ABSTRACT

Electronic toll collection (ETC) offers the opportunity for toll facility operators to
supply a substantially greater amount of traffic capacity than any other currently available form
of toll collection. The current interest in ETC derives from the proposals in a number of
countries to introduce urban toll ways, using the net toll receipts to recover the cost of the capital
investment plus an acceptable profit margin for those taking the financial risk. This paper
outlines the main economic, technical, and administrative features of ETC in the context of toll
charges that are determined by the rules of capital cost recovery.

Electronic road pricing (ERP) as a mechanism for implementing full road user charging
(in line with economic principles of efficient use of road space) is not the topic of this paper,
given the predominantly financial basis of setting tolls for private roads. The underlying rationale
for tool roads in the political climate of most nations is not suggestive of any plan to revise the
pricing regime in line with ERP upon reversion of the infrastructure to the public sector when the
capital costs are repaid.

It is assumed that the toll roads will revert to free roads in line with the existing road
system, and that road users will continue to contribute towards the costs of maintaining the road
system by the traditional pricing mechanisms (i.e. fuel taxes, vehicle registration, fees, etc.)
 INDEX

Abstract

1.Chapter 1- Introductory Part

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Literature Survey

1.3 Problem Statement

1.4 Objectives

1.5 Specification

2.Chapter 2-Theory of proposed system

2.1 Architecture of proposed system

2.2 Description of proposed system

3.Chapter 3-System Design

3.1 Hardware design

3.2 Software design

3.2.1 Algorithm

3.2.2 Flowchart

3.2.3 Code (visual basic)

4.Chapter 4-Implementation and Result

4.1 Test procedure

4.2 Result

4.3 Conclusion

4.4 Future development

References

List and cost of component

Datasheets

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTORY PART
1.1 AUTOMATIC TOLL COLLECTION AND SECURITY SYSTEM
USING RFID:

Electronic toll collection (ETC) is a technology enabling the electronic collection of toll
payments. It has been studied by researchers and applied in various highways, bridges, and
tunnels requiring such a process. This system is capable of determining if the car is registered or
not, and then informing the authorities of toll payment violations,
debits, and participating accounts. The most obvious advantage of this technology is the
opportunity to eliminate congestion in tollbooths, especially during festive seasons when traffic
tends to be heavier than normal. It is also a method by which to curb complaints from motorists
regarding the inconveniences involved in manually making payments at the tollbooths. Other
than this obvious advantage, applying ETC could also benefit the toll operators.

The benefits for the motorists include:

1. Fewer or shorter queues at toll plazas by increasing toll booth service turn around rates;
2. Exchanging toll fees by hand);
3. The ability to make payments by keeping a balance on the card itself or by loading a registered
credit card.
4.The use of postpaid toll statements (no need to request for receipts).Other general advantages
for the motorists include fuel savings and reduced mobile emissions by reducing or eliminating
deceleration, waiting time and acceleration.

Meanwhile, for the toll operators, the benefits include:

5. Lowered toll collection costs;
6. Better audit control by centralized user accounts; and
7. Expanded capacity without building more infrastructures.
Thus, the ETC system is a win-win situation for both the motorists and toll operators,
which is why it is now being extensively used throughout the world. .
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:

1.2.1 TOLL SYSTEM:

Toll System is a must to collect money from the people in order of maintenance and re-
construction of roads i.e. the Nation al Highways. The total income at first goes to the builder
that is the person who constructs the road and then the income goes to the Government so that in
order to maintain the road Quality.

Each and every car that uses the highway need to pay the toll. But many people having
higher authorities pass the toll without paying it. There where comes the advantage of the
system. With the help of this automated system no car can escape the toll without paying its
fares.There is this automated system which comes in picture. The automated system will be
directly connected to the Traffic Department. The Database will be retrieved from there.

The scanner will scan the number plate of each person and the fares will directly be
deducted from the person’s account or the car owner’s account and will be transferred to the
desired department’s account.

