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Earthing Report Ce151

The document discusses different types of earthing systems used in electrical installations. Earthing systems connect parts of an electrical system to the earth's conductive surface for safety and functional purposes. The main types of earthing systems discussed are plate earthing, pipe earthing, rod earthing, earthing through water pipes, and wire/strip earthing. Plate and pipe earthing involve vertically burying a metal plate or pipe underground to dissipate electric currents. Rod earthing uses buried metal rods. Proper earthing is important for safety to prevent electric shocks and for system reliability.

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April Lyn Limboc
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856 views4 pages

Earthing Report Ce151

The document discusses different types of earthing systems used in electrical installations. Earthing systems connect parts of an electrical system to the earth's conductive surface for safety and functional purposes. The main types of earthing systems discussed are plate earthing, pipe earthing, rod earthing, earthing through water pipes, and wire/strip earthing. Plate and pipe earthing involve vertically burying a metal plate or pipe underground to dissipate electric currents. Rod earthing uses buried metal rods. Proper earthing is important for safety to prevent electric shocks and for system reliability.

Uploaded by

April Lyn Limboc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Earthing

https://etechcomponents.com/what-is-earthing-earthing-system/
https://circuitglobe.com/electrical-earthing.html
https://www.civilclick.com/types-of-earthing/
https://www.watelectrical.com/what-is-electrical-earthing-types-and-applications/

The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy


directly to the earth by the help of the low resistance wire.

Mostly, the galvanised iron is used for the earthing. The earthing provides the
simple path to the leakage current. The shortcircuit current of the equipment passes
to the earth which has zero potential. Thus, protects the system and equipment from
damage.
Earth or ground is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages
are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical
connection to the earth. In an electrical installation, an earthing system or grounding
system connects specific parts of that installation with the Earth’s conductive surface
for safety and functional purposes.

Next slide

In an electrical system,  the parts of the equipment connected with the Earth’s
conductive surface for safety is known as earthing.

Why earthing is required?

 During the normal operations rise in potential is one of the main important
aspects where the reference to the earth is properly connected. The earthing or
grounding provides the very least resistance through which the fault currents are
diverted.
 The currents other than the permissible values will be diverted into the ground.
The grounding is the difference of the rise in potential between the equipment
and the earth.
 The rise in potential can be between the person and the ground or appliance and
the earth or appliance to appliance. Proper earthing can limit the differences in
potentials between equipment and earth.
 The grounding or earthing limits the voltage rise or potential difference observed
on a supply system. In case if there is a lightning strike on the building or on the
power distribution towers, the over voltages which are developed should be
safely contacted through the connection to the ground equipment.

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Protective earthing

 Protection of devices is done by electrical earthing where the visible conductive


surface of appliances or devices is made close to the earth’s potential in failure
case. Protective earthing is shown in the figure.
 In the case of a fault, fault current flows from the equipment to earth to protect
against electric shock. The protective devices like fuses, circuit breakers detect
the fault and interrupts the supply during fault conditions.
 Though these protective devices isolate the circuit their operating level is too
high. So, the Impedance of connection to earth is kept low compared to the
normal circuit to divert fault current to earth.

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Types of earthing

The types of earthing are used to connect the metallic parts of an Electric appliance or
installations to the earth and the earthing is provided to avoid or minimize the danger of
electrocution.
Through low resistance wires or electrical cables earthing is the method of transmitting
the instant electricity discharge directly to the ground and to keep away from the
danger of electric shock due to the outflow of current then earthing is provided.
The process of earthing can be done in several ways like wiring in factories, housing,
other machines, and electrical equipment and there are many types of earthing

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Types of earthing
There are five main types of earthing as given below;

1. Plate Earthing System


2. Pipe Earthing System
3. Rod Earthing System
4. Earthing through the Waterman
5. Strip or Wire Earthing

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The first one is plate earthing system


In these types of earthing a plate is made up of copper or galvanized iron which is
placed vertically in the ground pit less than 3 meters from the ground and one should
maintain the earth moisture condition around the plate earthing system for a better
electrical grounding system.
To divert the electric charge inside the earth this plate is connected to the
electrical conductors.

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Pipe earthing system


In pipe earthing system a galvanized steel-based pipe is placed vertically in a wet and
it is one of the most common types of earthing.
On the soil type and magnitude of current, the pipe size mainly depends and the pipe
dimension should be 1.5 inches in diameter and 9 feet in length for the ordinary soil.
The pipe diameter should be greater than the ordinary soil pipe for rocky or dry soil and
soil moisture will choose the pipe’s length to be placed in the earth.
The galvanized iron pipe should be such that it has holes pierced at regular intervals
and at the bottom end, the pipe should be narrow. To galvanized iron pipe a clamp is
attached to which an earth wire is connected and inside the earth, this pipe diverts the
electrical conductance.
At a depth not less than 3 meters the pipe is placed in the earth pit and by the alternate
layers of salt and charcoal, the space inside the galvanized iron pipe is filled up to the
clamp level.
By constructing a chamber with bricks, the top portion of the G.I pipe is left open for
maintenance when required and to maintain earthing resistance within the specified
limits water is poured into the galvanized iron pipe.
For all domestic purposes, pipe earthing is commonly used and it has low-cost.

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Rod earthing system


In these types of earthing a copper rod with galvanized steel pipe is placed upright in
the ground physically or by using a hammer and to a preferred value, the lengths of the
embedded electrodes in the earth decrease the resistance of earth.
At a certain depth, the rod used for this purpose is buried inside the earth and safely
the short circuit current will be diverted to the ground.
For areas which are sandy in character, this system of earthing is suitable and this
system of earthing is very cheap.

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Earthing through the Waterman


The waterman (Galvanized GI) pipes are used for earthing purposes in these types of
earthing and to minimize the resistance for proper earthing connection make sure to
check the resistance of galvanized iron pipes and use earthing clamps.
As earth wire, if the stranded conductor is used then clean the end of the strands of the
wire and make sure it is in the straight and parallel position to connect tightly to the
waterman pipe.

Strip or Wire Earthing


In these types of earthing, strip electrodes of cross-section not less than 25 mm x 1.6
mm is buried in horizontal trenches of a minimum depth of 0.5 m and if it is a
galvanized iron or steel then their cross-section area should not be too small as less
than 6.0 mm2.
The length of the conductor should not be less than 15 m and this length buried in the
ground would give a sufficient earth resistance.

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Applications of earthing
 The low voltage system consumption appliances are available at the domestic
users where proper electrical earthing is done to protect the electrical appliances
and also protect ourselves against electric shocks.
 For domestic users, the common fault that occurs is due to voltage fluctuations.
During voltage fluctuations proper electrical earthing plays a key role.
 In high voltage system the focus of the earthing system is less on safety but it is
more important to look after the reliability of power supply, protection of
equipment.  The most common type of fault is the L-G fault in the high voltage
system. During the L-G fault, the fault current path is closed through the earth

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