THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN

INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

Bangalore Institute Of Technology

Krishna Rajendra Rd, Parvathipuram, Vishweshwarapura, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560004

(Bangalore Institute of Technology is an engineering college offering undergraduate and graduate engineering
courses, affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum located in Bangalore.)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

(Accredited by NBA)

A SEMINAR REPORT
On
“NANO TECHNOLOGY”
In partial Fulfillment for the award of B.E degree in Mechanical Engineering

By

SUMANTH KARTHIK C A

1BI17ME123

VIII SEMESTER

Under the guidance of

Sahana Reddy
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engg.,
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Bangalore

2020-2021 Batch

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 1
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION
Nanomaterials are the basics for Nano science and Nanotechnology. Nanostructure science
and technology is a wide and interdisciplinary part of research and development activity
which is been growing rapidly worldwide in the past few years. Nanoscale materials are
defined as a set of Particles where at least one dimension and less than approximately 100
nanometers. A Nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter - approximately 100,000 times
Tinier than the diameter of a human hair. Nanomaterials are of importance because at this
scale unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and other properties can be seen.
'Nanotechnology' is an Engineering of efficient systems in the Atomic scale. It covers
current work and concepts which are highly developed and advanced. It is the design,
characterization, fabrication, and application of structures, devices, and systems by controlled
changing of size and shape at the Nanometer scale (atomic, molecular, and macromolecular
scale) that generate structures, devices, and systems with at least one novel/superior feature
or property. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected capability to
construct items from Bottom up, using methods and tools being developed today to craft
complete, highly sophisticated products. The ability to see Nano-sized materials has created a
world of possibilities in wide variety of industries and scientific happenings. Because
Nanotechnology is basically a set of Techniques that allow changeover of properties at a very
minute scale, it is having many applications. When it's ambiguous, from the context whether
we are using the specific definition of "nanotechnology" or we will use the broader and more
inclusive definition, we'll use the terms "Molecular nanotechnology" or "Molecular
manufacturing." Molecular nanotechnology is an rising, interdisciplinary field of merging
principles of Molecular chemistry and Physics along with Engineering principles of
Mechanical design, Structural analysis, Computer science, Electrical engineering, and
Systems engineering etc.

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 2
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

1.1 Classification of Nanomaterials:

Nanomaterials have very small size which having at least one dimension 100 nm or less.
Nanomaterials will be Nanoscale in one dimension (e.g. surface films), Two dimensions (eg.
Strands or Fibers), or Three dimensions (e.g. particles). They will exist in single, merged,
aggregated or agglomerated forms with round, tubular, and irregular shapes. Common types
of Nanomaterials include Nanotubes, Dendrimers, Quantum dots and Fullerenes.
Nanomaterials are having applications in the domain of Nano technology, and displays
variety of Physical and Chemical characteristics from normal chemicals (i.e., silver nano,
carbon nanotube, fullerene, carbonnanosilica, photocatalyst with respect to Siegel cata
Nanostructure materials are differentiated as Zero dimensional, one dimensional, two
dimensional, three dimensional nanostructures.

Classification of Nanomaterials (a) 0D spheres and clusters; (b) 1D nanofibers,

Nanowires, and nano rods; (c) 2D nanofilms, nanoplates, and networks; (d) 3Dnanomaterials.

Examples of nano materials

Au nano Buckminsterfullere FePt nano ne

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 3
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

Silver nano cubes ne SnO2 nano flower

Titanium nano flower
ne

1.2 TYPES OF NANO MATERIALS

1. Nano crystalline materials:

It consist of Ceramics, Metals, and Metal oxide Nanoparticles. These materials are made
from nanometer-sized building blocks, generally crystallites. The building blocks may vary in
their Atomic structure, crystallographic arrangements, or chemical composition. In cases
where the building blocks are crystallites, incoherent or coherent interfaces are formed
between them, depending upon atomic structure, crystallographic orientation, and the
chemical composition of nearby crystallites. In other words, materials assembled of
nanometer-sized building blocks are micro structurally heterogeneous; having the building
blocks (e.g. crystallites) and the regions amid of adjacent building blocks (e.g. grain
boundaries). this inherently heterogeneous structure of a Nanometer scale that is Responsible
for many of their characteristics and differentiates them from Glasses, gels, etc. that are micro
structurally homogeneous Nanocrystallites of bulk inorganic solids have been exhibit to
demonstrate size dependent properties, In comparison to macro-scale powders, amplified
ductility has been seen in nano powders of metal alloys.