In short this Automated Toll System helps reducing the physical barriers on the highway
as well as the traffic caused due to these toll’s will get reduced and the person will enjoy a happy
and a faster drive to home or wherever he is going.
 Fig

1.1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM:

These days, increasing traffic volume makes congestion commonly around the tollgates
of highways.

Currently problem faced by toll system are:

 Congestion around the tollgate is present.

 Stolen car can easily pass the toll.
 Time gets wasted due to long queue.
 People of higher authorities pass the toll without paying the fares.
 Fights take place at the toll gates because of high fares.
 Accidents can take place if a person is unaware about it.
1.2.3NECESSITY OF PROJECT:
We have tried to develop a system which will solve the above problem as:

 Toll can be easily collected without traffic congestion using RFID technique.

 Time is saved.

 Stolen or defaulter car is catch easily with the help of gate and nail assembly.

These all above drawbacks can be easily conquered with the help of the Automated Toll
System.

Fig 1.2: Comparative graph

1.4OBJECTIVE:

The main objective behind this proposal is to create a suitable ETC system to be
implemented in India. The term “suitable” here refers to minimal changes in the current
infrastructure with maximum increase in efficiency.
The most recent ETC system consists of the Smart TAG. This system uses IR technology,
making it very vulnerable to failure. However, this proposed system requires major changes in
the infrastructure of the existing toll roads. In contrast, the ETC system proposed in this paper
will require only minimal changes. Moreover, the existing tollbooths could be re-used with only
slight modifications.
 Instead of IR technology, the proposed ETC system will apply RFID technology. The
concept is based on existing toll booths; however, human interaction is no longer required. The
vehicles will be given a passive tag in the form of a sticker which could be affixed on the
windshield, just like in the existing road tax system.
Using this system, all problems related to manual toll fee collection will be eliminated,
there by achieving a higher efficiency rate per transaction. This is because this system requires
no human interactions that could lead to cheating and human errors. In addition, compared with
the existing system, in which motorists need to pay hundreds of Ringgits in order to own the
two-piece tag required ,the proposed system would only motorists to pay minimal fees as the cost
of the whole system is not as high as the existing system.
The proposed system also considers the size issue. All the system requires is a tag the
size of a sticker, which could be affixed on the wind shield. In this system, the tag used is is
capable of withstanding all kinds of weather, and is much more durable compared with the one
used in the existing system.
The advantages of this proposed system is summarized as follows:

1. Higher efficiency in toll collection;

2. Cheaper cost;
3. Smaller in size compared with the existing system.
4. Durable tags.
1.5 SPECIFICATIONS:

SR COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION
NO.

1. 8051 Microcontroller 89C51;

Voltage rating=+5v;
Current rating=71mA

2. RF ID Frequency=
125 KHz to 13.56 MHz

3. IR SENSOR Frequency=40 KHz

4. Alarm indicator DC547

5. LCD Voltage rating=+5v

Current rating=103mA

6. Keypad 4*4 MATRIX

7. DC motor 100/10rpm

8. RS232 TTL to CMOS converter;

-3v to -15v (logic 0);
+3v to + 15v (logic 1);

Fig 1.2 Specifications

CHAPTER 2

THEORY OF PROPOSED
SYSTEM
 2.1ARCHITECTURE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:

LCD Display TO GATE

ASSEMBLY

RS232 MOTAR MECHANIAL

PC
DRIVE ASSEMBLY
8051

IR SENSOR Controller MECHANIAL

ASSEMBLY
ALRM
RFID READER INDICATOR

TO NAIL
ASSEMBLY

KEYPAD

Fig 2.1: Architecture of proposed system

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:

 An RFID tag is installed on each vehicle with read/write memory.

A reader device reads this data when near to toll system from the vehicle
and compares it with the data in the computer database if Id is in defaulter i.e. complaint is in
police station about lost or something.

For security purpose nails get up so that it will not able to go outside and it
will get automatically caught then allows the access accordingly by opening the gate.

But, id is not in the defaulter list, toll collection is taken and nails goes
down.

The entire system is developed as an embedded system using micro-

controller and associated devices.

