HVAC SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
Air-conditioning

A process which cools (or heats), cleans, circulates, freshens air and
controls its moisture contents simultaneously.

Air conditioning capacity is expressed in Tons of Refrigeration (TR).

One TR is the quantity of heat removed to freeze 1 Ton of water at 320F to

ice at the same temperature in 24 hours.

1 TR (Ton of refrigeration) = 12000 Btu / hr. = 3000 Kcal / hr.

Internationally accepted norms for inside comfort conditions are as follows:

• Temperature : 24 + 10C (75 + 20 F)
• Relative Humidity : Less than 55%
• Air Flow : 50 meters per minute
• Direction of Flow : From top or front
• Fresh air : As per ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – 2016
 BASIC REFRIGERANT CYCLE

The basic refrigeration Cycle followed is Vapour Compression Cycle. The

Cycle/Components Comprising :

• Absorption of heat by the evaporation of a liquid refrigerant in the Evaporator.

• Raising the low pressure vapour (to raise Condensing Temperature above the
ambient) coming from Evaporator by the use of Compressor .
• Cooling of high pressure vapour in the Condenser so as to liquefy /condense.

• Reducing the pressure of the high pressure liquid(from Condenser) to the

pressure needed in Evaporator with the help of Throttling device

Vapour
Compressor
Refrigeration Cycle
BRANCHES OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Air-conditioning

Central AC Systems Non-Central AC Equipment

Ductable Packaged ACs Central Plants Window ACs Split ACs

Ceiling Floor mounted Floor mounted Wall mounted Ceiling suspended

mounted

Air cooled Water cooled

Exposed type Concealed type Cassette type

Variable refrigerant flow DX systems Chilled water system

systems

Vapor compression
units Vapor absorption units

Reciprocating; Air & Centrifugal; Screw type; Direct Fired Hot Water Steam Fired: 1
Water Cooled Air & Water Air & Water Fired & 2 Stage
Cooled Cooled
 CENTRAL AC SYSTEM

Broadly classified into Ductable packaged ac and central plant as described

below.
PACKAGE AIR CONDITIONING UNITS

Specified for conditioned spaces ranging between 100 to

500 Sqm. The system consist of a self-contained package
unit (like a small Godrej almirah) floor-mounted within the
conditioned space, and cooling tower (for water cooled
system) or air-cooled condenser (for air cooled systems)
mounted outdoors.

Interconnecting pipes for water cooled system can be of

any length, but interconnecting insulated refrigerant pipes
for air cooled system cannot be more than 15 m long.

Conditioned supply air from package unit can be ducted for

long range deliveries to cover deep or remote spaces.

Can be mounted in any desirable part of the building.

Utilities required for package unit are power, fresh air
supply, condensate drainage facility and soft make up
water at cooling tower (in case of a water cooled system).
CENTRAL DIRECT EXPANSION SYSTEM

For conditioned areas larger than 500 sqm, central air conditioning system
offer the advantage of utilizing load diversities, consolidated maintenance and
much lower operating costs.

For public areas like cinema halls, auditoriums, one or two storeyed libraries,
general offices and shopping centres etc. where no individual space control
are necessary, the central direct expansion (DX) systems are extensively
used.

Commercially available central DX systems have nominal refrigeration

capacities of 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 120 and 150 TR. Plant room generally
houses refrigeration machinery as well as air handling units, and should be
preferably located on the lowest floor. Serve a maximum of two floors with
preferably separate air handling units serving each floor so as to prevent
spread of fire and possible smoke.
Plant room can be sized by using the following thumb rules:

50 TR = 50 sq. m. area x 3.2 m high

100 TR = 70 sq. m. area x 3.6 m high

Natural ventilation and natural light are desirable but often one
has to design only with mechanical ventilation and artificial
lighting, with emergency lights and fire-exit doors.

Each air handling unit can serve upto 500 sq.m. conditioned area
and requires a room size of 4.5m x 4.5m x 3m high. Services
required in AHU room are fresh air, condensate drain disposal
and power supply.

AHU rooms doors must open outward. Generally, two walls and
ceiling of AHU rooms are acoustically lined.
Conventionally these systems are designed for water-cooled
condensing, achieved by cooling towers mounted on roof top or
by spray ponds outside the building.

Spray pond may be aesthetically more desirable, these are

expensive (3-4 times more than cooling tower), require frequent
cleaning and change of water and constant removal of falling
leaves and algae, repairs and maintenance of strainers and
nozzles.

