Simple Yagi-Uda Antenna for UHF Applications

Naveela Sookoo
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Waterloo

Abstract— Yagi-Uda antennas are widely used in television

reception and for amateur radio application. They are simple,
highly directional antennas and are great at receiving lower
strength signals. Usually, they also have a high gain. In this paper,
we are presenting the steps to calculate the phases on each dipole
element of the Yagi antenna to allow for a maximum in the
forward direction. A simple seven-element end-fire Yagi-Uda
antenna will be designed to operate in the UHF range – specifically,
with an approximate resonant frequency of 600MHz. Commercial
antenna design software (EZNEC) is used to verify the results. The
antenna is analyzed using MATLAB code. Results for 600MHz are
shown for radiation patterns (E-field and H-field patterns), front-
to-back ratio, normalized power and directivity.
Fig. 1. Structure of Yagi-Uda Antenna [4]
Keywords – Yagi-Uda, Driven Element, Reflector, Director, EZNEC,
MATLAB
II. APPLICATIONS OF YAGI-UDA ANTENNAS
I. INTRODUCTION
The Yagi-Uda antenna is a simple antenna which operates in A. Military Applications
the very-high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF) Yagi-Uda antennas were first used by Europe, British and
range for various applications. The typical Yagi-Uda antenna, US during World War II for airborne radar systems due to its
shown in Fig. 1, consists of an array of linear dipoles with one simplicity and directionality. Although being invented in
dipole serving as the feed (driven element) in which power is Japan, they were only aware of it after the Battle of Singapore
applied and the others serving as parasitic elements, namely when the notes of a British radar technician mentioned the
reflectors and directors. The driven element is usually a half- technology [9].
wavelength dipole or a folded dipole [1]. The structure of an end-
fire array Yagi antenna consists of reflectors at the rear of the B. Commercial Television
driven element, which are sometimes greater in length than the The most common application of Yagi-Uda antennas are for
feed, and directors in the forward beam, which are sometimes television reception and are frequently seen on rooftops. Due to
smaller in length than the feed element [2]. its reasonable bandwidth and adequate gain, they provide better
The antenna’s operation is based on the interaction and tuning of channels.
mutual effects between these components. This process is also Further, the bandwidth of Yagi-Uda TV antennas can be
known as mutual coupling. The field from the driven element done through replacing the reflector element with a corner-
induces a current in the parasitic elements dependent on the reflector assembly. This will boost the performance on the
reflector’s or directors’ length. Hence, the parasitic elements are lower frequency channels without disrupting the higher
responsible for re-radiating signals in a different phase than that channels. Although this design is not ideal, it is the most
of the radiating feed element. Because reflectors reverse the common UHF TV antenna since it can be placed in front of a
direction of the energy emitted from the rear of the antenna while VHF antenna without reducing the performance of the VHF
directors reinforce the energy from the front of the antenna, antenna [10].
signals will be cancelled in some directions and strengthened in
other directions. C. Mobile Applications
Microstrip Yagi antennas are designed to be used in WLAN
Mutual coupling is therefore responsible for the Yagi-Uda’s
excellent characteristics. Because energy is focused in one and mobile applications. These are advantageous due to power
direction, there is decreased possibility of interference from being radiated in one direction and the ability to transmit and
other sources. This characteristic is especially useful in receive signals with low interference. They are low cost, low
situations where information security is essential such as profile, light weight and easy to fabricate [11]. Due to
military purposes. It also has a gain which allows for lower microstrip’s dielectric substrate material, losses exhibited by
strength signals to be received. These characteristics can also be high frequency signals can also be reduced [11]. The first
further improved by the addition of more directors. However, standard design for mobile satellite (MSAT) applications was
with increasing number of directors, gain increases, HPBW introduced in 1989 [12]. Textile end-fire Yagi-Uda antennas are
decreases and affects the front-to-back ratio with an increasing also used for wireless body area networks (WBAN) in the
back lobe [3]. millimeter-wave band in wearable technology [13]-[14].
 III. THEORY AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF YAGI-UDA B. Progressive Phase Shift Values For Each Dipole
ANTENNA The phase values for each dipole are calculated so that the
Yagi-Uda antennas are directional antennas which are antenna has a maximum in the forward direction, that is, in the
popular in communications above 10 MHz. It is more commonly positive y-direction. To calculate these values, the array factor
used in television reception but presently, is also used in the field (AF) calculation shown in equation (1) can be used.
of RADARs, satellites and RFID applications [2].
/
This Yagi-Uda antenna is designed to operate at 600MHz
and consists of seven elements in which there are one driven 𝐴𝐹 = 2 𝐼%& 𝑒 '(! ∙ 𝑒 ')*+++++⃗∙.
" !* +++++⃗
#

