RURAL ROAD MAINTENANCE

PMGSY RURAL ROAD

RURAL ROAD
PMGSY roads
• What is missing ?

Routine
Maintenance
Routine Maintenance

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Impact of Routine Maintenance

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 Definition of Maintenance
• The Indian Roads Congress defines road
maintenance as „routine work performed
to upkeep pavement, shoulders and other
facilities provided for road users, as
nearly as possible in their constructed
condition under normal condition of
traffic and forces of nature‟.
Maintenance is „essential to get optimum
service from the pavement structure
during its life period‟.
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 Vision
• The challenge is both expansion of the network to
provide road links to unconnected habitations and at
the same time maintenance of the existing vast rural
road network built at huge cost to the economy over the
past over fifty years.

• A balance between road building and road maintenance

has to be achieved.

• For sustainable maintenance of the road assets, strong

political will backed with administrative and technical
support is required

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 Purpose of Maintenance
• All roads, subjected to traffic and forces of weather
require regular maintenance irrespective of their
original technical design, quality of construction, to
get the optimum service during its life period and to
avoid costly investments in rehabilitation.

• The basic objective of road maintenance is to

upkeep the road to the extent possible to its original
condition after Construction, Rehabilitation or
Improvement.

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Road deterioration

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 Corrective maintenance

1: Patching potholes / minor repairs

2: Resurfacing / major repairs (if no maintenance is done) 12
 Preventive maintenance

3: Result of preventive maintenance - delays the

deterioration
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1: Minor repairs
 Preventive maintenance
Effects of maintenance on road design life

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 Importance of Maintenance
The maintenance of road is important because it:

• Prolongs the life of the road by reducing the rate of

deterioration, thereby safeguarding previous
investments in construction and rehabilitation.

• Lowers the cost of operating vehicles on the road by

providing or prolonging a smooth running surface.

• Improves the reliability of the road allowing it to

remain open for traffic on a continuous basis and thus
contributes to more reliable transport services, and

• Sustains social and economic benefits of improved

road access.
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 Parameters to device maintenance
solutions of the road

Depending upon the parameters like original technical

design, quality of construction, traffic, terrain, soil type
and climate, maintenance solutions may be devised to
optimize the maintenance cost and efforts. But, finding
out maintenance free technical design of roads are
disillusions and so whatever technical designs are
chosen, all roads require regular and timely
maintenance to secure a reasonable lifetime on the
construction investment.

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 Distinction between Maintenance
and Repair works

Effective maintenance is clearly time-linked activities

carried out to upkeep the road in serviceable condition
including supervision and monitoring of road assets
even while they are in good condition-as opposed to
responding with repairs when major damages have
taken place or the road access has finally been cut off.

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 Breaking a vicious circle
The effects of lack of maintenance leading to repair and
reconstruction of failed road sections are caused due to
an unorganized approach to preserve the road network
by the executing agencies.

Due to the extent of damages in each year, entire road

work budgets are exhausted, leaving no resource left
with the road agencies for preventive maintenance to
keep all the roads open throughout the year, which is
the first priority for obvious reasons.

The only way of breaking this vicious circle is to introduce

the concept of preventive maintenance, thus reducing
the extent to which the roads require major repair works.
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 Effects of maintenance
The result of investing in road
construction is improved access

The response to improved access is a

gradual increase in travel

Social and economic benefits from roads

are only accrued over time

Maintenance sustains access and allows

for expected benefits to materialise

Continued maintenance sustain benefits

and allow continued growth

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Effects of neglecting maintenance

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 Effective maintenance measures

The most effective maintenance is achieved when

an organization is furnished with necessary
human and financial resources and prepared to
carry out appropriate interventions at early
stage of deterioration and thus limit the extent of
damages.

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Social and Economic Impacts of Rural Roads
• Rural roads improve access to markets, schools, health
services and other public amenities in rural areas.
• Better access provides the scope for increased income,
employment opportunities and can also contribute to the
alleviation of poverty.
• Areas with poor road access are generally more
disadvantaged than areas that are better served by
better access.
• It is not the construction of roads, but the adequate
maintenance which provides the sustained access and
contributes to the improvement of livelihoods and
economic development.

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Illustration of relationship between road
investment and maintenance to socio-
economic benefits

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Lack of
maintenance
causing higher
vehicle operating
costs increasing
cost of transport
services

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 Benefits of Sustained Access
• Owners of vehicles incur lower operation costs and
slower depreciation of their vehicles,
• Reduces the cost of operating public transport services,
• User of public transport benefit from reduced travel
times, lower fares, more regularity of services and better
comfort,
• Farmers, entrepreneurs and traders retain access and
incur lower transport costs,
• Improves the business environment for farmers and
local entrepreneurs,
• Rural areas become more attractive to investors,

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 Benefits of Sustained Access (contd)
• Children and youth experience easier access to
school, resulting in lower drop-out rates,
• Communities as a whole can maintain social and
economic ties to the outside world
• Government agencies achieve better access to local
communities in terms of providing outreach services
such as health, education, agricultural extension
services, etc.,
• Rural dwellers get easier access to health services,
• Improved access to employment opportunities and
other economic activities,
• Government avoid expenditures in reconstruction
and rehabilitation works.
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 TYPICAL ROAD COMPONENTS

Surface Type Camber Side Slope

Rigid pavement (cement concrete) 2.0 ~ 2.5 %

1.5 : 1
Thin bituminous surfacing 3.0 ~ 3.5 %

WBM / Gravel 3.5 ~ 4.0 % to

Earthen 4.0 ~ 5.0 % 2:1

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 DETERIORATION AND FAILURE OF ROADS

 Before rectifying a defect, the underlying cause of the problem

should be identified
 Water in the form of ground water, surface water (streams and
rivers) or rain , is the main contributor to the wear and damage to
roads.
• by washing away soils (erosion and scouring),
• weakening the load bearing capacity of the road pavement,
• by depositing soils (silting) that obstruct the passage of water, or
• by washing away entire sections of the road and its structures.
 If the flow of water is not properly managed, the deterioration of
the road will be more serious and occur more rapidly.
 The performance of the drainage system should therefore be
observed during rainy periods, in order to obtain a realistic
picture.

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Deterioration of the Carriageway and Shoulders
(Surface Drains)
• The combination of stagnant water on the road surface
and traffic can quickly cause erosion of the road
surface.
• if surface water penetrates into the road body, it
reduces the load bearing capacity of the pavement.
• The road shoulders need to be maintained to their
original shape and slope to allow for water to be
drained off the road surface.

