help, financial/social support needed, parenting In conclusion, investing in local amenities is one
skills, share the responsibility - 'three parties' among many approaches that can contribute to the
2 fostering of a good spirit within communities.
a 2
Structure: introduction, a paragraph saying it is a good way, Word count: 282
a paragraph saying why it is a good way, two paragraphs Comments
giving two or three other measures, a conclusion.
b 3 The response fulfils the task requirements. The
Structure: introduction, view l, view 2, opinion, conclusion. introduction gives an evaluation of the opinion
C ] in the task. The second paragraph comments on
Structure: introduction, paragraph about concentrating the value of investment in leisure centres and the
resources on own citizens, two paragraphs about helping two other body paragraphs provide alternative
other people, conclusion. approaches that are equally important.
4
Extract l: The paragraph relates to helping other people. Review 11 Page 162
Extract 2: The paragraph relates to other ways for people to
improve their social and psychological well-being. Vocabulary: The family
5 1
For instance, people could volunteer just one day a week to 1 tree 2grandparents 3 grandfather 4 widower
help others . . . 5 ancestors 6 family 7relative 8 household
[So] this characteristic should be harnessed as it leads to the 9 siblings 10 relatives
betterment of people's lives.
7 Word building: Suffixes -hood and -ship
1
Model answer 1 He started his apprenticeship in electrical engineering
last year.
A good community spirit can certainly be promoted 2 He received sponsorship (money) to pursue his dreams of
by various means, including investment in local being an athlete.
amenities such as leisure complexes. While I 3 When I had club membership, I met many new friends.
agree that this approach is worthwhile, it is not 4 I remember my childhood with fondness.
necessarily the best, as there are other equally 5 Before adulthood (begins), people are generally much
important strategies. more carefree.
6 My father and my uncle had a business partnership when
Local amenities like leisure complexes are they were very young.
important for bringing people of all ages together 7 My neighbourhood is generally very quiet.
and for providing them with opportunities to
mingle with friends and meet new people. As well Language focus: Conditionals 2
as facilities, such centres can provide a wide range 1
of activities like swimming clubs and yoga classes ld 2c 3a 4g Sb 6e 7f
as well as art classes, which give people the chance
to meet old and new friends and strengthen the 2
local community spirit. 1 Even if the psychology course is expensive, I'll pay for it.
2 I will do the technology component of the course, unless
Other amenities such as libraries that are open it's in the morning.
to the public can also play a role in developing 3 People can contribute to society, provided the
a community. Other measures that are also government gives them support.
useful are holding local festivals and fun days, 4 If the government funded more creches, it would enable
not just in parks but in streets that are closed more people to go to work.
off to traffic for the day or weekend. In fact, any 5 Unless parents and schools both play a role in teaching
activity that involves local people coming together, good behaviour to children, they will not know right from
such as volunteering in the clean-up of local wrong.
neighbourhoods or tidying up local spaces, is 6 If it were not for private sponsorship of some university
worthwhile. places, it would be harder for people to develop their
Another important strategy is the design of local careers.
neighbourhoods. Unfortunately, the enormous 7 If we want to ensure a healthy society, it is essential that
pressure to increase accommodation for growing socialisation of children takes place at home and school.
populations means that there is less space for 8 It there had not been heavy investment in social and
houses with gardens. However, it is possible to technological development programmes, the world
would not be in its present advanced state.