Thumb rules for sizing of spray pond are:

Water surface area = 3 sqm/TR

Average depth = 1.2 m

No. of nozzles = 4 for 10 TR

CENTRAL CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

All larger buildings having conditioned areas of 3000 sqm. or more, hotels,
hospitals, multistoried buildings, large complexes and district cooling
systems are designed using central chilled water systems.

These systems are generally 10-15 percent more expensive than central DX
system, but offer total flexibility, individual room control, medical isolation,
unlimited coverage, modular expansion and almost instantaneous
environmental control.

Commercially available systems are 40, 80, 120, 200 and 600 TR nominal
capacity. Plant room is located in the lowest floor of the building, has
additional heat exchanger called chiller and chilled water circulation
pumps. Cooling is achieved across this chiller and transferred to terminal units
(air handling units / fan coil units) through insulated chilled water pipes,
designed for reverse return flow, to achieve naturally balanced system. In
climate like Delhi where winter temperatures are around 7-80C, winter heating
is achieved by reverse-cycles operation of the chilled water system.
Plant room can be sized by using the following thumbrules:

100 TR = 80 sq. m. x 3.6m high

500 TR = 200 sq. m. x 4.2m high

1000 TR = 300 sq. m. x 4.2m high

Air handling units are located to serve not more than one
floor, preferably one each for North, east, south, west and
interiors and for south and west zones. Other
considerations for AHU rooms and cooling towers are same
for central DX systems.
Conditioned air from package units and central systems
can be transported long distances (up to 50m or more)
through sheet metal ducts originating from package / air
handling unit and is brought back through annular ceiling
spaces around the supply air duct or through conditioned
areas directly to the terminal unit room. Temperature
control is achieved by electric snap-acting thermostats
mounted within terminal unit room or within conditioned
areas.

These are manually adjustable to desired settings and

permit part-load operation of the system to conserve power.
A good thumb rule for total power consumption by a central
air conditioning system may be considered as 1.4 KW / TR.
VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW (VRF) SYSTEM

This system combines the worlds of discrete AC products (like the split ac
units) with the centralized cooling solution of Central AC plants.

In a VRF system, the central cooling plant is like the outdoor unit of split AC
unit operating as a condensing unit.

However, while in Split ac units, each indoor unit is driven by one compressor
and its associated refrigerant circuit, in a VRF system a single compressor
drives multiple indoor units.

The refrigerant flows through smart valves to different indoor units. The valves
are automatically controlled so as to allow only the necessary volume of
refrigerant to flow in through each indoor unit.

Rooms with less heat load at a point of time will need less refrigerant flow and
hence be a lesser load on the system. This controlled flow ensures that
optimum cooling is achieved and therefore makes for a highly energy-efficient
system.
VRF systems can be as much as 30% more
efficient than conventional central plant systems.
They are also more versatile since indoor units in
VRF system can be convenient mix of various
types – high –wall mounted, cassette, or any other
and capacities down to 1 TR in multiples – to suit
each room and application.

Villas, Offices, Hotels and classrooms are typical

examples for applications that may use VRF
systems efficiently.
HIGH SIDE EQUIPMENTS

CHILLERS:

Scroll Chillers for small capacities.

HIGH SIDE EQUIPMENTS

Reciprocating Chillers : Load up to 120 TR.

Screw Chillers for Medium Cooling capacity (upto 400TR)
Centrifugal Chillers for High cooling capacity
TYPE OF PUMPS:

For General HVAC Application single stage Centrifugal pumps with a single or
double inlet impeller are used.

END SUCTION BACK PULL OUT PUMPS

This pump design enables to remove the rotor assembly without disturbing
the pipe lines. These pumps are nowadays preferred more because less
width space requirement. The casings can be splitted vertically.
HORIZONTAL SPLIT CASING PUMP

The split case permits complete access

to the impellers for maintenance from
Top.

HORIZONTAL SPLIT ASING

Inline Pump
These are compact and depend on the
connected piping for support. These
pumps have the space saving design,
easy maintenance. They are used for
heating & cooling systems, industrial
process, general services, pressure
boosting.
COOLING TOWERS

Cooling towers are used to dissipate heat from water cooled refrigeration,
air conditioning, and industrial process.

Forced draught: The fan is at the air inlet side.

Application: Used where installation space is less.
Induced draught: the fan is at the air exit point
For the installation/location of cooling tower, ensure that NPSH available is
more than the NPSH required of the pump.

