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Electric Circuit Analysis

The document discusses electrical signals, circuits, and circuit analysis. It defines analog and digital signals, and describes the basic components of an electrical circuit. The key points are: 1) Analog signals are continuous, while digital signals take discrete values. 2) An electrical circuit consists of elements like batteries and bulbs connected by wires. Circuit analysis involves calculating voltages and currents. 3) Circuit analysis uses element laws like Ohm's Law and connection laws like Kirchhoff's laws to solve circuits.

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Muhammad Hasnain
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188 views

Electric Circuit Analysis

The document discusses electrical signals, circuits, and circuit analysis. It defines analog and digital signals, and describes the basic components of an electrical circuit. The key points are: 1) Analog signals are continuous, while digital signals take discrete values. 2) An electrical circuit consists of elements like batteries and bulbs connected by wires. Circuit analysis involves calculating voltages and currents. 3) Circuit analysis uses element laws like Ohm's Law and connection laws like Kirchhoff's laws to solve circuits.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Hasnain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Mechatronics Engineering

(02)

1
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

Analog Signals. Analog signals are defined for all instances of


time within a certain time interval (t= t1 to t= t2, say). ------------
Continuum of instantaneous values.
Analog <==> Continuous (signals)
Digital Signals. Digital signals are defined at certain instances of
time at discrete intervals. ------------- only a limited set of values
Discrete <==> Digital (signals)

2
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
§ 1.4 Electrical Circuits.
An electric circuit is a collection of circuit elements that have been
connected together to achieve a specific task / goal.
In a circuit you will notice the following:
a) Circuit elements like battery and bulb etc.
b) Interconnections are wires ideally assumed to be perfect
conductors.
c) Circuit symbols are used to represent circuit elements.
d) Lines are used to represent wires / leads.
e) At the joints/ connection points small circles, symbolize an
electric joint. (diagram if)
f) All (lines) wires/ leads are of good quality and are ideal-electric-
conductors ----- pose no resistance to flow of electric current.

3
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

§ 1.4 Electrical Circuits. …


g) All points of a wire (line) are at the same potential (volts).
h) Wires(lines) do not accumulate charge -------- current entering
one end of a wire (line) exits at the other end.

In real practical life, wires do not satisfy these ideal properties, that
exactly --------- but to start with we assume so, in order to simplify
calculations --------- in the introductory ‘Circuit Theory’.

4
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Circuit Analysis and Synthesis.


Circuit Analysis. It is the process of finding out (through
calculations) desired/ specific voltages and currents in a circuit once its
individual elements and their interconnections are known.
Circuit Synthesis (or Designing a Circuit). It is the process of
choosing a set of (circuit) elements and devising their interconnections
to achieve specific voltages and currents in the circuit. --------- This is
also called Designing.
Synthesis is usually more difficult than analysis.

5
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Circuit Analysis and Synthesis. …


In circuit analysis and circuit design (or synthesis) following types
of laws are applicable:
a) The Element Laws, such as Ohm’s Law ------ such laws relate the
terminal voltage and currents of individual elements, regardless of how
they (elements) are connected together to form a circuit.
b) The connection Laws, also called Kirchhoff’s laws or Circuit Laws,
relate the voltages and currents shared at the interconnections
regardless of the type of elements of the circuit.

6
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Circuit Analysis and Synthesis. …
Definitions. Electric Circuits are made up of circuit elements,
connected (in series/ or in parallel), in branches, nodes, reference
nodes, loops and meshes. We need to understand these terminologies
to be able to undertake circuit analysis.
Branches. A circuit is a network, in which each element
constitutes a branch. The distinguishing feature of each branch is the
branch current (through it) and branch voltage (across it)
(See Figure 1.11 of your text book )

7
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Circuit Analysis and Synthesis. …
Definitions. …
Node. As the leads of two or more elements are joined together,
they form a node. The circuit diagram drawn here has three nodes.
The distinguishing feature of a node is that all leads converging to it
are at the same potential called the node potential.

8
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Circuit Analysis and Synthesis. …
Definitions. …
Reference Node. Only potential differences or voltages have
practical meaning, it is convenient to refer all node potentials in a circuit
to the potential of a common node called the reference or datum node.
This node is identified by a symbol ( ) and its potential is zero by
definition.
(See Figure 1.12 of your text book)

9
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Circuit Analysis and Synthesis. …
Definitions. …
Reference Node. …A logical choice for the reference node is the
node at the bottom of the circuit diagram.

However, it may be more convenient to designate a node, which


has maximum number of connections, as the reference node.
Caution: One should be careful, not to confuse the branch
voltages with the node voltages.
10
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Circuit Analysis and Synthesis. …
Definitions. …
A Loop. A loop is a closed path such that no node is traversed
more than once.
A Mesh. A mesh is a loop that contains no other loop (inside it).

11
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Circuit Analysis and Synthesis. …
Definitions. …
I Branch – Part of a circuit containing only one element, such as a
resistor or a source.
• Node – A point of connection between two or more Branches
• Loop – Any closed path contained within the circuit of interest

12
Fundamental Laws
• Ohm’s Law:
– The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the
current through it.
– The constant of proportionality is called Resistance

13
Fundamental Laws …

Resistance
• The electrical resistance, R, of a material is dependent on its
Resistivity, Length and Cross-Section.

Examples: Copper has a Resistivity of 1.7 x 10-8 Ohm-meters. Glass


has a Resistivity of about 1012 Ohm-meters.

14
Fundamental Laws …

Conductance
• Conductance, G, is the inverse of Resistance
• It is sometimes easier to consider the Conductance of a material
instead of its Resistance.

G = 1/R = I/V

15
Practice Questions

Home Work / Tutorial Work:


• Learn by doing, Example 1.7 (Page 26-27)
• After doing this you should be able to do/ solve similar questions

16

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