270
 Answer key

Accuracy in IELTS www.irLanguage.com Word building: Words related to memory

1 Page 167
Some people think that the sole responsibility for bringing 1
up children lies with parents, while others argue that souvenir or memento
schools also have an important role to play in this respect. Words with the root mem-: memento, memo/memorandum,
Personally, I feel that both parents and schools should share memoir, memoirs, memorable, memorial, memorabilia,
the responsibility for a child's upbringing. memorise, memory,
If we look at the situation from the perspective of social 2
skills, for example, it is clear that both parties should share 1 memories 2 remember 3 memoirs 4 memorabilia
the responsibility. Obviously, parents can teach children to 5 memorise 6 memorable 7 memorial 8 memento
form deep and meaningful relationships with friends and
family at home. Schools could also show how to develop
3
1 memories 2 memorabilia 3 mementos 4 memoirs
such relationships outside the home with their peers, while
5 memorial 6 memorable 7 remember 8 memorise
at the same time picking up knowledge and information. If
we as adults had not been introduced to the social norms Speaking Part 1 Page 168
of society we would not know how to behave ourselves nor
would we know how to pass on the skills essential to our
1
children. a2 bl c4 d3
Speaking Part 2 Page 168
Unit 12 1
Possible answers
Vocabulary: Adjectives with multiple tour, excursion, expedition, outing, trip, voyage, travel,
meanings Page 164 luggage, suitcase, plane, train, car, tickets, hotel, boat
1 2
Possible answers 1 pleasant, exciting, long, tiring, excruciating, memorable,
1 pristine, unspoilt, beautiful fantastic, comfortable, uncomfortable
2 unique, alien, impressive 2 travel, fly, stay, stop, stop over, journey, sail
3 ancient, strange 3 hotel, seaside, mountains, beaches, city centre, ski resort
2 4 for a holiday, for/to work, to visit friends, to study
It means 'original', 'new, or 'different'. It can also mean a Reading Page 169
'work of fiction'.
1
3 1 True 2 True 3 False - Australia 4 True
1 apathetic 2 native 3 new 4 local 5 similar 5 False -Athens inGreece 6 False -East Africa
6 uncomfortable 7 odd 8 extra 9 treasured 7 True 8 True 9 False - St Petersburg 10 False -Iran
4 3
1 different
1 ledge (of rock or land) 2 the state of being fully developed
2 strange
3 organism 4 variety 5 catalogue 6 in danger
3 unique 7 reproduce 8 group 9 ancient 10 place of safety
4 curious
5 foreign Questions 1-6
6 odd 1 continental shelf 2 diversity 3 ecosystem 4 coral reef
7 new 5 biological 6 marine life
8 fresh
9 alien Questions 7-10
s 7 TRUE
1 difference 8 NOTGIVEN
2 strangeness 9 NOTGIVEN
3 uniqueness 10 FALSE
4 curiosity Questions 11-13
5 foreignness
11 impacts and conflicts
6 oddity/oddness
12 (the) regulatory framework
7 newness
13 overall management
8 freshness
9 alienation Language focus: Articles Page 172
Listening Section 2 Page 166 1
1 the Great Barrier Reef, the mainland
Questions 11-15 2 popular belief, 2,900 individual reefs, fringing reefs,
11 C 12 A 13 B 14 C 15 A islands
3 a continuous barrier, a broken maze
Questions 16-20
16 summer cruise 17 palaces, gardens 18 explore
19 popular 20 novel experience
u�1.H1 ul:oj �y,
www.irLanguage.com
271
Answer key

