Electrical & Electronics Workshop (3110012)

List of Experiments

SR
SUBJECT
NO.

Exeriment:1
01
To study about various electrical and electronics components and their functions.
Experiment:2
02 Measure voltage, current, frequency, power, power factor for single supply.

Experiment:3
03 Introduction to testing and Measurement Instruments: Power Supply, Function Generator, and
Oscilloscope.

Experiment:4
04
Wire fan, tube light, two-way control (staircase wiring).

Experiment: 5
05
To study about various electrical safety devices.
Experiment: 6
06 Preparing the drawing for wiring a newly built room, without any electrical wiring along with a bill
of materials with specifications
Experiment: 7
07
Identify and rectify open circuit, and short circuit faults in PCB/System.
Experiment: 8
08
Solder and de-solder electronics components on different types of PCB.
Experiment:9
09
Identify various types of ports and connectors.
Experiment: 10
10 Project-I

Electrical Workshop (3110012)

 Laboratory Manual

Electrical & Electronics Workshop(3110012)

NAME OF STUDENT : SMIL RAJ THAKUR

NAME OF DEPARTMENT : ICT _ _ _ _ _BATCH : _ A4 _

ENROLLMENT NO. : 201310132064 YEAR : 2020

SUBJECT :ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP SEMESTER : 2

ADANI INSTITUTE OF INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING

Shantigram Township, Nr. Vaishnodevi Circle, SG Highway, Ahmedabad-382 241

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 SMIL RAJ THAKUR

201310132064 ICT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP

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 Electrical & Electronics Workshop (3110012)

EXPIREMENT No.: 01

AIM:- To study about various electrical and electronics components and their
functions.

THEROY:-

Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams which show how a circuit is connected together.
The actual layout of the components is usually quite different from the circuit diagram. To build
a circuit you need a different diagram showing the layout of the parts on stripboard` or printed
circuit board.

Wires and Connections

Component Symbol Function
To pass current very easily from one part of a
Wire
circuit to another.
A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are
connected (joined), but it is sometimes
Wire Joint
omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads'
(Junction)
should be staggered slightly to form two T-
junctions, as shown on the right.
In complex diagrams it is often necessary to
draw wires crossing even though they are
Wires (No not connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol
Junction) shown on the right because the simple
crossing on the left may be misread as a join
where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'!

Power Supplies
Component Symbol Function
Supplies electrical energy.
Cell
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive
(+). A single cell is often called a battery,
but strictly a battery is two or more cells
joined together.
Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more
Battery than one cell.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive

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(+).
Supplies electrical energy.
DC supply DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one
direction.
Supplies electrical energy.
AC supply AC = Alternating Current, continually
changing direction.

A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if

Fuse the current flowing through it exceeds a
specified value.
Two coils of wire linked by an iron core.
Transformers are used to step up (increase)
Transformer and step down (decrease) AC voltages.
Energy is transferred between the coils by
the magnetic field in the core. There is no
electrical connection between the coils.
A connection to earth. For many electronic
circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the
Earth
power supply, but for mains electricity and
(Ground)
some radio circuits it really means the
earth. It is also known as ground.

Output Devices: Lamp, Heater, Motor, Etc.

Component Symbol Function
A transducer which converts electrical
energy to light. This symbol is used for a
Lamp (lighting)
lamp providing illumination, for example a
car headlamp or torch bulb.
A transducer which converts electrical
energy to light. This symbol is used for a
Lamp (indicator)
lamp which is an indicator, for example a
warning light on a car dashboard.
A transducer which converts electrical
Heater
energy to heat.
A transducer which converts electrical
Motor energy to kinetic energy (motion).

A transducer which converts electrical

Bell energy to sound.

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A transducer which converts electrical

Buzzer energy to sound.

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field

when current passes through it. It may have
Inductor
an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as
(Coil, Solenoid)
a transducer converting electrical energy to
mechanical energy by pulling on something.

Switches
Component Symbol Function
A push switch allows current to flow
Push Switch
only when the button is pressed. This is
(push-to-make)
the switch used to operate a doorbell.
This type of push switch is normally
Push-to-Break
closed (on), it is open (off) only when
Switch
the button is pressed.

SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw.

On-Off Switch
An on-off switch allows current to flow
(SPST)
only when it is in the closed (on)
position.
SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw.
A 2-way changeover switch directs the
2-way Switch flow of current to one of two routes
(SPDT) according to its position. Some SPDT
switches have a central off position and
are described as 'on-off-on'.
DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw.
Dual On-Off A dual on-off switch which is often used
Switch to switch mains electricity because it
(DPST) can isolate both the live and neutral
connections.
DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw.
This switch can be wired up as a
Reversing reversing switch for a motor. Some
Switch DPDT switches have a central off
(DPDT) position.

An electrically operated switch, for

example a 9V battery circuit connected

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Relay to the coil can switch a 230V AC mains

circuit.
NO = Normally Open, COM = Common,
NC = Normally Closed.

Resistors
Component Symbol Function
A resistor restricts the flow of current, for
example to limit the current passing
Resistor through an LED. A resistor is used with a
capacitor in a timing circuit.
Some publications still use the old resistor
symbol:
This type of variable resistor with 2
contacts (a rheostat) is usually used to
Variable Resistor control current. Examples include: adjusting
(Rheostat) lamp brightness, adjusting motor speed,
and adjusting the rate of flow of charge into
a capacitor in a timing circuit.
This type of variable resistor with 3
contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used
Variable Resistor
to control voltage. It can be used like this as
(Potentiometer)
a transducer converting position (angle of
the control spindle) to an electrical signal.
This type of variable resistor (a preset) is
operated with a small screwdriver or similar
Variable Resistor tool. It is designed to be set when the
(Preset) circuit is made and then left without further
adjustment. Presets are cheaper than
normal variable resistors so they are often
used in projects to reduce the cost.

