Differential Equations of First Order

r ~-~--~---~~ -~~~-~~~~
-~~~~~~~~~--~~-
1. Dofinltiona. 2. Practical appronch to dlfferontlal equations. 3. Formation of a differen
a dlfforontlol oquotlon- Goometrlcal meanlng--5. Equations of the first order
~~,
tial equatlo~. 4. Solution°' I
I aeparable. 7. Homogeneou& oquatlons. 8. Equations reducible to homogeneous form. 9. and Linear
first degree. 6. VartabI11
ns: 10. Benni, I
I oquaUon. 11. li~, ct nquntlona. 12. Equations raduclble to exact equatlohs. 13. Equationseq1,1at1Q of the first order anc1 I
t.. hlghor dogr&e . 14. Clalrufa oquatlon. 15. Objective Type of Questio
- - - - . ........... ~ - - - - - - - - - ...... - - - -~... ,._-- ~---~ ns. · . . .· I
....,,, _ _ _,__..., ._ ............ ____ ____ _ J

Ifft ■ DEFINITIONS
( 1) A difforcntJal cc1uatlon is an equation which inuolveB differenti~l coeffici
ents or differentials.
-
'I'hus Ci) er dx + eY rly r: O d 2x
(ii) - + n 2x = 0
dt 2
'" ) y c x dy .-
(UL

(v) clx
dx dy/dx
X

dy .
(iv) [1+(trr1, cc

(lt
wy 'O a cos pt, - + wx c a sin pt (vi) x OU +y flu = 2u
dt ax ay
2 if- Y
0"'
(vii) ~ = c2 ~ uro all examples of differential equations. ·
u· ox 2
(2) An ordhla ry differential equation is that in which all the differential coefficients
have reference to
" single indepPndent variable. Thus tho equations (i) to (u) are all ordinary differential
equations.
A partia l differcntJaJ equat ion iBthat in which there are two or more independent variabl
differential coefficients 'with respect to any of them. Thus the equations (vi) and (vii) es and partial
are partial differential
cquntiona.
(3) The ord9r of a diffa,,ntial equation is the urder of the highest
derivative appearing in it.
The defr'ee of a differential equation is the dRgree of the highest derivative occurring
in it, afrer the equa•
tlon ha, been expre,aed in a form {re,~Irom radicals and fractions as far as the derivat
ives are concerned.
Thus, from' the examples above, ·
(i) ia of the first order and first degree ; (ii) is of the second order and first degree ;

(iii) written aa y !!z. • x( dy )i +- xis clearly of the first order but of second degr~e ;
dx d:x

and (iu) written aa~ [1-1{: )2r •c (dzdx;)1 2

2
,
i• of the seccind order nod second degree.

426
 DIFFERENTIAL EauAnONs OF F1Rsr ORDER
m
■I fj PRACTICAL APPROACH TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
. Differential equatio~s arise from many problems in oscillations of mechanical and electrical syS t ems,
bending of beams, conduction of heat l • f . . · rt t role
. od • tifi . • ve oc1ty o chemical react1ons etc., and as such play a very 1mpo an
m all m em sc1en 1c and engineering studies.
engineering student to the study of differential equations has got to be practical
The approach
. st of an
unlik~ tbat of a udent_ of mat~ematics, who is only interested in solving the differential equations wi th out
88 th0
knowing to how differential equations are formed and how their solutions, are physically interpreted.
T~us for an ~pplied_ mathematician, the study of a differential equation consists of three phases :
~~) form":1ation dit(erenti~l equatkm_from the given physical situation, called modelµng. . .
°~
~~~) solu~ns .0 f th is differential equaticm, evaluating the arbitrary constants from the given conditions, and
(in) physical interpretation of the solution. · · ·

If•■ FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

,l

.~
0rd
in~ differential equation is fo~ed it;t an attempt to eliminate certain iµ-bitr~ con st~t from a
1 th
relation ~ e van~bl~s a?-d constants. It will, however, be.seen ·later that the partial ~itferen.tial equa~i~ns may
be form~d by the eh~ation of either arbitrary constants or arbitrary functions. fn applie~ mathema~ics, ev~ry
geometrical or physical problem when tranf!lateq into iµathemJiti~iµ sy:µibols gives :rise to a d!fferential
equation.

Example 11.1. Form the differential equation of simple harmonic motion given by x = A cos (nt + a).
Solution. To eliminate the constants A J'!DQ. a differentiatinJI it twice, we have
dx d~
dt = -nA siµ (n_t _+ a) " ~~d dt 2 = - n 2A c;os (nt +a)= - n 2x

d 2x .
Thus - 2 + n.2x = 0
dt · . . . .

is the desired differential equat!on "'.hicq. states th~t the acceleratio~ vanes as the djst~ce from the origin.
Example 11.2. Obtain the differential equation ·of all .circles of radius a and centre (h, k).
(Aridhra, 1999)

Solution. Such a circle is C,X - h)2 + (y - k)2 = 02 . . ... (i)

whe~e h and k, th~ coordinates of the ~entre, fill~ a are. the const~t!5,
Differential it twice, we have
. dy . d2y (dy)2
. x- h + (y- k) dx. = Q . IPl<l 1 + (y - k) dx~ + dx .: p
l+(dyldx->2
Then y-k = - d2yldx2

and
· · 1[ +(t)']
x _ h = - (y - k} dy I dx =
1
d2 I dx2
. y .
Substituting these in (i) and simplifying, we get (1 + (dy I dx)2]S = a2 (d2y/dx2)2 ...(ii)
as the required differential equation
(1 + (dyl dx}2-p12
Writing (ii) in ~e form d'ly dx2 = a,
I
't states that the radi us of curvatn?e
1 - of a circle at any point is constant.
· - Ob · th differential equation of the coaxial circles of the system x2 + y2 + 2cu + c2 = 0
Example 11.8. tam_ e . ble (J.N.T.U., 2003)
where c is a constant and a is a vana ·
- So lut ion . We have x2 + Y2 ,+ 2ax
+ c?. = O
Differentiating w. r. t. r, 2x + '4:ldy
I d:r. + 2a = Ody .
or 2a =- 2( x+ Y d:r.)
Substituting in (i). x2 + y'l - 2 (x
+Y dy I dx)x + c2 = O
or
2xy dyldx = y2 - ~ + c2
which is the required differential
equation.

•fl• (1) SOlUTlON OF A DIFFERENT

IAL EQUATION
~
A solution (or integral) of a diff · · ·
erentia l equatw n is a •re z t'
a wn b t een the variables wh ich satisfi
giu en diff ere ntia l equ atio n. eW t, •l
"'
Fo r ex.ample, x = A cos (nt + ex)
...(ij
1s a sol uti on of d
-
2
x + n2x = 0 (Ex am ple 11.1)
. . dt 2
Th e gen era l (or com ple te)
. (
... 21
sol uti on of a differential equ
constants is equ al to the ord er ati on is tha t in wh ich the num
of the diff ere ntia l equ atio n.
Thus <i) is a gen era l s9lution
ber of arbitrar,
arb itra ry con sta nts ~ n) is the (2) as the number~
sam e as the ord er of (2).
A pa rti cu lar sol uti on.is.that wh ·
ich can be obtai.ned from the
to the arb itra ry constants. gen era l sol uti on 'by givi°ng par
tic ula r valua
Fo r example, x = A cos (nt + TCf 4) • I
is the par ticu lar sol uti on of
the equ atio n (2) as it can be-der
A dif fer ent ial equ atio n ma y ive d from the gen era l 'sol uti
sometimes hav e an add itio nal on (1) by pu ttin g ex= J/4.
gen era l sol uti on by ass ign ing sol uti on wh ich can no t be obt
a par ticu lar :value to the arb itra ain ed from the
sol uti on and is not of mu ch eng ry con sta nt. Su ch a sol uti on
ine eri ng int ere st. is cal led a singular
Lin ear ly ind ep en de nt sol uti .
on . Two sol utio ns y/x ) and y~(
x) of the dif fer ent ial equ
ati on
d2
--t
dx
d
+ Gi (x) 2 + aa<x) y = 0
dx
are sai d to be lin ear ly ind epe ... (S)
nde nt if CiJ 1 + C7l = 0 suc h tha
If c 1 and c2 are not bot h zero, 2 t c 1 :::,. 0 and c = O
the n the two solutions y and 2
If Yl~) and y (x) any two sol 1 y 2 are sai d to be lin ear ly dep
2 utio ns of (3), the n the ir linear end ent .
con sta nts , is also a sol utio n of (3). com bin ati on CiJz + c~ wh ere
· 2 c1 an d c are
• 2
Ex am ple 11 .-t. Fin d the diff
ere ntia l equ atio n whose set of
ind epe nde nt sol uti ons is [et,
xet].
So lut ion . Let the gen era l sol
ution of the req uir ed different
Dif fer ent iati ng (i) w.r.t. %, we ial equ atio n bey = c et + c,;r,et
get 1 ... (i)
Y1 = cle t + cz (e t+ ¢)
•· Y-Y 1
ApiD m. tre r.a tia tiq (ii) w.r.t.