element, one reflector element and five director elements. 01#

/

A. Geometric Design Values = 2 𝐼%& 𝑒 '(! ∙ 𝑒 ').! 234 5 234 6 (1)

01#
Units Calculated Values
𝑐 3.0 × 10! 𝑚𝑠 "# The array factor quantifies the effect of combining radiating
Wavelength, 𝝀 𝜆= = = 0.5𝑚 elements in an array without the element specific radiation
𝑓 600 × 10$ 𝑠 "#
pattern taken into account [5]. This factor multiplied with the
Director Length 0.5𝜆 element factor, the pattern of each element, can determine the
overall radiation pattern of an array [6] shown in equation (2).
Reflector Length 0.5𝜆
This is known as pattern multiplication.
Driven Element
0.5𝜆
Length 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) × (𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) (2)
Distance between
driven dipole 0.1𝜆 The exponential term in equation (1) can be replaced using the
and reflector following substitution.
Distance between
driven dipole 0.15𝜆 𝜓% = 𝛽% + (𝑘𝑟% sin 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙) (3)
and director
Distance between The AF equation can now be reduced to:
0.15𝜆
directors
Wire Diameter 0.0001𝜆 /

𝐴𝐹 = 2 𝐼%& 𝑒 '7! (4)

Table 1. Design Parameters of 7-element Yagi-Uda antenna 01#

The geometry of the antenna is shown in Fig. 2. Assuming that the driven dipole has a current of magnitude
1.0, the first director and reflector has a current of magnitude
0.9 and the rest of the directors have a current of magnitude 0.6,
the corresponding currents in each element are shown in Table
0.25
2.

Current in Distance from

Element
Element Driven Element
Reflector 𝐼# = 0.9𝑒 '($ 𝑟# = −0.10𝜆
Driven Element 𝐼8 = 1𝑒 '(% 𝑟8 = 0
'(& 𝑟9 = 0.15𝜆
First Director 𝐼9 = 0.9𝑒
'(' 𝑟: = 0.30𝜆
-0.25 Second Director 𝐼: = 0.6𝑒
'(( 𝑟; = 0.45𝜆
Third Director 𝐼; = 0.6𝑒
'() 𝑟$ = 0.60𝜆
Fourth Director 𝐼$ = 0.6𝑒
'(*
Fifth Director 𝐼/ = 0.6𝑒 𝑟/ = 0.75𝜆
Table 2. Current through elements and distance from driven
element

Fig. 2. Geometry of 7-element Yagi-Uda antenna

 Since the antenna is to be designed to have a maximum in the In order to calculate the field at the maximum in each
forward direction, the term 𝜓 given in equation (3) needs to be direction, that is, positive y-direction and negative y-direction,
<
equal to 0. This will occur when 𝜃 = 𝜙 = 8 . Hence the array the element factor (EF), as mentioned in equation (2) is
factor becomes: necessary. While the array factor depends on the current
distribution through the source, the element factor depends on
/ the type of current. It is the E-field pattern of a single element
𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐹=>*) |71& = 2 𝐼%& (5) at a reference point. The EF can be calculated using equation
(10) shown below.
%1#