Capacitors
Component Symbol Function
A capacitor stores electric charge. A
capacitor is used with a resistor in a
Capacitor
timing circuit. It can also be used as a
filter, to block DC signals but pass AC
signals.
A capacitor stores electric charge. This

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type must be connected the correct way

Electrolytic round. A capacitor is used with a resistor
Capacitor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as
a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC
signals.
A variable capacitor is used in a radio
Variable Capacitor tuner.

This type of variable capacitor (a

trimmer) is operated with a small
Trimmer Capacitor screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed
to be set when the circuit is made and
then left without further adjustment.

Diodes
Component Symbol Function
A device which only allows current to flow in
Diode
one direction.
A transducer which converts electrical
LED
energy to light.
Light Emitting
Diode
A special diode which is used to maintain a
Zener Diode
fixed voltage across its terminals.
A light-sensitive diode.
Photodiode

Transistors
Component Symbol Function
A transistor amplifies current. It can be used
with other components to make an amplifier
Transistor NPN
or switching circuit.

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used

with other components to make an amplifier
Transistor PNP
or switching circuit.

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A light-sensitive transistor.

Phototransistor

Audio & Radio Device

Component Symbol Function
A transducer which converts sound to
Microphone electrical energy.

A transducer which converts electrical

Earphone energy to sound.

A transducer which converts electrical

Loudspeaker energy to sound.

A transducer which converts electrical

Piezo Transducer energy to sound.

An amplifier circuit with one input. Really it

Amplifier is a block diagram symbol because it
(general represents a circuit rather than just one
symbol) component.
A device which is designed to receive or
Antenna transmit radio signals. It is also known as an
(Aerial) antenna

Measuring Devices
Component Symbol Function
A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.
Voltmeter The proper name for voltage is 'potential
difference', but most people prefer to say
voltage!

An ammeter is used to measure current.

Ammeter

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A galvanometer is a very sensitive meter

Galvanometer which is used to measure tiny currents,
usually
1mA or less.
An ohmmeter is used to measure resistance.
Ohmmeter Most multimeters have an ohmmeter setting.

Sensors (Input device)

Component Symbol Function
A transducer which converts brightness
(light) to resistance (an electrical property).
LDR LDR = Light Dependent Resistor

A transducer which converts temperature

Thermistor
(heat) to resistance (an electrical property).

Logic Gates
Component Symbol Function
A NOT gate can only have one input. The 'o' on
the output means 'not'. The output of a NOT
NOT gate is the inverse (opposite) of its input, so
the output is true when the input is false. A
NOT gate is also called an inverter.

An AND gate can have two or more inputs. The

AND output of an AND gate is true when all its
inputs are true.
A NAND gate can have two or more inputs. The
'o' on the output means
NAND 'not' showing that it is a Not AND gate. The
output of a NAND gate is true unless all its
inputs are true.
An OR gate can have two or more inputs. The
output of an OR gate is true when at least one
OR
of its inputs is true.

A NOR gate can have two or more inputs. The

'o' on the output means
NOR 'not' showing that it is a Not OR gate. The

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output of a NOR gate is true when none of its

inputs are true.

An EX-OR gate can only have two inputs. The

EX-OR output of an EX-OR gate is true when its inputs
are different (one true, one false).

An EX-NOR gate can only have two inputs. The

'o' on the output means
EX-NOR 'not' showing that it is a Not EX-OR gate. The
output of an EX-NOR gate is true when its
inputs are the same (both true or both false).

EXERCISE:- Search the components on google or yahoo and then write a short note on any 5
components in your own wordings.

CONCLUSION:-
 EXP-1 CONCLUSION
1) Bilateral switch: The analogue switch, also called the bilateral switch is an electronic
component that behaves in a similar way to relay, but has no moving parts, It is called so
because the switch can operate reverse or forward
2) Delay line: it is used to introduce a time delay between its input and output or delay a signal
3) Cathode ray oscilloscope: it is the type of electrical instrument which is used for showing the
measurement and analysis of waveforms and other electronic and electrical phenomenon.
Its reliable , stable and is easy to operate makes it suitable as a general purpose laboratory
instrument.
4) Buffer: A digital buffer is an electronic circuit element that is used to isolate the input from
output . providing either no voltage or a voltage that is same as the input voltage. It had very
high input impedance
5) Gunn diode: Also known as Transferred electronic device, is a form of diode, a two terminal
semiconductor electronic component, with negative resistance used in high frequency
electronics, It is used in electronic oscillators used to generate microwaves in applications
such as radar speed guns, microwave relay data link transmitter and automatic door openers
 EXPERIMENT No.: 02
AIM:- Measure voltage, current, frequency, phase difference, power, power
factor for single supply

APPARATUS:- DMM, Resistor bank, connecting wires, Lamp load, Analog

Voltmeter, Analog Ammeter, Power (Watt) meter, Multimeter and Single phase
AC Variac.3 phase Variac

THEORY:-

- AC Power measurement

Rationale:

Power is defined as the rate of change of energy. Electric power in a single-

phase AC system is given by the equation

P = VICosΦ Watts

Where,
V is the voltage applied across the load I is the current in the circuit
CosΦ is the power factor of the given load
For resistive load, the power factor is unity.
Therefore the equation for power becomes P = VI Watts. This power can be
measured by two different methods:
Voltmeter - Ammeter method:

In this method, we use a voltmeter and ammeter for measurement of the

voltage and the current flowing in the circuit. The multiplication of voltage &
current gives us the power at which the energy is consumed by the resistance.

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Wattmeter method:

Here, we use a single phase wattmeter to measure the power directly.

Generally this method is used for measurement of power in 1-Φ ac circuit. In
this case we required multiplying factor for the wattmeter, which is given by
the following formula.

Multiplying factor = Voltage coil range × Current coil range × rated p. f / Full
scale deflection of wattmeter

The wattmeter has four terminals:

(Figure.1 Symbol of Wattmeter)

M = Main terminal connected to the main supply

L = Load terminal connected to the load of the circuit
C = Common
The reading obtained by voltmeter - ammeter method (FIRST) can be
compared with reading of wattmeter method (SECOND) and the percentage
error can be found out as below.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Figure.2: Measurement of Power in Single Phase A.C. Circuit

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram (Figure.2).