=c,r
we obtain
%, ... (ii)
11 -Y2 = c,r
8uMIWnc (iii ) from (ii) , we get ...(iii)
,-1 1 -(y l -1 ,) = 0 or y-
2yl + Y2 = 0
ir}I N~ equ atio n. ·
•• ■t■ 1 of a clitrerential equ ati
•11-111111 tit he In t ord er on . Consider any
and first degree
dy
.. . ,~.,> .. (1)
lie ay paiat. then (1) can be reg
ard
(a •) .._ tu Yal 11N of san dy ed as an equ atio n giving the
• tlll pemt AA , yJ tt.iYecl fro are known (Fig. 11.1). Le t the ·
m (1) be m0. Take a neighbour o L -- -- -- 1
ing
FIi, 11.1
 DIFFERENTIAL. EouAnoos OF frRsT O RDER
lf&I
pointA 1(xl'y 1) such that the slope of Ao-4, 18 • .
neighbou ring point A 2 (x 2 , y 2 ) s uch t h at th1e s 1mo· Let the correspo ndmg value of m atA 1 be m 1 • Similarly take a ,
. points A A ope of A r·2
A 1 •s d
If the successiv e ml an so on.
approxim ates to a smooth curve c r/~A 2 , A3 ··· .are _chosen v~ry near one another, the broken curve
0 AaAiA,~3 • ••
Clearly the slope of the tangent to C rx)J wh!ch
18 a solution of(l) associate d with the initial pointA 0 (x 0 ,y0 ).

A different choice of th . . . a ~y pomt and the coordina tes of that point satisfy ( 1).
e lllltial pomt will • m · al · · .
equation of each such curve is t h • gener , give a d1ffereut curve with the same property. The
equation of the
whole family of such curves is the us a P~cula r solution of the different ial equation (1). The member of
The slope of the tangent at any point of each
this family and the co-ordina te Ogfetnhera s~lutum of (1).
. · s at pomt satisfy ( 1).
Such a srmple geometri c inte rp r e tati on of the solutions of a second (or higher) order different ial equation
is not available .

PROBLEMS 11.1
f<'orm the dilTer<>ntial equations from the fioll owing ·
· equatrnns :
2
1 y = ax3 + bx 2. Y = cl cos 2x + c2sin 2x
(Bhopal, 2008)
. B. 2
3. xy = Ae-1' + e-z + x • ( U.P. T. U., 2005) 4. y = ez (A cos x + B sin x). (P.TU.,. 2003J
5. y = ae2x + be-3% + ce-1'.
Find the differenti al eq uations of:
(J.N . T . U., 2006)
6. A fami1y of circles passing through the origin and having centres on the x-axis.
7. All circles of radius 5, with their centres on they-axis .
8. All parabolas with x-axis as the axis and (a , 0)_as focus.
linearly independ ent
9. Ify1~) = sin 2x andy2 (x ) = cos 2x are two solutions ofy" + 4y =0, ~how thaty 1 (x ) and y- 2 (x) are
solutions. .. ,
2 (U. P. T. U., 2002}
10. Determine t h e differenti al equation whose set of independe nt solutions- is (eX, xeX, x eXJ
s of the family which
11. Obtain the differenti al equation of the family ofparabo lasy =x + c and sketch those member
2

pass through (0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1) and (1, - 1) r~spective ly.

■ ffj EQUATIONS OF-THE FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE

.. methods of
It is not possible to solve such equation s in general. We shall, however , discuss some special
solution which are applied to the following types of equation s :
(i) Equation s where variable s are separabl e, (ii) Homogen eous equation s,
(iii) Linear equation s, (iv) Exact equation s.
In other cases, the particula r solution may be determin ed numerica lly (Chapter 31).

If'' VARIABLES SEPARABLE

If in an equation it is possible to collect all functions of x and dx on one side and all the function s of
y and
· dy on the other side, then the variable s are said to be separabl e. Thus the general form of
such an equation is f(y)
dy = «x)dx
Integrating both sides, we get ff (y) dy = f t(x) dx + c as its solution.

x(2 log x + 1) ( V. T. U., 2008)

Exampl e 11.5. Solve dy I dx = sin y + y cos y

Solution . Given equation is x (2 log x + 1) dx = (sin Y +Y cos Y) dy

Integrati ng both sides, 2 J f y dy + J; y d~ + c
(log x . x + x) dx = sin cos

or 2[(1ogx. ~ - J!-~ ax)<]=-oosy+[ysiny - f siny . tdy+c]

 2 ,t1 y + COBY + C
x2 !,.. s: - cos Y + y 81
or 2.t2 log t - 2~
2
• , 2 x - Ysin y e: c.
Ile.nee tl,c solut1011 16 P.r loH •
~r-• Rv t •i9 e 21 ,
lhnmplo l 1,b.
it s
• olvn'-' .,dx
,,},
.,::.,. Cl f" '
•
or e21 dy ::; (ea..: +x2) dx
dy .. e· 21 (c-1x +x2)
Solulhm. Given equation ls 7h -,
Integrating both sides, e2y dy= J (e3x +x2)dx +c
J
e3-x x3
e21
--+- i oi' 3e2Y = 2(eax +x3J + 6c.
or 2- 3 3 TC
l~xamplo 11.7. Solve :~ = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y).

Solution. Putting .t +y = t so that dy Idx = dtl dx - 1

dt
The given e·quation becomes dx - 1 = sin t + cos t
or dtldx = 1 +sin t +cost

Integrating both sides, we get ~

.J~ _
- J +siiidtt +cos t +c.
1
or .t= J.1 + I
2cia
. . . +c
. II

Slti 28 +.COS 28

=
· 2d9
J-~-----+c=
2
f---
sec 8 · ..
d8+c
2

2 cos 0+2 sin 8 cos_0 · 1 + tan 0

= log (1 + tan 8) +C
He11:ce the solution is x = log [ i + iatt {(x +y)] c·. +
Example 11.8. Solve dyldx = (4x + y + ·1)2, if y (0) = J.

Solution. Putting 4x + y + 1 = t, w~ get dy = dt _

dx dx 4.
:. the given equati.on becomes dt - 4- ~ t2 or !!.: = 4 + t
2
dx dx
Integtath1g both &ides, we get ~ = d~ +c J J
. 4 +t 2
or 1 tw... -1 -t = X +C or 1 ta· - i [ 1 .
- au ]
or·
2 2 . n 2 (4x + y + 1) = x +c.
2
4x +Y + 1 :: 2 tan 2(x + c) .
When x =Oty =1 :. i tan- 1 (1):: c i.e. c =1t/S.
~ence the solution is 4.t + y + 1 • 2_tan (h + n/ ).
4
• • y dy x2 + 2 1
Example 11.9. Solve - - + Y - _ =
X dx 2(x,2 + y2) + J 0'

Solution. Putting ••" + Y-" =t, we Pt 2x 7 2y ...!

d • ~ ..,, l !!z. • J_ dt
_ i.
. ca cl± -: ck ~t' ~~
01ffERENTIAL EOUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER

■Fil
Therefore the given equation becomes ..!_ I!! _ l ·t 1.=1... -= o
' 2x dx 2t ➔• 1
..!.. dt ., , - ..!.::1..-= t .. 2 2x ax a ~ dt
2.r dx 2t -+ 1 ~ or t+2

2.tdx = (2--L)· t-+ 2

dt
Integrating, we get .'.\"2 • 2t - 3 log (t -t 2) + r.
r . -~ + 2.Y11 - 3 leg (x2 +- .,,2 + 2) ♦ c • O
hich is the required. solution.

PROBLEMS 11 .2
Soln~ the followin!il; diffcrcntinl l.•qu11tions:

1. Y Jo - r 2) dy + .J(l - y
X 2) dx = 0 .

s. sec' x tany dx + sec2 y tan .x dy = 0 . (P.T.U., 2 003) 4. ~:= ✓(1+.x2+y2+x2y2). (V.T. U .,2011)

5. r tan y dx + (1 - e-"') s ec2 y dy = ?· (V. T . U ., 2009 ) 6. dy = u:,-x" , ify = O whenx = 0. (J.N.T.U., 2006)
d.x
7. x : .+coty= O ify= n/4 when.x= ../2. 8. (xy 2 + x) dx + (y.r 2 + y) d y = 0.

+ 4.x2 e-
9. dy = e2x -
dx
3y Sy.
10. y-<! =a(y 2
+ : )-

11. (x + 1) : + 1 = 2e-:1. (Madras, 2000 S ) 12. <.x -y)2 dy = a2.