The phase shifts, 𝛽, for a positive y-maximum can therefore 𝐸𝐹 = 𝑎

\\\\⃗
5 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − \\\\⃗
𝑎A sin 𝜙 (10)
be solved using equation (6), the result of equation (7) and
respective distances from driven element given in Table 2. The where
corresponding phase shift values are shown in Table 3.
𝐸𝐹 8 = |𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜙 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝜙| (11)
𝜋 𝜋
𝜓% = 𝛽% + Q𝑘𝑟% sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 S = 𝛽% + 𝑘𝑟% = 0 (6)
2 2 In Section B, it was defined that the antenna has a y-direction
maximum at 𝜓 = 0 and that this value only holds for 𝜃 = 𝜙 =
The value of the parameter, k, is calculated using equation <
8
. Hence, using equation (5), the peak forward pattern can be
(7).
calculated as shown in equation (12).
2𝜋 2𝜋 /
𝑘 = = = 4𝜋 𝑚"# (7)
𝜆 0.5 𝐴𝐹DE.F*.G = 2 𝐼%& = 0.9 + 1 + 0.9 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6
%1#
Element Phase Value, 𝜷 = 5.2 (12)
Reflector 𝛽# = −𝑘𝑟# = 0.2𝜋
Driven Element 𝛽8 = −𝑘𝑟8 = 0 To calculate the peak backward pattern, we need to firstly
determine the angular position in which the antenna has a
First Director 𝛽9 = −𝑘𝑟9 = −0.3𝜋 maximum in the negative y-direction. This occurs for 𝜃 = 8
<

Second Director 𝛽: = −𝑘𝑟: = −0.6𝜋 9<

and 𝜙 = 8 . Using equation (8), the peak backward pattern can
Third Director 𝛽; = −𝑘𝑟; = −0.9𝜋 be calculated as shown in equation (13).
Fourth Director 𝛽$ = −𝑘𝑟$ = −1.2𝜋
/
Fifth Director 𝛽/ = −𝑘𝑟/ = −1.5𝜋
𝐴𝐹H*I)F*.G = 2 𝐼%& 𝑒 '7!
Table 3. Phase Value for Respective Element 01#
= |0.9𝑒 '&.:< + 1𝑒 '& + 0.9𝑒 "'&.$<
Using these phase values, the general AF equation for this + 0.6𝑒 "'#.8< + 0.6𝑒 "'#.!< + 0.6𝑒 "'8.:<
designed antenna can be given as: + 0.6𝑒 "'9< | = 0.6007 (13)

𝐴𝐹 = U0.9𝑒 '&.8<(#"234 5 234 A) + 1 + 0.9𝑒 "'&.9<(#"234 5 234 A)

+ 0.6𝑒 "'&.$<(#"234 5 234 A) For both the backward and forward cases, the element factor
+ 0.6𝑒 "'&.C<(#"234 5 234 A) is calculated to be:
+ 0.6𝑒 "'#.8<(#"234 5 234 A)
+ 0.6𝑒 "'#.;<(#"234 5 234 A) U (8) 𝐸𝐹DE.F*.G = 𝐸𝐹H*I)F*.G = 1 (14)

Hence, the front-to-back ratio is calculated to be:

C. Front-to-Back Ratio
The front-to-back ratio (F/B ratio) of an antenna is ratio of 5.2 8
power radiated in the main radiation lobe and the power 𝐹/𝐵 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = a a = 74.9 ≈ 18.75𝑑𝐵 (15)
0.6007
radiated in the opposite direction which is 180 degrees from the
main beam. It can be calculated using equation (9).
D. Normalized Power
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 Normalizing the power with respect to maximum value
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = (9) results in normalized power patterns which is described as a
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
function of angles.
This ratio is important as it gives a measure of directivity in
directional antennas such as the Yagi-Uda antenna [7].
 The normalized power pattern on the z-axis occurs at 𝜃 = 0. where AF and EF can be found using equation (8) and equation
The AF and the EF are calculated using equation (8) and (11) respectively. These results can be seen within the
equation (11) as follows: simulation results.