2 Negative:
1 The sun may lead to people emigrating and brain drain
2 Stars, the moon, the Milky Way makes people more insular
3 A star bad for the environment
4 We can call it a star when we look at it in the galaxy or 6
when we look at it as an astronomical object.
5 Yes Model answer
6 Mount Everest
7 The Himalayas The volume of international travel is increasing
8 Tokyo with globalisation and cheaper travel. As a result,
9 Yes. The Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian it is argued that the environment is suffering and
Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Southern Ocean. that restrictions should be imposed on such travel.
3 I think that international travel does pose some
1 b The. ... I visited were old. makes the monuments risks for the environment, but the effects can be
specific, not just any or all 'old monuments'. mitigated.
2 b the. The Himalayas are a particular group of There is no doubt that as the number of
mountains, not just mountains in general. international travellers increases there is increased
3 a the. The sun in the sky/our solar system. danger of the environment being harmed. This risk
4 b the. The Nile is a specific river. comes not only from the growing volume of flights,
5 a The. The phrase ... of Mexico ... makes the word but also from the impact of huge numbers of people
capital-specific. Mexico City does not need an article visiting vital eco systems, especially fragile areas
as there is only one Mexico City. around the world like Antarctica and the Great
6 a The. 'The United Kingdom' is used to distinguish the Barrier Reef. Another worrying development is
kingdom from other kingdoms. the increase in cruise ships ferrying thousands of
7 a The. The definite article can be used if it refers to a passengers around the world. Therefore, some are
particular country. Sentence b is about prime calling for international travel to be restricted.
ministers in general.
8 a The. There is only one heart in the body, not various People have always travelled around the world and
hearts. it would be very difficult to restrict international
travel, especially for tourism and business as it is
4 economically beneficial for local communities.
the Brazil, the sisters, the Rio de Janeiro, the beaches, the
If people are concerned about the impact of
fun, a sightseeing, the living, the holidays international travel, rather than trying to impose
Writing Task 2 Page 172 restrictions, taxes can be introduced to help
protect local conservation areas. Such projects
1 can also provide local jobs and help develop local
Respond to the opinion in the second sentence in relation to communities.
the first opinion; talk about other effective measures
Write an introduction. Moreover, people nowadays are much more
Write a paragraph stating that the effect travelling has is/ conscious of the impact of international travelling
isn't significant and explain why it is a good/bad measure, and seek to offset the impact by paying for the
but there are others. Give reasons and examples to help planting of trees for example. People are also
explain. travelling more by railway than in the past as
Write two paragraphs stating and explaining two or three railways become faster, more convenient and
other measures. Give reasons and examples to help explain. integrated, which reduces any threats to the
Write a conclusion. environment.
2 As we have seen, there are risks to the environment
2,3,4, 7 from increased international travel, but such travel
3 is important and any risks can be offset by different
1 Relevant measures.
2 At the moment, for example, more people are travelling
Word count: 284 words
by train than by plane.
3 Relevant Comments
4 Relevant The response is divided into clear paragraphs
5 This is surely because of the cheapness and availability of with a stance/position given in the introduction,
fast means of transport.
maintained and developed throughout.
6 Relevant
5 Review 12 Page 174
Positive:
gives people new ideas and experiences, languages Vocabulary: Adjectives with multiple
helps develop international relations meanings
provides education
removes prejudice 1
helps people appreciate other cultures 1 a and b: curious
2 a and b: different
3 a and b: fresh
4 a and b: novel
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 Answer key

5 a and b: alien 3
6 a and b: new many reasons, perhaps, most important
4
Word building: Words related to memory Stressed words in set A:
1 prefer, go out, one friend, group, friends, Why?
ls your memory good? What, do you do, go out
Yes, but sometimes I leave memos for myself on the fridge think, important, keep, contact, friends, make, work,
to remind me to do things. courses, Why/Why not?
What was your most memorable experience in South Stressed words in set B:
America? like, making, things, cooking, pottery, painting,
Mmm, I have so many vivid memories of my time there. Why/Why not?
Where did this memento come from? think, crafts, important, our lives, Why/Why not?
Don't you recognise it? It's from the famous memorial Tell, traditional craft, your country
I visited in India. think craft, popular, future, Why/Why not?
Do you collect historical memorabilia?
No they don't interest me, but I love reading the memoirs of
5
Possible beginnings for set B:
famous historical figures.
Yes I like/love making things, particularly cooking because ...
Language focus: Articles Yes, I think it's crucial/essential/very important, because .. .
A traditional craft where I come from is ...
1
Oh yes. I think it will be much more central to our lives than
Trains, some of which are very luxurious, are a good
now, because ...
way to travel around the world.
2 Abu Dhabi is a state in the UAE. Part 2 Page 177
3 I have fond memories of my stay in the Netherlands,
1
even though I was there for a relatively short time.
ld 2[ 3e 4c Sb 6a
4 T he universe is made up of billions of galaxies where a
star like the sun in our solar system might exist. 2
5 Antarctica is an enormous expanse of ice where Task Card 1:
temperatures can drop to more than -90° C. Describe a place where you enjoy studying: cafe
6 Some people like travelling by plane, as it is a quick where this place is: near river
way of travelling for those going to the other side of the when you first visited this place: month ago
world. what this place is like: cheerful
7 Trips giving people unique experiences are in great and explain why you enjoy studying there: relaxing, friendly,
demand across the age spectrum and are not restricted great view
to a single group of people. Task Card 2:
8 A river like the Amazon supports wildlife as well as Describe a skill that you would like to learn/what the skill is:
people. musical instrument
9 Information about the different tours is available on a when you would like to learn this skill: soon
separate page on the website. where you would like to learn this skill: class - irritating/
10 Around half of the human body is water, which is a privately
surprise to some people. and explain why you would like to learn this skill: relaxing,
11 T he quality of accommodation is a great asset for any healthy, helps concentration
hotel. 3
guitar: musical instrument
Accuracy in IELTS last August: at the end of the summer
1 on holiday: when I had a few days off and was visiting my
An irrelevant piece of information: And it will also help friend in another town
the environment. little time: I haven't really had any spare time
Two extra articles: the Stonehenge, the people annoying: irritating and challenging
Two words in the wrong form: visit (visiting), memory not relaxing: not good at helping me unwind
(memories)
4
2 An irrelevant piece of information: It has also resulted in
musical instrument: same
an expansion of the leisure industry, which is important.
soon: in the near future.
Two extra articles: the distant places, the larger disposable
class - irritating: annoying
incomes
privately: to acquire by paying for individual tuition
Two words in the wrong form: memory (memorable),
relaxing: very soothing
wealth (wealthy)
helps concentration: same
healthy: same
Ready for Speaking Page 176 Part 3 Page 179
u�1�1ut:,j�.>0
Part 1 Page 176 2 www.irLanguage.com
2, 1,6,3,4,5
2
1 is not suitable. The question asks the candidate to state a
preference about doing something e.g. I prefer going out
with a large/small group of people/friends/people I know.
273
 u�1�1ut,,j�.>4
www.irLanguage.com
Answer key