dx
13. (x + y + 1)2 dy = 1. (Kurukshetra, 2005) 14. sin- 1 (dyldx) = x + y (V.T. U .• 2010)
dx
15. : :: coa C.X + y + 1) (V. T. U., 2003) 16. dy - x tan (y - x) = 1.
dx
17. :c' dy + ry + cosec (.xy) = 0 .
d.x

if fl HOMOGENE OUS EQUATIONS

are of the form dy = f(x, y)

dx ♦ (x, y)
where f(x, y) and ♦ Cx,y) are hom~geneous functions of the same degree in x and y (see page 205).
dy dv
To solve a homogeneouB equation (i) Puty = v.x, then dx =- v + x dx,
(ii) Separate the variables v and x, and integrate.
Example 11.10. Solve (r - y) dx - xy dy°::: 0.
· 2 2
Solution. Given equation is dy = x - y which ia homogeneous in x and y.
· dx ,cy . ' •.. (l)

dy dv . du 1-v 2
Putya1«,then -=v+x-. •• (&) becomes v +x - =- -
dx dx dx V
or du 1 - v 9
1 - 2v
2
%-•--
dx V
-v•
V
 . HIGH ER ENGINEl;AING MATHEt.1~Tlcs

V dx
=-
Sep ara ting the var iab les, 1-2 v2 dv X

Inte gra ting bot h side s,

.
J v dv = J
1 - 2v 2
dx + c
X

or J - 4v
- .!_ 2
du:::, Jdx + c
or - .!_ log (1- 2v2) = log x + c
4
4 1- 2v X
[Put V :z: y/:,j
4 log x + log ( 1 - 2v ) = - 4c or
2 log x• (1 - 2v2 ) = - 4c
or
or x 4(1- 2y2lx2) =-e-Sc = c'
req uire d solu tion is x 2 (x - 2y ) = c'.
2 2
Hen ce the
(V. T. U., 2006)
-y ~ec2 ylx ) dx -x sec2 ylx dy = 0.
Ex am ple I 1.1 I. Sol ve (x tan ylx
' be rew ritt ~n as
Sol uti on. The giv en equ atio n ma)
dy
dx
=(y sec
X
2 Y -ta n
X
y) cos
X
2 y/x

2 v
n. Put ting y = vx (i) bec om es v + x dv = (v sec2 v. ..,.. tan v) cos
.
wh ich is a hom oge neo us equ atio , . . . ' dx

x du = v - tan v cos v - v
2
or dx
. . . sec2 v dx
Sep ara tmg the van abl es - - dv = - - X
. tan V
Int egr atin g bot h sid es log tan v =
- log x log c +
or xta n v = c or x tan ylx = c.
1 + eX 1Y (1,... xly ) dy = 0. .
Ex am ple 11. 12. Sol ve (1 + eX Y) dx V.T .U., 20
(P.T.U., _200 6; Raj ast han , 200 5;

be ·rew ritt en as
Sol uti on. The giv en equ atio n ma y
dr e"' 1 Y( l- xi y)
dy =- 1 +er.ly
Put ti~g x = ~Y so tha t (i) becomes
whi ch is a hom oge neo us equ atio n. v + e11
e11 (1- v) ·dv e11 (l - v) ---
dv -=- - v =
v + y - = - - -11- or ydy 1 + e11 1 + e11
dy . 1 + e
Sep ara ting the var iab les, we get 11
_ dy = 1 + e dv = d(v + e ) •
11

y V +e
11
V + e11
(v + e11 ) + c
Integrating bot h sid es, - log y = log
y (v + e") = cc or x + yef Y =
1 c' (say )
or
wh ich is the req uire d solu tion .

PR OB LEM S 11.3

atio ns :
Solv e the following difTcrentiul equ 0.
1. (%2 - y2) dx = 2xy dy 2. (x2 y- 2xy 2 ) dx- (x8 -3x 2y) dy =
(RaipUf,
1
dx -u' + y )dy = 0. ' (V.T.U., 2010) 'I. y dx -x dy = ..Jx
2
+ y 2 dz.
s. ry
6. (3.x y- 2ay ) dx + (x - 2'Jxy) dy
2 2 = O.
6. yl + ,x2 dy = xy dy .
dx dx
 DIFFERENTIAL EotJATI0NS OF FtRST ORDER

j~qu:-ttioni; soh•ublt• like homor.c m•ou ••qm,twns Wf en " dt.lt N<nt u lt cm a1lro number (Umu ,olvelt
hkc u homuucnr.1111s equolinn tw putUnu ,ii,. a~ I
cfy ,.
7. -cl.,: = :....
.i
:l'
'+ sjn £.
.t ( ' ',..
.it •
'U·• nr.oo S)
iz;v ~. ¥ifP4 th W- , + y'J dy (V. T. ti., ROOO)

9 • .t:,• (log ,.-/J•) di. -. lr1 - :.l'.

11 log <x /y)J dy t:: o. 10. ;r d:t + !Aln1 (:,/it) (,yd..t -,dy} • o
1' (,>d.t ~
11 . .a COS ~
,I
+ .uly~ e )' .sin -,11: (l;d..,
.,
_ ,i,.,Jx)•

lfl!I EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO HOMOGENEOUS FORM

•.(1)
The equations of tho form dy = ax+ b:, + c
dx a'x. + b'y + c"
ciul be reduced to the homogeneous form as follows ;
·
Case 1. ura. a ~b
nnen - -
a' b'
Putting .x = X + h, y = Y + k, Ch, k being constnnts)

so that dx = dX, dy = dY, (1) bcocimcs

dY aX + bY +(ah+ bk + c)
- =-:-:~-.---_.,:_;_;_:;.::....
a'X + b'Y + (a'h + b'k + c'J
dX
Choose h, k so that (2) may become homogeneous.
1
Put ah + bk + c = 0, and 0 h + b'!r + c'; 0
h k 1 ·
=
io that be' - .b'c ca' - c'a ab' -ba'
' b'c
. bc- '
ca-ca ' •••(8)
or h = b'
a - a bl , k :: b' b
a - aI
Thus when ab' - ba' ~ 0, (2) becomes ~ == ~ : :~ which iB homogeneous in X. Y and can be fk.>lved by

putting Y = vX.
Caae ll. When ;r •l,.
i.e .• ah' - b'a = o, the above method fails ash and k becOme fufuqte or indeterminate.
a b 1 ( )
Now a'=v=;;:; say
a' = am, b' = bm and (1) beeOmes
...(,)
dy (ax+by)+c 7
-;I;= m(ax + by)+ c
- !Jl. dt
Put cu + by = t, so that a + b dx = di
!!z. • ! ( !!!.. - a ) •• (4) becOJDel b "'- a
1 (dt ) s
t +c
mt+ c
or <Ix b dx
t dt bt + be (am + b')t + ac' + be
o . dz • a + mt + c • - mt + c'
ao that the variablu ...., para1,1e. In thUI aoJutlon, put~ t • ax + by, we pt the required aoluiioc ol (1).
18
(Rolpur, 2006)
dv y+:x - 2
Example 11.1s. Solve dz • -y _x _ 4 ·
•.•(i)
!!1.. 1+~-2
Soluttott. Given equation ia dz • y _ ~ - 4
- HIGHER ENGINEERING MATHe~'Ticl

Putting x = X + h , y = Y + k, (h, k being constants) so that dx = dX, dy = dY, (i) becomes

dY Y + X + (k + h - 2)
dX =Y - X +(k - h - 4) ...(ijl

Put k + h - 2 = 0 and k- h- 4 =0 so that h = - 1, k = 3.

. X andY.
' h'1s h omogeneous m ...(iii)
:.)becomes dY
(u. y _ X wh 1c
dX = Y-t:X

dY dv
put Y =vX, then dX =v + X dX
2
v + X dv :: v + 1 x -dv =~.....!. - V = 1 + 2v - v
(iii) becomes dX u-1 or dX v-1 v-1

u-1 dX
or - - - - d2 v = - .
1 + 2v-u X

Integrating both sides, - .! - 2u

J1 +22v- 2 dv = JdXX + c.
. 2 u

or - ½log.(1 + 2v - v 2
.) = logX + c
2
or log (1 + 2 y - Y ) + log X2 = - 2c
X X2
or log (X2 + 2XY - Y2) = - 2c or _xi, + 2XY "'."' Y2 =e- 2c =c'
Putting X =x - h =x + 1, Y = y - k =:= y - 3, (iv) becomes
(x+ 1)2 + 2(x + 1) (y - 3) - (y - 3)2 = c'
or x 2 + 2xy -y2 ...:. 4x + By -14 = c., which is the required solution.

+4) dx- (4x + 6y + 5) dy = 0. (Madras, 2000

Example 11.14. Solve (3y + 2x

. a·1ven equat·10n 1s
: dy (2x+3y)+4
-d = 2(2X + 3y) + 5
S o l u t 10n. X

Putting 2x + 3y =t so that 2 + 3 : = t :. (i) beco~es .!(dt. - 2) = t + 4

3, dx 2t + 5
dt = 2 + 3t + 12 7t + 22 2t + 5
or dx 2t + 5 2t + 5 or 7t + 22 dt = dx
Integrating both sides, J7 ~t:: 2
dt = Jdx + c

J(;;-
2 9 1 · )
;; · 7t + 22 dt = x + c or
2 9
;;t - 49 log (7t + 22) = x + c
Putting t • ~ + 3y, we have 14(2x + 3y) - 9 log (14x + 21y + 22) = 49x + 49c
21% - 42y + 9 log (14.x + 21y + 22) = c' which is the re qmre .
· d solution.

PROBLEMS 11.4
Solve the followilll differential equations:
1. (.s - y - 2) dz + ~ - 2y - 3) dy = 0.
(Ro.jastha"'
1. ~-,.y-3)dy ·•~ + ~-8)dx.
(V. T. U.• 2009 S ; Mad'°'
<•
a. + 6y + 1) a- (lix + 2y - 1) dy = 0. (J.N.f,lf,,
!i_ a,s+hy+I o 5. _dy = x+y+l
.. ·•1,,s+by+f • . ch 2x+2y+3'
I. (,_ - 6y - 1) dx + (3y - 2% - 2) d:, • 0.
7. ~ + .2y)(dx - dy) == dx + dy. (Bhopal, 2002 S; v.tJJ,
If.,
O1FFEAEHTIAL EOUATIONS OF F~R8T 0ROEA

UN EAR EQUATIONS

A differential equation ia said to be linear if the dependent variable and U. dlff• WI #•l ..,,,,_◄
on/,y in the first degree and not multipUed together. ·
•
•• ...,.
Thru the standard form of a linear equation of the tint order, commonly inoa,n Ill I C 21 \,
linear equation,• is · .

: + Py • Q where, P, Q are the functwna of%. ....(1)

To solve the equation, multiply both 9!-des by ef Pdx so that we get

dy r Pdx f Pdx r Pdx d f Pdx r Pdx
dx. e' + y (e' P)=QeJ i.e., dx (ye' J=Qe'

Integrating both sides, we get yef Pdx = f QeJ Pdx d:x + c88 the required solution.
Obs. The factor ef Pdx on multiplying by which the left.hand side of (lJ becomes the differential coefficient ol a
single function, is called the integrating factor (LF.) of the linear equation (1).
. .
I t u, important to remember that LF. • e f Pdx
and the aolution u, (LF.) • f Q(LF.) ch+ c.

Example 11.15. Solve~+ 1) t-y e3z ~ + 1,2.

Solution. Dividing throughout by ~ + 1), given equation becomes

dy - _y_ = ~~+ 1) which is Leibnitz's equation. ...(i)
d:x x+l
Here P=- _l_
%+1
and f Pdx=- f~
x+l
=-log~+ l)=log~+ n-
·
1

IF ( Pru eq(z+lJl = _1_

' . =:.~ = x+l

I
Thus the solution of (1) is yU.F.) = re3% ~ + l?J a.F.) dx + C
or _l_=fe3%dx+c=.!.e3z+c ar y= (½eax+c)~+l).
%+1 3

-%./i y )\ d:x
Example 11.16. Solve ( eJx - Jx dy = 1.

Solution. Given equation can be written as ck +. £ = .e-z.li

d
Ji ...(i)

I.P. = el r'1' • = e2.fi

-'1,./i
'n-111 ti .,.(J1 ia, a.P.) s f e r:
• "t/%
O.P.} dz+ c
-ui ,.I;
~- JT·r·• dz+c
 HtG~ER ENGINEERING MA'Tl-1~

dy
Example 11.17. Soluc 8., (1 - .\.a ) r" J; +-
(2 J!
·' -
n y-1 = nx3
•
(Rajasthan, 2

dy dz , ution becomes
Solution. Putting _1•3 = z nud 3y 2 dJ..' c cl.c , lhc givon <'qU
3
dz 2x2 - l = ~
.l.·{1 - x~) dz +(2x2 - l);=ax3, or d.x+ x-x3 z x-x3
dx .
which is Leibnitz's equation in z

l.F. = exp ( J2x2, - al dx)

x-x
2
~ow J2xX - -1 dx= J (-.!._.!__l_+l.-1-) dx=- logx-½ log (l+x) -
3
½ log{l - x)
x X 2 1+ X 2 1- X .

= - log lx.J(l- x2 ) ]

l.F. = e-log txJc1-x2)] = lx✓(l - x2 )rl

Thus the solution of (i) is
axa
z(I.F.) = J--
x-x 3
(I.F.) dx + c

or z =a J xs . 1 dx + c =a Jx(l- x2) -3/2 dx

[x✓(l - x2 ) ] 2
x(l - x ) x✓(l- x2 ) . .

=- a
2
J(- 2xX1- x ) 2 -s12 dx + c =a ( 1 - x 2)- 112 + c
· Hence the solution of the given equation is
3
y =ax+~ ✓<1- x 2 ). {·: z

Example 11.18. Solue y (logy) dx + (x - logy) dy = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2

dx X 1
Solution. We have -d + =-
. :Y y 1ogy Y
which is a Leibnitz's equation in x
I-1-dy
.• I.F.= e ylogy =elog(logy)=logy

Thua the aolutiioa of(i) is% (I.F.) = J;u.F.) dy + c

l · .1
lit y • J'y logy dy + c = 2 (logy) + c 2

1
x = 2 logy+ c (logy)-1.
2 1
ti.It. Solve (1 + y ) cl%= (tan- y-·x) dy. <Bhopal, 2008; V.T.U., 2008; U.P.T.U.,,
2
contains Y and tan-1 y and ~. therefore, not a linear in y; but since on11s'

- • or

- . e'(Ny_-ef1+11*"'
I.~. ··-•1,
=e-
Ii
I)

•• a.,.,. l tan""l
1
+y
I l (I.F.)dy + C
 DIFFERENTIAL EOUATIONS OF FIRST 0ROt:R .,,,
tn -l
1
~ t] "
= J- n ;v .r.tAn
~·ct.an
I
," l Put tadn- 111
or ., J'
"1y+c
l + ..>'2 [ :. ~ = d t
l+y
= Jte' cit ➔ c • t • c1 - JJ • c' dt + c (1ntegrating by parts)
t I 1 • I
= t.e -e +-c = (ton- y- l )etan '+c
or x = tan - l y - 1 + ce-1.an•I :, •
Example 11.20. Solver sin 8 d8 + {r3 - 2rl co, 8 + co, 8) rlr e 0.
Solution. Given equation can be rewritten aa
. d8 1 _2
sm 8 -dr + -r (1 - 2r) cos 8 = - ,-2 ...(, )
Put cos 8 = y so that - sin 8 d8/dr = dyldr

Then (i) becomes - : +( ¼- 2r) y =- r2 or :~ + ( 2r - ~) y =r2

which is a Leibnitz's equation :. I.F. = ef <2r ·- 1/r)dr = er - losr =! />1

r
Thus its solution is y (¼er"')== Jr 2
• er
2
• ¼dr + c
ye lr= 1 f e
2 2 2
or r r
2rdr+c= 1 er +t
2 2
or ~ ~ ?
2e cos 8 = re + 2 er or r (1 + 2 ce- ) = 2 cos 8.

PROBLEMS 11 .5
Solve the following differential equations:
2
1. cos .x Z +y =tan x. 2. x log x i +y =log x 2 • (V.T.U., 2011)
3. 2y' cos .x + 4y sin x = sin 2x, given y = 0 when x = 7tf3. (V. T. U., 2003)
4. coeh x t + y sinh x = 2 cosh2 x sinh x . (J .N.T.il., 2003)
dy
5. (1 - x 2 ) dx - xy = l {V. T. U., 2010) <.Nagpur, 2009)
~ x+ycosx
7 8. dr + (2r cot 8 + sin 28) d8 = O. (.J.N.T.U., 2003)
· dx 1 + sin x ·
dy , dy
9. ;& 1-- 2xy = 2e-• (P.T.U., 2005) 10. (x + 2y3) dx =y. <Marothwoda, 2008)
ll. Jo - y 2 ) dx = (sin-1 y - x) dy. 12. yeY dx • (y3 + 2.re>') dy.

13. (1 + y 2) cl.JC + (% - e-&an·' 7 ) d;y • O. (V. T. U., 2006) 14. e·Y aec2 y dy a dr + x dy. •

11 l U

n. .,..,,_ ! + Py • Q.y' ..• (1)

P, Cl a,w fesrtctiou ofs, ;. reducU,k to tM IAibnitz'• linear equation arJ,d is uaually called the Bernoulli"s
•& •

•
....c
..._, •nth-•Md1a 1'eN6 lhntoultl (leM-1'106) who ia known for his basic work in probability and

•-
nor at Buel ud bad amonpt hit 1tudenta hi• younseat brother Johann Bernoulli (1667-
.... rulU (1887-1'119). ~ ~ kno::,~r-~ hi~aaic contributions to Calculus while Niklaua ,
. . . . . ., CIMltaflnlllite N&D pro 11 11onDaniel&rnoulli(1700-1782)iak.nown
y.
tllMr7 fl...- ud ftuid ftow.
