UNIT 2

GRAMMAR 1 FOLLOWING COMMON VERB PATTERNS PAG 11

a) VERB + INFINITIVE

Example
 I can't afford to eat out tonight.
 Mom volunteered to make cookies for the bake sale.

b) VERB + GERUND
Example
 I suggested going to dinner.
 I enjoy running every day.
Exercises
1) I don't fancy __________ (go) out tonight.
2) She avoided __________ (tell) him about her plans.
3) I would like __________ (come) to the party with you.
4) He enjoys __________ (have) a bath in the evening.
5) She kept __________ (talk) during the film.
6) I am learning __________ (speak) English.
7) Do you mind __________ (give) me a hand?
8) She helped me __________ (carry) my suitcases.
9) I've finished __________ (cook) - come and eat!
10) He decided __________ (study) biology.
11) I dislike __________ (wait).
12) He asked __________ (come) with us.
13) I promise __________ (help) you tomorrow.
14) We discussed __________ (go) to the cinema, but in the end, we stayed at home.
15) She agreed __________ (bring) the pudding to the dinner.
16) I don't recommend __________ (take) the bus - it takes forever!
17) We hope __________ (visit) Amsterdam next month.
18) She suggested __________ (go) to the museum.
19) They plan __________ (start) college in the autumn.
20) I don't want __________ (leave) yet.

b) VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

Object Pronoun is followed by a verb in infinitive

Example
 She advised me not to sell my house.
 She persuaded him to have lunch with her.
Exercises
1) My boss told (I/do) __________ the reports before Friday.
2) My colleague asked (I/send) __________ a fax to the customer.
3) Tom wanted (I/help) __________ him prepare his presentation.
4) I warned (he/not/drive) __________ too quickly because of the bad weather.
5) Please remind (I/call) __________ Mr. Jones tomorrow morning.
6) Please tell (he/not/smoke) __________ here – it's not allowed.
7) Marta didn't feel too good but we persuaded (she/come) __________ to the
party.
8) Nobody wanted to go to the conference but our boss forced (we/go) __________
to it.
9) I asked (she/not/call) __________ so late in the evening. I go to bed early.
10) We showed (they/how/use) __________ the new equipment.
 d) VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION + GERUND

Prepositions followed by Gerund

 Accuse of  Consist of  Prevent sb. From
 Adjust to  Cope with  Protect from
 Agree with  Decide against  Put off
 Apologize for  Decide for  Rely on
 Approve of  Depend on  Spend money on
 Ask about  Die of  Spend time on
 Ask for  Dream about / of  Succeed in
 Begin by  Escape from  Suspect of
 Believe in  Feel like  Take part in
 Be used to  Forgive for  Talk about / of
 Blame for  Give up  Thank for
 Care for  Insist on  Think of
 Carry on  Keep on  Use for
 Complain about  Look forward to  Warn against
 Concentrate on  Object to  Worry about
 Congratulate on  Pay for

After these prepositions is followed by a verb ending in ING

Example
 She apologized for not introducing herself sooner.
 My sister is always talking about having her hair dyed.
Exercises
1) I'm afraid (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________my smartphone. (to lose)
2) She's looking forward (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________her brother. (to see)
3) He is responsible (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________the money. (to collect)
4) She is used (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________to bed late. (to go)
5) He apologized (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________late. (to be)
6) Larry never worries (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________ friends. (to make)
7) We are tired (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________ for the bus. (to wait)
8) She insisted (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________to her lawyer. (to talk)
9) You should give (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________your sister. (to bully)
10)They are thinking (to, of, about, for, up, on) __________ to Italy. (to move)
VOCABULARY 1 PAG 12
Chic Fashionable Functional Sloppy
Classic Flashy Funky Stuffy
Conservative Formal Quirky Stylish
Elegant Frumpy Retro Trendy

Exercises
1) These heels will go perfectly with my ________ dress. stylish
2) Sarah believes she will need ______ clothes to fit in at the private school. chic
3) He told me where to find a _______ outfit in his closet. classic
4) People had to wear _________evening dress to go to the Mayor's party. formal
5) She emerged from the bathroom in _________purple ski pants, a matching wool
sweater. Flashy
6) She never felt ugly or__________ or overweight before coming here. Frumpy
7) His _________was of dressing was befitting the glamour industry that he was
about to enter. Quirky

GRAMMAR 2 CLEFT SENTENCES WITH WHAT PAG 15

What clause + be verb + emphasized word or phrase
Example
 I need something to drink.  What I need is something to drink.
 I don’t know what to cook for them? I don’t know what they like.  What they like
is smoked salmon.
Exercises
1) (That I don’t like / The reason I don’t like / what I don’t like) about the place is the
weather.
2) (Mary it was / Mary / It was Mary) who lent him the money.
3) (What I want is / I want are / What I want it’s) fame and money, among other
things.
4) What we did is (write / wrote/ writing) a letter to apologize.
 5) The reason why he left (was to avoid / is avoiding / was avoid) the
embarrassment.
6) (What happened was / What happen is / What happened is) that the dog ate my
homework.
7) The pothole was ____________damaged the car.
8) A theft is____________ the bank is closed.
9) Time is____________ solidified our friendship.
10) ____________ to the ball was that it got stuck in the net.
11)It ____________shop where I got the dress from.
12)____________Jane did was to pass the exam.

