Name : Taraniyarasy a/p Kalidass

Student ID : 20001140

Biomechanics is the science of movement of a living body, including how muscles,

bones, tendons, and ligaments work together to produce movement. Biomechanics is
part of the larger field of kinesiology, specifically focusing on the mechanics of the
movement.It is both a basic and applied science, encompassing research and
practical use of its findings.Biomechanics includes not only the structure of bones and
muscles and the movement they can produce, but also the mechanics of blood
circulation, renal function, and other body functions.The American Society of
Biomechanics says that biomechanics represents the broad interplay between
mechanics and biological systems.Biomechanics studies not only the human body but
also animals and even extends to plants and the mechanical workings of cells.For
example, the biomechanics of the squat includes consideration of the position and/or
movement of the feet, hips, knees, back, and shoulders, and arms(Paul Rogers,2019).

Principles of Biomechanics

• Force and torques

• Newton’s Law of Motion
• Momentum
• Centre of Gravity
• Balance

Force and Torques

A force is simply a push or pull and it changes the motion of a body segment or
the racket. Motion is created and modified by the actions of forces (mostly muscle
forces, but also by external forces from the environment). When force rotates a
body segment or the racquet, this effect is called a torque or moment of
force(Physipoedia).External forces are produced from outside the body and
originated from gravity,inertia,or direct contact.Only muscles can actively generate
internal force,but tension in tendons,connective tissues,ligaments,and joint
capsules may generate passive internal forces.All activities require a summation
of forces from the beginning of movement in the lower segment of the body to the
twisting of the trunk and movement at the shoulder,elbow,and wrist
joints.Significant mechanical loads are generated and absorbed by the tissues of
the body.Internal forces can fracture bones,dislocate joints and disrupt muscles
and connective tissues.So to prevent injury or damage from tissue deformation,the
body must be used to absorb energy from both internal and external forces.When
an object is rotating around a fixed axis ina circular path,two opposing forces act
on the object;centripetal force and centrifugal force(Vibha Choudary,2015).

Newton’s Law of Motion

Newton’s First Law – Law of Inertia

A body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force
Newton’s Second Law – Law of Acceleration

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force causing it,is in the
same direction as the force,and is inversely proportional to the mass of object.

Newton’s Third Law – Law of Reaction

Whenever a force is applied,there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Momentum

Newton’s Second Law is also related to the variable momentum, which is the
product of an object’s velocity and mass.(Momentum=velocity X mass).Momentum
is essentially the quantity of motion an object possesses. Momentum can be
transferred from one object to another. Linear momentum is momentum in a
straight line e.g. linear momentum is created as the athlete sprints in a straight line
down the 100m straight on the track. Angular momentum is rotational momentum
and is created by the rotations of the various body segments e.g. The open stance
forehand uses significant angular momentum(Physiopedia).

Centre of Gravity

Centre of gravity can be defined as “the single point at which all parts of an object
are equally balanced”.A person’s centre of gravity can change depending on their
body position as the centre of gravity is the exact point where all parts of an object
are equally balanced.Line of gravity is the vertical line that passes through the
centre of gravity to the ground.If the line of gravity falls within the object’s base of
support(i.e. its contact with the ground),the object is relatively stable.If the line of
gravity falls outside the object’s base of support(i.e. its contact with the ground),the
object is relatively unstable.Base of support(BOS)is the area within an objects
point of contact with the ground.The larger the area the base of support covers,the
more stable an object will be(Vibha Choudary,2015).

Balance

Balance is the ability of a player to control their equilibrium or stability.Static

balance is the ability to control the body while the body is stationary. It is the ability
to maintain the body in some fixed posture.Dynamic balance is the ability to control
the body during motion(Physiopedia).All applied and inertial forces acting on the
moving body are in balance,resulting in movement with unchanging speed or
direction.

• A person has balance when the center of gravity falls within the BOS.
• More BOS,more balance
• More weight,more balance
• Lower center of gravity,more balance
• A person has balance,depending on where the center of gravity is in relation
to the BOS.Balance is less of the center of gravity is near the edge of base.
Importance of Biomechanics in Sports
• Helps in improving techniques
• Helps in improving equipment
• Helps in improving performance
• Helps in preventing injuries
• Helps in the improvement of the training
• Helps in improve teaching and learning process
How Biomechanics helps in improving performance
Human movement performance can be improved in various course of actions.
Effective and productive movement can be excecuted based on anatomical factors,
neuromuscular skills, physiological capacities, and psychological/cognitive abilities.
Most kinesiology(study of mechanics of body movements)professionals suggests to
change techniques or approaches and give instructions that allow a sports person to
improve performance. A sports performance can be improved by utilizing
biomechanics to improve techniques,equipment and reduce the risk of sports related
injuries.Biomechanics is most useful in improving performance in sports or
activities.Since biomechanics is essentially the science of movement technique,
biomechanics is the main contributor to one of the most important skills of kinesiology
professionals: the qualitative analysis of human movement which help in improving
one’s technique.
Example of situation on how biomechanics help in improving performance is:
A coach is working with a gymnast who is having problems with her back
handspring(an acrobatic move in which a person revolute the body completely by
lunging headfirst from an upright position into an inverted vertical position and then
pushing off from the floor with the hands so as to leap back to an upright position). The
coach observes several attempts made and gives feedbacks that the angle of takeoff
from the round off and body arch are performed poorly. Based on experience he
advices that this athlete is strong enough to perform back handspring, but they must
make a choice whether the gymnast should concentrate on her takeoff angle or more
back hyperextension in the block. This is where biomechanics knowledge play a role
through qualitative analysis of this situation. Since the coach knows that a better arch
affects the force the gymnast creates against the mat and affects the angle of takeoff
of the gymnast, he decides to help the gymnast work on her “arch” following the round
off.
Below is more explanations on how biomechanics improve techniques,improve
equipments and reduce the risk of injuries.
How Biomechanics helps in improving techniques

Biomechanics can study sports techniques and training systems and develop ways to
increase their efficiency. It can propose and analyze new training techniques based
on the mechanical demands of the sport, aimed at resulting in better
performance.Teachers and coaches correct or rectify the errors of students or athletes
to improve the execution of a skill with the help of biomechanics.Recently,teachers
and coaches make use of qualitative biomechanics analysis in their everyday practice
to make changes in the technique used by their students.

Qualitative Biomechanics Analysis

1. Develop a theoretical model of the most effective technique-what it should

look like?
2. Observe the actual performance-what does it look like?
3. Evaluate the performance by comparing it to the most effective technique-how
close it to the ideal?
4. Instruct the performer by providing feedback about difference between the
actual performance and the most effective technique- how can I change
technique to get closer to the ideal using feedback?

Research workers in the field of biomechanics use quantitative biomechanics methods

to develop new techniques which can then be applied into teaching and training
processes. Quantitative biomechanics methods-an analysis based on measurements
of a performance if any of its aspects is quantified or measure (described in numbers).

For instance,if a gymnastics coach sees that her charge has difficulties to turn a
somersault(an acrobatic movement in which a person turns head over heels in the air
or on the ground and lands or finishes on their feet)she can come up with three
recommendations to help the gymnast execute this exercise correctly:
1. to jump higher - has more time to finish the turn during the flight phase
2. to fling arms with more energy before taking off - increases the angular momentum
which helps the gymnast to rotate faster
3. to curl up more tightly - increase the speed of rotation while keeping the same
angular momentum(Sravan Kumar Singh Yadav,2016)
Fosbury Flop
(a modern high-jumping technique whereby the jumper clears the bar headfirst and
backwards)
There are many different biomechanical principals that contribute to the effectiveness
of a high jump performance in terms of the jumper's accuracy and power.