- ·!!J_ +Py1-n = Q
To solve (1), divide both sides by y", so that y-" dx . .
. dy · dz
Putyl-a=zsothat(l-n)Y-" ax=ax-·
dz + .P(l _ n>. z = Q(l - n),
:. (2) becomes 1 ~n : + Pz =.Q or dx
which is Leibnitz's linear in z and can be solved easily.

. dy --" 6
Example 11.21. Solve x dx + Y = x--y ·
.d -5
6
r ? + _1x = x2
l
Sol~tion. Dividing throughout by xy ,
·1dz Z 2
. dy
Puty- 5 =z, _sothat-Sy- 6 dx = dx
dz
.. (i) becomes- 5 dx +x =x

or dz _ !z = _ 5x2 which is Leibnitz's linear in z.

dx %

I.F. = e-J C5/%)ds = e-5 logx = eloS %-• = X- 15

the solution of (ii) is z (I.F.) = J(- 5x 2) (I.F.)dx + c
.
or ZX- =
5 J(- 6x ) X-
2 5
dx +c
. . %-2
or y-5,x-5=~5. -2 +c
'
Dividing throughout by y-~x- 5 , 1 = (2.5 + er) ry5 which is the required solution.

E~ple 11.22. Solve xy (1 + x_r) : = 1. . I (Nagpur,2

Solution. Rewriting the given equation as

ax
dy -yx=y3x2
and dividing by x', we have

.r 2 ax
dy _ yx- 1 = y3

Putting z- 1 = Z 80 th.at - X- 2 ax = dz (i) becomes

. dy dy
dz
ce, + yz • -yl wblcb ia Leibnitz'a linear in z .

•>• I<-,'> a.P.> c1y + c

•1
•-f/ .,I .)dy+e Putil 11

\ aothat1
llntegrata
'ti- f1.e' 4f) +e z-2 lte'-e.') + e = (2-y2) if'l2 + c
z. -t~ .
r, • • • <2 - .r> + ce-½ Y'.
1lz •
ii~ . . . . . ,,(,) !l 11«-
• +.,\7) •Q
lll'llll•a.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER -

dy
Example 11.23. Solve dx + x sin 2y = x-' coal y. (½ T. [J,, 2011 ,· Marathwada, 2008; J.N. T . U., 2005)
~

Solution. Dividing throughout by cos2 y. sec2 y dy + 2x sin Y cos Y • x3

dx C082 y

or sec2 Y : + 2x tany == x9 which is of tho form (A) abovo. . (i)

put tan y = z so tha~ sec2 y dy = dz :. (i) becomes dxdz + 2xz = x3.

d:x: ~

Tb.is is Leibnitz's linear equation in z. :. I.F. = eJ 2%cu =e;?

= I ex
3 3
:. the so1ution is ze x x 3 dx + c = 1 (x 2 -1) e"2' + c.
2
Replacing z by tany, we get tany = ½(x 2 -1) + ce-;? which is the required solution.

Example 11.24. Solve : ~( : ) log z = ~ (log z.>2.

Solution. Dividing by z, the given equation becomes

dz + .!. log z =!
!.Z dx (log z )2 ... (i) '
X X

Put log z = t so that z1 dx

dz dt
= dx • (i) becomes

dt + J_ =£_ . _!_ dt + .!. ! =!

or t2dx x·t x ... (ii)
dx X · X
.This being Bernoulli's equation, put 1/t = v so that (ii) reduces to
dv v 1 dv · 1 1
- dx + = or dx - x x xv_=-x
This is Leibnitz's-linear in v. :. l.F. = e- J1/xcu =1/x .
:. the solution is v .. ! J; .
=- ¾dx + c = !+ c
Replacing v by 1/log z, we get (x log z)- 1 = x-1 + c or (log z)- 1 = 1 + ex
which is the required solution.

PROBLEMS 11.6

Solve the following equationa :

1. 1 tan :c -
=y y2 ~ec :c. (J>. T. U., 2005) 2. rain 8-cos 8 ~; = r2. (V.T.U., 2005)

s. ~· • 10s'),1 +
y. 4. <,rly2 +z.y) dx = dy. (B.P.T.U., 2005)

a. 1 +t
1
=" +1. (Bldllai, 2006) 6. x(x-y) dy +iY2 dt = O. (l.S.M., 2001)

7. .!2 l+sl •<1 +s).-aec1.

a - tu ·-1 2009>
(Bbo,-. 8. .,-( i+ 1) s ~. (V.T.U., 2009)

t. Ne'y ! +sta7•s'. 10. tan y 1d I

+ tan :r • cosy cos2 x. ► (Sombalpu r, 2002)

11. !•~· (Y.1'.U.,IOll) 11. (y log x - 2) ydx - xdy • 0. (V. T. U., 2006)
- EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

O>.Def. A diffcr~ntial
.
P.<J't' ,:::,c
O
4
d
1
f,mr.tion " (.,:, y) ;,r.., du • Mt x +
O
;, saitl tn t,~ r.xact lf it, l~ft hafld
ftlrn form M(~·. y) ,Ix N (x, y) Y • Ndy • o . Its solution, thcrc(Qre, ii

t,i(l) cquntion Melt: + Ndy = 0 to bt

member u1 the <'.Xact diffcrc.ntra •
u <x, y) = c. . d uffic:icnt. <'ondithm fol' th,, ,hfforcn
(2) Theorem. Tho ncocssmy nn 6
exact is
aM aN
-=-
ay ax
Conditi.on is ncccssat:')': •
The equation 'M.dx + Ndy = 0 will be exact. if ... (1}
Mdx +Ndy •du
~here u is some function of :r any Y. ...(2)
But
ou
cJud
du = ax dx + oy y
au dN- ~
equating coefficients of dx and dy in (1) and (2), we get M :2 ax an - oy
oM o2 u d aN _ o2 u
oy = O)ldX an ax - OXdy .
(Assumption)
But

.. a:_: = ~ which is the necessary condition for exactness.

Condition is sufficient : i.e., if a:_: = ~ , then Mdx + Ndy = 0 is exact.

Let JMdx =u, where y is supposed constant while performing integration.
. M . OU aM aN . •.. (3)
-=-(given)
Then i.e., = ax ay ax
a2u a2 u
\ and oyox = axay
Interating both sides w.r.t. x (taking y as constant).
N= : + f(y), where /(y) is a function ofy alone.

Mdx +Ndy = t dx + { : + f(y)}dy (By (3) and <4»

={ ~ dx + ~ dy} + f(y) dy =du+ f(y) dy = d [u + Jf(y)dy] ...{Q

which showe that Mdx + Ndy = 0 is exact.

(3) Method of aolutlon. By (5), the equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 becomes d[u + Jf(y)dy) = o
Integrating u+ f f(y)dy == 0.
But u= JY~ and /f.y) = terms of N not containing x.
.. The •oluticn of Md% + Ndy = 0 iB
(~:.u.~ + J(term■ of N notcontalnlns K) dy • c
rouided
~-~-
aM iJN
 DIFFERENTIAL Eau4TIONS OF F1RST 0Ror A
m
1
Eli.ample 11.25. Sofoc u-» c-\l' + 4:r') d,: + (2.xy c~l _ 3,r) dy = o. (V.T.U., 2006)

Solution. Here M = y2 e"'' + ,uS n.nd N = 2xy er,• _ ay2

~f ~ aN .
dy = 2y e + y2 eif . 2xy = 'a;"
Thus the equati.Qll is exact and its solution is

t~~ + J(terms of N not containing x) dy = c

i.e., r ( 2 .,Sz 3 ., J 2 __ ,
Jc,conin.) Ye +4x )dx+ (-3y )dy =c or e1J +x•-.r=c.

Example 11.26. Solve {y (1 + i) + cos y} dx + (x + log x _ x sin y) dy = O.

(Mar(lthwada, 2008 S ; V. T. U., 2006)
Solution. Here M =y (1 + Vx) + cosy and N = :r + log x-x siny
aM
cy .
= 1 + 1/x - smy =
aN
ax
Then the equation is exact ~d its solution is
t ~> Mdx + J(tentls of N pot contaiµing x) dy = ~
J(yconst) {(i+¼)y+cosy} dx=c or (x+logx)y+xcosy=c.

Example 11.27. Solve (1 + 2xy cos x2 - 2xy) dx + (sin r2 - x2) d_~- = 0.

Solution. Here M= 1 + ~ cos x2 ~ ~ Eqid N = ~iµ x2 - x2
a; = 2x cos x2 - ~= a:
Thus the equation is exact and its solution is
C
J{y eop1t)
Mdx +J(tenns of N not containing x) = c
i.e., fc,amst> (1 + 2xy cos x2 - 2xy) di= c or x +Y[ Jco~ xa. 2xdx- J2x dx] = c
or · x+y111inx2 -yx2 =c.
dy y cos :r + sin Y + Y _ 0 (Kur!lks~ctra, 2005)
Example 11.28. Solve dx + sin x + x cosy+ x - ·

Solution. Given equ~tiop can be Wfltten ~

(y cos % + silly +y) d:r + ( sin x + x cos y + x) dy -= o.
= =
tfere M y cos x + sin y +y -.pd N ,ip x + x coe Y + x.
M!. :aC08%+~1y+1:s
dy
a:.
Thus the equation ia exact and it.a solution ii
l
r Mm + (terml of N not containing x) dy ;;: C
J(,_,t.)
i.e., Jc,coa%+ainy+y)a + {O)dx=c or f ysinx+(siny+y)x=c.
<1--.>
 .hOH!R &IOINE!AINQ ~

(U P.'f.U,~

SoluUon. Givfin cqunt inn cnn ho wrlt~u RB

,• .A 2x2 ➔ 8y2 -1
cl.e---.
2
---~-
~dx Sx -t 2,l - 8

or yd:)• + ::n:b: = 6{x 2 -4 3) l - .{By componendo &. divi~

ydy - xdx - « +:/'+l 2

xd.,: + ydy ocdx - ;ydy

or 2 2 6' I
2 c
+y - 3 X :r - f - 1
lntegrating both aides, we get
2.m.x + 2yd,:,, •
5 2:rd:t - 2:ydy + c J
J
~2 + y2 - 3 %2 - y' -1
or log (x + y - 3) = 5 log (%2 - ;y2 - 1) + log c'
2 2 (Writing C = log (
or .x2 + _,.2 - 3 • c' (%2 - y2 - 1)5
which is the required solution.

PROBLEMS 11 .7
Solve the following equalion1 :
I..(%2 -ay) dx "'(a.x-y 2} dy.
2. (r2 +y2 -a 2)xdx + Cx2-y 2 .:. b 2 )ydy = 0 (Kurulcshetrc, 2005i
3. Cr - ,by - 2y2 ) dx + (y2 - 4xy - 2x 2} dy = 0. 4. Cx' - 2xy 2 + y') dx -(2.x2y - 4xy3 + ein y) dy =0
6. ye'Jdx + ~ + 2y) dy c 0
G. (5.r' + 3.ry2 - 2xy') dx + (2ry - 3%2y2 - 5y') dy = O (V.T.U.,
2 2 '
'1. (3x2 + 6%)'2} dx + (~ ·-'- y - 3:r d
8 • 32.:r a::t"+
+ 4,r) dy = O 4 ya0
y y
9. y sin 2x dx - (1 + y 2 + cos 2 :r) dy '"' 0
10. (sec :r tan x t.an y- r) dx + sec x sec2 y dy = 0 • •• f ,,

11. (2xy + y - tan y) dx + :r2 - .x tan2 y + sec2 y ) dy = 0. (Nagpur,

EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO EXACT EQUATIONS

Sometimes a differential equation which is not exact, can be made eo on multiplication by a suitable
called an integrating factor. The rules for finding integrating factors of the equation Md.x + Ndy = 0
follows :
(1) l.F. found by ln■pectton. ln a number of cases, the integrating factor can be found aft.er
the ~rms of the equation and recognizing each group aa being a part of an exact differential. In thia 11111'& I l

the following intecrable 00mbination1 prove quite useful :

my+y~ sd~)

my;?• -., (n""'~,. -., l'°" (~)1

.!t.:.lf!._4(!); ~ -Yf-d (ta,.- I
~ :, , S +y
1 y
X)

~-tl
-~
(!I las !.!1.). s-y

IMllt be put topther.

 OIFFEREHTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER

2
Now we observe that the term 2xy dx should not involvcy2. Thie euggcste that 1/y2 may bo I.F. Multiply-
ing throughout by 1/y2 , it follows
.,,,
yex dx - ex dy ( ~ ir )

y2 -+ 2t'dx c O or d y +' 2tdx 11!:S O

Ir
e 2 •
Integratin g, we get Y + x = c whu::h ie tho required so1ution .

(2) I.F. of a homo•eneous e qu a tio n . If Mdx + Ndy • o be a hom.ogeneoua equation in z a.nd y, then
11 (Mz + Ny) is an integrotil1£ factor (Mx + !fy "0).

Example 11.31. Solve (xi.>• - 2xyl) dx - (r _ 3ry) dy • o. (O1mania, 2003 B)

Solutiou. This equation is homogeneous in .x and y.
1
1 - = -:---;:----=-----=----,,-- 1
I.F. = - - = __
Mx + N y (x2y -2xy2) .x _ (x3 -a.x2y)y .x2y2
Multiplying throughou t by 1/.x-2y2 , the equation becomes

( .!_
y - !X ) dx -(-=--~)
.)'2 y dy = 0 which is exact.

the solution
• r oonat> Mdx + J<terms of N not containing .x) dy = c or y 2 log .x + 3 log-y = c.
is Jcy =. -
(3) LF. tor an equation of the type f 1 (xy)ydx + f,(xy)xdy a O.
If the equa tion Mdx + Ndy = 0 be of this form, then 1/(Mx -Ny ) is an integrating fact.or (Mx-Ny ~ 0).
Example 11.32. Solue (1 + xy) ydx + (1 - xy) xdy = o. (S . V. T. U., 2008)

Solution. The given equation is of the form / 1(xy) ydx + f 2(xy) xdy = 0
Here M=(l+xy)y,-N=(l-xy)x.

I.F. = 1 1 .
Mx -Ny (1+ xy)yx-(1-xy)xy
Multiplying ~ughout by 1/2x2y2, it becomes . .

( ~•y + ;,, )dx + ( ~ 2 -

2~) dy = 0, which is an exact equation.

the solution is r
Jcyconst)
Mdx + Jcterms of N not containing x) dy = C

or ..!..
2y
( - .!.X ) + !.2 log x - !.2 log y =c or log =.y - ..!..
xy
= c'.

(4) In the equation M~ + Ndy • 0,

"oM aN
(a) if a;--~ be a function ofx only= f(x) say, then ef fCs>cJz is an integrating factor.
N .
aN iJM
• • t. r.
'.:I.... -
(b) if-~--v-=--J be a
~.
function ofy only= F(y) ,ay, then e JF<Y )dy is an mtegra ,ng ,actor.
M
Example 11.33. Solve (%)'2 _ eI 1r')dJ&-r ydy • 0. (S. V.T. U., 2009; Mumbai, 2007)

Solution. Here M • zyl - e1'"' and N • -r,

aJI aN
ai -a;-· k)t-(- ~ ) . _ ! which ia a function of% only.
N • -aly s
 HIGHER ENGINE
E111~

... . I .F . = e J::.!
x cu =e- 4 tog x =x - • .

Multiplying tlu-oughout by x - 4, y
2
1 11 x 3 dx _ L2 dy = o
we get ( xa - 41e x
J
which is an exact equation.
:. the solution is f . . x ) dy-
(Mdx) + J<terms of N not contammg C
- '
Jc.,. con.st>
or
J( y2 -
x3
J
_!_4 ell x3 qx + 0 = C
x
or Y2x-2 1
- -
s J 1 -a 1 y 2
- + - i'- (-3x-•)dx=cor -ex - - 2 =c.
2 3 3 2x
Otherwise it can be solved as a Bernoulli's equation(§ 11.10)

Example 11.34. Solve (xy 3 + y) dx + 2 (x 2y 2 + x _+ y') dy = 0.

Solution. Here M = xy 3 + y, N = 2(x2y 2 + x + y•)

..!_ ( aN _ oM) = 1 (4xy2 + 2 -3xy_2-1) = .!.. , which is a function ofy alone.

M at c);)i y(xy 2 + 1) Y . .
I.F. = ef 1/ydy = elog~ =y
Mqltiplying tllfoughout by y, it becomes (xy 4 + y 2) dx + (2x2y3 + 2xy + 2y5 ) dy = 0, which·
equation. -

it:$ sol~tjon l~ f + J<terms of N not containing x) dy = 0

Jcy const) (Mdx)
.

or 1 · 1
r
~Y const)
4 2
(xy + y )dx + J2y dy =c
5
or -x2y• + xy2 + -y6 ::;: c.
2 · 3
Example ll.3S. Solve (y logy) dx + (x- -log y) dy = 0
(U.P.T.
Solution. Here M = y logy and N = x - logy .

1 (- aN oM ) = y log
.M' l ca - O)' 1 (1 1
y - 0~ Y - 1
)
=- 1
y ,W
hi h .
C IS a
fun .
ct1on O
f
y
al
one.

I.F. = e
-J !dy
Y
. . 1
= e-Jogy = _
y
Multiplying the given equation throughout by 1/y, it becomes
1
logy dx + - (x - logy) dy = O
y

.
which is an exact equation
. [:· a
c);)i Oog y)= ax
a[s-
.. itl solution is J(yeanat)
( (Mdx) + J<terms of N not containing x) dy = c
. .

