Department of Mathematics

Anna University, Chennai

MA5252 ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS-II
Unit - II
Analytic Functions

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 CONTENTS

• Functions of a Complex Variable

• Analytic Functions
• Necessary & Sufficient Conditions
• Orthogonal Properties of Analytic
Functions

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 REFERENCES
1. Erwin Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering
Mathematics”, John Wiley and Sons, 10th
Edition, New Delhi, 2015.
2. Grewal B.S. “Higher Engineering
Mathematics”, 43rd Edn., Khanna
Publications, New Delhi (2014).
3. Bali N.P., Goyal M. & Watkins C.,
“Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 7th
Edn., Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., (2009).

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 Section 1
• Basic Definitions
• Functions of a Complex Variable
• Limit, Continuity & Derivative of a
Complex Function
• Rules for Differentiation
• Analytic Functions
• Necessary & Sufficient Conditions
for Analyticity
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 Basic Definitions
A Complex variable z is an ordered
pair (x,y) of real numbers, written
as z = (x, y) or z = x+iy
x - Real Part; y - Imaginary Part
or x = Re z; y = Im z

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 Graphical Representation
- Argand Plane

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 Polar Form of a Complex
Variable
Any complex
number z = x +i y
can be written in
Polar Coordinates
using,
x =r cos ; y =r sin ;
z =re i

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 Conjugate of a Complex
Variable
If z = x+iy is a complex number,
then x – iy is the conjugate of z and
is denoted by .

Also,
zz zz
Re( z )  ; Im( z ) 
2 2i
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 Functions of a Complex
Variable
If x and y are real variables, then
z = x+iy is called a complex variable.
If corresponding to each value of a
complex variable z in a given region,
there corresponds one or more values of
another complex variable w, then w is
called a function of the complex variable z
and is denoted by w=f (z).
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 Single-valued & Multiple-
valued Functions
If to each value of z there corresponds one
and only one value of w, then w is called a
single-valued function of z.

If to each value of z there corresponds

more than one value of w, then w is called
a multiple-valued function of z.

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 Examples of Functions of
Complex Variables
1
w z ; w  ; w  z
2

z
w  sin z; w  cos z; w  tan z
w  e ; w  log z
z

In each case, w can be written as

w  u  iv
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 Graphical Representation
To represent the function w = f (z)
graphically, two Argand Diagrams
are used; one to represent z (called

the z-plane) and the other to

represent w (called the w-plane).

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 Argand Diagrams

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 Example 1

For w  f ( z )  z , find the values

2

of w which correspond to
z  2  i & z  1  3i.

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 Solution 1
w  f (2  i )   2  i   4  4i  i  3  4i
2 2

w  f (1  3i )  1  3i   1  6i  9i  8  6i
2 2

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 Example 2

Prove that sin z  cos z  1.

2 2

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 Solution 2
sin z  cos z
2 2

2 2
e e  e e 
iz iz iz iz
     
 2i   2 
e 2e  e 2e
2 iz  2 iz 2 iz  2 iz

     
 4   4 
1

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 Limit of a Complex Function
A single-valued function w=f (z) is
said to tend to a limit l as z approaches
a point z0 along any direction, if for
every real number , it is possible to
find a positive real number  such that
| f (z) – l | <  for |z – z0 | < . In
symbols, it is written as Lt f ( z )  l .
z  z0
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 Continuity of a Complex
Function
A single-valued function f (z) is said to
be continuous at a point z=z0, if

Lt f ( z )  f ( z )
z  z0
0

A function f (z) is said to be continuous

in a region R of the z -plane if it is
continuous at every point of the region.
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 Derivative of a Complex
Function
Derivative of a single-valued function
w=f (z) is defined as
dw f ( z  z )  f ( z )
 f ( z )  Lt
dz z 0 z
provided the limit exists and has the
same value for all the different ways
in which z approaches zero.
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 Rules for Differentiation
 
cf   c f  ;  f  g   f   g ;

 fg   f g  fg  ;

f f g  fg 
   2
provided g  0
g g
f & g are functions of z and c is a constant.
Prime denotes differentiation with respect to z.

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 Analytic Function
• A function f (z) is said to be
analytic at the point z0 if it is
single-valued and if there exists a
neighbourhood |z – z0 | < , at all
points of which the function is
differentiable.
• A function f (z) is said to be
analytic in a domain D if it is
analytic at every point of D.
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 Singular Points

A function f (z) may be differentiable in

a domain except for a finite number of
points. These points are called
singular points or singularities of f (z)
in that domain.
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 Analyticity


Differentiability
Every differentiable function may
not be analytic but every analytic
function will be differentiable.
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 Analyticity Conditions
If w  f ( z )  u ( x,y )  iv( x,y ) then f (z)
is analytic in a domain D if and only if
the first partial derivatives of u and v
exist and satisfy the Cauchy-
Riemann Equations (C-R Equations)
given by
u v u v
 ; 
x y y x
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 Necessary & Sufficient
Conditions
Theorem 1:
Let f (z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) be defined and
continuous in some neighborhood of a
point z = x+iy and differentiable at z
itself. Then at that point, the first order
partial derivatives of u and v exist and
satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

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 Remark

Hence, if f (z) is analytic in a domain

D, those partial derivatives exist and
satisfy the C-R equations at all
points of D.

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Theorem 2:
If two real-valued functions u(x,y) and
v(x,y) of two real variables x and y
have continuous first partial derivatives
that satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann
equations in some domain D, then the
complex function f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is
analytic in D.
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 Cauchy Riemann Equations
in Polar Co-ordinates

u 1 v v 1 u
 ; 
r r  r r 

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 Example 3

Show that f ( z )  z is not differenti able.

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 Solution 3

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 Example 4
Prove that the function f ( z )  zz is
continuous everywhere but nowhere
differenti able except at the origin.

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 Solution 4
2 2
f ( z )  zz  z  x  iy  x 2  y 2
ux y ; v0
2 2

u & v are polynomials in x & y and hence

continuous everywhere.
 f ( z ) is continuous everywhere.
u x  2 x ; u y  2 y ; vx  0 ; v y  0
u x  v y & u y   vx  x  0 & y  0
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 CR equations are satisfied only at the
origin. Thus the given function is nowhere
differentiable except at the origin.
Remark :
Note that f(z) is not differenti able at every
point in some neighbourh ood of z  0.
 f(z) is not anlaytic at z  0.
Hence f(z) is nowhere analytic.
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 Example 5

Show that f ( z )  z is analytic for all z.

2

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 Solution 5
f ( z )   x  iy   x  y   2ixy
2 2 2

u ( x, y )  x  y ; v ( x, y )  2 xy
2 2

u x  2 x ; u y  2 y ; v x  2 y ; v y  2 x
Note that u x  v y & u y   v x .
Therefore, f ( z ) is analytic for all z.

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 Example 6

Prove that the function sinh z is analytic

and find its derivative .

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 Solution 6
f ( z )  u  iv 
 sinh z  sinh( x  iy )
 sinh x cos y  i cosh x sin y
u  sinh x cos y ; v  cosh x sin y
u x  cosh x cos y ; u y   sinh x sin y
v x  sinh x sin y ; v y  cosh x cos y

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Note that u x  v y & u y   v x for all x,y.
 f ( z ) is analytic everywhere.
f ( z )  u x  iv x  cosh x cos y  i sinh x sin y
 cosh ( x  iy )  cosh z

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 Example 7

Find p such that the function f(z)

expressed in polar coordinates as
f(z) = r cos 2 + ir sin p is analytic.
2 2

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 Solution 7
f ( z )  u  iv ; u  r cos 2 ; v  r sin p
2 2

ur  2r cos 2 ; vr  2r sin p
u  2r 2 sin 2 ; v  pr 2 cos p
1 1
For f ( z ) to be analytic, ur  v & vr   u .
r r
2r cos 2  pr cos p ; 2r sin p  2r sin 2 .
Both these equations are satisfied for p  2.

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 Example 8
z
Show that the function e is analytic
and find its derivative .

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 Solution 8

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 Here u x  v y ; u y   v y .
 f ( z ) is analytic.
Now, to find f ( z ).

f ( z )  u x  i v x  e cos y  ie sin y
x x

 e cos y  i sin y   e
x x  iy
e z

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 Example 9

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 Solution 9

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 Example 10

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 Solution 10

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 Harmonic Function
A function of x, y which possesses
continuous partial derivatives of the
first and second orders and satisfies
Laplace’s equation is called a
Harmonic Function.
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For f (z) = u+iv, u and v are harmonic
functions if they satisfy Laplace equation.
2 2 2 2
 u  u  v  v
  0;  0
2 2 2 2
x y x y

Also v is called harmonic conjugate of u.

If this holds, then it can also be shown
that u is the harmonic conjugate of –v.
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 Example 11

If f ( z ) is a regular function of z , prove that

 2  
2
2 2
 2  2  f ( z )  4 f ( z ) .
 x y 

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 Solution 11
2 2 2
f ( z )  u  v   ( x, y ).
 u v
  2u  2v
x x x
2
   2
 u  u 
2 2
 v  v 
2
 2u   v   
x 2  x 2  x  x 2  x  
2
   2
 u  u 
2 2
 v  v 
2
 2u     v    
2  2 y 2 y  
y  y   y  
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 u v
f ( z )  u  iv; f ( z )  i
x x
2 2
2  u   v 
& f ( z )      
 x   x 
 2  
2
2
 2  2   4 f ( z )
 x y 
 2
  2
2 2
 2  2  f ( z )  4 f ( z ) .
 x y 
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 Orthogonal System
Every analytic function
f (z) = u+iv
defines two families
of curves u(x,y) = c1
and v(x,y) = c2.

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 Consider the two families of curves
u(x,y)=c1 and v(x,y)=c2.
Differentiating the above equations
partially with respect to x, we get
u u dy dy ux
 0    m1
x y dx dx uy
v v dy dy vx
 0    m2
x y dx dx vy
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Since f ( z ) is analytic, u & v satisfy
C - R equations u x  v y ; u y  v x .
ux u y
 m1m2    1.
u y ux
Thus, the product of the slopes of the two
curves is  1. Therefore, the curves intersect
at right angles to each other.
i.e. they form an orthogonal system.
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 Applications
If the function w=f(z)=(x,y)+i(x,y)

represents a flow or a field pattern,

then it is termed Complex potential and

 (x,y) = c1 &  (x,y) = c2 represent the

following families of curves respectively:
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 • Fluid Flows - Equipotential Lines &
Streamlines.
• Electrostatic & Gravitational Fields -
Equipotential Lines and Lines of
Force.
• Heat Flows - Isothermals & Heat
Flow Lines.

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 Some Useful Results
cosh( z1  z 2 )  cosh z1 cosh z 2  sinh z1 sinh z 2
sinh( z1  z 2 )  sinh z1 cosh z 2  sinh z 2 cosh z1
z z
e e
z
e e z
cosh z  ; sinh z 
2 2
cosh iz  cos z ; sinh iz  i sin z
cos iz  cosh z ; sin iz  i sinh z

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 Practice Problems

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