2.Carbon nanotubes/fullerences
The name is derived from the basic profile that defines fullerenes; an elongated sphere of
carbon atoms formed by inter joining six-member rings and twelve isolated five-member
rings making Hexagonal and Pentagonal faces. The primary isolated and characterized
fullerene, C60, contains 20 hexagonal faces and 12 pentagonal faces just like a soccer ball
and own perfect icosahedra symmetry

3. Nanocomposite

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 4
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

•The most commercially significant nano ceramic composite materials are simple metal
oxides, Tatiana (TiO2) silica (SiO2) , iron oxide (Fe3O4, Fe2O3), alumina (Al2O3), zinc
oxide (ZnO), Zircona (ZrO2). Ceria (CeO2)
• Silica and iron oxide nano particles have a commercial history of half a century or more
• Of increasing importance are the mixed oxides and Titanates
– Barium titanate (BaTiO3).
– Indium-tin oxide (In2O3-SnO2 or ITO)
– Antimony-tin oxide (ATO),
• Nanocrystalline Tatiana, zinc oxide, ceria, ITO, and other oxides have more recently
entered market place
1.3 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIAL
1) The characteristics of materials with nanometer dimension are notably different from
Those of atoms and bulks materials. This is primarily due to the nanometer size of the
materials which give them: (i) huge fraction of surface atoms; (ii) high surface energy; (iii)
spatial confinement; (iv) decreased imperfections, which do not exist in the subsequent bulk
materials.
3) One of the most interesting and useful aspect of Nonmaterial is optical properties.
Applications based on optical properties of Nanomaterials contain optical detector, laser, and
sensor, phosphor, imaging displayphotocatalysis, solar cell, photo electrochemistry and
biomedicine.
4) The thermal properties of carbon Nanotubes are straightly related to their distinctive
structure and tiny size, The thermal conductivity of Nanotubes is vast, even in bulk samples
arranged bundles of SWNTs show a thermal conductivity of > 200 W/m K at room
temperature The temperature stability of carbon Nanotubes is projected to be up to 2800 °C
in vacuum and 750 °C in air.
5) Mechanical properties of carbon Nanotubes disclose them as one of the strongest materials
in nature. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are lengthy hollow cylinders of graphene. Although
graphene sheets have 2D symmetry, Carbon nanotubes by geometry have variable properties
in axial and radial direction. It has been shown that CNTs are so strong in the axial
direction. Young's modulus is in the order of 270 - 950 GPA and tensile strength of 11 - 63
GPA is obtained.

6) Carbon nanotubes with the hexagons orientated in the design labeled armchair (hexagons
are lined up parallel to the axis of the nanotube) have electrical properties alike metals. If you
apply a voltage among two ends of an armchair nanotube, a current will flow.

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 5
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

The next two possible arrangements of hexagons in carbon nanotubes shares electrical
properties similar to semiconductors. Those with the hexagons oriented in a circle around the
nanotube have a zigzag configuration. Those with a twist to the nanotube so the hexagons
will not form any line and are called Chiral. These two configurations of nanotubes only
conduct an electric current when energy in the form of light or an electric field is apply to the
free electrons from the carbon atoms.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

 Prof. Vijaykumar.G, H.S. Suraj, B.M. Uday and S.G. Sahana” Recent Trends
Nanotechnology and its Future Scope” International Journal on Emerging
Technologies (Special Issue on ICRIET-2016) 7(2): 377-385(2016 ,gives a
description about nanotechnology and its composites, it also gives information about
the applications and future scope.
 Akshata S. Malani, Anagha D. Chaudhari, Rajeshkumar U. Sambhe “A Review on
Applications of Nanotechnology in Automotive Industry” International Journal of
Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering
Vol: 10, No: 1, (2016) this literature gives information about applications in the
automobile industry It also describes the challenges faced by nanotechnology in
automobile industry .
 j. u. okoli, t. a. briggs, i. e. major application of nanotechnology in the manufacturing
sector: a review Nigerian journal of technology (nijotech) vol. 32. No. 3. November
2013,This journal briefs about various technologies used in the manufacturing of nano
technology like, ball milling, sol gel process, nano spray technology, it also gives
information about, challenges faced.

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 6
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

CHAPTER 3: METHODS OF NANOMATERIALS PRODUCTION

3.1 Mechanical grinding:

Mechanical attrition is a distinctive example of ‘top down’ method of synthesis of
nanomaterials, where the material is formed not by cluster assembly but by the structural
disintegration of coarser-grained structures as the result of severe plastic deformation. This
has become a accepted method to make nanocrystalline materials because of its ease, the
relatively economical equipment needed, and the applicability to essentially synthesis all
classes of materials.

Mechanical milling is attained using high energy shaker, planetary ball, or tumbler
Mills. The energy conveyed to the powder from refractory or steel balls basically depends on
the rotational (vibrational) speed, size and, ratio of the ball to powder, number of the balls,
mass, the time of milling and the milling atmosphere. Nanoparticles are formed by the shear
action during grinding.

3.2 Nano particles by spraying

Spraying drying is set up to be a appropriate method that offers the benefit of drying and
particle formation in a single step continuous and scalable process with common engineering
possibilities, Spray drying contains atomization of feed into spray, spray-air contact, drying
of spray and separation of dehydrated product from the drying air. The Nano Spray Dryer B-
90 (Buchi company) (Figure) make use of a vibrating mesh technology for fine droplets
formation. It has a piezoelectric driven crystal spray head which is built-in with a spray cap
which contains a thin perforated membrane (spray mesh) having an array of specific micron-
sized holes. Driving the piezo-electric actuator at ultra-sonic frequency makes the mesh to
vibrate up and down thereby adding millions of precisely sized droplets through the holes
generating aerosols. This equipment functions on a laminar fluid flow principle, in which the

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 7
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

laminar flow is formed by air passing through dense porous metal foam that is conducive for
optimized energy input and has little heating up rates. Laminar flow lends itself to mild -
heating which makes the system best for heat sensitive biopharmaceutical products. Its
upright or vertical spray dryer configuration facilitates direct and straight down gathering of
particles into the collector, which helps to reduce particle adherence to the walls side of the
glass chamber, thereby permitting for much higher collection yields.

Nano Spray Dryer B-90 (Buchi company) utilizes a vibrating mesh technology for fine
droplets generation

3.3 Sol gel method

The sol is a liquid suspension of solid particles varying in size from 1 nm to1 micron. It can
be achieved by hydrolysis and partial condensation of precursors such as metal alkoxide or
inorganic salt.
The encapsulated liquid could be detached from a gel by either by supercritical drying
/extraction or with evaporative drying. The resultant solid products are known as xerogel and
aerogel. When gels are dried out by evaporation, the dried up product is called xerogel. When
the gels are dehydrated by supercritical drying, the dried gel is called aero gels. The aerogel
preserves high porosity and has very high pore volume.