2. Ensure that the variac is on zero position. Note that we are using both the
Methods of power measurement simultaneously.

3. Switch ON the supply by keeping the lamp load is in OFF position. You will
note that the current does not flow through the circuit.

4. Increase the voltage with the help of variac until voltmeter shows 50 Volts.
Note that still the current is not flowing, because the lamps are in OFF
position.

5. Now switch ON switch of the lamp load. You will find the current has started
to flow. Note down the reading of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.

6. Increase the voltage to 100,150,175 and 200 Volts respectively and Note
down the reading of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter for all observations.

7. Measure the value for both the Methods of power measurement

simultaneously.

8. Calculate the percentage error.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Calculate
Supply Circuit d Measured
Sr. Voltage Current Power Power % error
No. V I P1= VI P2 P2-P1
x100
(Volts) (Amp) (Watts) (Watts) P2

CALCULATION:-
(Calculate the power and percentage errors for each reading)

CONCLUSION:-

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 EXP-2 CONCLUSION
In this experiment, it has given to measure the power. Using two methods. It is AC power
measurement in which voltage and current parameters are used to measure power it is
measured by the formula P=VICOS(phi) , in which cos(phi)= power factor which varies with
the load, power consumption changes with the load. If there is heavy load then more power
is consumed.
First method voltmeter-ammeter method in which voltmeter and ammeter are used to
measure voltage and current and their product gives the power.
Second method is wattmeter method in which there is a use of single phase wattmeter in
this method we require to multiplying factors for wattmeter. Generally , wattmeter has four
terminals.
 EXPERIMENT No:- 03

AIM:- Introduction to testing and Measurement Instruments: Power Supply,

Function Generator, Oscilloscope.

APPARATUS:- DC Power Supply, Function Generator, Oscilloscope.

THEORY:-

DC POWER SUPPLY:-

The electrical power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and

distributed in the form of ac because of economical consideration but for
operation of most of the electronic devices and circuits, dc supply is required.
Dry cells and batteries can be used for this purpose. No doubt, they have the
advantages of being portable and ripple free but their voltages are low, they
need frequent replacement and are expensive in comparison to conventional dc
power supplies.

Now a days, almost all electronic equipment include a circuit that converts ac
supply into dc supply. The part of equipment that converts ac into dc is called
DC power supply. In general at the input of the power supply there is a power
transformer. It is followed by a rectifier (a diode circuit)a smoothing filter and
then by a voltage regulator circuit.

From the block diagram, the basic power supply is constituted by four elements
viz a transformer, a rectifier, a filter, and a regulator put together. The output of
the dc power supply is used to provide a constant dc voltage across the load.
Let us briefly outline the function of each of the elements of the dc power
supply.

Transformer is used to step-up or step-down (usually to step-down) the-supply

voltage as per need of the solid-state electronic devices and circuits to be
supplied by the dc power supply. It can provide isolation from the supply line-an
important safety consideration. It may also include internal shielding to prevent
unwanted electrical noise signal on the power line from getting into the power
supply and possibly disturbing the load.

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FUNCTION GENERATOR:-

It is a electronics instrument that used to produce different kinds of

electrical waveform, over a wide range of frequencies.
function generator waveforms may be either repetitive or single-shot, in which
case some kind of triggering source is necessary (internal or external).

we can say that in other words ,A function generator produces waveform that is
produced by the repetitive charging and discharging of the capacitor to which
a constant energy source is connected.

the most useful features of the function generator is that it can be phase locked
to an external signal source or another function generator and Other important
features of the function generator are continuous tuning over wide bands with
max-min frequency ratios of 10 or more, wide range of frequencies from a few
Hz to MHz, flat output amplitude and modulation capabilities like frequency
sweeping, frequency modulation and amplitude modulation etc.

The most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine,
square, triangular and saw tooth waveforms etc...

As we know that, Function Generators are used in testing of

electronics circuits and repair of electronic equipment, to test amplifiers and
development, ,or to introduce an error signal into a control loop.

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OSCILLOSCOPE:-

An oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument that displays

electrical signals graphically, usually as a voltage (vertical or Y axis) versus time
(horizontal or X axis) as shown in figure 1.6.& 1.7 The intensity or brightness of
a waveform is sometimes considered the Z axis. There are some applications
where other vertical axes such as current may be used, and other horizontal
axes such as frequency or another voltage may be used.
Oscilloscopes are also used to measure electrical signals in
response to physical stimuli, such as sound, mechanical stress, pressure, light,
or heat. For example, a television technician can use an oscilloscope to measure
signals from a television circuit board while a medical researcher can use an
oscilloscope to measure brain waves.
Oscilloscopes are commonly used for measurement applications such as:

• observing the wave shape of a signal

• measuring the amplitude of a signal
• measuring the frequency of a signal
• measuring the time between two events
• observing whether the signal is direct
current (DC) or alternating current (AC)
• observing noise on a signal

(Fig.1.6:-OSCILLOSCOPE)

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 (Fig.7:-OSCILLOSCOPE)

CONCLUSION:-

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 EXP-3 CONCLUSION
Function generator us an electrical equipment which is used to generate different type of
waveforms over a wide range of frequencies some of the most common waveform produce
are sinusoidal, square, triangular pulses and sawtooth shapes. These waveforms are either
repetitive or single-shot. Apart from generating the waveforms it adds the DC offset to the
signal. This is very useful in electronics department , manufacturing test and service
departments.

Oscilloscopes are used to measure electrical signal in response to physical stimuli,

mechanical stress. It display signal voltages graphically, usually as a calibrated two-
dimensional plot of one or more signal as a function of time. Oscilloscopes are used to view
the signals coming directly from device such as sound cards, allowing the real-time display of
waves. They are used as electrocardiogram to test circuits and to troubleshoot electronic
devices such as televison
 EXPERIMENT No.: 04

AIM:- Wire fan, tube light, two-way control (staircase wiring).

THEORY:-

We know that electrical circuit is a closed path through which electricity flows
from phase or hot wire to the device or apparatus and then back the source
though neutral wire.
Along the way, the electricity path may consist of fixtures, switches,
receptacles, junction boxes, etc. So the wiring may be routed through these
elements before actually making connections with apparatus or device.
Majorly, the wiring is divided into two types, namely parallel wiring and
series wiring depending on the way the devices are powered or connected to the
supply.
In parallel wiring, several devices on the installation are powered on a
single circuit. It is the most accepted wiring in homes and industries, in which
devices are connected in parallel with the supply source as shown in figure.

(Fig.2.1 Fan, Bulb wiring)

In this, both phase (or hot) and neutral cables are routed through the electrical
boxes (junction boxes) from which individual receptacles, fixtures, and devices
are branched.

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FAN WIRING:-
This is a simple illustrated circuit diagram of ceiling fan. To be noted
that the wiring diagram is for AC 220V single phase line with single phase ceiling
fan motor. Here a simple SPST switch is used to supply power or not to the fan
motor and a Regulator is used to controlling the fan speed. Though it is very
simple, but one thing to be noted that Switch and Regulator should be connected
with the phase line of main power, not neutral.

(Fig.2.2 Fan Wiring)

Capacitor connection diagram of ceiling fan:-

Ceiling fan has a “capacitor start motor” in its inside. AC single phase capacitor
start motor has two winding; one is starting winding and another is running
winding.

(Fig.2.3Capacitor connection diagram of ceiling fan)

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As it is a capacitor start-capacitor run type motor; a capacitor is used in series
with Starting Winding, It defines the direction of rotation. It is an electrolytic
capacitor.
Sometimes you may have faced this type of question…
Why ceiling fan rotating in reverse?
What makes a ceiling fan run backwards?

Two of this question sounds the same; the answer of the both question is “If
capacitor is connected with running winding/main coil instead of starting
winding/auxiliary coil then the direction of rotation will changed. That’s mean if
you want to change the direction of rotation of the fan, just connect the
capacitor with other winding.

TUBE LIGHT WIRING:-

The switching of fluorescent lamp with single one-way switch
through ballast and capacitor is shown in below figure. In this, phase wire is
connected to the one end of the switch and another end of the switch is
connected to the choke (or ballast). One electrode of the lamp is connected to
the choke and other to neutral terminal as shown in figure.2.4

(Fig.2.4 Tube light Wiring)

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Two-way control staircase wiring:-
This wiring is also called as staircase wiring in which a light
lamp is controlled from two sources by using two two-way switches. This type of
wiring is used in bed rooms to switch ON/OFF the lamp from two sources (at the
bed side and at switchboard). The connection of switches with the lamp is shown
below.

Fig.2.5 staircase wiring

CONCLUSION:-

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 EXP-4 CONCLUSION
Wire fan: in this simple single pole single throw switch is used to supply power. And live wire
is connected to switch, regulator and main coil of fan. Separately neutral wire is connected
In this capacitor is used for maintaining speed as well as changing the direction of fan.

Tube light wiring: the switching of this light is through spst, choke, fuse in live wire
connected to one end of light. Neutral with or without fuse is connected to other end. And
capacitors is connected between live and neutral wire if needed . and started is connected
to light.

Two-way control staircase wiring: this switch is split form as it is to control appliance from
two sides, as live and neutral wire both are connected to lamp or electrical appliance with
fuse
 EXPERIMENT No.: 05

AIM:- To study about electrical safety devices.

Importance of safety device

The safety features are inbuilt with electric power distribution. The current is to
flow through the path it is expected to pass and should not take another path.
Conductors made of copper or aluminium are provided across the path for
carrying the current and insulators like PVC, paper or rubber are provided across
the path through which the current is not expected to flow. Under abnormal
condition there can be failure of insulations and current will flow through the
undesired path which can cause damage to equipment and more important the
safety of the user. Sometimes the user may inadvertently touch a live conductor
and cause electric shock. Protective devices are needed to break short-circuit
and overload currents. Circuit breakers and fuses are protective devices that
control the power going to a particular route of wiring. In case of an overload or a
short on that circuit, the breaker or fuse trips and automatically shuts off power
to that circuit. Fuses are the commonly used protection devices to protect
components like wires, transformers electronics circuit modules against overload.

Types of Devices:

1. Fuse (KIT KATE FUSE)

2. Circuit Breaker (MCB,MCCB & ELCB)

Basically two types of protections are provided in the power supply

system of domestic consumers.

a. Protection from over current.

b. Protection from leakage current due to failure of insulation or Inadvertent
contact with live conductors by the user.

Over current and Short circuit:

One type of situation that wiring needs to be protected against is over current.
The electrical wiring is rated for certain maximum current. If you try to pull more
current through it, the wiring will heat considerably. When the wiring heats too
much, it will cause the melting of cable insulation, cause fire if there is
something flammable near cable and even melt the copper conductors in the
cable. So protection is needed to guarantee that in case of something tries to
pull too much current through mains wiring, this cannot happen for any long
time until the fuse blows and stops the current.

Many people are familiar with a "short circuit", which is a type of fault that occurs
when two conductors of an electric circuit touch each other. The current flow

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caused by a short circuit is usually high and rapid and is quickly detected and
halted by conventional circuit protective devices, such as fuses or circuit breakers.
Ground faults are one type of problem when the insulation fails.

Protection against over current

Every electrical circuit shall be protected against over current by suitable over
current devices. These devices could be
Miniature Circuit Breaker
1. (MCB)
Moulded Case Circuit
2. Breaker
3. Semi enclosed rewirable
fuses High Rupturing Capacity
(HRC) fuses

FUSES:-
Fuse is a wire of short length having low melting point which gives protection
against excessive current. This excessive current may be due to over load or
short circuit. Under normal working condition the current flowing through the
circuit is within safe limit. But when some faults such as short circuit occurs the
current exceeds the safe limit value, the fuse wire gets heated and melts. This
will cause breaking of the circuit. After one fusing operation, fuse wire must be
rewired with the same size wire.