The system is connected to a PC using the RS232C interface in the embedded

system.

This allows the system to read and write data from/to a database that is from
the account.

Keypad is used to control the gate and nail position.IR sensor is used to
detect whether the vehicle gone or not to close the gate again and to make nails down.

2. 2.1 MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051:

  A particularly useful feature of the 8051 core is the inclusion of a boolean processing
engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and
efficiently on internal registers and RAM.
 This feature helped cement the 8051's popularity in industrial control applications.
Another valued feature is that it has four separate register sets, which can be used to
greatly reduce interrupt latency compared to the more common method of storing interrupt
context on a stack.
 The 8051 UARTs make it simple to use the chip as a serial communications interface.
External pins can be configured to connect to internal shift registers in a variety of ways,
and the internal timers can also be used, allowing serial communications in a number of
modes, both synchronous and asynchronous. Some modes allow communications with no
external components.
 A mode compatible with an RS-485 multi-point communications environment is
achievable, but the 8051's real strength is fitting in with existing ad-hoc protocols (e.g.,
when controlling serial-controlled devices).
 Q-Free provides innovative end-to-end solutions for Road User Charging (RUC). Be it
Electronic Toll Collection, mixed operations ETC and manual toll collection, Multilane
Free Flow or conventional plaza arrangements, Q-Free has a solution for all.
 In the past, at road tolls, the driver had to stop the vehicle to make a payment before being
allowed to proceed. The evolution of Electronic Toll Collection eliminated the need to
stop, as the vehicle could pass unhindered at full speed, still paying the toll fare. Q-Free
has played a decisive role in taking this development a step further, with the introduction
of the Multilane Free Flow (MLFF) system, as the MLFF system operates without any
infrastructure in the pavement and the vehicles passing may have any lateral position on
the road. MLFF is freedom for the system operator as well as for the individual user.
 The high performance and reliability of our RUC solutions ensure rapid toll payment and
payback of infrastructure investments, along with improved tolling enforcement

2.2.2 ELEMENTS OF RFID SYSTEM:

 RFID systems consist of two major components:

1. Reader (interrogator) including antenna which communicates with the tag.

2. Tag or transponder which is placed on the object to be identified.

2.2.2.1 RFID TAGS:

 The tag is the basic building block of RFID. Each tag consists of an antenna and a small
silicon chip that contains a radio receiver, a radio modulator for sending response back to
the reader, control logic, some amount of memory and a power system. The power
system can be powered by the incoming RF signal, in which case the tag is known as
passive tag. Alternatively, the tags power system can have a battery , in which case it is
known as active tag.
 The primary advantages of active tags are their reading range and reliability. With proper
antenna on the reader and the tag , a 915Mhz tag can be read from a distance of 100 feet
or more. The tags also tend to be more reliable because they do not need a continuous
radio signal to power their electronics.
 Passive tags are much smaller and cheaper than active ones because they don’t have
batteries. Another advantage is their longer shelf life. Whereas an active tag’s batteries
may last only a few years, a passive tag could in principle be read many decades after the
chip was manufactured.
 Between the active and the passive tags are the semi passive tags. These tags have a
battery , like active tags, but still use the reader’s power to transmit a message back to the
RFID reader using a technique known as backscatter. These tags thus have the read
reliability of an active tag but the read range of a passive tag. They also have al onger
shelf life than a tag that is fully active.
 RFID tags can interfere with each other. When multiple tags are present in a reader’s
field, the reader may be unable to decipher the signal from the tags. The tags need to
 support either an anticollision protocol or more commonly a singulation protocol. A
singulation protocol allows a reader to determine that multiple tags iterate through the
tags, getting them to take turns responding so that each may be read without interference
from the others.

2.2.2.2 RFID READER:

 The RFID reader sends a pulse of radio energy to the tag and listens for the tag’s
response. The tag detects this energy and sends back a response that contains the tag’s
serial number and possibly other information as well.
 In more sophisticated systems, the reader’s RF signal can contain commands to the tag,
instructions to read or write memory that the tag contains and even passwords.