The required height between the cooling tower sump bottom level & condenser
pump volute casing top to be maintained.
Cooling Tower Terminology:

Range: The temperature difference between the water entering &

leaving the cooling tower is range.

Approach: The temperature difference between the leaving water

temperature and the entering air wet bulb is called approach.

TYPICAL INDUCED DRAFT COOLING TOWER INTERNAL

COMPONENTS
LOW SIDE MAJOR HVAC EQUIPMENTS
AHU: It is the abbreviation of Air Handling Units. Sometimes
also called as Air Delivery Unit(ADU) or Air Treatment
Unit(ATU) also. It an assembly of section (Fan section ,
Cooling/Heating coil section, Filter section, Mixing Box
section) for the treatment of air so as to control,
simultaneously, its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and
distribution to meet the requirements of a conditioned space.

AHU Classification

Depending on the Type of Coil

• DX Type
• Chilled water Type
Depending on the mounting location.
• Floor Mounted Type
• Horizontal Type

• Vertical type
• Ceiling Suspended Type

Depending on the relative position of the Cooling Coil &

Fan the AHUs are classified as below:

• Draw thru System-Fan is located after Coil.

• Blow thru System-Fan is located before Coil.
TYPICAL AHU & INTERNAL COMPONENTS FOR BUILDING
SYSTEM APPLICATION WITHOUT MIXING BOX.
FAN COIL UNIT

These are compact in size and

available for small capacity. these
are suitable for ceilings
suspended in concealed design.

Applications: Hotels, Offices,

Hospitals, Schools, Shopping
malls, etc.

FANS
A fan is a gas flow producing machine with two or more blades or vanes attached to
a rotating shaft. Each of these devices, including the impellers, converts rotational
mechanical energy, applied to their shafts, to total pressure increase of the moving
gas. This conversion is accomplished by changing the momentum of the fluid.
3 main components in a fan:

The impeller (or wheel or rotor)

The means of driving the impeller and

The casing

Fans of different types, or even fans of the same type

supplied by different manufacturers, will not interact with
the system in the same way.
Types of Fans: The fans can be classified under three general
types:

• Centrifugal

• Axial

• Mixed flow

Centrifugal fan:

A fan in which the air enters the impeller axially and is

discharged radially into a volute-type casing. Centrifugal fans
are divided into four general classifications: Forward Curve (FC),
Backward inclined (BI), Radial blade and Tubular centrifugal.
Forward Curve Centrifugal Fan

The forward curve centrifugal fan travels at a relatively slow

speed and generally is used for producing high volumes at low
static pressure. The forward curve fan will surge but the
magnitude is typically less than for other types. Advantages of
the forward curve fan are low cost, slow speed which
minimizes shaft and bearing size and wide operating range.
The disadvantages are the shape of its performance curve
which allows the possibility of paralleling, and an overloading
of the motor may occur if system static pressure decreases.
Also, it is not suitable for material handling because of its
blade configuration. It is inherently weak structurally.
Therefore, forward curved fans are generally not capable of
the high speeds necessary for developing higher static
pressures
BACKWARD INCLINED FAN

Backward inclined fans travel about twice the speed of the forward
curved fan. The magnitude of surge for a backward inclined fan is
greater than for an forward curved fan. Advantages of the backward
inclined fan are higher efficiency and non-overloading power curve.
The power curve generally reaches a maximum in the middle of the
normal operating range, thus overloading is normally not a problem.
Inherently stronger design makes it suitable for higher static pressure
operation. The disadvantages of backward inclined fan include the
higher speed which requires larger shaft and bearing sizes and
places more importance on proper balance, and unstable operation
occurs as block-tight static pressure is approached. This fan is also
unsuitable for material handling. A refinement of the flat-blade,
backward inclined fan makes use of airfoil shaped blades. This
improves the static efficiency and reduces noise level slightly. The
magnitude of surge also increases with the airfoil blades.
Radial Blade Fans:

Radial blade fans are generally narrower than other types of

centrifugal fans. Consequently, they require a larger diameter wheel
for a given capacity. This increases the cost and is the main reason
why they are not used for ar conditioning duty. The radial blade fan is
well suited for handling low volumes at relatively high static pressures
and for material handling.