13)1. The pothole was what damaged the car.

14)2. A theft is why the bank is closed.

15)3. Time is what solidified our friendship.

16)4. What happened to the ball was that it got stuck in the net.

17)5. It was that shop where I got the dress from.

18)6. What Jane did was to pass the exam.

VOCABULARY 2 PAG 16
Arrogant Intense Sympathetic
Dignified Intellectual Trustworthy
Eccentric Sinister
Innocent Smug

Exercises
1) She is far ___________too to learn the error of her ways. Arrogant
2) The___________ sensation startled her. intense
3) His face had a___________, troubled expression. sinister
4) She maintained a ___________silence. dignified
5) He was an_____________, scholarly man. intellectual
 6) I think I've convinced them that you're a ___________soul. trustworthy
7) She's the only __________caught up in this mess. innocent
8) She leaned against his chest for a moment, comforted by his
___________embrace. sympathetic
9) The __________old man never ate anything other than expensive food. eccentric
10)"I booked a room for tonight," Fred answered, a ________look on his face. Smug

UNIT 3
GRAMMAR 1 INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES PAG 19
the = definite article
a/an = indefinite article
Example
 If I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book.
 If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.

A OR AN
Remember, using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. So...
 a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog
 an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an
idiot; an orphan
 a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a user (sounds like 'yoo-
zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used); a university; a unicycle
 an + nouns starting with silent "h": an hour
 a + nouns starting with a pronounced "h": a horse

Exercises supply either a or an:

1) ____ bingo game
2) ____ idiot
3) ____ good job
 4) ____ rotten plum
5) ____ used fork
6) I have got ______big shirt.
7) She has got ______ orange ribbon.
8) I'm ______ Swedish girl.
9) He is ______ English boy.
10)What ______ old man!
11)Give me ______ pencil, please.
12)I can see ______ yellow car.
13)There is ______ cat.

THE
The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or
particular. The signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a
group.
Use THE Do not use THE
Mountain ranges Mounts and peaks
 The Andes, the Himalaya  Mount Everest, Mount St. Helens
Deserts, jungles Singular lakes
 The Sahara Desert, the Amazon  Lake Superior, Lake Como
Rivers, oceans, seas, canals plural lakes, Singular islands
gulfs, bays  Easter Island, Martinique
 The Great Lakes, the Gulf of Most countries, states, provinces
Mexico, The Deas Sea  Florida, Japan, Texas
Regions Continents
 The Midwest, the Far East  Asia, Europe, Africa
Plural islands Holidays
 The Virgin Islands, the Bahamas  Thanksgiving, Easter
Countries including words like “republic, Abstract nouns, emotions
kingdom, states”  Violence, freedom, sadness
  The United States, The United Areas of subject matter
Kingdom, the republic of Ireland.  Mathematics, biology, anatomy
Historical documents Cardinal numbers after nouns
 The constitution  World War Two, Unit five
Buildings, monuments, landmarks Banks
 The White House, the Statue of  Citibank, Lloyd’s bank
Liberty Planets, constellations (except the Bid
Ethnic groups Dipper)
 The Incas, the Mayas  Venus, Mars, Orion
Wars (except world wars) Schools, universities, institutes that begin
 The Korean War, the Vietnam War with a proper noun
Ordinal numbers before nouns  Brown Institute, St Paul Technical
 The Second World War, the fifth College
unit Titles (with proper noun)
Some hotels, theaters, museums  Queen Elizabeth, King Lear
 The Hilton (Hotel), the Metropolitan
Museum of art
Earth, moon
 The earth, the moon
Schools, institutes, universities that do
not begin with a proper noun
 The Medical Institute of Minnesota,
the University of Chicago
Titles (without proper nouns)
 The queen, the king