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 8
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

General scheme of preparation by solgel method

Sol-gel processing refers to the hydrolysis and condensation of alkoxide-based precursors
Such as Si(OEt) 4 (tetraethyl orthosilicate, or TEOS). The reactions involved in the sol-gel
Chemistry based on the condensation and hydrolysis of metal alkoxides M(OR)z can be
Described as follows:
MOR + H2O → MOH + ROH (hydrolysis)
MOH + ROM → M-O-M + ROH (condensation)
1. Creation of different steady or stable solutions of the alkoxide or solvated metal precursor.
2. Gelatin from the formation of an oxide- or alcohol- associated network (the gel) by a
polycondensation reaction that results in a spectacular boost in the viscosity of the solution.
3. Aging of the gel (Syneresis), during which the polycondensation reactions prolong until
the gel changes into a solid mass, accompanied by contraction of the gel network and
removal of solvent from gel pores. Ostwald ripening or coarsening is the phenomenon by
which minor particles are consumed by bigger particles during the development process) and
phase change may occur alongside with syneresis. The aging process of gels can exceed 7
days and is critical to the avoidance of crack in gels that have been cast.
4. Drying of the gel, when water and other volatile liquids are detached from the gel network.
This process is complex due to fundamental modification in the structure of the gel. The
drying process has itself been divided into four distinct steps: (i) the constant or steady rate
period, (ii) the critical point, (iii) the falling rate period, (iv) the second falling rate period. If
isolated by thermal evaporation, the resulting monolith is termed a xerogel. If the solvent
(such as water) is extracted under supercritical or near super critical situation, the product is
an aerogel.
5. Dehydration, during which surface- bound M-OH groups are removed, there by
Stabilizing the gel against rehydration. This is in general achieved by calcining the
Monolith at temperatures up to 8000 Centigrade
6. Densification and decomposition or breaking of the gels at high temperatures (T>8000C).

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 9
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

CHAPTER4: THE RECENT TREND IN NANO TECHNOLOGY

1) The nano technology has developed to the most in the last ten years, this is mainly due to
the development of new instrument and Technologies such as scanning tunneling
microscopy, magnetic force microscopy, and electron microscopy these allowed scientists to
observe actions at the atomic level.
Scientists discovered two nano-size structures of specific interest nanowires and carbon
nanotubes.Nanowires are wires with a very small diameter, sometimes as tiny as 1
nanometer. Scientists are trying out to use them to build small transistors for computer chips
and other electronic devices.

1. Passive Nanostructures
During the initial period products will take benefit of the passive properties of nanomaterials,
including Nanotubes and nanolayers. For example, titanium dioxide is used in sunscreens as
it absorbs and reflects ultraviolet light. When broken into Nanoparticles it becomes
observable to visible light, removing the white cream look associated with traditional
sunscreens. Carbon nanotubes are greatly stronger than steel but only a part of the weight.
Tennis rackets having them promise to produce greater stiffness without extra weight. As a
third example, yarn which is coated with a Nanolayer of material is woven into stain-resistant
clothing. Each of these products takes benefit of the distinctive property of a material when it
is fabricated at a nanoscale. However, in each case the nanomaterial itself remains static once
it is encapsulated into the product.

2. Active Nanostructures
Active nanostructures alter their state during use, responding in predicable ways to the
environment surrounding them. Nanoparticles might search for cancer cells and then sends
the attached drug. A nano electro mechanical device attached with construction material
could sense when the material experiences strain and release an epoxy that fix any rupture. Or
a layer of nanomaterial might act in response to the existence of sunlight by emitting an
electrical charge to give power to the appliance. Products in this phase need a huge
understanding on how the structure of a nanomaterial decides its properties and a
corresponding capability to design matchless or unique materials. They also raise more
advanced manufacturing and deployment challenges.

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 10
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

3. Systems of Nanosystems
In this stage Assemblies of nanotool work collectively to achieve a final goal. A key
challenge is to get the main components to work together within a network, possibly
exchanging information in the process. Proteins or viruses may assemble small batteries.
Nanostructures could self-attach into a lattice where bone or other tissues are grown. Smart
dust strewn over an area could sense the existence of human beings and share their location.
Small nanoelectro mechanical devices could find out cancer cells and destroys their
reproductive capacity.

4. Complex materials—a super-adhesive

Liangti Qu and colleagues at the University of Dayton (Ohio) have produced a material that
has an adhesive force about 10 times stronger than that of a gecko’s foot. This carbon
nanotube materials have a great stronger adhesion force parallel to the surface they are
connected. The result is a material that can be used to join a heavy weight to a vertical
surface, and yet be peeled off easily. And just as a gecko is able to walk up vertical surfaces
with ease, the material creates clothing that will enable humans to achieve the same feat.