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 Type of deterioration and their causes
• Ruts are caused by the deformations in
pavements with insufficient strength to
cater for the prevailing traffic, mostly as a
result of poor compaction works or
overloaded vehicles.

• Potholes are depressions found

randomly distributed over the carriageway
and shoulders. They occur on sections of
the road where the road base has been
exposed to high moisture levels due to
cracks on the paved layer. Potholes often
develop as a result of poor drainage of the
base course.

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 Type of deterioration and their
causes
• Edge failures of paved roads are caused by
weak materials used in shoulders and poor
shoulder maintenance that leaves the surface of
the road pavement higher than the adjacent
shoulder.

• Ravelling is a process in which the surface layer

loses its aggregate particles due to insufficient
binder in the surface seal.

• Delamination is a result of poor bonding with the

underlying surface or insufficient stability of the
wearing course, resulting in a total loss of the
surface seal.

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 Type of deterioration and their
causes
• Cracks in the road surface can develop in
various patterns and frequency. Most cracks are
caused by movements or settlements in the
underlying pavement layers as a result of poor
materials or workmanship.

• Depressions are caused by the uneven

settlement of the pavement layers often for the
same reasons as when rutting occurs.

• Bleeding is a result of excessive amounts of

bitumen binder in the surface seal. The “fat‟
surface reduces skid resistance, especially
when wet.

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Deterioration of the Side Drains and Side Slopes
• The side drains need sufficient capacity to collect
all rain water from the road carriageway and
surrounding areas, dispose of it quickly and in a
controlled manner to minimise damage.

• The main challenge in terms of maintaining good

quality side drains is to control erosion and silting.

• Side slopes are prone to erosion by water.

Caused due to poor construction on embankment
fills, cut slope being too steep, properties of in-situ
material of the soil, and loss of vegetation cover

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 Deterioration Due To Cross Drainage
Structures

If the culvert and cross drains are blocked,

water pressure will build up on one side of the
road resulting in flooding or failure of the road
foundation.

Downstream erosion from culvert

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 Summary of causes of damages to roads
• Poor drainage
• Traffic
• Very steep gradient
• Poor pavement and shoulder construction
• Vegetation

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 Types Of Maintenance

• Routine Maintenance required continually on every road whatever its

engineering characteristics or traffic volume. Routine maintenance activities
are usually small-scale, widely dispersed. The need for routine maintenance
can to a large degree be forecasted and is scheduled at fixed times during
the year, using manual labour.

• Periodic Maintenance covers laying of a renewal coat (or gravelling)

required to be done periodically every few years, depending on traffic levels,
pavement type and geographical and weather conditions.

• Emergency Maintenance responds to occasional, unforeseen events such

as landslides, washouts, large trees or debris on the road and broken
drainage structures.

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 Routine Maintenance

• This module covers only the routine maintenance of rural roads.

• Routine maintenance activities are further defined as either cyclic or reactive
activities:
 Cyclic activities are performed at predetermined intervals throughout the year purely
as a preventive measures because of events we know will occur (e.g. cleaning drains
before and during seasonal rainfall).
 Reactive activities are performed in response to a triggering condition that requires
action before the problem gets out of hand (e.g. blocked culvert, crack sealing and
pothole patching).
Maintenance activities are also categorised based on where the works are located:
– Off-carriageway works consist of maintaining shoulders and drains, including repairs
to drainage and other structures in the roadside area, side slopes and all surface
areas within the road reserve. Most off-carriageway maintenance is normally a routine
activity, although occasionally some major overhauls are required.
– On-carriageway works relate to road pavement and surface repairs. This work mainly
consists of maintaining a good running surface on the road, free from any obstructions
and damage and with the necessary camber or cross-fall to secure proper surface
drainage.

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 Routine - cyclic

Technology Options For Routine Grading (unpaved) Impracticable Good

Maintenance Activities
Vegetation control Good Fair

Drain cleaning Good Fair

Cleaning of culverts and bridges Good Impractical

• A good amount of common maintenance activities and in particular
Painting and white washing road furniture Good
routine
Fair
works can be carried out without extensive mobilisation of equipment and
Litter removal Good Poor
materials.
Sweeping (paved) Good Good

Technology Options Routine – reactive

Suitable for: Pothole patching Good Fair

Activity
Labour Equipment Crack sealing Good Poor

Local sealing Fair Poor

Routine - cyclic Edge repair Good Fair

Grading (unpaved) Impracticable Good Joint repair Good Fair

Kerb repair or replacement Good Fair

Vegetation control Good Fair
Shoulder repair Good Fair
Drain cleaning Good Fair
Restore rain cuts Good Fair
Cleaning of culverts and bridges Good Impractical
Side drain repair, incl. building scour checks Good Poor
Painting and white washing road furniture Good Fair Minor repair of drainage structures Good Poor

Litter removal Good Poor Sign repair or replacement Good Poor

Guard rail repair Good Poor

Sweeping (paved) Good Good
Retaining wall/breast wall/gabion repair Good Poor

Routine – reactive 38
Periodic – maintenance
Sign repair or replacement Good Poor

Technology
Guard rail repair Options For
Good Routine
Poor
Maintenance
Retaining wall/breast wall/gabion repair Activities
Good Poor

Periodic – maintenance

Fog spray Fair Good

Slurry seal Fair Good

Premix Carpet with Seal Coat Fair Good

Chip seal Fair Good

Regravelling Good Good

Renew road markings Good Good

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 Routine Maintenance Priority
• Good management of the roads would suggest that the drainage system is
in good order and patch potholes and cracks in carriage-way surfaces are
attended before the rains commence.
Priority of routine maintenance activities according to season
Rout ine Maint enanc e Pr ior it ies
Season Priority Activity Where
1  clean culverts and other cros s -drainage off-carriageway
2  clean s ide drains and m itre drains off-carriageway
Before  clean and repair s houlders
3 off-carriageway
the
rains 4  repair eros ion on s ide s lopes and in drains off-carriageway
5  patch potholes and s eal cracks on-carriageway
6  white was h road furniture off-carriageway
1  ins pect and rem ove obs tacles from roadway and drains on/off carriageway
During 2  clean culverts and other cros s drainage off-carriageway
rains 3  clean s ide drains , cut-off and m itre drains off-carriageway
4  repair s ide drain eros ion off-carriageway
1  repair eros ion on s houlders , s ide s lopes and in drains off-carriageway
End of
2  repair retaining walls off-carriageway
rains
3  cut gras s and clear bus h off-carriageway
1  repair drainage s tructures off-carriageway
Dry
2  repair road s houlders and s urface edges on/off carriageway
s eas on
3  patch potholes and s eal cracks on-carriageway

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 Routine Maintenance Work Methods

• All major activities for off-carriageway and on-carriageway

maintenance will be discussed individually. It comprises:

1 Scope and purpose

2 Quality assurances

3 Environment and Health & safety methods.

4 Labour – Tool & equipment and materials

5 Labour Task Rates.

6 Performance Indicator.

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 SIGNS AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
When working on the roadside or carriageway, traffic
from both directions must be alerted by installing
following signs and barriers:

•reversible „Stop / Go‟ signs

•speed limit signs (30 km/hr)
•„Men working‟ signs
•„No overtaking‟ signs
•„Road narrows‟ sign
•„End of restriction‟ signs
•lane closure barriers and
•traffic cones

These signs should be available as many as required.