Count and Noncount Nouns

 I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!
 He spilled the milk all over the floor
Exercises
1) We went to _____cinema. THE
 2) We usually have _____dinner at seven o'clock.
3) He plays _____tennis very well.
4) Can you play _____guitar?
5) This is my last year at _____ school.
6) Jane loves listening to _____radio. THE
7) They went to London by _____ plane.
8) We are going to see my cousins on _____ Sunday.
9) Last night at eight we were watching _____news on BBC. THE
10)That was an important day in _____ history.
11)Last year we visited (St. Paul's Cathedral / the St. Paul's Cathedral) and (the
Tower / Tower).
12)(The Mount Everest / Mount Everest) is (the highest mountain / highest
mountain) on earth.
13)(Loch Ness / The Loch Ness) is (the most famous lake / most famous lake) in
Scotland.
14)(Most children / The most children) like (sweets / the sweets)
15)(The summer of 2003 / The summer of 2003) was hot and dry.
16)(Plaza Hotel / The Plaza Hotel) is on the corner of (the 59th Street / 59th Street)
and (5th Avenue / the 5th Avenue)
17)My sister often stays at (Uncle Tim's / the Uncle Tim's) in Detroit.
18)Our friends (the Millers / Millers) moved to Florida last August.

VOCABULARY 1 PAG 20
Audacious Hazardous Unethical
Confidential Problematic
Frivolous Prudent

1) Jane gave me a __________apology. Frivolous

2) All _________materials must be disposed of properly. Hazardous
3) “I have something to tell you,” John said in a __________tone. Confidential
4) Going back and forth between these strategies is _________. Problematic
 5) It would be __________to conduct dangerous medical experiments without the
full consent of the participants. Unethical
6) She agreed it had been _________to warn her. Prudent
7) Cooper was an _____________soldier who never ran from a battle. Audacious

GRAMMAR 2 ING CLAUSES PAG 23

The subject of the sentence does two things at the same time or when one action
interrupts another.
Example
 I was sitting on the sofa. I was watching TV. = Two actions at the same time:
I was sitting on the sofa watching TV.
 I was running for the bus. I fell over. = One action interrupted by another:
I fell over running for the bus.
Exercises
1) We are lying in the sun and we are enjoying life. (Lying in the sun, we are
enjoying life.)
_______________________________________
2) The boy had brushed his teeth. He was allowed to watch a few more minutes of
television. ( Having brushed his teeth, the boy was allowed to watch a few more
minutes of television.)
_______________________________________
3) The children sat on their beds and watched the thunderstorm. (Sitting on their
beds the children watched the thunderstorm)
_______________________________________
4) They were surprised by a sudden storm and had to seek shelter under a tree.
(Surprised by a sudden storm, they had to seek shelter under a tree.)
_______________________________________
5) When they had found the secret island, they started searching for the treasure.
(Having found the secret island, they started searching for the treasure.)
_______________________________________
Two actions that happen one after the other, you can use a perfect participle for
the first one. HAVING + VPP
Example
 Having missed the bus, we decided to drive into town. =
We missed the bus. We decided to drive into town.
 Having finished the cake, we started on the cheese. =
We finished the cake. We started on the cheese.
Exercises
1) (park) __________ the car, we searched for the ticket machine.
2) (drink) __________ one liter of water, she really needed to go to the toilet.
3) (leave) __________ the party too early, we couldn’t see the fireworks anymore.
4) (finish) __________ her phone call, she went back to work.
5) (lose) __________ ten kilograms, Anne finally fit into her favorite dress again.
Reasons and explanations. They can be used to explain why someone did
something. In this case, the participle clause usually comes first. ING
Example
 Being exhausted I fell asleep on the train. =
I fell asleep on the train because I was exhausted.
 Seeing the bus come round the corner he started to run. =
He started to run because I saw the bus come round the corner.
Exercises
1) _____________is a good way to expand your worldview. (travel)
2) _____________is a favorite activity of mine. (run)
3) _____________ice cream on a windy day can be a messy experience (eat)
4) _____________too much clothing into a washing machine will cause a disaster.
(jam)
5) _____________ up early is always difficult. (wake)

VOCABULARY 2 PAG 24
Aware of Sick of Familiar with
Curious about Fed up with Suspicious of
Intimidate by Crazy about Grateful for
Knowledgeable about Reliant on Leery of

1) She was barely __________the dangers up ahead. aware of

2) She became immediately _______the situation. suspicious of
3) I'm so ________all that you've done. grateful for
4) The cat was naturally _________its new surroundings. curious about
5) She watched him move, _________his size. intimidated by
6) The dog was _________the man with the large stick. leery of
7) I'm _______living underground anyway. sick of
8) Sara is now becoming _________the overseas property market. knowledgeable
about
9) I'm so __________people making fun of me because I'm different. fed up with
10) Ed wasn't too ___________the arrangement. crazy about
11) The charity is completely __________public donations. reliant on