This basic guide will help you decide which fuse to fit to ensure the safe use of
your household appliances.

 Appliances up to 700 Watts = 3 Amp fuse

 Appliances between 700 and 1000 Watts = 5 Amp fuse
 Appliances over 1000 Watts = 16 Amp fuse

Electrical & Electronics Workshop (3110012) Page No.:_____

 KIT KAT FUSE
2

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

SUPPLY VOLTAGE FUSE WIRE

SR.NO (VS) CURRENT (I) RESISTANCE
1 230V
2 230V

Electrical & Electronics Workshop (3110012) Page No.:_____

CIRCUIT BREAKERS:-

MCB and ELCB:-

MCB is miniature circuit breaker. It is automatic in action. When excessive

current passes through the circuit, handle of MCB will moves down and thus trips
the circuit. After one such an operation we can manually reset the supply by
solving the fault in that circuit. Thus rewiring fault size fuse wire in the case of
fuse can be avoided by using MCBs.

ELCB is earth leakage circuit breaker. It protects the circuit from any leakage of
current. It protects the circuit from lightning and thunder. Miniature Circuit
Breaker (MCB)

Miniature circuit breakers are compact devices used in distribution boards for
protection against overload and short circuit. The overload protection is achieved
by a thermal trip mechanism using a bimetallic strip. An electromagnetic trip
mechanism is also incorporated for instantaneous tripping in the event of a short
circuit. When there is a sudden increase in current due to a short circuit, the
circuit should open immediately, but the bimetallic strip does not respond quickly.
In this case, the solenoid attracts the plunger and thus triggers the trip
mechanism. After clearing the fault, the MCB can be switched on manually.

The principle of operation of an MCB is based on the following two principles.

 Magnetic operation

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 Fig. - Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCB)

a. Thermal operation
In thermal operation, the extra heat produced by the high current warms the
bimetal strip. This results in bending the bimetallic strip and trips the operating
contacts. The thermal operation is slow. Hence, it is not suitable for speedy
disconnection required to clear fault currents. However, it is ideal for operation in
the event of small but prolonged overload currents. Thus, in general the thermal
operation is suitable for opening the circuit in the event of excessive current due
to the overloaded machines.

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b. Magnetic operation

The magnetic operation, on the other hand is suitable for protection against high
short circuit currents. This magnetic operation is due to the magnetic field set up
by a coil carrying the current, which attracts an iron part to trip the breaker when
the current becomes large enough. The magnetic operation is very fast and is
used for braking fault currents.

The major advantages of MCB’s are

 Instantaneous opening of the contact on short circuit faults

 Can be designed to operate even for very small overload currents
 They can be quickly reset by hand
 They cannot be reclosed if fault persist
In many cases they preferred over fuses as there is no need to rewire it.

Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker(ELCB):-

The earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a protective device, which will
automatically trip, when there is an earth leakage within the installation. It is also
known as residual current circuit breaker (RCCB). It works on the current balance
principle. The main part is a core consisting of three windings. Here one winding
carries the phase current, the other winding carries the neutral current and the
third winding to the tripping circuit. Under normal operating conditions the net
flux in the core is zero as such no emf induced in the trip coil. However, when
earth fault occurs, the phase and neutral current aries, the net flux in the core
will be different and as such, emf is induced in the trip coil and it is energized. It
then opens the circuit. The functioning of the ELCB can be checked using a
switch.

CONCLUSION:-

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 EXP-5 CONCLUSION
Electrical safety devices are used to prevent the electric shock and burn and device from the
damage.
Kitkat fuse is a electrical safety device. This kind of fuse is most commonly used in the case
of domestic wiring and small scale usage. The main composition is of a poulaine base which
holds the wire. When current exceed the desirable limits than fuse wire melts.
(MCB) miniature circuit breaker is also a safety device but more convenient than. Fuse
because it can be rest manually. It works on two operation one us thermal and other is
magnetic. Thus when the current exceeds desired limit than MCB trips and stops the flow of
current.
ELCB earth leakage circuit breaker is a safety device used in electrical installations with high
earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosed of a
electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected.
 EXPERIMENT No: - 06

AIM: - Preparing the drawing for wiring a newly built room, without any
electrical wiring along with a bill of materials with specifications; the room may
be a class-room, an office, a shop, a clinic, a small workshop etc.

ELECTRICAL DRAWING WIRING DIAGRAM:-

FIG.1 ELECTRICAL PLAN

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OBSERVATION TABLE:-
QUOTATION OF MATERIAL

SRNO. APPLIANCES QTY. SPECIFICATION RS. POWER

1 CELLING MOUNTED
LIGHT
2 RECESSED LIGHT
3 WALL MOUNTED
LIGHT
4 FAN
5 DUPLEX
RECEPTACAL LIGHT
6 TELEPHONE OUTLET
7 SWITCH
8 DIMMER SWITCH
9 DOOR BELL

TOTAL POWER:-

TOTAL COST:-

EXERCISE:-
1. In residential house, the following are the loads connected i)55W
fluorescent tubes- 4 Nos., switched on for 4 hours in a day ,ii) 60W
incandescent lamps-2 Nos., switched on for 2 hours in a day , iii) 70W
ceiling fan- 3 Nos., switched on for 12 hours a day, iv)225W refrigerator,
switched on for 10 hours a day , v) 200W washing machine, switched on for
1 hours a day ,vi)150W T.V., switched on for 6 hours a day, If the cost of
electricity is Rs.4/unit, what will be the monthly charges?