𝐴𝐹J = |0.9𝑒 '&.8< + 1𝑒 '& + 0.9𝑒 "'&.9< + 0.6𝑒 "'&.$<

F. Directivity
+ 0.6𝑒 "'&.C< + 0.6𝑒 "'#.8< + 0.6𝑒 "'#.;< |
= 1.01567 (16) The directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the
radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the
𝐸𝐹K = 1 (17) radiation intensity averaged over all distances [5]. The
directivity can be found using equation (25).
Using the results obtained above, the normalized power
4𝜋𝑈L*M
pattern on the z-axis is calculated to be: 𝐷 = 8< < (25)
∫& ∫& 𝑈(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
𝑃J 1.01567 8
=a a = 0.03815 ≈ −14.185 𝑑𝐵 (18) MATLAB code is used to find the result which would be
𝑃L*M 5.2
discussed later.
<
The normalized power pattern on the x-axis occurs at 𝜃 = 8 IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and 𝜙 = 0. The AF and the EF are calculated using equation (8)
The Yagi-Uda antenna structure shown in Fig. 2 is simulated
and equation (11) as follows: in EZNEC+ v.6.0 using the design values shown in Table 1,
current values shown in Table 2 and phase values calculated and
𝐴𝐹M = 𝐴𝐹K = 1.01567 (19) shown in Table 3. Fig. 3 shows a three-dimensional radiation
pattern plot of the antenna showing the elevation and azimuthal
𝐸𝐹M = 0 (20) perspectives. The Yagi-Uda antenna exhibits a directional
pattern which consists of a major lobe and, in this case, side
Using the results obtained above, the normalized power lobes. For this design, it is important to note the absence of a
pattern on the x-axis is calculated to be: prominent main minor lobe. This occurs due to the relatively
large number of directors in the design of the antenna which
𝑃M
= 0 (21) suppresses the minor lobes while increasing the directivity of
𝑃L*M the major lobe. Overall, the radiation pattern is seen to be in one
main direction and therefore leads to optimal performance.
E. Electric and Magnetic Field Patterns
By defining the electric (E-) field at 𝜃 = 90° and the Side
magnetic (H-) field at 𝜙 = 90°, the respective array factors lobe
using equation (8) are calculated. On the E-plane, the array
factor is:

𝐴𝐹 = U0.9𝑒 '&.8<(#"N%O A) + 1 + 0.9𝑒 "'&.9<(#"N%O A)

+ 0.6𝑒 "'&.$<(#"N%O A) + 0.6𝑒 "'&.C<(#"N%O A)
+ 0.6𝑒 "'#.8<(#"N%O A) Main
+ 0.6𝑒 "'#.;<(#"N%O A) U (22) lobe

On the H-plane, the array factor is:

𝐴𝐹 = U0.9𝑒 '&.8<(#"N%O 5) + 1 + 0.9𝑒 "'&.9<(#"N%O 5)

+ 0.6𝑒 "'&.$<(#"N%O 5) + 0.6𝑒 "'&.C<(#"N%O 5)
+ 0.6𝑒 "'#.8<(#"N%O 5)
+ 0.6𝑒 "'#.;<(#"N%O 5) U (23)
Side lobe
Using pattern multiplication, the radiation intensity (also
known as the antenna power pattern) can be found using Fig. 3. 3D Pattern Plot of Yagi-Uda Antenna in EZNEC
equation (23).
The antenna simulation software, EZNEC, computed the E-
𝑈(𝜃, 𝜙) = (𝐴𝐹 × 𝐸𝐹)8 (24) and H- plane pattern patterns of this antenna design. The
azimuthal (E-field pattern) and elevational (H-field pattern)
slices are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 6 respectively.
 These azimuthal and elevational plots were also obtained
using MATLAB files entitled Yagi_Uda.m and polar_dB.m
which is provided in the Appendix. The resultant E-field pattern
is shown in Fig. 5 while the resultant H-field pattern is shown
in Fig. 7.
The corresponding beamwidths using Fig. 4 and Fig. 6 are E-
plane (Θ> = 70.2°) and H-plane (ΘP = 110.8°). The simulated
directivity (maximum gain) is 7.41 dB while the calculated
directivity using Yagi_Uda.m is 6.94 dB.
Using EZNEC’s results, the simulated front-to-back ratio is
20.64 dB while the calculated ratio is 18.75 dB. Generally, a
great, long-range directional antenna will have a front-to-back
ratio of 15 dB or higher. Therefore, the designed Yagi-Uda
antenna is great in terms of directionality. A good front-to-back
ratio is also significant in overcoming interference, especially
from the rear; hence increasing the range and performance of
the antenna [7]. It is important to note that both the simulated
and calculated values for each of these factors are also
approximately close to each other.
The normalized power on the z-axis was calculated to be
−14.185 dB while the normalized power on the x-axis was
calculated to be 0 dB.
The directivity is calculated using the MATLAB file entitled
Yagi_Uda.m. The value obtained is 4.9479 (dimensionless)
which is equivalent to 6.9442 dB. The gain obtained by EZNEC
simulations is 7.41 dBi. As stated previously, the directivity can
be improved by increasing the number of directors. However, Fig. 4. Azimuthal Plot of Yagi-Uda Antenna in EZNEC
this will decrease the front-to-back ratio which can affect
performance [3]. Instead, element spacing or length can be
optimized [8]. Another way of improving directivity is by
adding several rows of Yagi-Uda antennas to form a curtain
antenna [5].