or .
J
log Y do:+ J( - I: Y ) dy = c or x logy - ! (logyi• = c.
. . ....tioa oft.he type
11':1" ~ + llm)') + r",6' (,ri'yc& + n'my) = o•

..,;.~I. • _6_+_i_+_l, a'+ h : 1 _ b' + k + l .

n m' n' .
 01FFERENTIAL EaUAnONs OF FIRST ORDER

Exampl~ 11.36. Solve y(xy + 2x2y1) dx + x (xy - x2y.7) dy = 0, (liissar, 2005 ; Krtru,k,9hetra, 2006)
Solution. Rewriting the equation as xy (ydx + xdy) + x2y2 (2ydx - xdy) a o and cotrt;,a.t-Jng with
xfly' (mydx + nxdy) + xfl'yb' (m'ydx + n'xdy) " 0,
we have a= b = 1, m = n = 1; a'= b'::: 2 m' - 2 n' _ 1
, - J - - •

I.F. =xhy• .

where . a + h + l = b + k + 1 a' + h + 1 b' + k + 1

m n m' n' -
=- -
i.e. l+h+l_l+k,1 2+h+l 2+k+1
1 - 1 2 = -1
or h - k = Q, h + 2k + 9 = o
Solving these, we get h = k = - 3. :. J.F.::: 1Jx3y3.
Multiplying throughout by 1/x3y3,it becomes

UY+;) +( dx ~2 - ~ ) dx = 0, which is an exact equation.

r
. . The solution is J(ycon.st) Mdx + J<terms of N not containing x) dy = c

or :(-!) + 2 log x - logy = c or 2 log x - logy - 1/xy = c.

PROBLEMS 11.8

Solve the following equations :

2
1, xdy-ydx + a(x2 + y2) dx = 0. 2. .xdx + ydy = a (xdy - ydx) . (V.P. T. U., 2005)
. x2+y2 .

S. ydx-xdy + log x dx = 0. dy
4. - =
x3 +y3
2 • .
dx xy .
5. (ry2 + x) dy + Cx2y3 -y) dx = o. . +
6. (x2y2 + xy + l)ydx ~2y2 - xy + 1) xdy = 0.
7. (y' + 2y) dx + (xy3 + 2y' - 4.x) dy = o. 8. (4xy + 3y2 - x) dx + x ·(x + 2y )dy = 0 (Mumbai, 2006)
ciy
9. x' dx + x3y + cosec (xy) = 0. 10. (y-xy2) dx - (x + x7) dy = 0 (Mumbai, 2006) '

=
11. ydx-xdy + 3x2y2_ez3 dx 0. (Kurukshetra, 2006) 12. (y2 + 2x2y) dx +(2x -xy)dy =0.
3 (Rajasthan, 2005)
13. 2ydx + x(2 logx-y) dy = 0. (P.T.U., 2005) .

Ifft!■ EQUATiONS OF THE FIRST ORDER AND HIGHER DEGREE

As dyldx will occur in higher degrees, it is convenient to denote dyldx by p. Sµch equations are of the form
f(x,y,p) = O. Three cases arise for discussion: .
Case. I. Equation solvable for p. A differential equation of the first order but of the nth degre~ is of the
form
pn +P1pn-l +P2pn-2 + ... +~n = 0 ...(1)
where P1, P2' ... , Pn are functions of x and y. .
Splitting up the left hand side of (1) into n linear factors, we have
(p - f 1(x, y)] (p-fix, y)] ... rp - fn(x, y)] = 0.
Equating each of the factors to zero,
P =f1(x,y),p =f2(x,y), ... ,p =fn(x,y)
Solving each of these equations of the first order and first degr~e, we get the solutions
F 1(x, y, c) = 0, Fix, y, c) =0, ... , Fn (x, y, c) =0.
 HtoHER EN<ll~~

These n solutions constitute the general solution of (1).

Otherwise, the general solution of (1) may be written as
. ·F1(X, Y, c). F2(x, y, c) ....... Fn(x, y, c) = 0.

Example _11.37. Solve dy _ dx = ~ _ l_,

dx dy y X

. o·
S.o Iu ti on. . 1s. p - p1 = y
x Y h (1.__x)-l=O.
1ven equation - -; w ere P = dx
dy orp2+p
x y
Factorising (p + y/x)(p-xly) = 0. ..
Thus we have p + y/x = O . ... (i) and p - xly = 0

From (i), dy + 1.. = 0 or xdy + ydx = 0

dx X
i.e., =
0. Integrating, xy c.
d(xy) =
dy X
From (ii), - - - = 0 or xdx-ydx = 0
dx y
2 2
Integrating, ~ - y = c. Thus xy = c or x 2 -y2 = c, constitute the required solution.
Otherwise, combining these into one, the required solution can be written as
(xy-cXx 2 -y2 -c) = 0.
Example 11.38. Solve p 2 + 2~ cot x ::: ~ (Bhopal, 2008; Kerala, 200
Solution. We have p 2 + 2py cot x + (y cot x) 2 = y 2 + y 2 cot2 x
or p + y cotx = ±y cosecx
i.e., p =y(-cotx + cosecx)
or p =y (-cotx,-c~secx) ·
. dy . dy
From (i), dx =y(- cot x + cosec x) or - =(cosec x - cot x) dx
. y .
Integrating, 1og y = 1og tan· .-x - Iog sm
. l l .c tan x /.2
x + og c = og - - .- -
2 smx
or y = c or y (1 + cos x) =c ·
2cosx2 /2
dy dy
From (ii), dx = -.Y (cot x + cosec x) or - = - (cot x + cosec x) dx
. y
Integrating, logy = - log sin x - log tan .:. + log c = log c
2
sin X tan~
2
C
or y= - - - or y(l-cosx)=c
2 sm• 2X
-
• 2
Thus combining (iii) and (iv), the required general solution is
y (1 :I: cos%) = c. .

PROBLEMS 11.9
Solve the following equation. :
2
dy) • dy
1. y ( .,_ + (%:..y) .,_ -x • 0. 2. p(p + y) •z C% +y) (VT. U. 2 -~-
.~ ~ · · • · ·• Oll) 3.y=x(p+ ✓<1+p2))·
2 •
dy ) I~ • .I\ dy . . . I
'• ry ( dz - ~- + 7 I dz + %)': 0, 5. pl+ 2rp2- y2pa _ ;v2p "l!l•O,
(Ji--
 DiFFERENTIAL EauAnoNs OF FrRST ORDER

case n. Equation s solval,le for y.·1rthe given eq.uation, on solving for y, takes the fo~
m
Y =f(x,p). ...(1)
then differentiation with respect to x gives an equation of the form

p = dy = "' ( X p dp )
dx 'f I 'dx •
Now it may be possible to solve this now differenti al equation in x and p.
Let its solution be .FC.x, p, c) = o.
, .. (2)
The elliminati on ofP from (1) and (2) gives the required solution.
In case eliminatio n of P is not possible, then we may solve (1) and (2) for x an 1 y and obtain
. . x = FiCp, c),y = Fip, c)
as the required solution, wherep is the paramete r.
Obs. This method is especially useful for equations which do not contain x.

Example 11.39. Solve y - 2px = tan-1 (xp2).

Sol~tion. Given equation is y =2px + tan-1 (xp2) •.. (i)

. 2 dp
•s:r.t' tin
D1ueren 1a g both 'd · dy
s1 es with respect to x, - .
= p = 2 ( p + x -1!. P + 2xp dx
d ) + ---,-- ~
. dx dx . l+x2p4

or p + 2x : + ( p + 2x dxdp). ~
P2 ' = 0 or ( p + 2x dp )( + . p2 " ) = 0
l+xp dx l+xp
This gives p + 2x dpldx_ = 0.

Separatin g the variables and integratin g, we 1'ave Jdx + 2 Jdp = a constant

X p . .
or log x + 2 log p = log c or log xp 2 = log c ·
whence xp 2 = c or p = ,J(c/ x) ..•(ii)
Eliminating p from (i) and (ii), we get y = 2 ,J(c Ix) x + tan-:- 1 c
or y =- 2✓(cx) + tan- 1 c which is the general solution of(i).

Obs. The sign:ficance of the factor 1 + p/(1 + x2p') = 0 which we didn't consider', will not be considered here as
it
concerns 'singular solution' of {i) whereas we are interested only in·finding general solution.
,,
Caution. Sometimes one is tempted to write (ii) as

and integrating it to say that the required solution is y = 2.J(cx) + c'. ·s uch a reasoning is incorrect. •

Example 11.40. Solve y = 2px + pn. (Bhopal, 2009)

Solution. Given equation is y = 2px + t ••.(i)
Differentiating it with respect to x, we get
d:y dp n-1 dp
dx .