5. Smart drugs—cancer treatments.

A good deal of research, involving a wide range of different nanotechnologies, is being used
to cancer detection and cure. One of the main intentions of using nanotechnology for medical
purposes is to generate devices that can operate inside the body and work as drug delivery
systems with definite targets. At present treatments for cancer using radiation and
chemotherapy are invasive and produce unbearable side effects. These treatments kill both
cancerous and healthy cells.

6. Energy generation and use

Modern or new generations of nano-based sensors, catalysts and materials have already
resulted in outstanding reductions in energy use, and further progress is certain Nano scales
and nano porous membranes are, under some circumstances, being utilized to make possible
the production of biomass fuel. Energy transmission could potentially be made much more
capable and efficient by using engineered nanomaterials. Throughout the renewable-energy
sector, nanotechnology has the potential and strength to increase process efficiencies and
process yields, reduce costs and facilitate energy processes that would not be attainable any
other way. Nanotechnology is transforming photovoltaic cells through the development of
new and less costly manufacturing techniques.

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 11
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS

5.1 In Electronics

1) Graphene Transistor. In 2004, it was seen first time that a single sheet of carbon atoms
packed or arranged in a honeycomb crystal lattice can be separated from graphite and is
stable at room temperature. The new nanomaterials, which is called graphene, permits
electrons to move about at an extraordinarily high speed. These characteristics, together with
its intrinsic nature of being one atom- thick, can be utilized to fabricate field-effect transistors

2) Carbon Nanotube Electronics. When graphene layer is rolled out into a tube, a single-
walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) is formed. Consequently, SWNTs has very good electronic
properties of graphene but their cylindrical structure makes them most suitable for forming
the channel in field-effect transistors. Such transistors own electron mobility better to their
silicon-based counterpart and allow for larger current densities while dissipating the heat
arised from their function or operation more efficiently.

3) Carbon-Based Nanosensors. In addition to the outstanding electrical properties of

graphene and carbonnanotubes, their brilliant thermal conductivity, elevated mechanical
robustness, and very big surface to volume ratio make them better materials for production of
electromechanical and electrochemical sensors with advanced or higher sensitivities, lower
limits of detection, and rapid response time. A good example is the carbon nanotube-based
mass sensor that can detect variation in mass arised by a single gold atom adsorbing on its
surface.

4) Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS).All electronic tools have an integrated

circuit (IC) behaving as their “brain”. Nan electro-mechanical systems have developed during
the last 10 years to make this dream possible by creating sensors and actuators at the same
scale as the associated or accompanying nanoelectronics.

5) Spintronics. Similar to electrical charge, spin is another essential and vital property of
matter. While usual electronic devices rely on the transport of electrical charge carriers, the
budding technology of spintronics employs the spin of electrons to encode and send
information. Spintronics has the capacity to deliver nanoscale memory and logic devices
which process information rapidly, use less power, and store more data in small space.
Broadening of the hard disk capacities to the gigabyte and the terabyte ranges was the main
success of spintronics by taking benefit of Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) and Tunnel
Magneto-Resistance (TMR) effects which are effective only at the nano scale.

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 12
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

5.2 In Mechanical, Automobile and Aero Space Industry

1. Lotus Coatings
Lotus coatings are made up of hydrophobic Nanoparticles of silsesquioxanes which contains
adhesion promoter group and low surface energy groups. When this type of coatings is
applied to the vehicles they will make the water to convert into small droplet and roll off the
surface without forming the surface wet. These coatings also avoid the dust from clinging to
the surface of the automotives thus preventing the surface from being corroded. The paints
made out of this technology have a self-healing character. Ships and boats which be given
such coat on their bottoms can not only move faster, and also reduces fuel consumption as
water repellent property reduces friction drastically

