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Bessel Polynomials and Bessel Functions

The document discusses Bessel polynomials and functions, which satisfy a differential equation. It derives two independent solutions to this differential equation in the form of exponential functions. Specifically, it shows that the functions e(z,v) and z-v eKv(z) are two solutions, where e(z,v) reduces to a polynomial of degree n when 2v = 2n+1, and z-v e(z,v) reduces to a polynomial of degree n when 2v = -2n-1.

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M.Y M.A
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172 views2 pages

Bessel Polynomials and Bessel Functions

The document discusses Bessel polynomials and functions, which satisfy a differential equation. It derives two independent solutions to this differential equation in the form of exponential functions. Specifically, it shows that the functions e(z,v) and z-v eKv(z) are two solutions, where e(z,v) reduces to a polynomial of degree n when 2v = 2n+1, and z-v e(z,v) reduces to a polynomial of degree n when 2v = -2n-1.

Uploaded by

M.Y M.A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2

BESSEL POLYNOMIALS AND BESSEL FUNCTIO~S:

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS.

1. The so called "modified" Bessel functions I)z) and K)z) - somet:j.mes improperly

designated as being of imaginary argument -, Kv(z) also known as the MacDonald func-

tion, satisfy the well-known (see e.g. [61] or [1]) differential equation

(1)

For fixed v with Re v > 0 the following asymptotic relations hold (see [1]):
For z + 0,

(2a)
-1 v -1 v-1
I)z) ; {r(v+l)} (z/2) , I~(z) ;; (2r(v)) (z/2) ;

for z->- oo and larg zl < I•


1/2 z -1/2 z
(2b) K)z) ; (rr/2z) e- , I)z) :. (2rrz) e .

These relations suggest that functions like ~(z), or 6(z), defined by w = z-v~. or

by w = z-ve-ze, with 6 = ez~. may exhibit a simpler behavior than the Bessel func-
tions themselves.

2. Let us consider first e 6(z). By logarithmic differentiation

W
1
= (- 2v -1 + e)w
e 1

v e" e1 2 v e1 2
[-z + e- CeJ + c- z- -l + e) Jw
z

and, substituting these in (1) we obtain

-1
Lw = (z6" - (2z+2v-1)6 1 + (2v-1)6)zw6 = 0.

As zw(z) t 0, it follows that 6(z) satisfies the differential equation

(3) z6" - (2z+2v-1)6 1 + (2v-1)6 = 0.

By the general theory of linear differential equations (e.g., [11]) the origin
is a regular singular point and there exist (in general) two independent particular
solutions of the form e = za I c z
m
m
Here a is any one of the two (in general
m=O
5

distinct) solutions of the indicial equation. Either by Frobenius' method, or by


general considerations one finds that the indicial equation is

(4) a(a - 2v) = 0.


The solutions of (4) are indeed distinct, except for v = 0. In the latter case
-z -z
the two solutions are, of course, proportional toe I (z) and c K0 (z), respectively
0
and are of no particular further interest here.

For v # 0, set e =I cmzm and -e


e(z,v) = e (z, v) By differ-
m=O
entiation and substitution into (3), we obtain

c
2v+l-2m (2v-l) (2v-3) ... (2v-2m+l)
m (2v-m) m cm-1 (2v-l) (2v-2) ... (2v-m)m! cO •

so that
2 m
(2v-l) (2v-3) z
e (z, v) = co (l+z+ (2v-l) (2v-2) 2T + ••• +
(2v-l) (2v-3) ..• (2v-2m+l) z
(2v-l) (2v-2) ... (2v-m) m! + .. . ) .
Similarly,

c' = 2v+2m-l c' (2v+l)(2v+3) .•. (2v+2m-l)


c'0
m (2v+m)m m-1 (2v+l) (2v+2) ... (2v+m)m!
and
2v+3 z 2
m
e (z, v) coz
2v (2v+l) (2v+3) ... (2v+2m-l)
(l+z+ 2v+2 2T + ... + (2v+l) (2v+2) ... (2v+m)
z
-+
m!
... ) .
\) z
The functions e(z,v) and z e Kv(z), both are solutions of (3) and so is any

linear combination with constant coefficients of these functions. Also, relations


v z v-1
(2a) show that if we set uv (z) c z e Kv(z)-2 r(v)S(z,v), then uv(z) is a solution
0
of (3) with uv(O) = u~(Q) 0. Consequently, uv(z) vanishes identically and

(5) = c 02 1-v (r(v)) -1 .


- - \) z - \)
In a similar way one verifies that e(z,v) = ~vz e Iv(z), with ~v = c 2 r(v+l). 0
It is obvious that e(z,v) reduces to a polynomial of exact degree n if 2v = 2n+l
and that z-Zv e(z,v) reduces to a polynomial of exact degree n if 2v = -2n-l. In
the first case, for v = n+l/2, the two independent solutions of (3) are
2 m
1 2n-2 z (2n-2)(2n-4) .•. (2n-2m+2) z
6(z,n+ z) = ca(l+z+ 2n-l 2T + ... + (2n-1)(2n-2) ... (2n-m+l) -+
m!
n
+ (2n-2)(2n-4) ... 4·2 z
(2n-1)(2n-2) ... (n+2)(n+l) n!)
and

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