Fig. 5. E-field Pattern Plot in MATLAB

 The normalized E-field in the x-y plane versus 𝜙 obtained
from Yagi_Uda.m is shown in Fig. 8. From the curve, it can be
deduced that the maximum power is transmitted or received at
𝜙 = 90° with other minor peaks at approximately 𝜙 = 220°
and 𝜙 = 330°.

Fig. 8. Normalized Array Factor versus 𝜙 in x-y plane

A standing wave ratio (SWR) analysis is performed on

EZNEC with a start frequency of 400MHz, stop frequency of
Fig. 6. Elevational Plot of Yagi-Uda Antenna in EZNEC 800MHz and step frequency of 20MHz using a characteristic
impedance 𝑍& of 50 ohms. The curve of SWR versus frequency
is shown in Fig. 9. The SWR obtained at a frequency of 600
MHz is 2.21. Reflection coefficient versus frequency is shown
in Fig. 10. The reflection coefficient obtained at the frequency
of 600 MHz is 0.3778 at −18.24° or 0.3586 – j0.1182.
Reflection loss versus frequency is shown in Fig. 11. The
reflection loss at 600 MHz obtained is 8.5 dB. The resultant
Smith Chart is also shown in Fig. 12.

Fig. 7. H-field Pattern Plot in MATLAB

Fig. 9. SWR versus Frequency (MHz)

 APPENDIX
The following MATLAB code entitled Yagi_Uda.m was
used to calculate E- and H- fields, normalized array factor and
directivity. The associated polar_dB.m used to plot the 2D
planes is also given.

Yagi_Uda.m
clear all
close all
clc

%2D polar Plot example

noOfPoints=201;
% we define tetha and phi in degs, since we
Fig. 10. Reflection Coefficient versus Frequency (MHz) need this for the polar_dB routine
tetha_deg=-180:1:180;
phi_deg = 0:1:360;
% convert to radian for the scripts
tetha=tetha_deg./180.*3.14;
phi = phi_deg./180.*3.14;
%Directivity of the Yagi-Uda

Directivity =
(4*pi*5.2^2)/dblquad('abs((0.9*exp(
j*0.2*pi*(1 - sin(x)*sin(y)))+ 1 + 0.9*exp(-
j*0.3*pi*(1 - sin(x)*sin(y)))+ 0.60*exp(-
j*0.6*pi*(1 - sin(x)*sin(y))) + 0.60*exp(-
j*0.9*pi*(1 - sin(x)*sin(y))) + 0.60*exp(-
j*1.2*pi*(1 - sin(x)*sin(y)))+ 0.60*exp(-
j*1.5*pi*(1 -
sin(x)*sin(y)))).^2.*((cos(x).^2.*cos(y).^2) +
sin(y).^2)).*(sin(x))',0,pi,0,2*pi)
Fig. 11. Reflection Loss (dB) versus Frequency (MHz)
10*log10(Directivity)
disp('dB');