2. Wind Shields
Another of the highly developed applications of nanotechnology in vehicles involves the
manufacture of mirrors and side panels that are manufactured of Nanoparticles. Being so they
filter the rays of the sun, smoke pollutants and dust in the atmosphere. The same technology
make possible the radio and phone signals and sound waves to freely enter the cars so that
occupants of the vehicles are not made unaware to the world outside. The mirrors made up by
this technology have great stiffness and extreme transparency rate. By doing the nanoparticle
coatings to the windshields the fog creation on them can be completely eliminated.
Researches are going to form coatings of silicon so that solar energy is produced from
windshields

3. Reduction in Weight of Vehicles

In modern-day cars, a huge share of the vehicles weight is due to its engine weight and
system of transmission of the vehicles. As a result, vehicles need more fuel to push ahead
such machines. However with the arrival of alloys, engines were made lighter somewhat but
not making fuel efficient. With nanotechnology engines and parts were made lighter, thus
eliminating the necessity to consume more fuel just to push the vehicle forward. In this regard
Carbon Nanotubes are used which have 100times light weight to that of the steel but are more
stronger than that of the steel.

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 13
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

4. Reduction in Frictional Losses

By the addition of some Nanomaterials like boric acid particle to the motor oils there will be
decrease in the friction. The result can be 4-5% reduction in fuel consumption.

5. Tyres: Rubber fillers, like carbon black and silica as nano structured materials have been
cited as fundamental of automotive tyre sector for many years. But now, research programs
have been done to improve these materials in order to make available lower rolling
resistance, abrasion resistance, huge tyre life, and, lower weight, safety, superior
performance, reduced friction, wet traction, and improved air retention.

6. Chassis: One of the automotive industry’s most important goal is the availability of
bodywork made of light alloys. Adding up of new electronic components, safety technologies
and increasing comfort features have made the modern cars heavier. To reduce this,
integration of Nanoparticles has made it possible to get the same mechanical resistance and
lighter weights with less and light material. This can significantly improve the properties,
elasticity, like resistance, or dimensional stability, as well as specific properties like fire
resistance for interior parts and weather resistance for outer parts

7. Nano-Fluids The use of Nanofluids has a clear advantage from the point of view of
thermal performance. The heat transfer coefficient of coolants can be amplified by improving
its specific properties. Nano-fluids can form very important component of fuel additives,
brake fluids, coolants, lubricants and shock absorber systems, engine oils, transmission fluids
and greases, etc. Nano-fluids have great capability to improve automotive and heavy-duty
engine cooling rates by raising the efficiency, lessening the weight, and reducing the
complexity of thermal management systems. The heat rejection requirements of Automobiles
and machines can also be achieved in the same way.

8. Aerospace
Lighter and stronger materials will be of huge use in aircraft manufactures, giving rise to
increased performance, spacecraft will also benefit where weight is a main factor.
Nanotechnology would help to decrease the size of equipment and there by reduce of fuel-
consumption necessary to get it airplane.

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 14
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

9. Another main trend in the materials used in aircraft is of nanocoatings to improve the
durability of metals. In particular, magnesium alloys, which are so lighter than steel or
aluminum, are corroded, due to the high chemical reactivity of magnesium. Coatings can help
avoid corrosion, but the type typically used contains chromium complexes which are an
extremely toxic pollutant.

10. Nanocoatings are also now getting used on turbine blades and other mechanical elements
which have to endure high temperatures and friction wear. Tribological coatings can
considerably lower the friction coefficient and improvise its resistance to wear - this greatly
improves the efficiency and capability of the engines.

11. In spacecrafts, elevated-temperature strength of the material is vital for components such
as thrusters, rocket engines, and vectoring nozzles. High performance nano-materials can be
used for these components and as well as for special coatings.

12. Corrosion Protection:

Corrosion protection of metals and alloys is usually achieved by surface coatings which
should resist both mechanical damages (scratching, impact, abrasion) and chemical attacks
(salts, solvents acids and bases,). It should also not be damaged (cracked) by having a
coefficient of thermal expansion greatly unlike from the metal to be protected. PNCs have
improved scratch and abrasion resistance, due to their higher hardness combined with
improved elastic

13. Steel Coatings:

The Nanotechnology in Steel material its help to improve the physical properties of steel,
reduce fatigue or the structural failure of steel due to cyclic loading. Steel cables can be
strengthened using carbon nanotubes to make them stronger cables and reduce the costs of
the fabrication

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 15
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

5.3 Application in Medical Fields

1) Carbon nano tubes: These are small macromolecules that are unique for their size, shape,
and have distinctive physical properties. Nano tubes have some special advantages over other
drug delivery and diagnostic systems due to their distinctive physical properties.

2) Metallic nano particles have used in drug delivery, particularly in treatment of cancer and
also in biosensors. Amongst all other metals, silver and gold nano particles are of prime
importance for biomedical use

3) Dendrimers are hyper branched, tree-like structures. It has three different regions: core
moiety, branching units, and compactly packed surface. It has globular structure and encloses
internal cavities. Its size is less than 10 nm. It used for long circulatory, controlled delivery of
bioactive material, targeted delivery of bioactive particles to macrophages and liver targeted
delivery.

4) With the assist of nano medicine early or pre detection and prevention, improved
diagnosis, appropriate treatment and follow-up of diseases is possible. Certain nano scale
particles are used as tags and labels, biological can be performed rapidly, the testing has
become more sensitive and more flexible. Gene sequencing has become more efficient with
the development of nano devices like gold nano particles, these gold particles when tagged
with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of genetic sequence in a sample.

5) With the assist of nanotechnology, damaged tissue can be reproduced or repaired. These so
called artificially stimulated cells are used in tissue engineering, which might revolutionize
the transplantation of organs or artificial implants.

6) The current applications of nanotechnology in stem cell research promises to open new
avenue in regenerative medicine. Nanotechnology can be a valuable tool to track and image
stem cells, to drive their differentiation into specific cell lineage and ultimately to understand

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 16
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

their biology. This will optimistically and hopefully lead to stem cell-based therapeutics for
the anticipation, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases.

CHAPTER 6: RISKS AND CHALLENGES OF NANO TECHNOLOGY

Nanoparticles are supposed to present the greater risk because:
-They are comparatively cheap and can be manufactured in huge quantities
-They are already used in consumer goods and products
-Their properties can be very different to the larger forms of the material they are made from
-They can be extremely reactive
-The particles often have unknown toxicity
-Their toxicity is not easy to quantify
-They can disperse easily in air or water
1. Primary investigations carried out how some Nanoparticles are extremely toxic when
compared to larger particles made up of the same material, such as ultrafine carbon
and diesel exhaust particles respectively. Certain organs in mice have been shown to
be unfavorably affected by some Nanoparticles as well as considerably reduced off
spring production in some aquatic life.
2. As elements at the nanoscale behave in a different way than they do in their bulk
form, there's a concern that some Nanoparticles could be toxic. Some doctors worry
that the Nanoparticles are so tiny, that they could effortlessly cross the blood-brain
barrier, a membrane that protects the brain from dangerous chemicals in
the bloodstream. If we plan on using Nanoparticles to coat everything from our
clothing to our highways, we need to be sure that they won't poison us.
3. Nano technology has to face a lot of social challenges as mass production of vehicle
will make the market more price competitive despite of its enormous advantages
making nanotechnology commercially viable is yet another challenge. Clearly, the
unrestricted availability of advanced nanotechnology may pose severe risks for
automotive industries, which may finely outweigh the benefits of clean, cheap,
convenient, and self-contained manufacturing

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 17
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

CONCLUSION
There are many vital incentives which make it seem likely that the pace of development will
continue to develop. Accordingly, the technology is expected to develop within 15 years and
this will have effect on the manufacturing industry by bringing latest tools for the production
of machines / fabrics, order of magnitude improvements in mechanical / material properties
and performance. Though the nanotech products are costly they increase the performance of
the Automobile immensely. Nanotechnology is about to explode as a key shaper of
automotive industries. It has brought marvelous innovation in changing industrial outlook.
Automobile industry is set to be influenced by the prosperity-taking place in the field of
nanotechnology. Significant practice of nanotechnology in the automotive industry has
enlarged the production scale. Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the world of materials. It
has exceptionally high impact in developing a new generation of composites with improved
functionality and a broad range of applications.
The nanotechnology has successfully influenced the Energy, Heavy Industries and
Automobile industry. Due to minute size of nanomaterials their physical and chemical
properties can be changed over to improve the overall properties of convectional material.
The use of nanotechnology has also helped to generate more capable and sustainable
materials. The uses of steel, glass, coatings made from nanotechnology helps to avoid the
corrosion of the layers lastly, by the end of this decade, nanotechnology is expected to be a
generic Technology accepted worldwide.

FUTURE SCOPE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY

1) The above discussion tells that nanotechnology at present is concerned largely in the
production of nanomaterials by the alteration of conventional production tools and utilization
of the nanomaterials for various purposes.

2) In Automobile industry one of the changing qualities of modern cars is that, progressively
more parts there in are governed electronically. For e.g. electronically controlled fuel
injection, antilock braking system, exhaust emission, headlight brightness control, automatic
adjustment of driver’s seat, automatic air conditioning, steering control, electronically

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 18
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

controlled hanging, etc. . It should also be noted that it will also be safer, as it will integrate a
level of artificial intelligence that enables it to compensate for driver errors.

3) The car of the upcoming will be networked with other vehicles in the surrounding, and this
will extend its range of view. However, this is not where the vision ends. In future
automotive engineering, Nanotechnological competence will be one of the essential
Capabilities required to stay universally competitive. All the automotive subsystems will be a
formation of nanotechnology. It includes the use of advanced Nanoparticles as filler in car
tyres, anti-reflective coating for displays.

4) The future of nanotechnology could improve the position for medical patients with serious
illnesses or injury. Physicians could theoretically study nano surgery and be able to treat
illness and injury at the molecular level. This, of course, could eradicate cancer as the
surgical procedures would be done on the cellular base.

5) Cancer cells would be recognized removed, and the surgical implantation of healthy cells
would soon in track. Moreover, there would be a total nano surgical field to help cure
everything from normal aging to diabetes to bone spurs. There would be more or less nothing
that couldn’t be repaired (eventually) with the introduction of nano surgical procedure.

6) The future of Nanotechnology could very well incorporate the use of Nan robotics. These
nanorobots have the capability to take on human tasks as well as tasks that humans could
never finish. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be able to be
performed using Nanotechnology

REFERENCES

1) Prof. Vijaykumar.G, H.S. Suraj, B.M. Uday and S.G. Sahana” Recent Trends
Nanotechnology and its Future Scope” International Journal on Emerging Technologies
(Special Issue on ICRIET-2016) 7(2): 377-385(2016)

2) Akshata S. Malani, Anagha D. Chaudhari, Rajeshkumar U. Sambhe “A Review on

Applications of Nanotechnology in Automotive Industry” International Journal of

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 19
 THE NANO MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND EMERGING TRENDS IN MODERN
INDUSTRY.AND ITS APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES

Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering Vol: 10,

No: 1, (2016)

3) Bhattacharya, Sujit; Bhati, M. & Jayanthi, A.P.Knowledge creation and transformation

process in a frontier technology: Case study of nanotechnology research in India. Advances
in Nanotechnology, 2011, 7.

4) HariniKantamneni,AkhilaGollakota, Swetha Nimmagadda, “Avant-Garde Nanotechnology

applications in Automotive industry”, Advanced Materials Manufacturing &Characterization,
Vol.3, (2013).

5) j. u. okoli, t. a. briggs, i. e. major application of nanotechnology in the manufacturing

sector :a review Nigerian journal of technology (nijotech) vol. 32. No. 3. November 2013,

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT
Page 20