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2. The domestic load in residential building comprises of the following: 6
lamps of 55W each, 4 fans of 60W each, 1 refrigerator of 300W, 1 heater of
1000W, Television of 100W. Calculate (1) The total current taken from the
supply at a voltage of 230 Volts. (2) The energy consumed in a day, if on
average only a quarter of the above load persists all the time. (3) Total cost
of electrical energy for 30 days, at the rate of 5 Rs/Unit.
3. A residential building has following load connected in it. Incandescent
lamps 100W each, 02 Nos. 6hrs/day Fluorescent lamps 40W each, 04 Nos.
6hrs/day Fans 60W each, 06 Nos. 5hrs/day Electric cooker 1.5 KW each, 01
Nos. 4hrs/day Electric geyser 1 KW each, 01 Nos. 3hrs/day Calculate the
total cost of electrical energy for 30 days, at the rate of Rs. 3 per unit.
4. A Building is being supplied with power at a 230V. The load consists of 200
florescent tubes of 40W each and 60 fans of 70W each. Find (i) the total load
in KW and (ii) the current taken by the load.
5. The electrical load in small workshop consists of 15lamps, each rated at
230V, 100w and 3 electrical ovens rated at 230V, 1KW. What is effective
resistance of this load of the workshop? What is the total current drawn?
Determine the units consumed per day if the workshop works with load
daily for 8 hours.

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 EXP-6 CONCLUSION
OBSERVATION TABLE:
SR.NO APPLIANCE QTY SPECIFICATION RS POWER
1 CEILING 7 LED, 230V, 1050 210W
MOUNTED 50Hz
LIGHT
2 RECESSED 3 LED, 230V, 600 90W
LIGHT 50Hz
3 WALL LIGHT 8 LED,230V,50Hz 1200 180w
4 FAN 7 230V, 50Hz 24,500 525W
5 DUPLEX 6 18,00
RECEPTACAL
LIGHT
6 TELEPHONE 1 200
OUTLET
7 SWITCH 10 230V 250
8 DIMMER 3 50V-230V 480
SWITCH
9 DOOR BELL 1 230V,50Hz 300 10W

TOTAL COST: 30380 Rs

TOTAL POWER: 1015 W

EXERCISE:

1)
In residence house:
Appliance QTY No.Of Hours Power
Flouscent lamp 4 4 55
Incandescent lamp 2 2 60
Ceiling fan 3 12 70
Washing machine 1 1 200
T.V 1 6 150
FRIDGE 1 10 225

1 Unit-1kwh
Total energy consumed for a day= 6.99kwh
So for a month= 6.99*30=209.7kwh
So charges for month are= 209.7*4=838.8 Rs

2)
Residential building:
Applicance QTY No.of hours Power
Lamps 6 55w
Fans 4 60
Fridge 1 300
Heater 1 1000
T.V 1 100
 230+240+300+1000+100=1970W

Total current = 230/1970 = 8.565A

Total energy cons = ¼*1970*24 = 11820W=11.82KwH

Total energy consumped for 30 days = 11.820*30 = 354.6 KwH = 354.6*5

Total cost = 1773 Rs

3) Total supply=230V

200 fluorescent takes =40W

60 fans = 70 w

Total power = 8000+4200

= 12200W

=12.200 KW

Total current = 12200/230

=53.043A

4)

Workshop:

Lamps-15-100W=1500W

Ovens-3-1000W=3000W

Total =4500W

Total effective resistance = 230^2/4500

= 11.75 ohms

Total current = 4500w/230= 19.56A

Total units consumed per day = 8*4500

=36000 Wh

=36 KwH
EXPERIMENT No:- 07

AIM:- Identify and rectify open circuit, and short circuit faults in
PCB/System

APPARATUS:-

(1) PCB
(2) SOLDERING IRON
(3) RESISTER
(4) WIRE
(5) CUTTER

THEORY:-

OPEN CIRCUIT:-
Current will only flow In a circuit. That is, around a
continuous path (or multiple paths) from and back to the source of
EMF. Any interruption in the circuit, such as an open switch, a break in
the wiring, or a component such as a resistor that has changed its
resistance to an extremely high value will cause current to cease. The
EMF will still be present, but voltages and currents around the circuit
will have changed or ceased altogether. The open switch or the fault
has caused what is commonly called an OPEN CIRCUIT.

Remember that wherever an open circuit exists, although voltage may

be present there will be no current flow through the open circuit
section of the circuit. Also, as Power(P) is V x I and the current (I) = 0,
no power will be dissipated.

Looking further at the simple circuit Fig. used in Resistors & Circuits
Module let´s put some actual voltages and currents in and see what
happens under ‘Open Circuit’ conditions.

Use the animated version of Fig below, (now called Fig) to select a
number of open circuit conditions that might occur in different parts
of the circuit. Notice how the voltages and currents around the circuit
change depending on where the break in the circuit (the open circuit)
occurs. Checking the voltages around a circuit with a voltmeter, and
noticing where they differ from what would be expected in a correctly
working circuit, is one of the main techniques used for tracing a fault
in any circuit. Making sense of this method depends on understanding
a few basic facts about the circuit:

Electrical & Electronics Workshop (3110012) Page No.:_____

 1. The current IS supplied to the circuit by the battery (E) is divided
into two currents I1 flowing through R1 and I2 flowing through R2
and R3.
2. Because R2 and R3 are connected in series, the same current (I2)
flows through both resistors.
3. Both branches of the circuit (R1 and R2/R3 have the same
resistance in this circuit (150Ω, commonly shown in circuit
diagrams as 150R).
4. Therefore half of the 40mA supply current (20mA) flows
through each 150Ω branch of the circuit, causing the shown
voltages to be developed across each resistor.

It would be unusual in practice to be given all of the current and

voltage information on every circuit diagram. The voltages and
currents would need to be worked out where needed by applying the
methods described in our section on Current and Voltage in Series and
Parallel Resistor Networks.

Fault finding techniques vary with the complexity of the circuit

involved but all rely to some degree on the basic methods shown here,
and very often on the application of Ohms Law. These examples, whilst
not intended to be typical of faults encountered in already built printed
circuits, may often be encountered when building circuits on
breadboard (Proto board) when components may be wrongly inserted,
or not make a good connection.