Force

Force is one of the biomechanical principals that relates to an effective high jump, and
can be looked at in a number of ways. For example the force applied of the high jumper
pushing down on the ground during take-off and the gravitational force that pulls on
the high jumper.

In order to jump as high as possible, the jumper must use summation of forces
beginning with their legs until their fingertips as they reach up to the sky. An increase
in power is being added to each muscle group from the one before when jumping.By
the time the movement reaches the shoulder and outstretched fingers, the jumper will
be able to clear a lot higher than they would have been able to if there were only one
single muscle group involved, or muscle groups did not occur one after another in the
correct sequence.

We can see summation of forces, beginning with the calf muscles, then moving
through the quads, trunk, shoulder, bicep, triceps, and wrist before finishing with the
finders as they extend upward. The jumper will reach the maximum height by crossing
the bar when the finger tips are at the highest point. An upward reaction force must be
created by the jumper by applying enough force as their foot strikes the ground during
the run up to throw the body up.This is based on Newton's third law ; there is an equal
and opposite reaction for every action.The jumper must propel themselves straight up
vertically before twisting themselves over the bar. If the jumper leans into the bar too
early, their body will travel in the same direction as they lead the ground and they will
not achieve as greater jump height.
Keeping their body upright during the takeoff will ensure that as they begin to take off
their centre of mass will remain along the midline of their body.Jumping straight up
vertically before twisting enables the jumper to maintain balance in the air.
A jumper create an equal and opposite reaction as they push off the ground in the run
up. Here the principals of force are being created from the legs and creating an upward
reaction force. The lower arrow shows the direction that force is applied to the ground
from the legs and the upper arrow shows the direction of the upward reaction force
that is created by the initial downward force. The leg press force output can be
measured by attaching a force plate to a wall.

Centre of Mass

In order to complete a successful Fosbury Flop high jump, the jumper must control
their body segments around the centre of mass at the appropriate time. By the time
the jumper passes over the bar, the centre of mass moves to just below the top of
the bar. By this point, the centre of mass has gone through a long range of motion, to
maximise the time in which the force is exerted in the take-off section. The athlete
must apply a large downward force into the ground to attain a high velocity at take
off.
Moving from right to left on figure 4,

(a)The jumper applied the strong downward force,lifted arms and one leg up high to
raise the centre of gravity
(b)The centre of mass has risen further, and the arms have lowered while the head is
extended over the bar.
(c)At the jumpers highest point, the centre of mass is now lower than the hips as they
cross the bar, while the legs remain below the level of the bar creating an arc of the
body
(d)The centre of mass beginning to drop and the legs are flicked over the bar.

This figure shows us that a high jumper will be able to clear a bar at the highest(higher
than the height of the centre of mass)by manipulating the body around its own centre
of mass.