Absence of surge and a nearly straight power curve with linear

relationship with air flow are its other advantages. This proportional
relationship allows capacity control to be actuated from motor power
input. Disadvantages of this type of fan are higher cost and lower
efficiency.
Tubular Centrifugal Fans

Tubular centrifugal fans generally consist of a single width aerofoil

wheel arranged in a cylinder to discharge air radially against the inside
of the cylinder. Air is then deflected parallel with the fan shaft to
provide straight-through flow. Vanes are used to recover static
pressure and straighten air flow. Frequently, the straight-through flow
results in significant space saving. This is the main advantage of
tubular centrifugal fans.

Axial fans

Axial fans are divided into three groups:

• Propeller

• Tube axial

• Vane axial
NON CENTRAL AC SYSTEM

We generally use window and split air conditioner as non central

AC which is describe as given below:

WINDOW AND SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING UNITS

The easiest mode of providing air conditioning for any space is

through a window unit. This, as the name implies, is simply
mounted in an external window, generally 75 mm above
finished floor level. Utilities required for the unit are power
connection (220 volts, single phase, AC power) through a 15
amps power socket and condensate drain disposal.

In hot and dry climates, like Delhi, Rajasthan, Bihar, UP and

others, efficiency of the unit is improved by placing a water tray
on top of unit which evaporatively cools the ambient air used for
condensing the refrigerant.
Window units are recommended for air conditioning of a maximum of
upto 100 sq.m. floor space, which has a limited depth upto 10 m. and
has external periphery to allow mounting of these units.

Major advantage of window unit is the ease of installation and the

relatively low capital cost. Window units are commercially available in
nominal capacities of 0.5 TR, 1 TR, 1.5 TR and 2 TR; the actual
capacity being somewhat smaller. These units are adequate for air
conditioning respectively 7.5 sq.m., 15 sq.m., 25 sq.m. and 30 sq.m.
floor area respectively.
Some of the major problems with window unit are that it has poor air distribution
(supply/return from same face), can best serve space upto 5m deep, requires external
window for mounting, blocks view, is aesthetically not desirable, generates excessive
noise in conditioned area, no constant fresh air circulation, maintenance personnel
has to attend from conditioned spaces and unit is prone to compressor burn-out due to
voltage fluctuations.

Starting in 1984, split air conditioning units of 1 TR and 1.5 TR capacity are
commercially available. These consists of a DX (direct expansion) fan coil unit
installed within conditioned space and an air-cooled condensing unit mounted out-
doors within 10m of the fan coil unit, interconnection is through insulated refrigerant
pipes (2 Nos.) about 10 cm diameter including insulation. Split units are well suited
for apartments, shops, low-rise office buildings and meeting rooms.
PUMPING SYSTEMS FOR CHILLED WATER

There are three types of pumping systems for a Chilled water circuit namely:

Single pumping using one set of pumps to circulate the water through all the
components of piping. The system has an advantage of lower cost and simplicity of
design but has disadvantage of maximum power consumption due to constant water
flow rate at all load conditions (full load and part load)

Primary and Secondary pumping using one set of pumps (Primary pumps) for circulating
the water through the chiller and / or for circulating the brine through the chiller and the
thermal storage tanks (when provided) and another set of pumps (Secondary pumps) to
circulate the chilled water through Air handling units, Fan coil units, etc. by drawing the
water from primary circuit and returning back to the Primary pumps after circulation
through the load (AHUs and FCUs). The Primary pumps are fixed speed pumps
whereas the secondary pumps are provided with variable frequency drive to vary the
speed of the pump motor as per the load. This arrangement helps in savings in power
consumption since at reduced speed the power consumption also gets reduced. The
other advantage of the Primary secondary pumping is that the flow of chilled water is
restricted to the operating loads only.
Primary, secondary and tertiary pumping is identical to the
Primary and secondary pumping with the only exception that
there are tertiary pump sets to cater to the load (AHUs and
FCUs) and the secondary pumps are used to circulate water
between primary circuit and the tertiary circuit (secondary
pumps act as a link between primary and tertiary circuits). This
system is used when several separate buildings are to be air-
conditioned from the Central AC Plant.

This system is used for high rise buildings in which Primary and
secondary pumps are provided inside the AC plant room and
the tertiary pumps are provided at different levels catering to a
number of floors.

The advantage of using this system is same as for the Primary

and secondary pumping system explained above.
The number of pumps to be provided for the Single pumping
system and Primary pumping systems are No. of Chiller + 1.
The number of pumps to be provided for the secondary
pumping is generally decided as per the cooling load of the
zone and could be 1 Working + 1 Standby or 2 Working + 1
Standby or 3 Working + 1 Standby and so on.

