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DC Machinery Fundamentals 2: Internal Generated Voltage and Induced Torque Equation For Real DC Machine

The document discusses internal generated voltage and induced torque equations for real DC machines. It provides equations showing that the induced voltage and torque depend on factors like the flux in the machine, speed of the rotor, number of conductors, and the armature current. It also describes the construction of DC machines including components like the stator, rotor, pole shoes, and types of losses in DC machines such as copper losses, brush losses, core losses, mechanical losses, and stray losses.

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160 views10 pages

DC Machinery Fundamentals 2: Internal Generated Voltage and Induced Torque Equation For Real DC Machine

The document discusses internal generated voltage and induced torque equations for real DC machines. It provides equations showing that the induced voltage and torque depend on factors like the flux in the machine, speed of the rotor, number of conductors, and the armature current. It also describes the construction of DC machines including components like the stator, rotor, pole shoes, and types of losses in DC machines such as copper losses, brush losses, core losses, mechanical losses, and stray losses.

Uploaded by

Vic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

11-Feb-20

DC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS 2
IR. DR. DAVID BONG

INTERNAL GENERATED VOLTAGE AND INDUCED


TORQUE EQUATION FOR REAL DC MACHINE
• The induced voltage in any machine depends on:
1. The flux in the machine
2. The speed of the machine’s rotor
3. A constant depending on the construction of the machine
• The voltage in any single conductor under the pole faces is

• The voltage out of the armature is (Z is the total number of conductors, a is the
number of current paths)

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• Velocity of each conductor is v=rωm, so

• The flux of a pole is

• The machine is shaped like a cylinder, so its area is

• The total flux per pole is

• Hence, the internal generated voltage can be expressed as

• Conversion from rpm to rad/s is


• In terms of rpm:

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• The torque in a machine depends on:


1. The flux in the machine
2. The armature (rotor) current in the machine
3. A constant depending on the construction of the machine

• The torque for a single conductor under the pole faces is:

• The total armature current IA is split among a current paths. The current in a
single conductor is

• The torque for a single conductor can be expressed as

• Since there are Z conductors, the total torque is

• The flux per pole in the machine is


• So, the total induced torque can be expressed as

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THE CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINES

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• Stator – the stationary part which consists of the frame and pole pieces.
• Rotor / Armature – the rotating part
• Pole shoes – the ends of pole pieces that are near to the rotor
• Pole face – the exposed surface of a pole shoe
• Air gap – the distance between the pole face and the rotor
• Armature windings – the windings in which a voltage is induced, located on
the rotor
• Field windings – the windings that produce the main magnetic flux, located on
the stator

• The main poles are made of laminated material.


• The rotor/armature consists of a shaft with a laminated core built up over it.
• The commutator is made of copper bars insulated by a mica-type material.
• The brushes are made of carbon, graphite, metal graphite or a mixture of
carbon and graphite – high conductivity and low friction. The brush pressure
on the commutator surface must be carefully adjusted for maximum life.
• The most critical part is the insulation of windings. If the insulation breaks
down (usually due to overheating), the machine shorts out. The life expectancy
of a machine with a given insulation is halved for each 10 percent rise in
winding temperature. Circulation of cooling air and other mechanisms are
used to limit the temperature of the windings.

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POWER FLOW AND LOSSES IN DC MACHINE

• The difference between the input power and the output power of a machine is the
losses that occur inside it.
• The efficiency of a dc machine is

• The losses in a dc machine can be categorized as:


1. Electrical or copper losses (I2R losses)
2. Brush losses
3. Core losses
4. Mechanical losses
5. Stray load losses

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1. ELECTRICAL OR COPPER LOSSES

• Occur in the armature and field windings of the machine.

2. BRUSH LOSSES

• This is the power lost across the contact potential at the brushes of the
machine.

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3. CORE LOSSES

• The core losses are the hysteresis losses and eddy current losses occurring in
the core.

4. MECHANICAL LOSSES

• Losses from mechanical effects due to friction and windage.


• Friction losses are the losses caused by the friction of the bearings in the
machine.
• Windage losses are caused by the friction between the moving parts of the
machine and the air inside the motor’s casing.

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5. STRAY LOSSES (MISCELLANEOUS LOSSES)

• Any other losses that cannot be placed in the other 4 categories.


• The conventional estimate is to assume 1 percent of full load.

• Power flow diagram:

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