Angular Momentum

Angular momentum is the biomechanics principal that makes the jump rotate. The
more the angular momentum, the faster the rotation. which is important to achieve bar
clearance. The angular momentum is decided during the takeoff phase, through the
forces that the takeoff foot makes on the ground and cannot be generated once the
jumper has left the ground. The Fosbury Flop can be separated into three parts to
discuss angular momentum: forward somersaulting angular momentum, lateral
somersaulting angular momentum, and the twist phase. The twist component of the
Fosbury Flop (HT) gains rotation by swinging the lead leg up and slightly away from
the bar, and by turning the shoulders and arms during the take-off. When these actions
are completed, this creates angular momentum around a vertical axis(Kirrilee
Collins,2015).
Straddle Technique
The Western roll was followed by the "straddle" technique.In the straddle the athlete
cleared the bar face-down with the body stretched along the bar.The straddle allowed
parts of the legs to be lower than the bar at the peak of the jump. This allowed the
pelvis to rise to a greater height in relation to the position of the c.m., and thus it
improved the effectiveness of the bar clearance. Throughout the 1940's and early
1950's, the straddle gradually replaced the Western roll, and have become the
standard technique. Improvements in the run-up and takeoff: While the straddle was
replacing Western roll, more important innovations were occurring in the run-up and
takeoff. Some athletes used a fast run-up. This allowed them to put the muscles of the
takeoff leg in fast eccentric conditions during the takeoff phase, which in turn allowed
the athlete to exert a larger vertical force on the ground. Other athletes ran with the
c.m. in a low position in the final part of the run-up. This allowed them to have available
a long vertical range of motion for the c.m. during the takeoff phase, which increased
the height of the jump. Some athletes noticed that a vertical position of the body at the
end of the takeoff increased the height of the jump. This was also due to an increased
vertical range of motion during the takeoff phase. Other jumpers moved their arms into
a backward position in the last steps of the run-up, and then threw them strongly
forward and upward during the takeoff phase. This allowed the takeoff leg to exert a
larger force against the ground. Still others kicked forward and upward with the lead
leg during the takeoff phase, with a motion similar to a soccer kick.This "straight lead
leg" action had the same purpose as the double-arm action, but with an enhanced
effect due to the larger mass and length of the leg. Today we know that all these
actions are advantageous for the generation of lift in a high jump.
Vladimir Dyachkov was the Soviet Union's national coach. He had studied films of the
world's best high jumpers for many years. Through his analyses, he was able to figure
out the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques used by high
jumpers. He acquired a particularly good understanding of the advantages provided
by the run-up and takeoff improvements that had been gradually introduced during the
1940's and 1950's. Before Dyachkov, one or another of these advantageous technique
elements had shown up sporadically in the techniques of various high jumpers;
Dyachkov incorporated practically all of them into the technique of every one of his
athletes. The dive straddle: A new variant of the straddle appeared around 1960. It
was called the "dive straddle".In this technique, at the peak of the jump the athlete's
trunk was set at an oblique angle with respect to the bar. This allowed the athlete to
drop the 'head and upper trunk below the level of the bar at the peak of the jump. This
raised the hips and the rest of the body, and therefore allowed the athlete to clear a
higher height than with the older ("parallel") straddle. Dyachkov adopted this bar
clearance technique for his jumpers. Through the efforts of Dyachkov, in the mid-
1960's there was consensus about the technique that should be used for high jumping:
A fast and low run-up, with preparation of the arms in the last one or two steps,
followed by a double-arm action and straight lead leg action that ended in a vertical
position of the athlete at the end of the takeoff. The athlete crossed the bar using the
dive straddle technique. It is important to point out that not all high jumpers adapted
well to this technique. Some were not able to combine effectively a straight lead leg
action with the impulse of the takeoff leg. These bent-lead-leg jumpers were quite
frustrated, incapable of jumping properly(Jesus Dapena,2002).
How Biomechanics helps in improving equipments

Use of biomechanics can also provide better look and better functioning of sport
equipment,clothing,shoes and the fields and facilities where sports are played. For
example,aerodynamic clothing in skiing, a shoe for the best performance for a middle-
distance runner or a racket for the best grip.Sophisticated sport equipment gives
advantage to both elite and recreational athletes. Researchers have developed a new
swimming suit which helped swimmers at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 to achieve
better several world records because it has a favorable influence on the draft force
and water buoyancy that is acting against swimmers. This swimming suit had such an
influence on sport performance in swimming, in fact, that its use was later
banned(Sravan Kumar Singh Yadav,2016).Better equipments improves performance
and reduces the risk of injury.
How Biomechanics helps in reducing risks of injuries
Injury prevention is an important part of sports that improves the athletes’ and
students’ health and thus improves their performance. Biomechanics is an instrument
that can be used in sport medicine to identify forces and mechanical energy that cause
injuries. Biomechanics help us in discovering how injuries originate, how to avoid them
during sport performance, and how to identify exercise suitable for injury prevention
and rehabilitation. Biomechanics offers possibilities that contributes to injury
prevention;alternative techniques of executing specific movements,using new
equipment, carrying out more effective training methods(Sravan Kumar Singh Yadav).
Below are some examples of the relationship between faulty technique and
associated injuries.(Physiopedia)