Similarly, the number of pumps to be provided for the tertiary

pumping is decided as per the cooling load of the load circuit
and could be 1 Working + 1 Standby or 2 Working + 1 Standby
etc.
The Pressure drop of the complete chilled water circuit is to
be computed as per the Pump head calculation format.
Please do not forget to add the pressure drop through the
chiller and the load (AHU and / or Fan coil unit).

The pressure drop through the Chiller, AHU and Fan coil
unit shall be confirmed from the manufacturer as per the
indicated equipment parameters.

Actual difference in height between the AC plant room and

the highest located AHU or FCU shall not be considered
since the pressure drop caused in lifting up the water is
neutralized by equal gain in pressure when the water flows
back from AHU or FCU to the AC plant room.
While designing the various components of chilled water piping,
the following water velocities need to be maintained to keep
pipe erosion and noise levels within acceptable limits:

Service Velocity range (fps)

Pump Discharge 8 – 12

Pump Suction 4–7

Main header 4 – 15

Pipe riser 3 – 10

Make-up water 3–7

VALVES

Generally, the following valves are used for water / brine

application:

Gate Valve

Gate valves are used for isolation of equipment and start / stop
of water flow. These are used for smaller pipe sizes (for pipe dia
32mm and less than 32mm). Now-a-days Gate valves are
replaced by Ball valves.

Globe Valve

Globe valves are used for adjusting the water flow rate through
pipe line. These are used for smaller pipe sizes (for pipe dia
32mm and less than 32mm) and for the applications flow rates
are not required to be measured.
Butterfly Valve:

Butterfly valves are used for isolation of equipment and start /

stop of water flow. These are used for larger pipe sizes (for pipe
dia 40mm and more than 40mm).

Butterfly valves shall never be used for flow regulation since it

causes damage of the disc and subsequently it can not even
perform its basic function of shutting of flow (when required).

Butterfly valves for pipe dia of 200mm and above shall be gear
operated. Butterfly valves provided at inlet and outlet of Chiller
and condenser having a pipe dia of 200 mm and above shall be
motorized gear driven and shall be interlocked with the
operation of chilling unit.
Non-return Valve (Check valve):

The discs of Non-return valves open automatically due to water

pressure in the direction of water flow and do not allow the
water flow in reverse direction since the discs close under the
gravity or due to spring pressure when water flow in reverse
direction tends to occur.

Non-return valves are provided in delivery connection of the

Pumps and the critical locations where return flow needs to be
prevented.

Ball Valve:

Ball valves are generally used for isolation and start / stop of
water flow for Fan coil units. These are used for smaller pipe
sizes (for pipe dia 32mm and less than 32mm). The Ball valve
provided at inlet side of the Fan coil unit has a built-in strainer.
Balancing valve (Manual):

These valves are similar to globe valves having additional port

connections (one each on upstream and downstream side of water
flow) for water flow measurement.

The manometer or a Computerized balancing instrument can be

connected to these ports to find out the pressure drop across the
valve. The valves are calibrated to regulate various flow rates across
a range of pressure drops. To set a valve at a particular water flow
rate, the pressure drop is adjusted as per the calibrated charts (water
flow vs pressure drop) furnished by the valve manufacturer.

These valves are used where the flow adjustments are required to be
carried out once only. After the adjustment has been carried out the
valve handle (wheel) is normally removed from the valve spindle and
kept at a safe place to avoid accidental change of valve setting and
jeopardizing the flow rate.
Balancing Valve (Automatic)

These valves are known as Pressure independent valves. In these valves,

the provision of a device sets the valve to a predetermined flow. Thereafter,
a built in spring adjusts the orifice to maintain the fixed flow rate even when
the pressure in the line increases or decreases.

These valves are also provided with port connections (one each on
upstream and downstream side of water flow) for water flow measurement
through manometer or a Computerized balancing instrument (CBI). When
Pressure independent valves are used in secondary chilled water circuit (at
the inlet of AHUs), we can forego the reverse return piping system i.e. in
that case, it could be direct return piping.