Unit 13 Questions 7-10

7 NO. Paragraph B: This is in contrast to cycling in
Vocabulary: Nouns related to systems Page 182 countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, and
1 Germany.
Possible answers 8 YES. Paragraph C: The results can lead to policy
recommendations for infrastructure investments and
1 Canal 2 Wifi network 3 Bridge planning and zaning policies to encourage more cycling
4 for everyday travel.
1 railway 2 telephone 3 satellite 4 internet 5 water 9 NOTGIVEN
6 electricity 7 gas 8 oil 10 NO. Paragraph E: Most of the participants were everyday
5 bicyclists.
1 Electricity, grid Questions 11-13
2 Gas, pipelines, fields
3 water supply, purification 11 B 12 D 13 B
4 oil, wells, refineries Language focus: Concession and developing
5 satellite, weather
6 infrastructure, lines ideas Page 188
7 access, web, connection 1
Both are correct.
Listening Section 3 Page 184
Although most of the focus on "active living" may have been
1 on walking, cycling has a greater potential to substitute for
I, 3, 4, 5 and 7 are directly related. 2 and 6 may be indirectly motorised vehicle trips ...
related.
Most of the focus on "active living" may have been on
1 what the research intends to do/show, etc.
walking, but cycling has a greater potential to substitute for
3 the question the researcher is seeking to answer
motorised vehicle trips ...
4 the results/conclusions of the research
5 the examination of the data/information collected 2
7 a review or analysis of the books, journals or articles 1 Although increasing the capacity of the network may be
related to the research a good solution to the problem, it is not the only one.
2 T his may be a sound argument, but I think I'd want to see
Questions 21-23 more funds made available for new carriages as well.
21 B 22 A 23 A 3 While inner city conditions may be cramped, the facilities
available are endless.
Questions 24-28
4 I don't like the idea of computers controlling systems like
24 A 25G 26 F 27 B 28 E transport. Nevertheless, they perform a vital function.
Questions 29 and 30 5 Much as I agree with the creation of high-speed
communication systems, I can't help thinking that they
IN EITHER ORDER: A, E will lead to more demands on workers and hence more
Word building: Modal verbs to adjectives stress.
6 Extensive metro systems may exist in many major cities,
Page 185 but they are expensive to maintain and upgrade.
1 7 I partly agree with the opinion expressed here, but I think
1 possible 2 unwilling 3 unnecessary 4 expected it is naive to suggest that increasing the fares will in the
5 probable 6 able 7 compulsory 8 certain 9 essential end lead to a better transport service.
2 8 It's clear the quality of public services is improving.
Examiner: Is it possible for communication systems like Nonetheless, more needs to be done.
broadband to have an impact on people's lives? 3
Candidate: I think it is possible for the development of a7 b2 c4 dl es
faster communication systems than we have now to have
an impact on local as well as national economies, as� Speaking Part 2 Page 189
expected outcome is that it will enable people to do business 1
faster. Obviously, it is not possible for them/they aren't Similarities:
able to solve every problem , but it is at least possible for They are both about streets and squares. T hey both ask
them to help. For a while, governments were unwilling to about locations; what the street/square is like; and what the
invest in fibre optics, but now the cables are being installed reasons for choosing the locations are.
everywhere. For example, in my home country they provide Differences:
jobs for local people ... Task Card A is about a street or square that is already a
favourite and Task Card B is about a hypothetical situation.
Reading Page 186 The tenses used in the last part of each card are different.
2 Task Card A also asks about how often you go there and
lanes, paths, boulevards, roads, networks, streets, rail Task Card B when you first came to know about the street or
transit lines square.
Questions 1-6 The order of the middle three prompts is different.
1 iii 2 ix 3 viii 4i 5 iv 6 vi