SPORT TECHNIQUE INJURY

CRICKET Mixed bowling action Pars interarticularis stress
fractures
TENNIS Excessive wrist action with backhand Extensor tendinopathy of the
elbow
SWIMMING Decreased external rotation of the Rotator cuff tendinopathy
shoulder
RUNNING Anterior pelvic tilt Hamstring injuries
ROWING Change from bow side to stroke side Rib stress fractures
BALLET Poor turnout Hip Injuries

Donald F.Kessler(2020) who worked as athletic trainer at Basic Underwater

Demolition/SEAL Training shared his experience on how injuries helped in making
changes in techniques to reduce the risk of sport related injuries. He have seen
numerous preventative and rehabilitative programs for reducing stress-related
problems in runners. However, re-injury is still highly prevalent. It is apparent that the
current standard for rehabilitating and preventing stress-related injuries may not be
adequate.He found that the injured students involved in the training were excellent
athletes who had many challenges in their running. As much as 60% of the long-term
treatment provided during and after training was due to stress-related injuries. Unlike
traditional running athletes, these students had to run in combat boots, wearing long
pants, carrying back packs, inflatable boats, etc.Running 6 miles a day on concrete to
the chow hall and 4-mile timed runs on soft beach sand are what they do everyday.
Many of the students had very little experience in fast-paced running and/or had no
long-distance running background.The majority of students who were developing
stress-related injuries lacked the fundamental skills to make them effective runners.
Most of the injured runners had backgrounds in sports such as swimming, water polo,
ice hockey, baseball, martial arts, and wrestling. These athletes did not have a history
of running speed development or running efficiency.
His task was to make the students who developed stress-related injuries as efficient
as possible when returning to full training.Based on their injuries, they were not running
as efficiently as they could, due to their running background and the drawbacks
aforementioned. Donald F.Kessler had to make sure the students be able to pass the
weekly 4-mile timed run and not get re-injured by combatting the recurrence rate of
running-related injuries which is close to 50%.

He took a couple of online courses by Jay Dicharry who used treadmill running for the
evaluations of runners to find functional deficiencies that may cause medical problems.
He also used an app that was recommended by the Nike team physical therapist, Dave
McHenry, to evaluate their runners.He did some researches and much of his early
search findings involved the research of Irene Davis and soon branched out to many
others, concerning gait retraining, feasibility of improving running economy gait
modification, managing bone stress injuries, and more. As he read through the
literature on gait training, through the lens of Alberto Salazar’s(one of the world best
runner)running techniques, he realized that there were several consistent factors to
consider for improving running economy.

He followed six elements to improve running efficiency in his students’ training.

1. •F: Forward lean

2. •A: Arms
3. •S: Stride length close to center of gravity
4. •T: Trail width—step width
5. •E: Explode—landing on the midfoot, pushing off of the big toe
6. •R: RPM or rate of leg turnover cadence

1. The lean should be very minimal from 5–7°, according to Alberto. It is important
that the lean is not greater or that it comes from bending at the waist.It seems to
be that it causes a better posture, which allows one to activate the glutes more
efficiently for power, rather than being so much quad dominated. Kinematics of the
hip show that too much hip flexion may increase the risk of lower extremity injuries
and affect running performance.

2. Arm swing should run from the hips to the nipples.Some runs with their hands come
up straight to their eyes and extend back behind the hips. With distance
running,this would be a tremendous waste of energy. The arms help with balance,
counterbalance for the opposite leg, vertical lift, assist with forward motion, and
decrease rotation.If the arms are going side to side, or across the body, this causes
rotation of the body. This uses excess energy and is not helping in forward
propulsion, which causes extra stress to the lower extremities. This extra stress is
added to bones, muscle, tendons, and other areas that also have to handle shock
absorption or propulsion. These extra stressors are probably precursors to lower
extremity stress problems.The smooth motion of the shoulders, and the hands
going hips to nips, keeps the rotational motions to a minimum. It also keeps
excessive rise and fall of the center of gravity to a minimum.
3. The evidence supports that overstriding may increase injury risk or make running
inefficient and slower. There is evidence to support that, as stride length is
decreased, the probability of stress fracture is decreased 3–6%. Also, there is
evidence to support that, as stride length is increased, more energy is absorbed.
Overstriding often translates to a more extended knee on landing, resulting in
increased braking forces slowing the runner down. By landing more closely to the
center of mass, the knee is more flexed and the braking forces are diminished. An
appropriate stride length can affect the time on the ground, foot placement, and
revolutions per minute (RPM).Foot strike should take place close to the center of
mass—the further forward and away from the center of mass is indicative of
overstriding.

4. Step width is how wide your feet should be from each other during ground contact.
There is some evidence to support the idea that landing with a narrow step width
(feet closer together) is more economical. However, it has also been proposed that
greater foot and pelvic control are needed.The wider step width may appear to be
more stable, but the runners tend to be slower, lumbering and rocking, moving the
body weight from side to side. Alberto described this almost like a sailboat tacking,
taking up more time and distance.He said to pay close attention to elite runners
coming down a straightaway. Both their feet land on the same line. This allows all
of the forces to push forward on the same vector. A narrow step width is more
efficient than a wider one.

5. There is evidence to support that a step rate increase of 10% will change runners
to a more midfoot landing position. Decreased stride length increases step rate and
decreases ground contact time, which makes forefoot or a midfoot strike pattern
more economical compared to a rearfoot strike. Many of the “back of the pack”
runners are rearfoot runners, whereas the elite and leaders are more midfoot
runners.By landing on midfoot, a runner is in a better position to reduce braking
forces and transition to the explosive push-off quicker.

6. Alberto, and some other coaches, say that runners should maintain a cadence of
180 RPM. This translates to 90 strides per minute for each leg (ground contact to
ground contact of the same leg). The exact number has been difficult to quantify in
research, but there is evidence to support increased stride rate being beneficial.
Recreational runners are mostly at 155 RPM, while high-level athletes are at 170,
even when jogging. An increase in the RPM of 5–15% has been associated with
less knee pathology, reduced impact loads, and less muscle damage. Other
benefits of step increase include decrease of peak impact forces, decreased stride
length, decreased hip adduction, and, as stated previously, more midfoot landing.
For injured runners, cadence is a key to intervention. The multiple points that are
interrelated here are that, as the RPM slows, runners tend to overstride, making
them inefficient. As they overstride they land more on their heels, increase the
braking forces, and spend more contact time on the ground. All of these slow the
runner down more, gives them less explosion, and may lead to more stress-related
injuries.
These are the elements that he used in teaching his injured students to build a better
running foundation. Some students just need tweaks in their form, others need major
overhauls. He have now used FASTER with my his students for 5 years. Real change
has occurred. All of the runners through this program have passed their weekly 4-mile
run test since returning to regular training. Some individuals have improved as much
as 3–4 min over their previous best times. Of the 255 students who have been in the
program with stress fractures, only seven have had repeat stress injuries. In three
cases, the individuals admitted that they added extra mileage, on top of the prescribed
training, or started running on their own before the release to do so.
How Biomechanics helps in improving training

Biomechanics can help improve training of athletes in two ways:

1)By the analysis of mechanical values a coach defines such training conditions that
may lead to threshold stimuli.
We can use as an example the research project by Jandacka and Uchytil (2011) who
carried out mechanical analysis of bench press with various loads in elite footballers.
They discovered that the use of a load equalling to 30 – 50% of the load which the
footballers were only able to lift once leads to maximal produced mechanical power
output. The recommendation resulting from this research project was as follows:
Soccer players should train maximal strength during the preparatory period for their
competitive season along with training for speed and endurance. When athletes
maximally develop muscular power toward the end of a season when the most
important competitions are scheduled, dynamic effort strength training with loads from
30 to 50% of 1RM BP should be used. During the competitive season, loads of 50%
of 1RM BP should be used to maintain muscular power over a wide load range.
2)By the analysis of technical imperfections of a given athlete the coach/teacher
identifies the type of training needed for this athlete to improve.
An athlete is limited by strength or endurance of certain muscle groups, by speed of
motion, or by specific aspects of motion technique. Sometimes the limits are quite
obvious. For example a gymnast executing the crucifix on the gymnastic rings must
have very strong shoulder adductors. In the case of certain sport skills the required
abilities to execute a motor task are not easy to detect and quantitative biomechanics
analysis must be used.
Biomechanical analysis

You should be able to distinguish between what is important and what is unimportant,
what is correct/incorrect, what is possible/impossible, what is effective/ineffective,
what is safe/unsafe, etc. The first thing to evaluate and understand is the movement
itself, without regard to the forces that caused it. In physics, this is known as
Kinematics i.e. the direction of motion, the path of motion, and the range of
motion.Futhermore, a kinematic analysis might include basic kinematic variables such
as distance, speed and acceleration (which you will learn shortly). Only after you
analyze the kinematics to you look at the forces that cause the movement (as well as
other forces on the body). In physics, this is known as kinetics.

Another way of looking at the analysis process is to look at joints first (both static and
dynamic and describing them kinematically), then the external and internal forces on
the body (kinetics). Muscles are engineered to move joints in a particular fashion
(based on the structure of the joint). A basic understanding of joint structure and
function is essential for proper muscle activation (i.e. if we are moving the joints
properly, then the muscles must be working properly). Furthermore, we don’t really
know which internal forces are developed without first looking at the external forces
that caused it.
Below are the examples of biomechanic analysis of squat:

Not just that,by having biomechanics knowledge,customised training can be imparted

to a sports person.The training can be adjusted according to the individual
age,gender,rate of progress and previous skill development.The goal of customised
training is to capitalize on the strengths while minimizing existing skill
deficiencies.Modifications to a basic training plan can consist of adjustments that are
made for individual skill differences such as physical size,weight,medical
conditions,injuries,motivational,emotion and mental level.
Conclusion

Biomechanics is an essential principle for a sports man.Understanding the

concepts and its application on sports give a huge impact on sport
industry.Biomechanics is a tool that understands human movement and most sports
man apply the knowledge of biomechanics in order to improve technique to avoid risk
injury.The science of biomechanics also plays a major role in enhancing the
performance of both individuals and sports equipment. Whilst it would take many years
to become a specialist in biomechanics, having a basic understanding of the more
common principles such as force,momentum and balance can help those participating
in exercise and sports to manage their bodies effectively. “what works?” and “why?”
questions are often used to learn biomechanical skills.Many athletes that are
uneducated with extended physical education may not know about biomechanics thus
this will surely affects their performance.With this,biomechanics is an area of science
that have to be studied to gain the importance of biomechanics.
References

• Anonymous,20 June 2014,Biomechanics of High Jump,

http://ksbiomechanicsblog.blogspot.com/2014/06/biomechanics-of-high-
jump.html
• Paul Rogers,22 October 2019,Biomechanics and Body
Movement,https://www.verywellfit.com/understanding-biomechanics-
3498389#:~:text=Biomechanics%20is%20the%20science%20of,the%20mech
anics%20of%20the%20movement.
• Physiopedia,https://www.physio-pedia.com/Biomechanics_In_Sport
• Vibha Choudary,25 October 2015,Biomechanics and
Sports,https://www.slideshare.net/VibhaChoudhary/chapter-9-biomechanics-
and-sports
• Sravan Kumar Singh Yadav,International Journal of Applied Research
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