In addition to reflective vests - gloves, helmets, boots,
overalls, dust masks, goggles and ear muffs must be
provided to workers depending on the work undertaken.

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 Temporary Signposting

• Temporary signs should be placed

well ahead of the site from both
directions to warn traffic and reduce
the speed, both for work on the
roadside and in the carriageway, to
ensure that the speed of traffic is
reduced before it arrives at the work
site.

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JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-00.01
Activity: Inspect the drainage, roadside areas and carriageway along
the road - to ensure there are no critical damages or obstructions.

Scope and purpose: Inspect the drainage,

roadside areas and carriageway on the
complete length of the road to ensure there are
no critical damages or obstructions. If critical
damages have occurred, it should be reported
immediately to the responsible road authority.

Procedure: The inspection is carried out on

foot or on bicycle taking note of any
obstructions.
Culverts and side drains must be inspected on
foot.
Small objects that can easily be carried away
should preferably be removed immediately at
the time of the inspection.

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Quality assurance: Ensure the inspection of the entire road is done on
regular basis and after each heavy storm.

Health and safety: The inspector should at all times wear reflective
clothing for his safety from passing vehicles.

Activity Recommended Remark

 Labour Task Rate
Task rate Inspection of road 20 km/wd Inspection by
and removal of bicycle
minor obstacles 10 km/wd Inspection by foot

Performance indicator: The road pavement, shoulders and drains are

free of debris. Any urgent issues encountered are written down in the
notebook, relevant authority (the Engineer and/or the maintenance team)
is informed to get it corrected.

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JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.01
Activity: Cleaning culvert, inlets and outlets
MoRD SPEC. OF RR, Jan.2014. code no. : 1909

Scope and purpose: The culvert

openings and catch water pits shall be
cleared and cleaned of debris, sand and
silt, vegetation without causing damage to
any part of the structure. Cleared materials
should be disposed of as directed by the
Engineer.

Procedure: aperture shall be cleaned of

all sediment such as earth, stones,
vegetation, branches, garbage, etc.
The bottom of the inlet, catch-water pit and
outlet channels shall be cleaned of silt and
debris. A long handled shovel is useful for
excavating material from the culvert pipes.

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 Quality assurance: Ensure that culvert opening and catch-water pit are clear of
debris, sand and silt including growth of vegetation at inlet and outlet.,
•Ensure the level of the drains are correct so that water will flow through the
culvert and away from the exit,
•Ensure the deposited material should not affect the drainage system, vehicle
or pedestrian.
Environmental: Avoid littering the surrounding area and farmland.

Health and safety:Providing adequate traffic signs and the workers should wear
protective overall, boots and gloves. A first aid kit must be readily available on site at
all times.
 Labour Task rate:

Pipe diameter Task – Silt clearance from culvert Remark

s
Up to ¼ Up to ½ Up to ¾ Over ¾

600mm 4 rows/wd 1 row/wd 2 wd/row 3 wd/row Task up

to 7.5m
1000mm 2 rows/wd 2 wd/row 3.5 wd/row 5 wd/row length
culverts

Performance indicator:The culverts, the inlets and outlets are clear and drain
freely.

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JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.02
Activity: Clearing debris at bridges and causeways
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1909/1910

Scope and purpose:Clear silt, debris and litter

around the structure, its abutments and piers and for
a minimum distance of 25m both upstream and
downstream thereby allowing water to flow freely
and unhindered.

Procedure:Set up road traffic signs at the location.

All matter should be removed clear of the river and
the drainage system to prevent it from being washed
back into the waterway. Side slopes of the inlet and
outlet channels shall be reshaped and trimmed.
Remove sand and silt from causeway bed and
dispose of away from the water channel.
•Remove the road traffic signs on completion of
work.
•This activity is performed before the start of the
monsoon period and after heavy rainfalls.

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 Quality assurance:Ensure that the level of the drains are correct so that water
will flow through freely and away from the exit. Ensure the deposited material
should not affect the drainage system, vehicle or pedestrian. Ensure the guide
posts are clearly visible.

Environmental: Material should be disposed of at safe location

Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and the workers should wear
protective overall, boots and gloves. A first aid kit must be readily available on
site at all times.
 Labour Task rate:
Recommended Task
Activity
Rate
Removal of loose debris such as boulders,
1.5 m3/wd
branches, etc.
Excavation and removal of clay and silt 2.5 m3/wd

Performance indicator: The drift, the inlets and outlets are clear and drain
freely. The area below the bridges is clear and water can flow freely.

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JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.03
Activity:Clearing, cleaning, reshaping, deepening and erosion repairs
to side drains, mitre drains and catch-water drains
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1908

Scope and purpose: Cleaning of debris and silt

from side ditches and turnouts/mitre-drains, catch-
water drains including minor reshaping to restore
bottom level and gradient in order to ensure free flow
of water collected from the roadway.

Procedure: This activity shall only proceed after

grass cutting/bush clearing. The ditches shall be
cleaned of soil/silt and debris to a minimum depth of
30cm below edge of roadway and to a flat bottom
width of minimum 40 cm. The gradient of the ditch
bottom shall be checked by boning/ranging rods and
corrected to ensure a continuous slope of not less
than 1% to the ditch outlet.
•If the slope is more than 4%, scour checks will be
needed where the soil is prone to erosion.
•This activity is performed before the onset of and
during the rainy season.

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 Quality assurance: It is very important that the ditch invert slopes are accurately
constructed as errors may lead to ponding of water in the drains.
•Ensure that once the drains are cleaned, they have a flat base and have a constant
slope for flow of water and no dips where water can settle

Environmental: The excavated material deposited should not affect the drainage
system, vehicle or pedestrian transit, cultivated land, houses, canals or streams.
Where necessary, the removed material should be transported to a suitable dumping
site.

Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the location. A
first aid kit must be readily available on site at all times.

 Labour Task rate:

Activity Recommended Task Rate Remark

Cleaning of side drains and Task related to drained ditches

mitre drains without any standing water
- for moist and loose
2.5 m3/wd
soils
- for average soil
2.0 m3/wd
condition
- for hard and dry soils 1.75 m3/wd

Performance indicator: The drainage ditches are clear and there is no ponding of
water.
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 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.04
Activity: Repair of damaged drain lining
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1908

Scope and purpose: This activity includes

provision of construction materials and repair of
damaged drain lining to its intended shape and
specification.

Procedure: Area of the repair work shall be

prepared to a firm base by placing gravel compacted
in 150mm layers before the placement of stone or
concrete slabs.
If the original lining was done using stone masonry
work, the spaces between the stones shall be filled
with 1 : 3 (cement : sand) mortar.
•Where required, weep holes shall be formed in the
pitching.
•This activity is performed during the dry season.

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 Quality assurance: Ensure curing of cement work by covering the area with
damp jute bags and watered.

Environmental: All unused stones and sand should be removed from site.

Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the
location. A first aid kit must be readily available on site at all times.
• Workers should not be exposed to the risk of soil collapsing if in deep channel.

 Labour Task rate:

Activity Recommended Task Rate Remarks

Repair of drain lining

Stone masonry work 1 mason
including preparation of +
stone and mortar but 4 m2/wd 1 labour
excluding collection of
stones

Performance indicator: The drain lining is repaired to specification and curing

done.

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 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.05
Activity: Repair and replace scour checks

Scope and purpose: To repair, replace damaged or

severely eroded scour checks and construction of new
scour checks using wooden stakes and/or boulders .

Procedure: This activity shall only proceed after

ditch maintenance activities have been completed. The
scour checks shall be repaired or replaced according to
the gradient of the drain.
• The following spacing shall be used:
at 4% they are not required (they may be necessary in
soil that is easily eroded)
at 5% the spacing shall be 20 metres
at 8% the spacing shall be 10 metres
at 10% the spacing shall be 5 metres

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Scour checks shall be constructed from masonry, bamboo, stones or
timber as directed. A slot shall be excavated across the ditch to 10cm
below ditch invert level to accommodate for stones and boulders.
Boulders shall be placed downstream as an apron to avoid scouring from
the force of water overflowing the scour check.

•This activity is performed during the dry season.

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  Quality assurance: Scour check intervals are related to drain slope. In case
there are still sign of erosion in the drain although the interval are correct
according to specification, construct intermediate scour checks.

 Environmental: Avoid cutting trees to construct scour checks.

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the
 location . Workers should be provided with protective clothing such as gloves
and boots and helmets. A first aid kit must be readily available on site at all times.

 Labour Task rate:

Recommended Task
Activity Remark
Rate

Construction of scour checks only 4 ~ 8 Nos/wd Excluding stone/stakes collection

Stone collection 2 ~ 3 m3/wd

Cutting of stakes for scour checks 80 Nos/wd

Performance indicator: Scour checks provided where required or as per the

Engineers instruction.

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 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.06
Activity: Repair rain cuts and minor slips on embankment side slopes
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1902

 Scope and purpose: The work shall consist of earth work

for restoration of rain cuts in embankments side slopes. Slips
and erosion gullies in the side slopes are often associated
with rutting (on gravel roads) and/or build-up of material on
the shoulders preventing the surface water from the
carriageway from draining freely off along the shoulders.

 Procedure: Clear the area affected and a level bench should

be formed at the base of the slip or gully and compacted with
hand rammers. The width of benches should be at least
300mm and should extend continuously for a sufficient
length, the height of benches being not more than 100mm.
• Fill material should be at or close to the optimum
moisture content. It should preferably be a graded soil
containing a certain amount of clay to act as a binder.
• Newly formed slopes are easily damaged by runoff
surface water and animals. Therefore it should be
protected from erosion by planting grass which is a
separate activity.

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  Quality assurance: Ensure that the finished work conforms to the specified
alignment, levels and slopes. Do not use any soil for restoring rain cuts, which does
not meet the requirements for suitability as a fill material. Ensure the fill material is
compacted in layers.

 Environmental: If material was borrowed along the sides of the embankment, make
sure it does not become a pond of stagnant water . The borrow area should be 5M
away from the toe of embankbment.

 Health and safety: Workers should be provided with protective clothing. A first aid kit
must be readily available on site at all times.

Labour Task rate: Recommended Task

Activity
Rate

Fill suitable soil and compact in

layers in
- moist and loose soils 2.5 m3/wd
- average soil condition 2.0 m3/wd
- hard and dry soils 1.75 m3/wd

Performance indicator: The rain cuts and slopes are well reconstructed and
compacted as to the original design.

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JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.07
Activity: Earthen shoulder repair
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1903

 Scope and purpose: The work of maintenance of

earthen shoulder shall include making up the
irregularities/loss of material on shoulder to design
level and cross-fall by adding fresh approved
selected soil and compacting it with appropriate
equipment or hand rammer as per the requirement. It
includes repair of erosion gullies and potholes on the
shoulders inc. compaction.

 Procedure: Wherever extra soil / gravel is required

to be added, the shoulder shall be stripped and
loosened to receive fresh soil / gravel to the
shoulder. Preferably soil / gravel material of the same
quality as used in original construction.
• Granular material needs to be at optimum moisture
content when compacted. The compacted shoulder
should be finished to the required cross-fall.
•Shoulders are normally repaired at the end of the rainy
season.

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  Quality assurance: Do not use any soil for restoring rain cuts, which does not
meet the requirements for suitability as a fill material. Ensure the fill material is
compacted in layers.

 ENVIRONMENTAL: If material was borrowed along the sides of the

embankment, make sure it does not become a pond of stagnant water.

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the location
of work and a first aid kit must be readily available on site for any emergency.

Labour Task rate: Activity Recommended Task Rate

Fill suitable soil and compact in layers
in
- moist and loose soils 2.5 m3/wd
- average soil condition 2.0 m3/wd
- hard and dry soils 1.75 m3/wd
Maintenance of the shoulders 75 m2/wd

 Performance indicator: The road shoulder is free of potholes and cross fall is
correct.

60 60
 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.08
Activity: Reshape shoulder
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1903

 Scope and purpose: Removing excess material on the shoulders (e.g.

windblown sand and silt, material from a gravel carriageway that has
accumulated on the shoulders)

 Procedure: Scarifying and removing material down to the correct level of

the shoulders with a cross-fall at least equal to the camber of the
carriageway. A camber board or straight edge can be used to check the
finishing of the shoulder. This activity is done before the onset of the
rains.

61
  Quality assurance: Ensure the shoulder is compacted after levelling.

 Environmental: If material was borrowed along the sides of the embankment,

make sure it does not become a pond of stagnant water.

 Health and safety: If material was borrowed along the sides of the embankment,
make sure it does not become a pond of stagnant water. A first aid kit must be
readily available on site for any emergency.

Labour Task rate:

Activity Recommended Task Rate

Fill suitable soil and compact in layers

in
- moist and loose soils 2.5 m3/wd
- average soil condition 2.0 m3/wd
- hard and dry soils 1.75 m3/wd
Maintenance of the shoulders
- in area of shoulder 75 m2/wd

 Performance indicator: The road shoulder is free of potholes and cross fall is
correct..

62 62
 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.09
Activity: Cutting of tree branches and shrubs
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1903

 Scope and purpose: Cutting of tree branches and

shrubs from roadway including disposing of all
cuttings to suitable locations, so that sight distance
and visibility of road user is not effected adversely.

 Procedure: Cut all branches of trees extending

above the roadway as to provide a clear height of
5m above the road surface and shoulders. The
width to be cleared on straight road sections and
outer curves shall be 1m beyond the back slope of
side drain. The width to be cut on inside of curves
shall be sufficient to ensure unobstructed sight
distance. Remove all cuttings and dispose of at least
3m from the edge of the road carriageway and well
cleared of any drainage channels or suitable
location. This activity is performed before and at the
end of the rainy season.

63
  Quality assurance: Ensure the bushes are uprooted to avoid from re-growing
and causing damages to the road foundation.

 Environmental: Bushes shall not be removed by burning.

 Health and safety: When using the rope to remove branches from tree, ensure
that the length of the rope is longer than the height of tree. A first aid kit must be
readily available on site for any emergency.

Recommended
Labour Task rate: Activity
Task Rate
Cutting of tree branches and shrubs
- for medium vegetation 150 m2/wd
- for thick vegetation 100 m2/wd
Note: Medium = needs bush knife and bow saw; Thick =
needs axe or chainsaw

 Performance indicator: The tree branches and shrubs does not impede visibility
or normal vehicle transit, specially in corners or dangerous sections and the road
reserve is free of garbage.

64 64
 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.10
Activity: Trimming of grass and weeds
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1915

 Scope and purpose: Trimming of grass and weeds from roadway or within the
road reserve including disposing of all cuttings to suitable locations
.
 Procedure: Cut all grass and other vegetation (not grubbing) from the shoulders,
side drains, mitre drains and culvert inlet and outlet channels, to height not
exceeding 5cm from the ground. The grass should not be allowed to grow taller
than 10cm at all times. The grass should be cut to a width of 3m measured from
the road shoulder break point or 1.5m each side of the center-line of culvert inlet or
outlet or mitre drain. Where no side drains exist, i.e. on road embankments, the
clearing works should cover the area from the pavement edge (or centre of the
road for earth and gravel road) to the foot of the embankment or to the paddy
water level on both sides of the roadway. The width to be cut on inside curves shall
be sufficient to ensure good visibility as directed by the Engineer. On rolling and
hilly terrain, the debris must be disposed outside the cleared width on the lower
side of the road to avoid them being washed back into the drains

 This activity is performed before and at the end of the raining season.

65
66
  Quality assurance: Ensure the cuttings are disposed of away from the
drainage channels.

 Environmental: Chemicals should not be used to get rid of grass. Avoid

using burning (fire) as a method of bush clearing.

 Health and safety: A first aid kit must be readily available on site at all
times.

Labour Task rate: Activity

Recommended
Task Rate

Trimming of grass and weeds

- for light vegetation 200 m2/wd
- for dense vegetation 150 m2/wd
Note: Light = needs grass cutters; Dense = may need bush knife in
some areas

 Performance indicator: The vegetation is kept at a height less than

10cm at all times and does not impede visibility or normal vehicle transit,
especially in corners or dangerous sections, and the road reserve is free
of garbage.

67 67
 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-01.11
Activity: Planting grass for erosion protection
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1915

 Scope and purpose: The activity includes furnishing and

planting turf and sods, achieving a healthy stable covering
of grass which will maintain its growth in any weather. This
is to prevent erosion of the material in which it is planted
and stability of side slopes and embankments.

 Procedure: Sodding or turfing is done by planting sods or

turf to give a continuous cover over the whole area. Grass
is planted with its root system substantially undamaged,
well buried in firm material, and packed around with moist
earth in which it has grown. This may involve watering,
preserving, protecting and replacing grass and such other
work as may be necessary to keep it in a satisfactory
condition to prevent erosion and to present a dense and
uniform appearance. Temporary protection may have to be
made to stop animals uprooting the planted grass. Regular
watering may also be need for the survival of the planted
grass.

68
  Quality assurance: Ensure the grass are planted correctly and will
survive.

 Environmental: Care must be taken to avoid damage to protected flora

(vegetation), historical monuments and other heritage sites.

 Health and safety: A first aid kit must be readily available on site at all
times

Labour Task rate:

Recommended
Activity
Task Rate

Grass planting 20 m2/wd

Performance indicator: All areas to be grassed are substantially

covered with healthy, well established, firmly rooted grass and the planted
area is free from erosion channels.

69 69
 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.01
Activity: Light grading of unsealed roads (gravel roads)
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1906

 Scope and purpose: The surface of gravel roads are

graded to remove corrugations, shallow ruts and potholes
and minor defects to maintain and restore a smooth riding
surface of the camber.

 Procedure: The gravel road surface to be graded shall be

prepared by patching of large potholes or depressions and
draining out areas of standing water. No material shall be
imported as part of this activity. The work can be carried out
by motor grader, tractor mounted grader blade or by manual
labour. When using a machine, the grading should start at
the shoulders on each side bringing the material to the
middle of the road to maintain the camber. Light grading
should only be carried out when the surface is moist
allowing for compaction of the loose surface material under
traffic. This activity is performed at regular interval as
directed .
 The interval depends on the traffic level and road surface
condition.

70
  Quality assurance: The material brought from the edge should not contain any
organic/unsuitable materials. Ensure this activity is carried out in a manner not to
lose surface material.