FIG.8.1

FIG.8.2

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 FIG.8.3

FIG.8.4

FIG.8.5

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SHORT CIRCUIT:-

If two points in a circuit are connected by some component or conductor having

a resistance of zero (or practically zero) ohms, the two points are said to be
SHORT CIRCUITED or that there is a short circuit present. Under these
conditions a larger current will flow, due to the reduction in resistance, and
there will be NO (or almost no) potential difference between the ends of the
short circuit.

These conditions are illustrated below in Fig.8.6

FIG.8.6

FIG.8.7

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 FIG.8.8

CONCLUSION:-

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 EXP-7 CONCLUSION
Open circuit: identification: open circuit generally can be indicated when there is decrease in
the current in the circuit due to the open circuited part. Or we can take an bulb test where if
bulb is glowing current flows and if not, then there is open circuit.

Short Circuit identification: Short Circuit takes place when from any part of the circuit there
is infinite current flowing or there is increase in the current in other part of the circuit. This
shows that these is short circuit
EXPERIMENT No:-08

AIM:- Solder and de-solder electronics components on different types of PCB.

APPARATUS:-Soldering iron, Soldering iron, flux, de-soldering pump, PCB.

Different electronic components.

THEORY:-

Introduction:-

Soldering is the act of unifying two pieces of similar or dissimilar metals

by an alloy called Solder, the melting point of which is lower than that of the
metal to be united. When two surfaces of the metal are soldered together, the
solder penetrate pores of the metal and it makes firm grip with permanent
electrical continuity and strength.

Solder:-

The soldering material or solder usually employed for the purpose of

joining together two or more metals at temperature below their melting point and
is a fusible alloy consisting essentially of lead and tin. Solder is an alloy (mixture)
of tin and lead, typically 60% tin and 40% lead. It melts at a temperature of about
200°C. Coating a surface with solder is called 'tinning' because of the tin content
of solder. Solder for electronics use contains tiny cores of flux, like the wires
inside a mains flex.

Flux:-

When a metal is heated in free air, it is immediately affected by oxygen. A

layer of oxide is formed over the surface which is a hindrance during soldering.
This layer of oxide can be removed using chemical compounds called fluxes. They
are deoxidizes agents and are used to keep the surface clean from oxide, increase
the fluidity of the solder and help the joints to adhere perfectly. The melting
temperature of the flux is always less than that of the solder used.

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Soldering Techniques:-

Soldering techniques can be broadly classified in two groups:

1. Iron soldering or Manual soldering

2. Mass soldering or Automatic soldering

Manual soldering requires solder iron, solder wire, flux and electronic
components. Solder irons are available in different temperature ranges, and
available with ratings of 6 W, 12 W, 25 W, 35W, 100 W, 150 W etc. Selection of the
solder iron depends on the use.

SOLDERING:-

1. Take one PCB, solder iron, solder wire and electronic components and
give supply to solder iron.
2. Place the iron at the angle of 45 degree, with the tip touching as many
elements of the joints as possible.
3. Place the solder wire near the iron and let it flow. Pass it around the joints.
Remove the iron and let the solder flow in the area from where the iron has
been removed.
4. When the solder has successfully flowed in the lead and track, take the
solder away and then remove the iron.

DESOLDERING:-

To de-solder means to remove a joint or re-position a wire or component. There

are two ways to remove the solder:

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 1. With a de-soldering pump (solder sucker)

1. Set the pump by pushing the spring-loaded plunger down until it locks.
2. Apply both the pump nozzle and the tip of your soldering iron to the
joint.
3.Wait a second or two for the solder to melt.
4. Then press the button on the pump to release the plunger and suck
the molten solder into the tool.
5. Repeat if necessary to remove as much solder as possible.
6.The pump will need emptying occasionally by unscrewing the nozzle.

2 with solder remover wick (copper braid)

1. Apply both the end of the wick and the tip of your soldering iron to
the joint.
2. As the solder melts most of it will flow onto the wick, away from the
joint.
3. Remove the wick first, then the soldering iron.
4. Cut off and discard the end of the wick coated with solder.

After removing most of the solder from the joint(s) we can remove the wire or
component lead straight away (allow a few seconds for it to cool). If the joint will
not come apart easily apply your soldering iron to melt the remaining traces of
solder at the same time as pulling the joint apart.

CONCLUSION:-

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 EXP-8 CONCLUSION
In this practical it was shown to solder .the electronic components soldering is the act of
unifying two pieces of similar or dissimilar metals by an alloy called solder the melting point
o which is lower than that of the metal to be united . In soldering there is need of PCB,
solder iron, solder wire , fuse and electronic component and a supply to solder iron . Solder
iron are available in different temperature ranges

In desoldering , there is removal of a joint or reposition a wire or component it includes two

ways. First is solder sucks in which there is use of flame second is solder remover wick. In
this way we can solder and de solder.
EXPERIMENT No.: 09

AIM:- Identify various types of ports and connectors.

THEORY:-
Introduction:-
An electrical connector is an electro-mechanical device used to join electrical
terminations and create an electrical circuit. Electrical connectors consist of plugs
(male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as for
portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent
electrical joint between two wires or devices. An adapter can be used to effectively
bring together dissimilar connectors.
Hundreds of types of electrical connectors are manufactured for power, signal and
control applications. Connectors may join two lengths of flexible copper wire or
cable, or connect a wire or cable to an electrical terminal.
In computing, an electrical connector can also be known as a physical interface
(compare physical layer in OSI model of networking). Cable glands, known as cable
connectors in the US, connect wires to devices mechanically rather than electrically
and are distinct from quick-disconnects performing the latter.