%*********************************************
%------------------E-FIELD--------------------
%*********************************************
Ee1 = 0.9*exp(j*0.2*pi*(1 - sin(phi)));
Ee2 = 1;
Ee3 = 0.9*exp(-j*0.3*pi*(1 - sin(phi)));
Ee4 = 0.60*exp(-j*0.6*pi*(1 - sin(phi)));
Ee5 = 0.60*exp(-j*0.9*pi*(1 - sin(phi)));
Ee6 = 0.60*exp(-j*1.2*pi*(1 - sin(phi)));
Ee7 = 0.60*exp(-j*1.5*pi*(1 - sin(phi)));
Ee8 = sin(phi);

Ee = sqrt(abs(((Ee1 + Ee2 + Ee3 + Ee4 + Ee5 +

Ee6 + Ee7).^2 .* Ee8.^2)));
Fig. 12. Smith Chart of Designed Yagi-Uda Antenna Emax=max(abs(Ee));

figure(1)
V. CONCLUSION %Normalise Ee
In this project, a 7-element end-fire Yagi-Uda was designed Enorm=Ee./Emax;
and its characteristics such as radiation pattern plot, gain, polar_dB(phi_deg,20.*log10(abs(Enorm)),-
directivity, front-to-back ratio (peak forward and peak 20,0,4,'b-');
backward power), SWR, reflection coefficient and reflection %*********************************************
loss were measured and calculated using simulation software %-------------------H-FIELD-------------------
and MATLAB code. The results obtained confirmed that the %*********************************************
proposed design can be applied to applications with an He1 = 0.9*exp(j*0.2*pi*(1 - sin(tetha)));
operating frequency of 600 MHz. He2 = 1;
He3 = 0.9*exp(-j*0.3*pi*(1 - sin(tetha))); % parameters
He4 = 0.60*exp(-j*0.6*pi*(1 - sin(tetha))); font_size = 16;
He5 = 0.60*exp(-j*0.9*pi*(1 - sin(tetha))); font_name = 'Times';
He6 = 0.60*exp(-j*1.2*pi*(1 - sin(tetha))); line_width = 1.5;
He7 = 0.60*exp(-j*1.5*pi*(1 - sin(tetha)));
if nargin < 5
He = sqrt((He1 + He2 + He3 + He4 + He5 + He6 + error('Requires 5 or 6 input
He7).^2); arguments.')
Hmax=max(abs(He)); elseif nargin == 5
if isstr(rho)
figure(2) line_style = rho;
%Normalise He rho = theta;
Hnorm=He./Hmax; [mr,nr] = size(rho);
polar_dB(tetha_deg,20.*log10(abs(Hnorm)),- if mr == 1
20,0,4,'b-'); theta = 1:nr;
else
%********************************************* th = (1:mr)';
Pnorm = abs(Enorm).^2; theta = th(:,ones(1,nr));
figure(3) end
plot(phi_deg,Pnorm,'b-'); grid on else
line_style = 'auto';
polar_dB.m end
%********************************************% elseif nargin == 1
polar_dB(theta,rho,rmin,rmax,rticks,line_style line_style = 'auto';
) rho = theta;
%********************************************* [mr,nr] = size(rho);
% POLAR_DB is a MATLAB function that plots 2-D if mr == 1
% patterns in polar coordinates where: theta = 1:nr;
% 0 <= THETA (in degrees) <= 360 else
% -infinity < RHO (in dB) < +infinity th = (1:mr)';
% theta = th(:,ones(1,nr));
% Input Parameters Description end
% ---------------------------- end
% - theta (in degrees) must be a row vector if isstr(theta) | isstr(rho)
% from 0 to 360 degrees error('Input arguments must be
% - rho (in dB) must be a row vector numeric.');
% - rmin (in dB) sets the minimum limit of the end
% plot (e.g., -60 dB) if any(size(theta) ~= size(rho))
% - rmax (in dB) sets the maximum limit of the error('THETA and RHO must be the same
% plot (e.g., 0 dB) size.');
% - rticks is the # of radial ticks (or end
% circles) desired. (e.g., 4)
% - linestyle is solid (e.g., '-') or dashed % get hold state
% (e.g., '--') cax = newplot;
%********************************************* next = lower(get(cax,'NextPlot'));
% Credits: hold_state = ishold;
% S. Bellofiore
% S. Georgakopoulos % get x-axis text color so grid is in same
% A. C. Polycarpou % color
% C. Wangsvick tc = get(cax,'xcolor');
% C. Bishop
% % Hold on to current Text defaults, reset them
% Tabulate your data accordingly, and call % to the Axes' font attributes so tick marks
% polar_dB to provide the 2-D polar plot % use them.
% fAngle = get(cax, 'DefaultTextFontAngle');
%--------------------------------------------- fName = get(cax, 'DefaultTextFontName');
fSize = get(cax, 'DefaultTextFontSize');
function hpol = fWeight = get(cax, 'DefaultTextFontWeight');
polar_dB(theta,rho,rmin,rmax,rticks,line_style set(cax, 'DefaultTextFontAngle', get(cax,
) 'FontAngle'), ...
'DefaultTextFontName', font_name, ...
% Convert degrees into radians 'DefaultTextFontSize', font_size, ...
theta = theta * pi/180; 'DefaultTextFontWeight', get(cax,
'FontWeight') )
% Font size, font style and line width
% only do grids if hold is off sn2 = [(rmax-rmin-george)*snt2; (rmax-
if ~hold_state rmin)*snt2];
plot(cs2,sn2,'-
% make a radial grid ','color',tc,'linewidth',0.15); % 0.5
hold on; plot(-cs2,-sn2,'-
% v returns the axis limits ','color',tc,'linewidth',0.15); % 0.5
% changed the following line to let the y
% limits become negative
hhh=plot([0 max(theta(:))],[min(rho(:)) % annotate spokes in degrees
max(rho(:))]); % Changed the next line to make the spokes
v = [get(cax,'xlim') get(cax,'ylim')]; % long enough
ticks = length(get(cax,'ytick')); rt = 1.1*(rmax-rmin);
delete(hhh); for i = 1:max(size(th))

% check radial limits (rticks) text(rt*cst(i),rt*snt(i),int2str(abs(i*3

0-90)),'horizontalalignment','center' );
if rticks > 5 if i == max(size(th))
% see if we can reduce the number loc = int2str(90);
if rem(rticks,2) == 0 elseif i*30+90<=180
rticks = rticks/2; loc = int2str(i*30+90);
elseif rem(rticks,3) == 0 else
rticks = rticks/3; loc = int2str(180-
end (i*30+90-180));
end end
text(-rt*cst(i),-
% define a circle rt*snt(i),loc,'horizontalalignment','center'
th = 0:pi/50:2*pi; );
xunit = cos(th); end
yunit = sin(th); % set viewto 2-D
% now really force points on x/y axes to lie view(0,90);
% on them exactly
inds = [1:(length(th)-1)/4:length(th)]; % set axis limits
xunits(inds(2:2:4)) = zeros(2,1); % Changed the next line to scale things
yunits(inds(1:2:5)) = zeros(3,1); properly
axis((rmax-rmin)*[-1 1 -1.1 1.1]);
rinc = (rmax-rmin)/rticks; end

% label r % Reset defaults.

% change the following line so that the unit set(cax, 'DefaultTextFontAngle', fAngle , ...
% circle is not multiplied by a negative 'DefaultTextFontName', font_name, ...
% number. 'DefaultTextFontSize', fSize, ...
% Ditto for the text locations. 'DefaultTextFontWeight', fWeight );
for i=(rmin+rinc):rinc:rmax
is = i - rmin; % transform data to Cartesian coordinates.
plot(xunit*is,yunit*is,'- % changed the next line so negative rho are
','color',tc,'linewidth',0.5); % not plotted on the other side
text(0,is+rinc/20,[' '
num2str(i)],'verticalalignment','bottom' ); for i = 1:length(rho)
end if (rho(i) > rmin)
% plot spokes if theta(i)*180/pi >=0 & theta(i)*180/pi
th = (1:6)*2*pi/12; <=90
cst = cos(th); snt = sin(th); xx(i) = (rho(i)-rmin)*cos(pi/2-
cs = [-cst; cst]; theta(i));
sn = [-snt; snt]; yy(i) = (rho(i)-rmin)*sin(pi/2-
plot((rmax-rmin)*cs,(rmax-rmin)*sn,'- theta(i));
','color',tc,'linewidth',0.5); elseif theta(i)*180/pi >=90
xx(i) = (rho(i)-rmin)*cos(-
% plot the ticks theta(i)+pi/2);
george=(rmax-rmin)/30; % Length of the yy(i) = (rho(i)-rmin)*sin(-
ticks theta(i)+pi/2);
th2 = (0:36)*2*pi/72; elseif theta(i)*180/pi < 0
cst2 = cos(th2); snt2 = sin(th2); xx(i) = (rho(i)-
cs2 = [(rmax-rmin-george)*cst2; (rmax- rmin)*cos(abs(theta(i))+pi/2);
rmin)*cst2]; yy(i) = (rho(i)-
rmin)*sin(abs(theta(i))+pi/2);
 end REFERENCES
else
[1] P. Bevelacqua, “Yagi-Uda Antenna,” The Yagi-Uda Antenna - Yagi
xx(i) = 0; Antennas. [Online]. Available: http://www.antenna-
yy(i) = 0; theory.com/antennas/travelling/yagi.php. [Accessed: 04-Nov-2020].
end [2] P. K. Mathew, “A Three Element Yagi Uda Antenna for RFID
end Systems,” International Journal of Engineering Development and