 Environmental: The activity can generate dust if the road surface is dry. Clean up
the site after construction.

 Health and safety: Workers should wear dusk masks

 Labour Task rate:

Recommended
Activity
Task Rate

Removal of corrugations / reshaping 75 m2/wd

Performance indicator: The road surface is free of corrugations and standard

camber slope is restored as instructed by the Engineer.

71 71
JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.02
Activity: Bituminous pavement repair including filling of potholes and
patch repairs
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1904 1906

 Scope and purpose: Pavement repairs include: Pothole repairs -

patching on paved roads; Repair of deep ruts and depressions (rut depth
> 50 mm); Repair of edge failures; Repair of isolated spots with crocodile
cracking .

 Procedure: Mark a rectangle around the spot to be repaired making sure

the whole problem area is covered.
 Cut out and remove all the material inside the rectangle down to a firm,
dry layer. Trim the sides of the excavation to be straight and vertical. Trim
the bottom of the hole to be flat and horizontal, then thoroughly cleaned
with compressed air or any method approved by the Engineer and
compact it. Cutting the surface layer can be done by hand tools such as
a pickaxe, chisel and hammer. Make sure that there is no water in the
pothole when it is filled.

72
 In case the pot hole is to be filled with bituminous macadam layer, the area of pot
hole shall be tacked or primed, preferably with a bitumen emulsion depending
upon whether the lower area is bituminous or granular in nature. The sides,
however, will be painted with tack coat material (Rapid setting bitumen emulsion
Gr RS - 1). The use of cut back bitumen (medium curing grade) for tack coat is
restricted only for sites at sub – zero temperature or for emergency applications.

 In case WBM Gr III material is used to fill the pot holes, type B screening to
completely fill the interstices to be applied gradually over the surface and then
sprinkling of water and rolling is done.

 Place the fill material (with a loose thickness not exceeding 75mm) of at least the
same type and quality as in the original pavement layer like WBM Grading 3 or
BM and compact it with a heavy hand rammer until no more settlement is
achieved .

 Pot holes repaired with WBM or BM are then covered with 20MM premix carpet
and sealed with seal coat type B to prevent penetration of water and compacted
with vibratory roller. The bituminous mix used in final layer (20mm PMC) is spread
slightly proud of the surface, so that after rolling and secondary compaction from
traffic, the surface shall be flush with adjoining surface.

73
 The patches in bituminous pavement having depth < 25 MM are also treated with
20/25 mm premix carpet and sealed with seal coat type B and compacted.

 In case of shallow pavement repairs, hot or cold premix asphalt can be used.

 The last layer, prior to compaction, must have an excess thickness of about 1/5 of
the depth of the layer to allow for settlement on compaction.

 This activity is done during the dry season.

74
  Quality assurance: Ensure to dig out all failed materials and soils that are
saturated with water. Ensure the back fill with approved suitable material and
compacted in layers.

 Environmental: Clean up all unused spoils on the site after repairs.

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the location .
Workers should wear boots, gloves and overall when handling bituminous materials.

Labour Task rate:

Recommended
Activity
Task Rate
Pothole filling (WBM) 4 m2/wd
Pothole filling (BM) 4 m2/wd
20mm PMC patching 10 m2/wd

Performance indicator: All potholes have been filled with suitable approved
materials which have been fully compacted and unsuitable/degraded materials
disposed.

75 75
JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.03
Activity: Carriageway repairs inc. filling of potholes and minor
reshaping of gravel roads.
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1906

 Scope and purpose: Carriageway repairs on gravel surface include – potholes

repairs , patching on gravel roads ; repairs of deep ruts and depressions ( rut
depth > 50 MM ) and reshaping of carriageway.
 Potholes are not only a nuisance to road users, but constitute traffic hazards. If
left unrepaired pot holes collect water and combined with traffic accelerates the
wear of the road surface.

 Procedure: Cut out and remove all the material in a rectangle shape- down to a
firm / compacted layer. Trim the sides of the excavation to be straight and
vertical. These excavated pot holes are filled with gravel , confirming to
specifications laid down for wearing course gravel. Compact each layer with a
heavy hand rammer.
 Labour Task rate:

a.Pothole filling within 100m hauling distance : 1.5 cum / wd

b.Pothole filling with 100 to 200m hauling distance : 1.2 cum / wd
c.Pothole filling – more than 200m hauling distance : 1.0 cum / wd

Performance Indicator: All potholes are filled properly and compacted.

76
 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.04
Activity: Repair of minor ruts and depressions on bituminous roads
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1904

 Scope and purpose: Filling of minor ruts and depressions on

paved roads (10mm < rut depth < 50mm). Minor ruts and
depressions are often associated with cracks. Water in the ruts
and depressions will penetrate into and weaken the pavement
and accelerate the pavement deterioration.

 Procedure: Set up road traffic signs at the location. The

depressions are first swept out by hand using brush ensuring
that the surface is clean and dry. The surface area of the
depression should be marked with a chalk. Remove any high
spots with a pickaxe. Apply a tack coat using a watering can
and a soft broom to spread a thin layer of 1:1 diluted emulsion,
making sure the whole area is covered. Quickly fill the rut or
depression with the ready mix. In ruts and depressions deeper
than 25mm, the fill is best done in two layers. Compact the
layer with a small vibrating roller until an even surface is
achieved slightly proud of the surrounding surface. Seal the
crack to prevent penetration of water (by laying sand seal coat
and compacting). This activity is done during the dry season .

77
  Quality assurance: Control the mixing operation to ensure that the
aggregate, water and emulsion are thoroughly mixed through.

 Environmental: Contamination due to bituminous waste may be

safeguarded by reuse or land filling of BW or use in subbase.

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the
location. Workers should wear boots, gloves and overall when handling
bituminous materials.

 Labour Task rate: The labour will be on day work basis. Unit of
measurement for payment is in m3.

 Performance indicator: All ruts and depression have been filled and fully
compacted.

78 78
JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.05
Activity: Repair of ruts and depressions on gravel roads
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1906

 Scope and purpose: Filling of ruts and depressions on gravel roads by

replacing or adding fresh approved material and compacting with
appropriate equipment as per the requirements of this specification.

 Procedure: The ruts should be repaired using the same work methods
as when filling potholes.

79
  Quality assurance: Ensure the compaction is done in layers and the last
layer is approximately the same compacted thickness, also this with a final
level just proud of the surrounding surface.

 Environmental: Clean up all unused spoils on the site after operation.

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the
location where maintenance works are taking place.