Types of Electrical Connectors:

1. A terminal is a simple type of electrical connector that connects two or more

wires to a single connection point

2. Plug and Socket Connectors:

Plug and socket connectors are usually made up of a male plug (typically pin
contacts) and a female receptacle (typically socket contacts), although
hermaphroditic connectors exist, such as the original IBM token ring LAN connector.
Plugs generally have one or more pins or prongs that are inserted into openings in
the mating socket. The connection between the mating metal parts must be
sufficiently tight to make a good electrical connection and complete the circuit.

Electrical & Electronics Workshop (3110012) Page No.:_____

 A Female VGA Connector Male Serial Port Connector Male Plug

3. Component and Device Connectors:

Electrical and electronic components and devices sometimes have plug and socket
connectors or terminal blocks, but individual screw terminals and fast-on or quick-
disconnect terminals are more common. Small components have bare lead wires for
soldering. They are manufactured using casting.

4. Blade Connectors:

A blade connector is a type of single wire connection using a flat conductive blade
which is inserted into a blade receptacle. Usually both blade connector and blade
receptacle have wires attached to them either through of the wire to the blade or
crimping of the blade to the wire. In some cases the blade is an integral
manufactured part of a component (such as a switch or a speaker unit), and a blade
receptacle is pushed onto the blade to form a connection.

5. Ring and Spade Terminal:

Electrical contact is made by the flat surface of the ring or spade, while mechanically
they are attached by passing a screw or bolt through them. The spade terminal form
factor facilitates connections since the screw or bolt can be left partially screwed in
as the spade terminal is removed or attached.
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 6. USB Connectors:

The Universal Serial Bus is a serial bus standard to interface devices, founded in
1996. It is currently widely used among PCs, Apple Macintosh and many other
devices. There are several types of USB connectors, and some have been added as
the specification has progressed. The most commonly used is the (male) series "A"
plug on peripherals, when the cable is fixed to the peripheral. If there is no cable
fixed to the peripheral, the peripheral always needs to have a USB "B" socket. In this
case a USB "A" plug to a USB "B" plug cable would be needed. USB "A" sockets are
always used on the host PC and the USB "B" sockets on the peripherals. It is a 4-pin
connector, surrounded by a shield.

7. Power Connectors:

Power connectors must protect people from accidental contact with energized
conductors. Power connectors often include a safety ground connection as well as
the power conductors. In larger sizes, these connectors must also safely contain any
arc produced when an energized circuit is disconnected or may require interlocking
to prevent opening a live circuit.

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 8. Radio Frequency Connectors:

Connectors used at radio frequencies must not change the impedance of the
transmission line of which they are part, otherwise signal reflection and losses will
result. A radio-frequency connector must not allow external signals into the circuit,
and must prevent leakage of energy out of the circuit. At lower radio frequencies
simple connectors can be used with success, but as the radio frequency increases,
transmission line effects become more important, with small impedance variations
from connectors causing the signal to reflect from the connector, rather than to
pass through. At UHF and above, silver-plating of connectors is common to reduce
losses. Common types of RF connectors are used for television receivers, two-way
radio, certain Wi-Fi devices with removable antennas, and industrial or scientific
measuring instruments using radio frequencies.

9. DC Connectors:

A DC connector is an electrical connector for supplying direct current (DC) power.

For portable consumer electronic devices, the coaxial power connector is frequently
used, but many other types of connectors also exist

10.Banana Connector:

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Banana connectors are used to connect single wires to electrical equipment. They
are often used with testing equipment.

11. Crimp Connector:

Crimp connectors can be used for fast and friction-type connections in DC

applications where connections are broken repeatedly

12. Alligator/Crocodile clip:

Alligator connectors are often used as temporary test leads.

13.Screw terminal:

A screw terminal is a type of electrical connector where a wire is held by the

tightening of a screw.

14. Computer:

Computer connectors (and cabling) are used to interconnect computers or

computers and computer peripherals. Examples are USB connectors and the IEEE
1284 parallel port connector.

Introduction to Electronic Ports:

In computer hardware, a port serves as an interface between the computer and other
computers or peripheral devices. In computer terms, a port generally refers to the
part of connection available for connection between one computer to peripherals
like input and output ones. Computer ports have many uses, to connect a monitor,
webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices. On the physical layer, a computer port
is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects.
Electronically, the several conductors where the port and cable contacts connect,
provide a method to transfer signals between devices
Electronically, hardware ports can almost always be divided into two groups based
on the signal transfer:

Serial ports send and receive one bit at a time via a single wire pair (Ground
and +/-).

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 Parallel ports send multiple bits at the same time over several sets of wires.
After ports are connected, they typically require handshaking, where transfer type,
transfer rate, and other necessary information is shared before data are sent.
Hot-swappable ports can be connected while equipment is running. Almost all ports
on personal computers are hot-swappable.
Plug-and-play ports are designed so that the connected devices automatically start
handshaking as soon as the hot-swapping is done. USB ports and FireWire ports are
plug-and-play.
Auto-detector auto-detection ports are usually plug-and-play, but they offer another
type of convenience. An auto-detect port may automatically determine what kind of
device has been attached, but it also determines what purpose the port itself should
have. For example, some sound cards allow plugging in several different types of
audio speakers; then a dialogue box pops up on the computer screen asking whether
the speaker is left, right, front, or rear for surround sound installations.

Conclusion:-

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Electrical & Electronics Workshop (3110012) Page No.:_____
 EXP-9 CONCLUSION
Connectors is an electro-mechanical device used to join electrical terminators and create an
electrical circuit. Electrical connectors consists of plugs and jacks. The connection may be
temporary as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal or serve as a
permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices.

Electronics connectors are used to transfer data like in computer interface there are two
ports serial and parallel ports generally they are hot-swappable ports which can be
connected when running. USB & FIREwire ports are also there

In the sameway there are electrical connectors in which there is transfer of power , voltage
and current it includes. Optical fibre cable power connectors USB connectors Ring and spaxe
terminal, Blade connectors and others. So connectors are necessary for the external
connections
 EXP-10 CONCLUSION
In this experiment there is use of renewable source of energy for power generation and
different -different devices and machines are been shown which is necessary for control of
power generation