Research, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014.
% plot data on top of grid [3] P. Reddy, “Directional Yagi Uda Antenna for VHF
if strcmp(line_style,'auto') Applications,” International Journal of Advancements in Technology,
q = plot(xx,yy); vol. 9, no. 3, 2018.
else [4] Everything RF. [Online]. Available:
q = plot(xx,yy,line_style); https://www.everythingrf.com/community/what-is-a-yagi-antenna.
end [5] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design, 4th ed. Wiley Interscience
if nargout > 0 Publication.
hpol = q; [6] “Array Factor,” Array Factor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.
end [Online]. Available:
if ~hold_state https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/array-factor.
axis('equal');axis('off'); [7] “Front to Back Ratio: Directivity of Antenna to Reduce
end Interference,” Data-Alliance. [Online]. Available: https://www.data-
alliance.net/blog/front-to-back-ratio-directivity-of-antenna-to-reduce-
set(q,'linewidth',2); interference/.
[8] “Yagi Antenna Gain, Directivity & Front to Back Ratio,” Electronics
Notes. [Online]. Available: https://www.electronics-
% reset hold state notes.com/articles/antennas-propagation/yagi-uda-antenna-aerial/gain-
directivity.php. [Accessed: 04-Nov-2020].
if ~hold_state, set(cax,'NextPlot',next); end
[9] G. Sato, “A Secret Story About the Yagi Antenna,” IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Magazine, vol. 33, no. 3, Jun. 1991.
[10] Common TV Antenna Types. [Online]. Available:
http://www.hdtvprimer.com/antennas/types.html. [Accessed: 05-Nov-
2020].
[11] G. R. DeJean, T. T. Thai, S. Nikolaou, and M. M. Tentzeris, “Design and
Analysis of Microstrip Bi-Yagi and Quad-Yagi Antenna Arrays for
WLAN Applications,” IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters,
vol. 6, pp. 244–248, 2007.
[12] N. bt. Ismail, M. T. Ali, N. N. S. N. Dzulkefli, R. Abdullah and S. Omar,
"Design and analysis of microstrip Yagi antenna for Wi-Fi
application," 2012 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied
Electromagnetics (APACE), Melaka, 2012, pp. 283-286.
[13] S. M. Ali, C. Sovuthy, M. A. Imran, S. Socheatra, Q. H. Abbasi, and Z. Z.
Abidin, “Recent Advances of Wearable Antennas in Materials,
Fabrication Methods, Designs, and Their Applications: State-of-the-
Art,” MicroMachines, vol. 11, Sep. 2020.
[14] N. Chahat, M. Zhadobov, L. Le Coq and R. Sauleau, "Wearable Endfire
Textile Antenna for On-Body Communications at 60 GHz," in IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 11, pp. 799-802, 2012.