 Labour Task rate:

Recommended
Activity
Task Rate
Repair and filling of ruts with approved gravel
inclusive of excavation and hauling
- haul up to 100m 1.7 m3/wd
- haul 100m – 300m 1.5 m3/wd
- haul more than 300m 1.3 m3/wd

Performance indicator: All ruts and depression have been filled and fully
compacted.

80 80
JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.06
Activity: Local sealing / Surface patching
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1904

 Scope and purpose: Local sealing is applied as the final stage of

pavement repairs and repair of ruts and depressions, but can also be used
to seal closely spaced hairline cracks in the surface.

 Procedure: Sweep the surface area to be sealed by using broom or air

compressor and mark out the area to be sealed.

Liquid seal coat – Type “A”

Distribute the binder using a motorized sprayer and spray lance or a
watering can and a soft broom at the following rates:
o 1.2 ~ 1.4 kg/m2 for bitumen emulsion
o 0.98 kg/m2 for cutback bitumen
Spread the stone aggregate of nominal size 6.7 mm within the range of
2.36 to 11.6 mm @ 0.09 m3/10m2 by shovel and brooms as evenly as
possible making sure all areas are covered. Rolled with static or vibratory
roller and excess chippings boomed.

81
Sand seal coat – Type “B”
 The seal can also be applied using a premix coat consisting of sand
or stone chippings passing the 2.36mm sieve and retained on a 180
micron sieve. In this case the binder required is 1.0 to 1.2 kg/m2
bitumen emulsion or 0.68 kg/m2 bitumen. The quantity of aggregate
used for premix shall be 0.06m3/10m2
 Compact the sealing using a small vibrating roller or other equipment.

82
  Quality assurance: Ensure cleaning of surface and cracks using air
compressor. The surface should be allowed for traffic after a day. In case of
emergency the traffic may allowed to ply with speed limited to 16 km/hr.

 Environmental: Clean up all unused spoils on the site after operation.

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the
location.

 Labour Task rate:

Activity Recommended Task Rate

Type A sealing 40 m2/wd

Type B sealing 75 m2/wd

Performance indicator: All area effected with cracks have been sealed
with seal coat and fully compacted.

83 83
JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.07
Activity: Crack sealing

 Scope and purpose: Sealing cracks in a bituminous surface.

 Procedure: Cracks < 3 mm wide (frequent and closely spaced cracks within a
limited area): Sealing of fine cracks can be carried out by applying a fog seal to
the damaged surface, consisting of a light application of low viscosity slow setting
emulsion. The fog spray is applied at a rate of 0.5 ~ 1.0 litres/m2.
 It is permissible to use medium curing cutback for crack sealing in sub-zero
temperature areas.

 Large cracks > 3 mm wide: Wider cracks normally appear in less frequency.
These need to be filled and sealed in order to safeguard the integrity of the
pavement. Again, a slow setting emulsion can be used for sealing.

 Clean the cracks using an air compressor to blow out dirt and debris. Fill the
cracks using a spray lance or watering can. Repeat applications may be required
for wide cracks. Apply a cover of coarse sand or crusher dust to blind off the strip
of binder and any spillage to prevent pick-up on vehicle tyres.

 Crack sealing should be carried out routinely in the dry season prior to the onset
of the rains.

84
  Quality assurance: The traffic on the surface treated for sealing the cracks with
emulsion should be allowed on the next day.

 Environmental: Clean up all unused spoils on the site after crack sealing operation

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the location.

 Labour Task rate:

Recommended
Activity Remarks
Task Rate

800 m2/wd Using mechanical

Crack sealing using emulsion
means
Crack sealing using emulsion and sand 300 m2/wd

Performance indicator: Pavement surface area effected with cracks have been
sealed.

85 85
JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.08
Activity: Improvement of surface texture

 Scope and purpose: Applying sand or chippings to areas that exhibit

bleeding and fatting-up.

 Procedure: This deficiency can be attained by three methods:

 Sanding: Apply coarse sand on areas with mild bleeding or fatting up.
Allow traffic to embed the sand into the binder. The treatment may have
to be repeated.

 Spread heated chippings: On areas with excessive bleeding,

spreading heated chippings of nominal size 6 to 10 mm is more
effective due to the amount of binder. The chippings can be heated in a
tray over open fire and rolled into the bitumen for proper embedment.

 Local sealing: Follow the procedures for local sealing with a reduced
binder application rate.

86
  Quality assurance: This may be done in thin layers as per requirement.

 Environmental: Clean up all unused spoils on the site after

maintenance operation

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at

the location where maintenance works are taking place.

 Labour Task rate:

Recommended
Activity
Task Rate

Spreading of sand/chippings 400 m2/wd

Performance indicator: All surface area effected with bleeding have

been treated.

87 87
JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.09
Activity: Profile corrections / Reshaping of gravel roads
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1906

 Scope and purpose: Profile corrections are usually only carried out as a routine
maintenance measure on gravel and WBM roads and often together with
removing wheel ruts. Rural roads are often built in stages leaving a time gap
between the construction of the base course and the final surfacing works.
During this period, the unsealed surface needs to be kept free of ruts, potholes
as well as maintaining the camber and longitudinal profile. Major profile
correction works are normally included in the periodic maintenance programme.

 Procedure: Loosen the areas identified for profile corrections to a depth to suit
damage and size of WBM to be used for repair. Place new WBM grade III
material as required to achieve the camber and profile. Shape the road camber
and profile to set tolerances, using a camber board and a 3 metre straight edge.
Place approved blinding material, spread, water in and roll with an 8 ~ 10 ton
static/vibratory roller. Level the surface to prescribed camber and profile. Water
and compact material to required. Maintaining the correct profile ensures that
water is drained off the road surface. Profile corrections should therefore be
carried out before the onset of the rainy season.

88
  Quality assurance: Ensure the compaction is done with road roller after
checking the loose material profile with camber template and straight
edge.

 Environmental: Clean up all unused spoils on the site after the

operation.

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at

the location.

 Labour Task rate

Recommended
Activity
Task Rate
Profile correction with gravel 140 m2/wd

Performance indicator: All irregularities in cross and longitudinal profile

have been corrected to required camber and fully compacted.

89 89
JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.10
Activity: Maintenance of culverts and causeways structure.
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1909/1910

 Scope and purpose: The work shall consist of repairs to cracks,

parapets, protection works and invert of culverts and in case of
causeways minor pavement surface repair, replacing guide posts,
repairing flood gauges and protection works.