274
 Answer key

2 6
What I would like to
2 There are many Model answer
3 While the street has a wide range of cafes and places to
eat and a couple of art galleries, it's ... The table provides a breakdown of the number of
4 I find the street very attractive and so visits made to various countries through four UK
5 It appeals to me, as airports.
6 but still it's just like
Overall, it is clear that there is considerable
7 Another reason I like having a walk along the street is
variation in the popularity of the airports for each
that
destination. Whereas 91,000 visits were made from
8 No matter what time of day it is, there are always
Gatwick to Canada, compared to 187,000 from
Speaking Part 3 Page 190 Heathrow and 50,000 from Manchester, more
visits were made from Gatwick and Manchester to
1 Spain, 1.896 million and I.715 million respectively
Possible answers with 814,000 from Stansted and only 273,000 from
I think the government or private companies need ... Heathrow.
More trains and buses can be provided which would ...
This is in contrast to visits made to Austria via
Yes, if the predictions are correct, they should be in use in
Heathrow, Gatwick, Manchester and Stansted,
the very near future.
86,000, 148,000, 66,000 and 44,000 respectively.
Writing Task 1 Page 190 Regarding the Irish Republic, a different pattern
is seen with 278,000 visits made from Heathrow,
2 158,000 from Gatwick, 111,000 from Manchester
1 Read from left to right, looking at the headings for the and 187,000 from Stansted.
columns.
2 Visits, not visitors In comparison, there was a smaller number of visits
3 Generally it is upward, except for visits from Italy and made to Finland with Heathrow and Manchester
Sweden by tunnel, and from Portugal by air. being more popular than Gatwick and Stansted,
4 It is the general trend, while the countries and y ears show 58,000 visits, 53,000, 25,000, and 8,000 respectively.
specific trends and data. By contrast, the most frequently used airport
5 Yes, along with the information in the answer to question 3. for visits to Lithuania was Stansted with 33,000,
6 Overall, it is clear that the number of visits from the followed by Gatwick with 15,000, only 1,000 visits
selected countries is upward by air and tunnel with the from Heathrow and none from Manchester.
exception of visits from Italy and Sweden by tunnel and
Word count: 183 words
from Portugal by air.
3 Comments
2 and 3. The response, summarising the data, is clearly
In 1 the introduction would have to read "visits to the UK" divided into paragraphs with an overview at
not "visitors to the UK" to be suitable. the start of the second paragraph. A wide range
5 of comparative structures is used. The general
There was a gradual increase in visits by air from information throughout is supported by relevant
Belgium between 2011 and 2013, from 167,000 to data.
183,000.
2 The general trend for the number of overseas visits by
air and by tunnel from Bulgaria was clearly upward, Review 13 Page 192
climbing from 57,000 for the former in 2011 to 71,000 in
2013, and by tunnel from 6,000 to 12,000, respectively.
Vocabulary: Nouns related to systems
3 Visits from France by air and tunnel also went up with a 1
rise from 1.339 million to 1.441million, and 1.514 million 1 bridges, lines, tunnels
to I.761 million, in 2011 and 2013 respectively. 2 water, treatment, tap
4 Trips from Germany by air and by tunnel saw an 3 pylons, generators, grid
increase; 2.070 million and 2.129 million for the former 4 wells, fields, exploration
and 141,000 and 218,000 for the latter, respectively. 5 access, hosts, connection
5 As regards Italy, there were 1.445 million trips to the 2
UK by air and 24,000 trips by tunnel in 2011 with 1.562 Accept all suitable answers.
million trips by air and 23,000 trips by tunnel in 2013.
6 Trips from Portugal by air fell and by tunnel they rose
with the number of trips falling/decreasing from 260,000
to 251,000 and rising/increasing from 4,000 to 7,000.
7 The overall visit numbers by air and tunnel went
up between 2011 and 2013 from 22.631 million to
23.754 million and from 3.67 million to 4.479 million,
respectively.

275
Answer key

Word buildin g: Modal verbs to adjectives Unit 14

1
likely Vocabulary: Money matters Page 194
2 should 1
3 necessary 1 Stone money used as currency on the Yap Island
4 expected 2 A credit card payment
u�1�1 ui:,j e;:?Y'
5 probable www.irLanguage.com 3 Livestock as currency
6 compulsory 4 A smartphone used for con tactless payment
7 essential 2
8 unwilling
Possible answers
9 needs
coins, bitcoins, cards, (pre-paid/debit/credit), banks,
Language focus: Concession and developing currency, spend, notes, dollars, dinars, pesos
ideas 3
1 1 money management 2 money market 3 pocket money
The running and maintenance costs may be high, but 4 money laundering 5 paper money 6 sponsorship money
metro systems are efficient at carrying millions of 7 counterfeit money 8 money box
passengers around major cities worldwide. I Metro 4
systems may be efficient at carrying millions of cash reserves/flow/payment/settlement/limit/crisis/crop
passengers around major cities worldwide, but the 2 currency conversion/markets/speculation/fluctuation/
running and maintenance costs are high. reserves/crisis
2 Although increasing people's access to the transport 3 credit agreement/arrangement/facilities/terms/limit/
system by reducing fares is a good approach to reducing transfer
unemployment, it may not be the only one . 4 debt collection/burden/mountain
3 Electric cars help the environment. Nevertheless, I think 5 savings account/plan/bank
the infrastructure is still not extensive enough yet for 6 consumer/government/public spending
them to have an impact. 7 consumer/government/public/welfare/education
4 I partly agree with this opinion, but I think it is foolish expenditure
to suggest that increasing the fares at peak hours will 8 capital/investment/household/family income
improve the train service. 9 company/government/state/family/household finances
5 Though, personally, I am wary of automation in transport 5
systems such as aviation, computers make them much 1 cash crop €aSh, cash flow €aSh, cash crisis €aSh
safer. 2 MeHey paper money
6 It is clear the integration of transport systems such as 3 Education expenditure eEl1c1EatieR, expenditure level
trains, trams and ferries has been transformed in recent e1,13eRElit1c1Fe
years. Nonetheless, more improvement is necessary. 4 Family finances fa.m.i.ly, finance minister H-RaH€e
7 It may be worthwhile having more cycle lanes, but the 5 M.aRagemeRt money management
volume of traffic won't be reduced. 6 currency reserves El!FFeREY, currency crisis EllFFeRey
8 Much as I agree that communication systems such as 7 ffii-FaeR debt burden
broadband should be more advanced, it will lead to a 8 savings account saviRgS
more stressful working and home life.
Listening Section 4 Page 196
Accuracy in IELTS
2
1
Possible answer
Passenger numbers on the ferry soared between 2012
and 2016, from 135,000 to 567,000. The talk is about the history of money. Money is more
2 Passenger journeys on the metro system rose in 2016 than an economic tool. The talk includes information on
compared to 2015 with numbers increasing to over 4 bartering goods, commodity money, representative money
million a day compared to 3.5 million respectively. and the materials used for money.
3 The proportion of visitors to the UK by air fell overall Questions 31-34
from 2011 to 2013, decreasing from 8.9% to 7.5%
31 B 32 A 33 B 34 C
respectively.
4 The number of people using the station went up Questions 35-40
substantially between January and June 2016 with a 35 valuable
jump from 349,000 to 410,000. 36 axes, spades
5 The number of visits made to the UK from Sweden was 37 visually attractive
noticeably lower in 2015 compared to 2012 (155,000 38 standard measure
and 210,000 respectively). 39 significant evolution
40 abstract