Cock Valve:

It is a 6mm dia valve having a ball connected with the valve spindle used to
allow / shut water flow to / from Pressure gauge for operation / repair and
replacement of pressure gauge. Now-a-days it is being replaced by globe
valve due to its malfunction and inherent water leakage (dripping).
SELECTION OF HVAC SYSTEM for 1000 TR AC Load Office
Building AT NOIDA

Window Air-conditioners / Duct able Split Units

The duct able split units and window air-conditioners are ideal
candidate for use in small shopping areas and residential facility
respectively. However, this project has a total peak A/C
requirement of approx. 1000 TR and use of above system is not
feasible due to following reasons:

• Since the window air-conditioners and split units are installed

in individual areas, hence total installed capacity shall be
much higher in comparison to required capacity of a central
plant.

• No fresh air addition in space is possible through window/split

units thereby compromising on Indoor Air Quality.
• The window / split units being air-cooled shall be highly
derated in summer season for Noida ambient temperatures.
• Air-cooled window/split units have the highest power
consumption amongst various types of A/C systems.

• Window A/C and condensing unit of split air-conditioners

shall need to be installed on building facia.

• Large numbers of units present a maintenance nightmare to

operation staff.

• No interface with Building Automation System is possible to

optimize operating cost of HVAC system.

• Winter heating is possible only with directly mounted electric

heating elements which present a serious fire hazard.
Package Units

Duct able package units are available up to maximum 16 TR

nominal capacities and are ideally suited for installation in
small offices or medium size shops. However, for large air-
conditioning loads, these are not recommended due to
following reasons:

• Large number of package units shall be required thereby

needing more floor space than central plant.

• Since package units are of single skin construction, hence

acoustic lining (of fiber glass material) shall be required.
Use of fiber glass is not recommended due to its
carcinogenic properties. Also, despite acoustic lining of
room, adjoining offices to package unit room tend to be
noisier.
• Air-cooled package units shall require installation of
condensing units on building facia.

• No or very limited interface with Building Automation System

is possible to optimize operating cost.

• Maintenance is difficult as large numbers of package units

are required.

• Package units have higher operating cost in comparison to

Central Plant.
VRV System

Variable Refrigerant Volume Systems are extension of air cooled split

units with benefit of a centralized outdoor unit (similar to central plant)
comprising of multiple compressors.

The VRV systems are available in multiple capacities upto 40 HP size

and are ideally suited for mid size installations (up to 150-200 TR)
where water is not available for operating water cooled central plant.

One or more compressors in the bank of multiple compressors (for

each outdoor unit), is operated on Variable Frequency Drive whereby
the refrigerant flow in the circuit is varied. The main advantage of
VRV system is that vast ranges of independent indoor units (similar to
air cooled split units) are supported by it and the system has lowest
operating cost amongst its contemporaries (except central plant).
Outdoor condenser unit (on roof or outside air-con ledge) and Indoor
units are linked by refrigerant pipe work. The main drawbacks of
VRV systems are as follows:

• Limited addition of fresh air is possible. Fresh air is supplied

through Primary Air Unit FCU. Additional fresh air ductwork is
required to provide in the office ceiling space.

• Energy consumption is high (approximately 1.5 KW/TR). However,

due to presence of VFD driven compressor unit, cumulative power
consumption is lower (close to central plant)

• Air cooled condensing units have to be located at external ledge in

well ventilated space whereby aesthetics is a concern as special
Architectural treatment is required to hide the units from the
building facade.
• Refrigerant Gas leakage needs to be monitored and
checked frequently to ensure proper operation of the
system.

• The life span of VRV split units is around 5 to 8 years as

recommended by the manufacturer. Dismantling and
replacing of indoor units in short span causes
inconvenience to the occupant.

• VRV indoor units have limited capability in expelling

moisture from the conditioned air. Thus, during monsoon,
RH may exceed the specified limit thereby causing
inconvenience to the occupants, specially in high
occupancy areas
Central Air-conditioning System

This option is ideally suited for buildings with air-

conditioning load greater than 150-200 TR. Selection of
high side equipment is carried out on the basis of block
load calculation taking advantage of different orientation
of various areas in the building. Moreover, several
energy conservation options are available like use of
variable speed drives on pumps/AHUs/cooling towers
as well as interface is possible through Building
Automation System for most energy efficient operation.
Lastly, central system has lowest power consumption
amongst its contemporaries and no compromise is
made on Indoor Air Quality. With fewer number of
installed equipment, maintenance is also easier.
Conclusion

Due to large advantage which central system has over

split units, window air-conditioners and package units
in terms of indoor air quality, energy conservation,
interface with BAS, easier maintenance and quiet
operation, the central air-conditioning system has
been adopted for the project.
THANK YOU