 Procedure:

Culverts: The minor cracks appearing in masonry works

including parapets may be cleaned and filled with cement slurry or
a sealing motor. In case of wider cracks in a structure, the
surrounding masonry may be dismantled and fresh masonry with
proper bond may be done. The damaged portion of protection
work may be repaired or reconstructed in accordance with section
1300 of MoRD Specifications for rural roads.

90
 Causeways
Minor damages to surface of causeways and replacement of damage guide
posts may be carried out in accordance with the relevant specifications. Flood
gauges may be repaired and repainted before rains.
 These activities may be carried out time to time and specifically before rains.

 Quality assurance: All construction material such as cement, stone, aggregate

etc. used in repairs operation should confirm to the standards laid down in the
relevant MoRD specifications. Ensure curing of cement works for prescribed
period.

 Environmental: Clean up all unused spoils on the site after repair works.

 Health and safety: Providing adequate traffic signs and protection at the location
where maintenance works are taking place.

 Labour Task rate: The work will be paid on workdays basis.

 Performance indicator: The surface and structure should be free of any cracks
or distress and parapets, guideposts and flood gauges are properly maintained.

91 91
 JOB SHEET ACTIVITY CODE: RM-02.11
Activity: Maintenance of road furniture
SPEC. of RR, MoRD Jan.2014. code no. : 1911/1913

 Scope and purpose: The work shall consist of cleaning or repainting of

mandatory / regulatory, cautionary/warning, informatory sign boards, re-
fixing of tilted Kilometre / 5th KM. / 200 M. stones along with their
repainting.

 Procedure: Signs along with the posts shall be maintained in proper

position, and kept clean and legible at all times. Signs should be cleaned
with shop water and damp cloth at intervals appropriate to the side
condition. Signs at locations where they are subject to heavy soiling from
passing traffic, or algae growth will need more frequent cleaning.

 All signs shall be inspected every month both in day and night times.

 The 200m and kilometre stones shall be maintained in proper position

and kept clean and legible at all times. Damaged as well as tilted stones
shall be re-fixed or repaired / replaced immediately.

92
  Each Km / 5th Km stone along the road be painted just above the ground
level, the type and year of last surface treatment to that particular Km of
road.

 Quality assurance: Ensure that the retro-reflective sheets replaced are

conforming to specification laid down in IRC : 67.

 Environmental: Clean up all unused material on the site after

maintenance.

 Health and safety: Provide protection to workmen at the location where

maintenance work are taking place.

 Labour Task rate: Measurement shall be done in numbers of boards, 200

M , Km. and 5th Km stones for their cleaning, repairing and repainting and
it shall be paid in terms of job works for removing and re-fixing with CC.

 Performance indicator: All signs boards, 5thKm, Km, 200 M stones are
properly placed and painted.

93 93
Asset management in practice
I. First, provide routine maintenance to the sections
of the network which are in a good and
MAINTENANCE

maintainable condition. "Good condition” is when

the road section requires a minimum of preventive
maintenance.
II. Secondly, provide spot improvements and
periodic maintenance to halt the deterioration of
road sections in fair condition.
III. Thirdly, rehabilitate existing roads which has fallen
REHABILITATION

into total disrepair.

94
Workers performing routine
maintenance

95
Road surface
showing a
history of
routine
maintenance,
now due for
resealing

96
 Emergency Maintenance
• Require immediate restoration to occasional, unforeseen
events such as landslides, washouts, broken drainage
structures and clearing large trees or debris on the road
to keep the road open.

Further categorized into:

i. Temporary restoration works, reopening safe
passage on the road,
ii. Permanent restoration works, securing stability of
the road and reinstating all its components to its
former (or a better) condition.

97
 INSPECTION
• Physical Road inspection plays an
important role to allow the officials
to have first-hand ground
information about the on-site road
condition
• Routine Inspections carried out by
the officials play an important role
in quality assurance in the
execution of maintenance work
• Inspections reduces the responding
time to initiate maintenance
activities to restore road damages
and to plan emergency repairs
• Inspection Notes generated as a Maintenance work
result of such road inspections help
the subordinate staff to take inspection
appropriate steps for improving the
maintenance of the road.

98
 DUTIES OF ENGG ASST/ WORKS INSPECTOR
The duties of the Work Inspector/ EA are:

(i) To report to Junior Engineer (AE/ AEE)

(ii) To mark daily attendance of labour working under him (if required)

(iii) To maintain daily diary of the work done and to put up to the Section In-charge every
alternate day

(iv) To maintain daily receipt/daily consumption of material consumed

(v) To help in preparing estimates for minor works and repairs

(vi) To help in the layout, marking, checking the quality and quantity of work done by the labour
and get the work executed as per instructions and according to specifications and drawings

(vii) To take round of various bridges and roads under his charge on regular basis and report to
section in charge about repairs to be done. He shall also assist to plan out a programme for
such repairs in advance

(viii)To assist Junior Engineer (AE/ AEE) in taking out measurement and distributing work to labour
daily and checking their attendance

(ix) To estimate and indicate rough quantities of materials required

99
 DUTIES OF ENGG ASST/ WORKS INSPECTOR

The duties of the Work Inspector/ EA are:

(x) To ensure adequate quantum of work being done by labour and that it conform to norms

(xi) To maintain material at site account and account of traffic signs

(xii) To maintain details of land width and To report about unauthorized constructions and
encroachments on government premises

(xiii)To comply with the instructions giving to him by his immediate officer

(xiv)To ensure submission of daily report

(xv) To see that log books are filled daily for machinery and that machinery are parked properly

(xvi)To ensure proper maintenance of speed humps and caution boards including their painting.

(xvii)To report to his immediate officer about any causality, accident or any type of serious
damage to the Government property

(xviii)To ensure providing and proper upkeep of diversions.

100
ACTION TO BE TAKEN IN CASE THE ROAD IS BREACHED
OR BLOCKED
ACTION TO BE TAKEN BY THE MATE/WORK INSPECTOR
a) Immediate report of the road breach/blocked will be made to Junior Engineer(AE/ AEE). The
following points will be included in the reports:

i. Name of the road

ii. Location of the breach/blockade

iii. Length and nature of the breach/blockade

iv. Date and time of occurrence

v. Assessment of the assistance in the form of men and material required

b) “Road closed” boards and “Diversions” boards shall be fixed on both sides at 60 m distance
in advance of the hazard

c) Arrangements for red lights to be done in case of darkness

d) Labour shall be deputed to guide the traffic to prevent any accident

e) Construction of diversion, if possible

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Thank You !
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