2.2.3 COMMUNICATION:

The communication between reader and tag uses a defined radio frequency and protocol where
the following three parts must be transferred:

1. Data in both directions.

2. Clock signal from reader to the tag.
 Fig: Diagramatic working of RFID tag and reader

 The system consists of a tag, which is made up of a microchip with a coiled antenna, and
interrogator or reader with an antenna.
 The reader sends out electromagnetic waves that form magnetic field when they couple
with the antenna on the RFID tag.
 A passive RFID tag draw power from this magnetic field and uses it to power the
microchip’s circuits.
 The chip then modulates the waves that the tag sends back to the reader and the reader
converts the new wave into digital data.
2.2.4 Various frequency ranges and their application:

 The capabilities of the RFID system are also very dependent on the carrier frequency at
which information is transported.
 Due to government regulation, different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are
assigned for different purposes.
 The three frequency ranges that typically distinguish RFID systems are low, intermediate,
and high.
 There are currently eight frequency bands in use around the world for RFID application.
 These frequency ranges and associated information describing typical system
characteristics and areas of application are explained through the following table:

2.1: Various frequency ranges and their application

Frequency Band Characteristics Typical Applications

Low Short to medium read range Access control

30-500 kHz Inexpensive Animal Identification

Low reading speed Inventory control

Car immobilizer

High Long read range Railroad car monitoring

850-950 MHz High reading speed Toll collection systems

2.4-5.8 GHz Line of sight required

2.2.5 RS232 INTERFACE:

  In telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is a standard for serial
binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal
Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment).
 It is commonly used in computer serial ports.
 The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of
signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors.

Fig

2.SERIAL (RS232) PORT INTERFACE PINOUT AND SIGNALS:

 9 Acrony Full name Directio Mean
pin m n
3 TxD Transmit Data —» Transmits bytes out
of PC
2 RxD Receive Data «— Receives bytes into
PC
7 RTS Request To —» RTS/CTS flow
Send control
8 CTS Clear To Send «— RTS/CTS flow
control
6 DSR Data Set Ready «— I'm ready to
communicate
4 DTR Data Terminal —» I'm ready to
Ready communicate
1 DCD Data Carrier «— Modem connected to
Detect another
9 RI Ring Indicator «— Telephone line
ringing
5 SG Signal Ground    

2.1.2 Pinout and signals

2.2.6 LCD :

In our system we prefer to choose a LCD instead of LED or 7-Seg display because of the
following reasons.
 1. It has the ability to display numbers, characters and graphics whereas LED displays are
limited to numbers and a few characters.
There is refreshing controller in the LCD which reduces the overhead of the CPU.

2. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

We have used the 16 by 2 LCD that means that it can display the two lines containing 16
characters each. The Pixel Matrix is of 7 by 5 pixels that are each character can be displayed
using 7 columns of the pixels and 5 rows of the pixels.

To control the operation of the LCD three control signals are used they are as follows:

1. Enable (EN) It is used to enable the display to perform any operation with it.

2. R/W (Read/Write): This signal indicates to LCD processor that the operation being
performed is read operation or write operation.

If it is 1 it indicates the read operation and if it is 0 it indicates the write operation.

3. RS (Register Select):There are two types of registers as command register and data
register. To select one of these registers RS signal is used.

If it is 0 the command register will be get selected and when it is 1 the data register will be
selected.

There are 8 lines for the data transfer between micro controller and LCD.
CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN
3.1. HARDWARE DESIGN:

3.1.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig:
3.1.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

 8051 Controller

 RFID

 IR sensor

 Alarm indicator

 LCD

 Keypad

 DC motor

 PC

 RS 232

3.1.4 PCB LAYOUT:

3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:

 Compiler: Keil-u-vision

 Language used: Assembly 8051

 S/w language used: Visual Basic

3.2.1ALGORITHM:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

3.2.2 FLOWCHART:
3.2.3 CODE [VISUAL BASIC]:

Table1
id vehicle charge balance no valid name
25258 car 015 765 1 1 Nikhil
25249 bus 020 680 2 1 Pratik
 Table1
id vehicle charge balance no valid name
25271 truck 025 775 3 1 Amey

Tab:1.4 valid users

Table2

id vehicle no invalid name

27348 car 4 2 Chirag
27352 truck 5 2 Tapan

Tab:1.5 Invalid users

CODE:
CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION &
RESULT

4.1 TEST PROCEDURE:

4.2 RESULT:
4.3 CONCLUSION:
  Tolls can be collected electronically at any speed.

 Barriers as we know them today where only good for the 20th Century traffic.

