01 Growth Adaptations, Cellular Injury, and Cell Death

I. GROWTH ADAPTATIONS
a. Hyperplasia & Hypertrophy
b. Atrophy
c. Metaplasia
d. Dysplasia
e. Aplasia & Hypoplasia

II. CELLULAR INJURY

a. Hypoxia
i. Ischemia
ii. Hypoxemia
iii. Decreased O2 Carrying Capacity
b. Reversible Cellular Injury
c. Irreversible Cellular Injury

III. CELL DEATH

a. Necrosis
i. Coagulative iv. Caseous
ii. Liquefactive v. Fat
iii. Gangrenous vi. Fibrinoid
b. Apoptosis
i. Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway
ii. Extrinsic Death Receptor Pathway
iii. CD8 T Cell Mediated Pathway

IV. FREE RADICAL INJURY

a. Oxidants
i. NADPH Oxidase
ii. Superoxide Dismutase
iii. Myeloperoxidase
b. Antioxidants
i. Catalase
ii. Superoxide Dismutase
iii. Glutathione Peroxidase

V. AMYLOIDOSIS
a. Systemic Amyloidosis
b. Localized Amyloidosis
i. Senile Amyloidosis
ii. Familial Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (transthyretin)
iii. Type II DM (amylin)
iv. Alzheimer’s Disease (Aβ amyloid)
v. Dialysis-associated Amyloidosis (β2 microglobulin)
vi. MCT (Calcitonin)

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02 Inflammation & Immunopathology

I. ACUTE INFLAMMATION
a. Mediators of Acute Inflammation
i. Toll-like Receptors
ii. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites
iii. Mast Cells
iv. Complement System
v. Hageman Factor
b. Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
i. Rubor & Calor
ii. Tumor
iv. Dolor
v. Fever
c. Neutrophil Arrival & Function
i. Margination v. Phagocytosis
ii. Rolling vi. Destruction of Phagocytosed
iii. Adhesion vii. Resolution
iv. Transmigration
d. Macrophage

II. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

a. T Lymphocytes
i. CD4+ Helper T Cells
1. Th1 Subset
2. Th2 Subset
ii. CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells
1. T Cell Independent Activation
2. T Cell Dependent Activation
b. B Lymphocytes
c. Granulomatous Inflammation
i. Caseating Granuloma
ii. Non-Caseating Granuloma

III. PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY

a. T Cell Immunodeficiency Disorders
i. DiGeorge Syndrome
b. B Cell Immunodeficiency Disorders
i. X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
ii. Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
iii. Selective IgA Deficiency
iv. Hyper-IgM Syndrome
c. Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders
i. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
ii. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
d. Complement Deficiency Disorders
i. C5-C9 (MAC Complex) Deficiency
ii. C1 Inhibitor Deficiency

IV. AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

a. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
b. Sjogren Syndrome
c. Scleroderma
d. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

V. WOUND HEALING
a. Regeneration
b. Repair
c. Aberrant Wound Healing: Hypertrophic Scar vs Keloid

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03 Principles of Neoplasia

I. BASIC PRINCIPLES
a. Monoclonality
b. Benign vs Malignant
c. Nomeclature (oma, carcinoma, sarcoma)
d. Screening

II. CARCINOGENESIS
a. Carcinogens
i. Chemicals
ii. Oncogenic Viruses
iii. Radiation
b. Oncogenes
i. Growth Factor: PDGF
ii. Growth Factor Receptor: HER2/neu, RET, KIT
iii. Signal Transducer: RAS, ABL
iv. Nuclear Regulatiors: c-MYC, N-MYC, L-MYC
b. Tumor Suppressor Genes
i. p53
ii. Rb
c. Regulators of Apoptosis
i. Bcl2
d. Other Important Features
i. Telomerase
ii. Angiogenic Factors: FGF, VEGF
iii. Avoidance of Immune Surveillance: MHC Class I Downregulation

III. TUMOR PROGRESSION

a. Local Invasion & Spread
i. E-Cadherin Downregulation
ii. Laminin Attachment & Collagenase IV
iii. Fibronectin Attachment & Local Spread
b. Metastasis
i. Hematogenous Route
ii. Lymphatic Route

IV. CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS

a. Clinical Features: Benign vs Malignant
b. Histologic Features: Benign vs Malignant
c. Immunohistochemistry
d. Serum Tumor Markers
e. Cancer Grading
f. Cancer Staging

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04 Hemostatic Disorders

I. DISORDERS OF PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS

a. Quantitative Platelet Disorders
i. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
i. Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
1. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ADAMTS13 Deficiency)
2. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (E. coli O157:H7 Verotoxin)
b. Qualitative Platelet Disorders
i. Bernard-Soulier Syndrome (GPIb Deficiency)
ii. Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GPIIb/IIIa Deficiency)
iii. Aspirin
iv. Uremia

II. DISORDERS OF SECONDARY HEMOSTASIS

a. Hemophilia A
b. Hemophilia B
c. Coagulation Factor Inhibitor (usually Anti-FactorVIII)
d. Von Willebrand Disease
e. Vitamin K Deficiency

III. OTHER DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS

a. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
b. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
c. Disorders of Fibrinolysis (Plasmin Overactivity)

IV. THROMBOSIS (VIRCHOW’S TRIAD)

a. Disruption of Normal Blood Flow
b. Endothelial Cell Damage
i. Antithrombotic Effects of Endothelium
1. Primary Hemostasis
○ Blockage of subendothelial collagen
○ PGI2, NO
2. Secondary Hemostasis
○ Anticoagulation: Heparin-like Molecule, Thrombomodulin
○ Profibrinolytic: tPA
ii. Causes of Endothelial Cell Damage
1. Atherosclerosis
2. Vasculitis
3. Elevated Homocysteine
□ Vitamin B12 & Folate Deficiency
□ Cystathionine Beta Synthase Deficiency
c. Hypercoagulable State
i. Protein C & S Deficiency
ii. Factor V Leiden
iii. Prothrombin 20210A
iv. Antithrombin III Deficiency

V. EMBOLISM
a. Types of Embolus
i. Thromboembolus iv. Gas Embolus
ii. Atherosclerotic Embolus v. Amniotic Fluid Embolus
iii. Fat Embolus
b. Pulmonary Embolism

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05 Red Blood Cell Disorders

I. MICROCYTIC ANEMIAS
a. Iron Deficiency Anemia
b. Anemia of Chronic Disease
c. Sideroblastic Anemia
d. Thalassemia
i. α-Thalassemia (alpha gene deletions)
1. α-Thalassemia Silent Carrier (αα/α-)
2. α-Thalassemia Carrier (cis αα/--) (trans α-/α-)
3. Hemoglobin H Disease (α-/--)
4. α-Thalassemia Major (Hydrops Fetalis) (--/--)
ii. β-Thalassemia (beta gene mutation)
1. β-Thalassemia Minor (β/β+)
2. β-Thalassemia Major (β°/β°)

II. MACROCYTIC ANEMIAS

a. Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemias
i. Folate Deficiency
ii. Cobalamin Deficiency
b. Non-megaloblastic Mac rocytic Anemias

III. NORMOCYTIC ANEMIAS

a. Predominant Extravascular Hemolytic Anemia
i. Sickle Cell Anemia
ii. Hemoglobin C
b. Predominant Intravascular Hemolytic Anemia
i. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
ii. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
iii. Immune Hemolytic Anemia
iv. Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (TTP-HUS, DIC, HELLP)
v. Malaria

III. HYPOPROLIFERATIVE ANEMIAS

a. Parvovirus B19
b. Aplastic Anemia
c. Myelophthisic Process

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06 White Blood Cell Disorders

I. LEUKOPENIA & LEUKOCYTOSIS

a. Leukopenia
i. Neutropenia
ii. Lymphopenia
b. Leukocytosis
i. Neutrophilia iv. Basophilia
ii. Monocytosis v. Lymphocytosis
iii. Eosinophilia 1. Infectious Mononucleosis

II. ACUTE LEUKEMIA – neoplastic accumulation of blasts (>20%) in BM

a. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
i. Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (M3)
ii. Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia (M4)
iii. Acute Monoblastic Leukemia (M5)
iv. Acute Erythroid Leukemia (M6)
v. Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (M7)
b. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
i. B-ALL
1. Philadelphia-positive ALL [t(9;22)]
ii. T-ALL

III. CHRONIC LEUKEMIA – neoplastic accumulation of mature lymphocytes

a. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia [t(9;22)]
b. Chronic B Cell Leukemias
i. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (Naïve B Cells)
ii. Hairy Cell Leukemia (Mature B Cells)
c. Chronic CD4+ T Cell Leukemias
i. Adult T Cell Leukemia
ii. Mycosis Fungoides

IV. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS

a. Polycythemia Vera
b. Essential Thrombocythemia
c. Myelofibrosis

V. LYMPHADENOPATHY
a. Painful vs Painless lymphadenopathy
b. Types of Lymphadenopathy
i. Follicular Hyperplasia (B Cells)
ii. Paracortical Hyperplasia (T Cells)
iii. Sinus Histiocytosis (Cancer)

VI. LYMPHOMA
a. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
i. Small B Cells
1. Follicular Lymphoma [t(14;18) IgH-Bcl2]
2. Mantle Cell Lymphoma [t(11;14) IgH-CCND1]
3. Marginal Zone Lymphoma
○ MALToma
4. Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma [CLL Lymphoma]
ii. Intermediate Sized B Cells
1. Burkitt Lymphoma [t(8;14) IgH-cMYC]
iii. Large B Cells
1. Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL]
b. Hodgkin Lymphoma
i. Nodular Sclerosis
ii. Lymphocyte-rich
iii. Mixed Cellularity
iv. Lymphocyte0depleted

VII. PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS

a. Multiple Myeloma
b. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)
c. Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

VIII. LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS

a. Letterer-Siwe Disease
b. Eosinophilic Granuloma
c. Hand-Schuller-Christian Disease

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07 Vascular Pathology

I. VASCULITIS
a. Lage Vessel Vasculitis
i. Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis
ii. Takayasu Arteritis
b. Medium Vessel Vasculitis
i. Polyarteritis Nodosa
ii. Kawasaki Disease
iii. Bueger Disease
c. Small Vessel Vasculitis
i. ANCA Associated Vasculitis
1. Wegener’s Granulomatosis (Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis)
2. Microscopic Polyangiitis
3. Churg-Strauss Syndrome (Eosinophilic G with Polyangiitis)
ii. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)

II. HYPERTENSION
a. Primary Hypertension
b. Secondary Hypertension
i. Renovascular Hypertension
c. Malignant Hypertension

III. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
a. Atherosclerosis
b. Arteriolosclerosis
i. Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis
ii. Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis
c. Mockeberg Medial Calcific Sclerosis

IV. AORTIC DISSECTION & ANEURYSM

a. Aortic Dissection
b. Aortic Aneurysm
i. Thoracic Aneurysm
ii. Abdominal Aneurysm

V. VASCULAR TUMORS
a. Hemangioma
b. Endothelial Cell Tumors
i. Angiosarcoma
ii. Kaposi Sarcoma

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08 Cardiac Pathology

I. ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

a. Angina
i. Stable Angina
ii. Unstable Angina
iii. Prinzmetal Angina
b. Myocardial Infarction
i. NSTEMI
ii. STEMI
c. Sudden Cardiac Death
d. Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease

II. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

a. Left-Sided Heart Failure
b. Right-Sided Heart Failure

III. CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS

a. Acyanotic Heart Disease
i. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
ii. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
iii. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
iv. Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)
b. Cyanotic Heart Disease (4T)
i. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
ii. Transposition of Great Vessels (TGA)
iii. Truncus Arteriosus
iv. Tricuspid Valve Atresia

IV. VALVULAR DISORDERS

a. Rheumatic Heart Disease
i. Acute Rheumatic Fever
ii. Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease
b. Aortic Valve Disease
i. Aortic Stenosis
ii. Aortic Regurgitation
c. Mitral Valve Disease
i. Mitral Regurgitation
1. Mitral Valve Prolapse
ii. Mitral Stenosis

V. ENDOCARDITIS
a. Infective Endocarditis
i. Acute (S. aureus) Endocarditis
ii. Subacute (S. viridans) Endocarditis
iii. Prosthetic Valve (S. epidermidis) Endocarditis
iv. Colorectal CA-associated (S. bovis) Endocarditis
v. Culture-Negative (HACEK) Endocarditis
b. Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE)
c. Libman-Sacks Endocarditis (LSE)

IV. CARDIOMYOPATHY
a. Dilated Cardiomyopathy
i. Myocarditis
b. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
c. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

V. CARDIAC TUMORS
a. Myxoma
b. Rhabdomyoma
c. Metastatic Cardiac Tumors

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09 Respiratory Pathology

I. UPPER RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY

a. Nasopharynx
i. Rhinitis
ii. Nasal Polyp
iii. Angiofibroma
iv. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
b. Larynx
i. Acute Epiglottitis
ii. Laryngotracheobronchitis
iii. Vocal Fold Nodule
iv. Laryngeal Papilloma
v. Laryngeal Carcinoma

II. PULMONARY INFECTIONS

a. Pneumonia
i. Lobar Pneumonia
ii. Bronchopneumonia
iii. Interstitial (Atypical) Pneumonia
iv. Aspiration Pneumonia
b. Pulmonary Tuberculosis
i. Primary Tuberculosis
ii. Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis
iii. Miliary Tuberculosis

III. OBSTRUCTIVE VENTILATORY DEFECTS

a. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
i. Chronic Bronchitis (Blue Bloaters)
ii. Emphysema (Pink Puffers)
1. Emphysema due to Smoking
2. α1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
b. Bronchial Asthma
i. Atopic (Extrinsic) Asthma
ii. Non-Atopic (Intrinsic) Asthma
iii. Drug-Induced (Aspirin-sensitive) Asthma
iv. Occupational Asthma
c. Bronchiectasis

IV. RESTRICTIVE VENTILATORY DEFECTS

a. Interstitial Lung Disease
i. Fibrosing
1. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
2. Pneumoconiosis
○ Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis, Anthracosis
○ Silicosis
○ Berylliosis
○ Asbestosis
ii. Granulomatous
1. Sarcoidosis
b. Chest Wall Abnormalities

V. PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASES

a. Pulmonary Hypertension
i. Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (BMPR2)
ii. Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension

VI. RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROMES

a. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
b. Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Surfactant Deficiency)

VII. LUNG CANCER

a. Primary Lung Cancer
i. Small Cell Lung Cancer
ii. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
1. Adenocarcinoma (TTF-1 +)
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (p40 +)
3. Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
b. Metastatic Lung Cancer

VIII. PLEURA
a. Pneumothorax
i. Spontaneous Pneumothorax
ii. Tension Pneumothorax
b. Mesothelioma

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10 Gastrointestinal Pathology
VI. LARGE INTESTINES
a. Hirschsprung’s Disease
I. ORAL CAVITY b. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
a. Cleft Lip and Palate i. Ulcerative Colitis
b. Aphthous Ulcers ii. Crohn’s Disease
i. Bechet’s Disease c. Lower GI Bleeding
c. Oral Herpes i. Colonic Diverticula, Diverticulitis, Fistula, Bleeding
d. Premalignant Tongue Lesions ii. Angiodysplasia
i. Oral Leukoplakia & Non-premalignant Differentials iii. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
1. Oral Candidiasis iv. Ischemic Colitis
2. Hairy Leukoplakia d. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
ii. Erythroplakia e. Colonic Polyps
e. Squamous Cell Carcinoma i. Hyperplastic Polyps
ii. Adenomatous Polyps
II. SALIVARY GLANDS 1. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
a. Mumps Parotiditis iii. Benign Premalignant Hamartomatous Polyps
b. Sialadenitis 2. Juvenile Polyp
i. Sialolithiasis 3. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
c. Benign Salivary Gland Tumors f. Colorectal Carcinoma
i. Pleomorphic Adenoma i. Colorectal CA Secondary to Polyps
ii. Warthin Tumor ii. Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Carcinoma (HNPCC)
d. Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors
i. Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

III. ESOPHAGUS
a. Esophageal Obstruction & Bleeding
i. Tracheoesophageal Fistula
ii. Esophageal Web
iii. Zenker’s Diverticulum
iv. Achalasia
b. Esophageal Bleeding
iv. Mallory Weiss Syndrome
v. Esophageal Varices
c. Esophageal Reflux-Acid-Metaplasia-Carcinoma Sequence
i. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
ii. Barrett Esophagus
iii. Esophageal Carcinoma
1. Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
2. Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

IV. STOMACH
a. Congenital Abdominal Wall Defects
i. Gastroschisis
ii. Omphalocele
b. Congenital Stomach Defects
i. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
c. Gastritis
i. Acute Gastritis
ii. Chronic Gastritis
a. Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis
b. Chronic H. pylori Gastritis
d. Peptic Ulcer Disease
i. Gastric Ulcer
ii. Duodenal Ulcer
e. Gastric Carcinoma
i. Intestinal Type Gastric Adenocarcinoma
ii. Diffuse Type Gastric Adenocarcinoma

IV. SMALL INTESTINES

a. Congenital Small Bowel Defects
i. Duodenal Atresia
ii. Meckel’s Diverticulum
b. Intestinal Obstruction
i. Volvulus iii. Adhesion
ii. Intussusception iv. Herniation
c. Small Bowel Infarction
d. Malabsorption Syndromes
i. Lactose Intolerance
ii. Celiac Sprue
iii. Tropical Sprue
iv. Whipple’s Disease
v. Abetalipoproteinemia
e. Carcinoid Tumor

V. APPENDIX
a. Appendicitis

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11 Exocrine Pancreas, Gallbladder, and Liver Pathology

I. PANCREAS
a. Annular Pancreas
b. Pancreatitis
i. Acute Pancreatitis
ii. Chronic Pancreatitis
c. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

II. GALLBLADDER & BILIARY TRACT

a. Biliary Atresia
b. Cholelithiasis
c. Complications of Cholelithiasis
i. Biliary Colic
ii. Acute Cholecystitis
iii. Chronic Cholecystitis
iv. Ascending Cholangitis
v. Gallstone Ileus
d. Gallbladder Carcinoma

III. JAUNDICE
a. Prehepatic Jaundice
i. Extravascular Hemolysis
ii. Ineffective Erythropoiesis
b. Intrahepatic Jaundice
i. Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
1. Physiologic Jaundice of the Newborn
2. Gilbert Syndrome
3. Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
ii. Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
1. Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
2. Rotor Syndrome
iii. Viral Hepatitis
c. Posthepatic Jaundice
i. Obstructive Jaundice

IV. VIRAL HEPATITIS

a. Acute Hepatitis
i. Hepatitis A and E
ii. Acute Hepatitis B and C
b. Chronic Hepatitis
i. Chronic Hepatitis B
1. Hepatitis D Superinfection
2. Hepatitis D Co-infection
ii. Chronic Hepatitis C

V. CIRRHOSIS
a. Alcoholic Liver Disease
i. Alcoholic Steatosis
ii. Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
iii. Alcoholic Steatofibrosis (Cirrhosis)
b. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
c. Cirrhosis due to Metal Deposition
i. Hemochromatosis
1. Primary Hemochromatisis (HFE gene mutation)
2. Secondary Hemochromatosis (Chronic Transfusion)
ii. Wilson Disease (ATP7B mutation)
d. Biliary Cirrhosis
i. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
ii. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

VI. REYE SYNDROME

V. LIVER TUMORS
a. Benign Liver Tumors
i. Hepatic Adenoma
b. Malignant Liver Tumors
i. Hepatocellular Carcinoma
ii. Metastatic Liver Cancer

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12 Kidney and Urinary Tract Pathology

I. CONGENITAL RENAL DEFECTS

a. Horseshoe Kidneys
b. Renal Agenesis

II. CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES

a. Dysplastic Kidneys
b. Polycystic Kidney Disease
i. Adult (Autosomal Dominant) PKD
ii. Childhood (Autosomal Recessive) PKD
c. Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease

III. RENAL FAILURE

a. Acute Renal Failure (Acute Kidney Injury)
i. Prerenal Azotemia
ii. Intrarenal Azotemia
1. Acute Tubular Necrosis
○ Ischemic ATN
○ Nephrotoxic ATN
2. Acute Interstitial Nephritis
3. Renal Papillary Necrosis
iii. Postrenal Azotemia
b. Chronic Renal Failure

IV. NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

a. Podocyte Effacement
i. Minimal Change Disease
ii. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
b. Basement Membrane Thickening
i. Membranous Glomerulonephritis
ii. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (also Nephritic)
1. Type I MPGN
2. Type II MPGN
c. Systemic Disease
i. Diabetic Nephropathy
ii. Systemic Amyloidosis

V. NEPHRITIC SYNDROME
a. Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
b. IgA Nephropathy
c. Alport Syndrome
d. Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
i. Goodpasture Syndrome
ii. Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
iii. Pauci-immune Glomerulonephritis
1. Wegener’s Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
2. Churg-Strauss Syndrome (Eosinophilic GwP)
2. Microscopic Polyangiitis
e. Lupus Nephropathy

VI. URINARY TRACT INFECTION

a. Cystitis
b. Urethritis
c. Acute Pyelonephritis
d. Chronic Pyelonephritis

VII. NEPHROLITHIASIS
a. Nephrolithiasis in Acidic pH
i. Calcium Oxalate Stones
ii. Uric Acid Stones
iii. Cystine Stones
b. Nephrolithiasis in Alkaline pH
i. Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate (Struvite) Stones
ii. Calcium Phosphate Stones

VIII. RENAL NEOPLASIA

a. Angiomyolipoma
b. Renal Cell Carcinoma
c. Wilm’s Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

IX. LOWER URINARY TRACT CARCINOMA

a. Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma
b. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
c. Adenocarcinoma

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13 Female Genital System and Gestational Pathology VI. GESTATIONAL PATHOLOGY
a. Bleeding in the First Half of Pregnancy (<20 weeks)
i. Spontaneous Abortion
I. VULVA ii. Ectopic Pregnancy
a. Bartholin Cyst iii. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
b. Benign Vulvar Skin Lesions 1. Partial Mole
i. Condyloma 2. Complete Mole
ii. Lichen Sclerosis 3. Choriocarcinoma
iii. Lichen Simplex Chronicus b. Bleeding in the Second Half of Pregnancy (≥20 weeks)
e. Vulvar Neoplasia i. Placenta Previa
i. Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) ii. Abruptio Placenta
ii. Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma iii. Placenta Accreta

II. VAGINA
a. Adenosis
b. Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
c. Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (Sarcoma Botyroides)
d. Vaginal Neoplasia
i. Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VAIN)
ii. Vaginal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

III. CERVIX
a. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
b. Cervical Carcinoma In-Situ
b. Cervical Carcinoma
i. Screening by Pap Smear
ii. Confirmation by Colposcopy
iii. Prevention by Bivalent, Quadrivalent, Nonavalent Vaccine

IV. CORPUS UTERI

a. Endometrium
i. Asherman Syndrome
ii. Anovulatory Cycle
iii. Endometritis
1. Acute Endometritis
2. Chronic Endometritis
○ TB Endometritis
iv. Endometriosis
1. Ovarian Endometriosis (Chocolate Cyst)
2. Myometrial Endometriosis (Adenomyosis)
3. Soft Tissue Endometriosis
v. Endometrial Hyperplasia
vi. Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
1. Type I Endometrioid (Hyperplastic)
2. Type II Papillary Serous (Sporadic)
b. Myometrium
i. Leiomyoma
ii. Leiomyosarcoma

V. OVARIES
a. Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)
b. Ovarian Tumors
i. Surface Epithelial Tumors
1. Serous Tumors *fallopian
○ Serous Cystadenoma
○ Borderline Serous Tumors
○ Serous Cystadenocarcinoma
2. Mucinous Tumors *endocervical
○ Mucinous Cystadenoma
○ Borderline Mucinous Tumors
○ Mucinous Cystadenoma
3. Endometrioid Tumors *endometrial
4. Brenner Tumors *urothelial
ii. Germ Cell Tumors
1. Cystic Teratoma *fetal tissues
2. Dysgerminoma *oocyte
3. Endodermal Sinus Tumor *yolk sac
4. Choriocarcinoma *placental tissues
5. Embryonal Carcinoma *primitive cells
iii. Sex-Cord Stromal Tumors
1. Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumor
2. Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
3. Fibroma
iv. Metastatic Tumors
1. Krukenberg Tumor
2. Pseudomyxoma Peritonei

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14 Male Genital System Pathology

I. PENIS
a. Congenital Urethral Defects
i. Hypospadias
ii. Epispadias
b. Infectious Disease
i. Condyloma Acuminatum
ii. Lymphogranuloma Venereum
c. Penile Neoplasms
i. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
ii. SCCA Precursor Lesions
1. Bowen Disease (Leukoplakia)
2. Erythroplasia of Queyrat (Erythroplakia)
3. Bowenoid Papulosis

II. TESTIS
a. Testicular Disease
i. Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes)
ii. Orchitis
iii. Testicular Torsion
iv. Varicocele
v. Hydrocele
b. Testicular Tumors
i. Germ Cell Tumors
1. Seminoma
2. Non-seminoma
○ Fetal Tissue – Teratoma, Embryonal Carcinoma
○ Yolk Sac – Endodermal Sinus Tumor
○ Placental Tissue - Choriocarcinoma
ii. Sex Cord Stromal Tumors
1. Leydig Cell Tumor
2. Sertoli Cell Tumor
iii. Lymphoma (DLBCL)

III. PROSTATE
a. Prostatitis
i. Acute Prostatitis
ii. Chronic Prostatitis
b. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
c. Prostate Adenocarcinoma

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15 Endocrine Pathology VI. ADRENAL CORTEX
a. Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)
i. Exogenous Glucocorticoids
I. ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND ii. Primary Adrenal Adenoma, Hyperplasia, or Carcinoma
a. Pituitary Adenoma iii. ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma (Cushing Disease)
i. Non-functional Pituitary Adenoma iv. Ectopic ACTH Secretion (e.g. Small cell CA, Carcinoid)
ii. Functional Pituitary Adenoma b. Hyperaldosteronism
b. Hypopituitarism i. Primary Hyperaldosteronism
i. Pituitary Adenoma a. Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia
ii. Craniopharyngioma b. Adrenal Adenoma
iii. Sheehan Syndrome c. Adrenal Carcinoma
iv. Empty Sella Syndrome ii. Secondary Hyperaldosteronism
a. Renovascular Hypertension, CHF
II. POSTERIOR PITUITARY iii. Mimics of Hyperaldosteronism
a. Antidiuretic Hormone Pathology a. Glucocorticoid-remediable Aldosteronism (GRA)
i. Diabetes Insipidus b. Liddle Syndrome (Constitutive ENaC)
1. Central Diabetes Insipidus c. Syndrome of Apparent MC Excess (SAME) (11-βHSD2 mutation)
2. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus c. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
ii. Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) i. 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
1. Paraneoplastic SIADH (e.g. small cell lung CA) ii. 11-Hydroxylase Deficiency
2. Others (Pulmonary Infection, CNS Trauma, Drugs) iii. 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency

III. THYROID GLAND VI. ADRENAL MEDULLA

a. Congenital Thyroid Gland Defects a. Pheochromocytoma
i. Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
ii. Lingual Thyroid
b. Hyperthyroidism
i. Grave’s Disease (Diffuse Goiter)
ii. Toxic Multinodular Goiter
iii. Toxic Adenoma
c. Hypothyroidism
i. Cretinism
ii. Myxedema
d. Thyroiditis
i. Autoimmune (Hashimoto) Thyroiditis
ii. Acute Suppurative (Bacterial) Thyroiditis
iii. Subacute Granulomatous (De Quervain) Thyroiditis
iv. Fibrosing (Reidel) Thyroiditis
e. Thyroid Neoplasia
i. Benign Thyroid Neoplasms
1. Follicular Adenoma
ii. Malignant Thyroid Carcinomas
1. Papillary Carcinoma
2. Follicular Carcinoma
3. Medullary Carcinoma
4. Anaplastic Carcinoma

IV. PARATHYROID GLANDS

a. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
i. Parathyroid Adenoma (>80%)
ii. Parathyroid Hyperplasia
iii. Parathyroid Carcinoma
b. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
i. Renal Osteodystrophy
c. Hypoparathyroidism

V. ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
a. Diabetes Mellitus
i. Type I Diabetes Mellitus
ii. Type II Diabetes Mellitus
b. Acute Complications of DM
i. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
ii. Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma
c. Chronic Complications of DM
i. Non-enzymatic Glycosylation of BM
1. Medium-Large Vessels: CAD, PAOD
2. Small Vessels: DM Nephropathy
ii. Osmotic Damage
1. Schwann Cells: DM Neuropathy
2. Capillary Pericytes: DM Retinopathy
3. Lens: Cataract (Sorbitol Accumulation)
d. Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasms
i. Insulinoma
ii. Gastrinoma
iii. Somatostatinoma
iv. Glucagonoma
v. VIPoma

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16 Breast Pathology

I. BREAST
a. Normal Histology
i. Terminal Duct Lobular Unit
ii. Epithelium: Luminal & Myoepithelial
b. Hormone Sensitivity
c. Galactorrhea

II. INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS

a. Mastitis
i. Acute Mastitis
ii. Chronic Mastitis
iii. Periductal Mastitis
b. Mammary Duct Ectasia
c. Fat Necrosis

III. BENIGN TUMORS & FIBORCYSTIC CHANGES

a. Fibrocystic Change
b. Intraductal Papilloma
c. Fibroadenoma
d. Phyllodes Tumor

IV. BREAST CANCER

a. Ductal Carcinoma
i. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
1. Paget’s Disease of the Nipple
2. Histologic Subtypes of DCIS
○ Solid
○ Cribriform
○ Papillary
○ Comedo
ii. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
1. Tubular Carcinoma
2. Mucinous (Colloid) Carcinoma
3. Medullary Carcinoma
4. Papillary Carcinoma
5. Inflammatory Carcinoma
b. Lobular Carcinoma
i. Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
ii. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
c. Hereditary Breast Cancer
i. BRCA1 Mutation
ii. BRCA2 Mutation
d. Male Breast Cancer

IV. PROGNOSTIC & PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER

a. Prognosis – TNM Staging
b. Predictive Factors – ER, PR, HER2/Neu Positivity (Response to Treatment)

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17 Central Nervous System Pathology VII. CNS TUMORS
a. Metastatic Tumors
b. Primary Intra-axial Tumors
I. DEVELOPMENTAL CNS ANOMALIES 1. Neurectodermal Tumors
a. Neural Tube Defects ○ Medulloblastoma
i. Anencephaly 2. Neuroglial Tumors
ii. Spina bifida ○ Glioblastoma Multiforme
1. Spina bifida occulta ○ Pilocytic Astrocytoma
2. Meningocele ○ Ependymoma
3. Meningomyelocele ○ Oligodendroglioma
b. Hydrocephalus ○ Schwannoma
i. Non-communicating Obstructive Hydrocephalus c. Primary Extra-axial Tumors
1. Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis 1. Meningioma
2. Dandy-Walker Malformation 2. Craniopharyngioma
3. Arnold-Chiari Malformation
○ Type I – Cerebellar Tonsil + Syringomyelia
○ Type II – Vermis, Medulla, 4th Ventricle + Myelomeningocele
ii. Communicating Non-obstructive Hydrocephalus

II. SPINAL CORD LESIONS

a. Syringomyelia
b. Anterior Motor Horn Lesions
i. Poliomyelitis
ii. Werding-Hoffman Disease
c. Degenerative Spinal Cord Lesions
i. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ii. Friedreich Ataxia

III. MENINGITIS
a. Bacterial Meningitis
b. Viral Meningitis
c. Tuberculous Meningitis
d. Fungal (Cryptococcal) Meningitis

IV. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

a. Ischemic Stroke
i. Global Cerebral Ischemia
ii. Focal Cerebral Ischemia
1. Transient Ischemic Attack (<24 hours)
2. Focal Ischemic Stroke
○ Thrombotic Stroke
○ Embolic Stroke
○ Lacunar Stroke
b. Hemorrhagic Stroke
i. Intracerebral Hemorrhage (Charcot-Bouchard Aneurysm)
ii. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (Berry Aneurysm)

V. TRAUMA
a. Hematoma
i. Epidural Hematoma
ii. Subdural Hematoma
c. Herniation
i. Tonsillar Herniation
ii. Subfalcine Herniation
iii. Uncal Herniation

VI. DEMYELINATING DISORDERS – destruction of myelin or oligodendrocytes

a. Leukodystrophies
i. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (Arylsulfatase Deficiency)
ii. Krabbe Disease (Galactocerebroside Deficiency)
iii. Adrenoleukodystrophy
b. Multiple Sclerosis
c. Infectious Demyelinating Disorders
i. Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (Persistent Measles)
ii. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (JC Virus)
d. Central Pontine Myelinolysis

VII. DEMENTIA & DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS – destruction of neurons

a. Cortical Degenerative Disorders
i. Alzheimer’s Disease (Aβ amyloid deposition)
ii. Vascular Dementia
iii. Pick Disease (Tau protein aggregation)
b. Basal Ganglia Degenerative Disorders
i. Parkinson Disease (DA-ergic Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta)
ii. Huntington Disease (GABA-ergic Caudate Nucleus)
c. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
d. Spongiform Encephalopathy (Prion PrPSC Disease)

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18 Musculoskeletal Pathology

I. SKELETAL SYSTEM
a. Developmental Disorders of the Bone & Cartilage
i. Achondroplasia
ii. Osteogenesis Imperfecta
iii. Osteopetrosis
b. Acquired Disorders of Bone & Cartilage
i. Rickets & Osteomalacia
ii. Osteoporosis
iii. Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
c. Osteomyelitis
d. Avascular Necrosis

II. BONE & CARTILAGE TUMORS

a. Bone Forming Tumors
i. Osteoma
ii. Osteoid Osteoma & Osteoblastoma
iii. Osteochondroma
iv. Osteosarcoma
b. Tumors of Unknown Origin
i. Giant Cell Tumor (Osteoclastoma)
ii. Ewing Sarcoma (Neurectoderm)
c. Cartilage Forming Tumors
i. Chondroma
ii. Chondrosarcoma

III. JOINTS
a. Degenerative Joint Disease
i. Osteoarthritis
b. RF-Associated Articular Disorders
i. Rheumatoid Arthritis
c. RF Seronegative Spondyloarthritides
i. Ankylosing Spondylitis
ii. Reactive Arthritis
iii. Psoriatic Arthritis
d. Infectious Arthritis
e. Crystal-Associated Arthropathies
i. Gout (MSU Deposition Disease)
ii. Pseudogout (CPPD Deposition Disease)

IV. SKELETAL MUSCLES

a. Inflammatory Myopathies
i. Dermatomyositis
ii. Polymyositis
iii. Inclusion Body Myositis
b. X-Linked Muscular Dystrophies
i. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin Gene Deletion)
ii. Becker Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin Gene Mutation)

V. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
a. Myasthenia Gravis
b. Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Sydrome (LEMS)

V. SOFT TISSUE TUMORS

a. Adipose Tissue Tumors
i. Lipoma
ii. Liposarcoma
b. Skeletal Muscle Tumors
i. Rhabdomyoma
ii. Rhabdomyosarcoma

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19 Skin Pathology

I. INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
a. Atopic Dermatitis
b. Contact Dermatitis
c. Acne Vulgaris
d. Psoriasis
e. Lichen Planus

II. BLISTERING DERMATOSES

a. Pemphigus Vulgaris
b. Bullous Pemphigoid
c. Dermatitis Herpetiformis

III. EPITHELIAL TUMORS

a. Seborrheic Keratosis
b. Acanthosis Nigricans
e. Epidermal Cancers
i. Basal Cell Carcinoma
ii. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
1. Precursors of SCCA
○ Actinic Keratosis
○ Keratoacanthosis

IV. DISORDERS OF PIGMENTATION & MELANOCYTES

a. Disorders of Pigmentation
i. Vitiligo
ii. Albinism
iii. Ephelis (Freckles)
iv. Melasma
b. Disorders of Melanocytes
i. Nevus
1. Junctional Nevus
2. Compound Nevus
3. Intradermal Nevus
4. Dysplastic Nevus
ii. Melanoma
1. Superficial Spreading Melanoma
2. Nodular Melanoma
3. Acral Lentiginous Melanoma
4. Lentigo Maligna Melanoma

V. INFECTIOUS DISORDERS
a. Bacterial Skin Infections
i. Impetigo
ii. Cellulitis
iii. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
b. Viral Skin Infections
i. Verruca vulgaris
ii. Molluscum Contagiosum

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