276
 Answer key

Word building: Values and beliefs Page 197 4

2 1 Although the government wanted to stop funding the
lb 2e 3h 4c Sa 6f 7d 8g railway venture, they weren't able to sts13 fuRaiRg iL
2 The banks didn't want the policy on extending loans to
3 small businesses to change, but the government did waH-t­
standards, standardise, standardisation, non-standard, tl:ie13sliey ts el:iaRge.
substandard 3 Some people don't believe that there is a clear link
4 between happiness and money, while others do th+Hk­
1 Values 2value 3Valuables 4invaluable/valuable there-ts.
S valueless 4 The college was praised for student behaviour and
5 success as it hoped it would be�-
1 principles 2 principled 3 unprincipled 4 principles S The university didn't invest as much in delivering subjects
6 like philosophy as it could have iw·esteEI.
6 My father laid down the law with us when we were
1 idealistic 2ideals 3morals 4ethical
children, but my mother didn't lay SS"'R the law.
Reading Page 198
Speaking Part 3 Page 201
1
indicators 1
2 evaluate factors contributing to well-being
3 emphasis whether free time is a key factor (evaluation)
4 phenomena opinion about the evaluation that modern life is too stressful
S factors different ways that money impacts on well-being/the impact
6 crucial of money
7 advantage evaluation of the pursuit of money
8 predominantly the role of money in our future lives
2
Questions 1-5
Possible answers
lB 2F 3G 4D SA
Well-being:
Questions 6-9 What factors contribute to people's general sense of well­
6D 7A SF 9B being? a
Do you think having free time is the key factor in people's
Questions 10-12 well-being? Why/Why not? e, g, j
10 (valid) construct Some people think modern life is too stressful for people to
11 self-reported be generally happy. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
12 policy areas b
Question 13 Money and its effects:
How does money impact on people's well-being in activities
13 A such as work and leisure? c, d
In terms of social development, do you think the pursuit of
Language focus: Substitution and ellipsis
money has a negative or positive effect? Why/Why not? h, i
Page 200 In the future, do you think money will have a greater or
1 lesser role to play in our lives? Give reasons. f
1 person 3
2 Repeating the words breaks the flow between the clauses . 1 Substitution 2Substitution 3Ellipsis 4Substitution
This can make clauses and sentences more difficuil to S Substitution 6Ellipsis
follow.
3 I think so. Writing Task 1 Page 202
2 2
lh 2a 3g 4f Se 6b 7c 8d proportion: share, percentage
3 constitute: account for, form, make up, comprise, total.
1 ... by putting back some of the profits they have made reflect: mirror
from the local people./Such philanthropic behaviour vast majority: overwhelming majority
2 ... told us how to behave ...I... to do so ... only: just
3 ... the traditions and ways of the society they belong to ... pattern: trend, development
/ ... such customs ... similarity: is similar to
4 ... introduce philosophy into the school curriculum./ ... difference: is different from/differs from
Doing so ... quarter: 25%
S I left home when I was 18 to go to university.II did so ... age group: those who are ... years of age, ... year-olds
6 Detailed analysis ... on what makes people happy,/ ... such year-olds: years of age, those in the ... age group, the ... age
research ... group
7 ... adhered to the traditions of the community we came 4
from .../ ... do so ... a (a greater proportion of) part-time workers
8 moral standards on television ... should be therefore b there was a marked difference in the proportions of those
raised/In doing so ... aged 25-34