-=p=2 p+2x- +np dx or ' p - + 2.x = -npn-1
dx dx dp
or dx+2x
- - =-npn-2 ... (ii)
dp P -
· I!dp i
This is Leibnitz's linear equation in x and p. Here I.F. = e P = elotr P = p2
 El H1GHllR ENOIN[Efl1NQ M~
the solution oC{ii) i!'l
np" ♦ 1
x<l.F.) :c J
(- npn - ~) 0 1,~.) dp .. C or 1:-J) lllt - 11
J
,," dp ... r, a - ~ ♦ C:

n- J
or ..t •t"J)~ - !:Jr._;_
n➔l
r, L . . .
~uw.bhltini . .\ .! .. I
uus ,•wuc or X i n h). WC gc:ty • -2c -f -l - n P"
p 1 +n •
The equations (tu) anlJ (w) taken t~cthcr, with parameter p, constitute tho general solution (i).
Obs. fo geni!i"al.the equations of the fbrm.> •xf(p) +~),known as Lagrange's equation, are solvable fory •nd
to Wonitz'ig equation Ul dxfdp.

PROBLEMS 11.10

c: r.
Sc1,'e the foUcming equations :

l. -~ = :r .. Cl can-1 p . 2. .,. + px = ~p 2 • <S. V. T. U., 2007) 3. ,:2 2x : - y = 0.

4. ;r;p' + % = ~p. 6. y = xp 2 + p . 6. y = p sin p + cos p .

CaSt' lII. Equation• aolvable for x. If the given equation on solving for x, taltes the form
=f(y,p) %

then differentiation with respect toy gives an equation of the form

.!_= dx = ♦ (y,p, dp)

p dy dy
Now it may be possible t.o solve the new differential equation in y and p. Let its solution be }bi, p, c)
The elimination ofp from ( 1) and (2) gives the required solution. Iii case the elimination is hot feasibl
and (2) may be expressed in terms of p and p may be regarded as a paramete_r.
Oba. This methoo is especially useful for equations which do not contain y.

Example 1 t.,I\. Solve y = 2px + y2p3• (Bhopal, 2

2 3
Solution. Given equation, on solving for x, takes the fonil x = Y - Y P
2p
p(1-2y. ps _ y2 3P2 dp )-(y-y2ps) dp
·rnff'erentiating with respect t.o y, dx
dy
(= _!_)
p2
=.!. .
p2
dy dy

dp _ dp 2 s dp
or 2p = p - 2yp' - 3y2p3 - - y - + y p -
. dy dy dy .
dp dp d
or p + 2yp 4 + 2y2p 3 dy + Y dy = 0 or p ( 1+ 2yp3) + y d~ (1 + 2yp3 ) = O.

or
(P+ ,f)y {1 + 2pl) = 0 This gives p + y :P =·0. or __
.
dd (py) = 0.
y y
Integrating py=c.

Thw, ellmfoathig from the given equation and (i), we get y = 2 £ x + c: y 2 or y 2 = 2.cx +c3
y y
which is the required sohition.
 .-<>ENTIAL EaUATIONS OF FIRST 0AO&.A
Ot~f..,,

PROBLl!MS 11.11
solve the following t>quotions ·
2
1. p3 - 4ryp + By r 0. (Kanpur, 1996)

s. x -YP =ap 2• <Andhra, 2000)

(8.V T. U., 2008)

11,QI CLAIRAUT'S EQUATION• ________ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

An equation of tho fonn y = px + f(p) is kn . .
own 11.8 01 mrnut'R equation .,.(1)
Differentiating with respect to x we have p _ dp f, dp
' -p+x--+ (p) -
dx dx
lx + f' '-)) dp dp
or 'I' dx = 0 :. dx = 0, or x + f' (p) .. 0
dp
dx = 0, gives p = c ,..(2)
Thus eliminating p from (1) and (2), we get Y =ex+ f(c) .••(3)
as the general solution of (1).
Hence the solution of the Clairaut's equation is.obtame
· d on replacing
· p by c.
Obs. lfwe eliminate p froµi x + f'(p) - o d (1) •
ti of(l) which giu 8the l - an • we get an ~quation involving no constant. Thu i8 the singular
I
IO u on . . e enue ope of the family of straight lines (3). .
To obtain the smgular solution, we proceed as follows :
(i) Find the general solution by replacing p by c i.e., (3)
(ii) Differentiate this w.r.t. c giving x + f(c) ~ o. . ..(4)
(iii) El~nate c from (3) and (4) which. will be the singular solution.

Example 11.42. Solve P = sin (y - xp). Also find its singular solutio.ns.
Solution. Given equation can be written as .
1
= =
sin- P Y - xp or y px + sin-1 p which is the Clair,aut's equation.
its solution is y =ex.+ sin-1 c. ·
To find the singular solution, differentiate (i) w.r.t. c giving
1
O=x+ ~ ...(ii)
-vl-c2
To eliminate c from (i) and (ii), we rewrite (ii) as
c = N(x2 - 1)/x
Now substituting this value of c in (i), we get
y = N(x2 - 1) + siri-1 {N(x2 _- 1)/x}
which is the desired singular solution.
Obi. Equations reducible to Clairaut'• form. Many equations of the first order but of higher degree can be
easily reduced to the Cl~raufs Conn by making suitable substitutions.

· Example 11.43. Solve (px-y)(py + x) = a2p, (V.T.U., 2011; J.N.T.U., 2006)·

Solution. Put x2 = u and y 2 = v so that 2xdx = du .and 2ydy = dv

dy dv;du x dv
p= dx =-; -;-=yP,whereP= du
•After the name of a youtiuul prodigy Alexis Claude Clairaut (1713-65) who first solved this equation. A French mathema-
tician who is also known for ~B work in astronomy and geodesy. .
 Then the gi;» equation y .
bc-comc s ( xP :t - y Y.
)( xP y + x ) • a 2 xP y
a 2P
(u.P- vX.P + l) ~ a P or uP- u = p + 1
2
or

or u • uP - a2P/(P + 1), which is Clairau t's form.

,,_/( + 1), •; • e•, y2 = c.,;2 - a 2c/(c +• 1).
U = UC - a--c C
its solutio n i!I

PROBL EMS 11 .12

1. Find the general and singula r solution of the equatio ns :

(i) xp 2 - yp + a =- 0. (J.N. T. U., 2006) (ii ) P = log (px, - y).

(W.B. T. u.; 2005) (iu) sin px cosy = cos px sin Y + p . (P.T.U., ~

(iii) y = px + '1<a2P2 + b2)
'
Solve the following equatio ns :

2. .,, + 2 ( : r +": .
= (;r
&. r'l<, - px) = yp 2.
3. 6' - px)(p - 1) = p.
6. (px + y)2 = py2.

•• 1►1 OBJECTIVE TYPE ·o F QUESTIONS

-
PROBL EMS 11.13

Fill up the blanks o~ choose the correct answer iii the following proble,m s :
L y = a - c2, is the general solution of the differential equation
•(i) (y')2 -l,)'' + y = 0 - {ii) y"' = 0 (iii),<= C . (iv) (y,')2·+ ~• + .)' :j},
is .
L The differen tial equation having a basis fo~ its solution as .sinh 6x an~ co~.6x
(ii) y" - 36.)' = O (iii) y" :t- 6y := 0 (iv) ~one of these~·
, &) y"' + 36y = o
S. The differen tial equatio n (dx/dy '>' .+ 6y = x is
113

(i) linear o( degree 3 (ii) non-lin ear of order ·1 and 4,egree 6

(iii) non-lin ear of order 1 and._degree 2. __
4. The differen tial equatio nydxld y + 1 =y,y(O ) = 1, has
(i) a unique solution (ii) two solutio ns
infinite numbe r of solutions
(iii) {iv) no solution
6. Soluuon of (.%2 +.r) dy = xy dx is ...... .
6. Solution of (3x - 2y) dx .. xdy is ...... .
7. Solution of dyldx - y = 2xy 2 ~ is .••....
1
8. Th'! difl'er en~ ·equati on (y~~• + 6x) dx + (2xyeliY -4y)dy = 0 is
(i)linear, hom•n eoua and exact and exact .
(ii) non-linear, homogeneous
(iv) non-linear, non-homoieneoui and exact · (ir.,) non-liw,ar, non-homogeneous and ine~ct .
. . .-
. xdy-y dx . 8 · 8
9. Solution of xdz + yd;y + } + y2 11 ....... IO. Solutio n or dyldx = x +2Y ia ......
. . . .
.~
11. The diff'erential eq~tio n Cr+~+ aY:') <ix+ {).B-y + bxy) dy = Oi1 ·exact if
(ii) a :a b . (iii) a ,a 2b '·· (iv) a = 1. b z 3. '
(i) b -= 2a
1J. ~lutio n of%Y (1 + z,2} dy = dx i1 ....... 13. Solution of xp2 -yp + a • 0 is ·••i•.'.
· .. · ·
14. The differential equation p = log (pz - y) has the solution ..:....
11. Solution ot dy - !! • !.y _ Yx ........
dz . dy
~-
.