Assignment

Electrodynamics
Chapter#04
PHYSICS
MPhil 1
Submitted to: Sir Dr Bin Amin
Submitted by: Yasir Ali
Abbottabad University of Science &
Technology
Problem#4.1
Sol: As we know
E = V⁄𝑥
= 500/10-3
E = 5 × 105
As we have
α⁄ -31
4π𝜖𝑜 = 0.66 × 10
α = 4π (8.85 × 10-12) (0.66 × 10-31)
α = 7.34 × 10-41
As
p = αE
de = αE
d = αE/e → (i)
d = (7.34 × 10-41) (5 × 105) (1.6 × 10-19)
d = 2.29 × 10-14 m
Now
d 2.29 × 10−14
=
R 0.5 × 10−10
d
= 4.6 × 10−6
R
Now, to ionize we say that d = R. Then equ (i) become
R = d = αE/e
R = αV/𝑥e
⟹ V = Re𝑥/α
V = (0.5 × 10−10 ) × (1.6 × 10−19 ) × (10−3 )/(7.34 × 10−41 )
V = 0.1 × 109 = 1 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 V
Problem#4.2
Sol: First we find field, at radius, using Gauss’ law
∫ E. da = Q enc ⁄𝜖𝑜
Qenc
E=
4πr2 𝜖𝑜
r
Q enc = ∫ 𝜌 dτ
0
4πq r −2r 2
= 3
∫ e a r dr
πa 0
2r r
4q a − 2 a2
= [− 2 e a (r + ar + 2 )]|
a3 0
2r
−2q − 2 a2 a2
= [e a (r + ar + 2 ) − ]
a2 2
2r
− r r2
= q [1 − e a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 )]
So the field of electron cloud is
2r
q − r r2
E𝑒 = [1 − e a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 )]
4π𝜖𝑜 r2
The proton will be shifted from 𝐫 = 𝟎 to the point 𝑑 where
𝐄𝒆 = 𝐄.
2d
q − d d2
E𝑒 = [1 − e a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 )] → (i)
4π𝜖𝑜 d2
Expanding in power of (d/a)
2d 2d 1 2d 2 1 2d 3
𝑒− a =1− + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
a 2 a 3! a
2d d d 2 4 d 3
𝑒− a = 1 − 2 + 2( ) + ( ) + ⋯
a a 3 a
Now
2d
d d2 d d 2 4 d 3
1 − e− a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 ) = 1− (1 − 2 a + 2 (a ) + 3 (a ) +
d d2
⋯ ) (1 + 2 + 2 )
a a2

d d2 4 d 3 d d2
= 1− 1 + 2 − 2 − 3 ( a) +2 a + 2 a2 + ⋯
a a2

−
2d
d d2 4 d 3
1− e a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 ) = ( ) (Neglecting higher order terms)
3 a
So equ (i) become
q 4 d 3
E𝑒 = ( )
4π𝜖𝑜 d2 3 a
1
E𝑒 = qd
3π𝜖𝑜 a3
𝟏
𝐄𝒆 = 𝐩
𝟑𝛑𝝐𝒐 𝐚𝟑
Problem#4.3
Sol: As ρ(r) = Ar
Electric field by Gauss’ law is given by
2
Qenc
∮ E. da = E(4πr ) =
𝜖𝑜
1 r
= ∫ Ar 4πr2 dr
𝜖𝑜 0
Or
1 4πA r4 Ar2
E= =
4πr2 𝜖𝑜 4 4ϵo
This ‘‘internal’’ field balances the external field E when nucleus is
‘‘off-center’’ an amount d then:
Ad2
E=
4ϵo
 d = √4𝜖𝑜 E/A
So the induced dipole moment is
p = ed
p = 2e √𝜖𝑜 E/A
which gives us
p ∝ √𝐄
For Equation p = αE to hold in weak limit E must be proportional to r,
For small r, which mean ρ must go to constant (not zero) at origin:
ρ(0) ≠ 0 (nor infinite)
Problem#4.4

Sol: Field of q is given as

Figure 1
1 q
E= r̂
4π𝜖𝑜 r2
Induce dipole moment of atom is
αq
p = αE =
4πr2 𝜖𝑜
Field of this dipole, at location of q (θ = π ) is
1 1 2𝛼q
E=
4π𝜖𝑜
(
r3 4π𝜖 2 ) (to the right)
𝑜r
Force on the q due to field:
𝐪 𝟐 𝟏
F = 2α ( ) (attractive)
𝟒𝛑𝝐𝒐 𝐫𝟓
Problem#4.5