 We have the technology to help us collect tolls without barriers help.

 Congestion at toll plazas is a solvable problem.

 Open Road Tolling is not only the answer but the future of Electronic Toll Collection

4.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT:

Electronic toll collection system is rapidly becoming the most popular way for
commuters to pass through tolls on highways, expressways, etc. Gone are the days when
people used to collect toll charges sitting in booths. The fact that drivers need not to carry
any cash is one of the main reasons why electronic toll system has become so popular.

Electronic toll collection system is very fast and efficient mode for collection of toll
charges at the toll plazas. This saves a lot of time since vehicles passing through the toll
plaza do not stop to pay toll and the payment automatically takes place from the account
of the vehicle.

There are number of benefits of Electronic Collection system, few of them are listed as
under:

 Time saving - Electronic toll system users do not stop for paying toll, this helps a lot for
saving the travel time

 Emission control -- Due to the elimination of the acceleration and idling, harmful
vehicular emissions are reduced. Though this benefit only affect the
surrounding areas, even then it is highly beneficial for toll plaza areas. Hence, helps in air
pollutant reduction.

 Increased Capacity -- It is observed that the capacity of the lane also increases by
approximately by three folds. The toll plaza would be able to accommodate the
increasing traffic without additional lanes.

 Accident reduction --It is observed that there is reduction in the number of accident
caused near the toll plazas due to considerable decrement in congestion around toll
plazas.
 Fuel saving - In electronic toll collection system deceleration, acceleration and idling is
completely eliminated. This helps in saving fuel for future purposes. Not only this, it also
plays a vital role in reduction of operating cost of the vehicles.

 Enhanced cash handing - In electronic toll collection system there is no cash transaction
involved so cash handling is reduced so difficulties with cash handling is eliminated. This
aids in enhanced audit control by centralizing user accounts.

 Payment flexibility - In electronic toll collection system, the commuters do not have to
worry about searching for cash for the toll payment. Since they set up an account for ETC
usage, which gives customers the flexibility of paying their toll bill with cards.

 Congestion reduction -- The toll transaction rate is highly increased due to the use of
Toll Collection systems. Since the vehicles do not stop at the toll facility. This has
reduced the congestion of the toll plaza in a considerable manner. The number of vehicles
waiting in the queue reduces and hence the average waiting time is also reduced.

 Enhanced data collection -- Information such as vehicle count of the day, date, time etc
can be obtained due to the deployment of this electronic toll collection system.

In this age, wide range of deployment of electronic toll collection

systems (ETC) has a tremendous effect upon the toll industry
worldwide. Tolling techniques such as high-occupancy toll (HOT)
lanes would have been not possible without this technology. The
ability to price transportation by time of day, especially in urban
areas, offers many opportunities to improve travel behavior.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES:

www.google.com

www.alldatasheet.com

www.rfidjournal.com
LIST AND COSTING OF
COMPONENTS
 Components No. of Cost (Rs) Total cost(Rs)
components
89c51 1 50 50

RFID card 5 20 100

RFID reader 1 1500 1500

IR sensor 1 150 150

LCD 1 150 150

MAX 232 1 40 40

DC motor(10rpm) 2 200 400

Power supply 1 80 80

Resistor 0.50

Capacitor 10

PCB layout and 1 700 700

PCB

Gate assembly 1 300 300

Nail assembly 1 300 300

Other - 380 380

Total 21 - 4000
Tab: 1.5 List and costing of components

DATASHEETS