277
Answer key
c compared to d reflect e the vast majority cited 2
f illustrate g a correlation Countries try to build up currency reserves to buy foreign
5 products.
1 cited/stated 2 Sponsorship money helps many artists and young people
2 Overall, there seems to be a correlation between age and achieve their ambitions in life.
the frequency of being happy. 3 When I was a child I kept my savings in a money box
3 reflect shaped like a red telephone box.
4 some or all/most of the time 4 Many countries are not restricted to just one cash crop
5 stated that they were less so such as rice or wheat.
6 Whereas most 35-49 year-olds were happy some or all/ 5 To develop the financial literacy of the general public,
most of the time (87 .8%), a greater proportion of this age children at school should be given lessons on money
group stated that they were less so (12.2%). management.
6 Do you have much spending money left after paying for
The full -time and part-time workers' responses reflect
all your outgoings?
those of the three age groups with identical proportions
7 Family finances are as much a concern for finance
(91.8%) among both groups being at least happy some
ministers as health, housing and welfare.
time, but a greater proportion of part-time workers being
8 The cancellation of a debt burden can be an enormous
slightly happier all or most of the time (66.5%).
relief.
7 identical
8 a correlation, the vast majority, difference, two thirds, Word building: Values and beliefs
a quarter, a greater proportion, identical proportions,
1
a greater proportion
1 idealistic 2 values 3 principles
7 4 value, invaluable, valuable 5 customs
Model answer Language focus: Substitution and ellipsis
The charts report how happy people in selected 1
groups said they were in the last four weeks. Possible answers
It is clear that most people in the various groups 1 It is essential for people to aim for physical as well as
are generally happy. Among those aged 50-64, the mental well-being. If they do so, it will make them feel
majority stated that they were happy some of the better.
time and all/most of the time, 29.4% and 55.1% 2 Thinking classes should be introduced in secondary
respectively, with 15 6% being happy a little or none of schools. Doing so would improve pupils' performance
the time. The pattern was fairly similar among those enormously.
in the 65-74 age group, with 58.3% happy all or most 3 Education on money management is crucial to help
of the time and a smaller proportion (27.4%) some of people control their finances. Such education helps them
the time compared to 14.2% being less happy. to cope with their daily lives.
4 Children can attend extracurricular classes relating to
The happiness responses of the three labour groups their hobbies. By doing so, pupils will progress even more
generally mirrors those of the two age groups. The during normal school hours.
happiest people are those in education or training 5 I will start university next term. I know I'll do so with
with the overwhelming majority (93.7%) being great excitement.
happy at least some of the time. As regards people
who were self-employed and retired, the former 2
were generally happier than the latter. Whilst most 1 did/didn 't!had
of those who were self-employed stated they were 2 wasn't able to/couldn't/mightn't
happy at least some of the time (87.7%), a slightly 3 do/think they are/think
smaller proportion (84.8%) of those retired did so. 4 would/will do/would have
5 could have/did/should have.
Word count: 183 6 wilUwon 't/might not
Comments 7 could have/might have/would have
8 is/must be/will be
The response summarises all the information giving
all the relevant data. The introduction paraphrases Accuracy in IELTS
the rubric and there is an overview at the beginning 1
of the second paragraph. Complex sentences 1 i! greater proportion, accommodation
are used, as well as comparative structures, and 2 education expendit11re, project�
different noun phrases are employed to avoid 3 accounted for, largest� group
repetition, e.g. among those aged 50-64/in the 65-74 4 the 24-35 age gro1.,1p, opening
age group/people who were self-employed and retired. 5 seem�. in the first five years
6 information, volunteer
Review 14 Page 204 7 the percentage/proportion of volunteers, the 15-19 age
group fell from ...
Vocabulary: Money matters irLanguage.com 8 twice as many, convenient
1 9 fluctuation�. spon�orship
1 paper money 2 Correct 3 Correct 4 cash payment
5 Correct 6 Correct 7 currency crisis

278
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