Figure 1 Figure 2
π
Field of this p1 at p2 ( θ = ):
2
p1 π π
E1 = ̂ + sin θ̂)
3 (2 cos 2 r
4π𝜖𝑜 r 2
p
E1 = 4π𝜖1 r3 θ̂ (points down)
𝑜
Torque on p2 :
N 2 = p2 × E 1
N2 = p2 E1 sin (90°)
N 2 = p2 E 1
𝐩𝟏 𝐩𝟐
N2 = (point into the page)
𝟒𝛑𝝐𝒐 𝐫𝟑
Field of this p2 at p1 ( θ = π ):
p
E2 = 4π𝜖2 r3 (2 cos π r̂ + sin π θ̂)
𝑜
p
E2 = 4π𝜖2 r3 (−2r̂) (points to right)
𝑜
Torque on p1 :
N1 = p1 × E2
N1 = p1 E2 sin (270°)
N1 = −p2 E1
2 p1 p2 𝐩𝟏 𝐩𝟐
N1 =
4π𝜖𝑜 r 3= 𝟐𝛑𝝐𝒐 𝐫𝟑
(point into the page)
Prob# 4.6
Sol:

Use image dipole as shown in fig (a)

Redraw, placing pi at the origin, fig(b).
p
Ei = (2 cos θ r̂ + sin θ θ̂)
4π𝜖𝑜 (2z)3
N = p × Ei
As
p = p cos θ r̂ + p sin θ θ̂
So above become
p2
N= [( cos θ r̂ + sin θ θ̂ ) × (2 cos θ r̂ + sin θ θ̂ )]
4π𝜖𝑜 (2z)3
p2
N= [cos𝜃sin𝜃φ ̂ )]
̂ + 2sin𝜃cos𝜃 (−φ
4π𝜖𝑜 (2z)3
p2 sin𝜃cos𝜃
N= (−𝜑̂) (out of page)
4π𝜖𝑜 (2z)3
But sin𝜃cos𝜃 = (1/2) sin(2𝜃) So above equ become
𝐩𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝜽
N= ̂)
(−𝝋 (out of page)
𝟒𝛑𝝐𝒐 𝟏𝟔𝐳 𝟑
π π
For 0 < θ < , N tends to rotate p counterclockwise; For 2 < θ < π, N
2
rotate p clockwise. Thus, the stable orientation is perpendicular to
surface either ↑ or ↓.
Prob# 4.7
Sol: If the potential is zero at infinity, the energy of a point charge Q
is

W = QV(r)
For a physical dipole, with ‘−q’ at ‘r’ and ‘+q’ at ‘r+d’.
U = q[V(r + d) − V(r)]
r+d
= 𝑞 [− ∫ E. dℓ]
r

For ideal dipole the integral reduces to ‘E.d’, and

U = −q E.d = −p.E ∴ p =qd
If you do not use infinity as the reference point, the result still holds,
if you bring the two charges in from the same point, r0 (or two points
at the same potential), in that case
W = Q[V(r) − V(r0 )]
U = q[V(r + d) − V(r0 )] − q[V(r) − V(r0 )]
𝐔 = q[𝐕(𝐫 + 𝐝) − 𝐕(𝐫)] (as before)
Prob# 4.10
Sol: part(a)

𝜎b = P. n̂ = kR
𝜌b = − ∇.P
1 ∂
= (r 2 kr)
r2 ∂r
1
𝜌b = 2(3kr 2 )
r

𝝆𝐛 = −3k
Part(b)
1
For r < R, E = ρ r r̂
3𝜖𝑜

E = −(k/ϵo )r
For r > R same as if all charge at centre; but
4
𝑄tot = (kR)(4πR2 ) + (−3k) ( πR3 ) = 0
3
So, E = 0
Prob#4.14
Sol: Total charge on dielectric is

Q tot = ∮ 𝜎b da + ∫ 𝜌b dτ
𝑆
𝑣

Q tot = ∮ P. da − ∫ ∇. P dτ
𝑆
𝑣
But divergence theorem says

∮ P. da = ∫ ∇. P dτ
𝑆 𝑣

So,
𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝟎