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C H A P T E R
Triangles and
5 Congruence
>
Make this Foldable to help you organize information
about the material in this chapter. Begin with a
1
sheet of plain 8

" by 11" paper.
2

➊ Fold in half lengthwise.

➋ Fold the top to the bottom.

➌ Open and cut along the

second fold to make
two tabs.

Triangles Triangles
➍ Label each tab as shown. classified
by Angles
classified
by Sides

Reading and Writing As you read and study the

chapter, write what you learn about the two
methods of classifying triangles.

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Problem-Solving Workshop
Project
Your school is sponsoring a Geometry and the Arts week and is
awarding a prize for the best design. The only guideline is that the
design must be composed of triangles. Make a design that is composed
of triangles.

Working on the Project

Work with a partner and develop a plan. Here are
> Strategies
some suggestions to help you get started. Look for a pattern.

• Research the works of Dutch artist Draw a diagram.

M. C. Escher. Make a table.
• Research how repeating patterns of triangles are Work backward.
used in Islamic art and architecture. You may also
Use an equation.
want to do research about geometric patterns that
are common to your ethnic heritage. Make a graph.
Guess and check.
Technology Tools
• Use an electronic encyclopedia to do your research.
• Use The Geometer’s Sketchpad or other drawing software to complete
your design.

Research For more information about M. C. Escher, visit:

www.geomconcepts.com

Presenting the Project

Draw your design on unlined paper. Write a paragraph that
contains the following information about your design:
• classification of the triangles by their angles and sides,
• an explanation of how slides, flips, or turns are used, and
• some examples of congruent triangles.

Chapter 5 Problem-Solving Workshop 187

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5–1 Classifying Triangles

Optical art is a form of abstract

What You’ll Learn
art that creates special effects by
You’ll learn to identify
the parts of triangles using geometric patterns. The
and to classify design at the right looks like a
triangles by their parts. spiral staircase, but it is made
mostly of triangles.
Why It’s Important
Art Abstract artists In geometry, a triangle is
use geometric shapes a figure formed when three
in their designs. noncollinear points are
See Exercise 24.
connected by segments. Each
pair of segments forms an angle
of the triangle. The vertex of
each angle is a vertex of the
triangle.

Triangles are named by the letters at their vertices. Triangle DEF,

written
DEF, is shown below.

vertex E
angle

Read the symbol
as The sides are DE, EF, and DF.
triangle. Other names for side The vertices are D, E, and F.

DEF are
FDE,
EDF, The angles are D, E, and F.

FED,
DFE, and

EFD.
D F

In Chapter 3, you classified angles as acute, obtuse, or right. Triangles

can also be classified by their angles. All triangles have at least two acute
angles. The third angle is either acute, obtuse, or right.

acute obtuse right

30˚
60˚
Triangles 80˚ 17˚
Classified by 60˚
120˚
Angles
43˚
40˚

all acute angles one obtuse angle one right angle

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Triangles can also be classified by their sides.

scalene isosceles equilateral

An equal number of
slashes on the sides of
a triangle indicate that
those sides are Triangles
congruent. Classified by
Sides

no sides at least two all sides

congruent sides congruent congruent

Since all sides of an equilateral triangle are congruent, then at least two
of its sides are congruent. So, all equilateral triangles are also isosceles triangles.
Some parts of isosceles triangles have special names.

The angle formed by

the congruent sides is
called the vertex angle.
The two angles formed
The congruent sides by the base and one of
are called legs. leg leg the congruent sides are
called base angles.

base angle base angle

The side opposite the vertex
angle is called the base.

Examples Classify each triangle by its angles and by its sides.

1 E 2 C

45˚ 60˚

60˚ 60˚
45˚
A B
F G

EFG is a right
ABC is an acute
isosceles triangle. equilateral triangle.

Your Turn

a. X
25˚
b. L

50˚
40˚ M
122˚ 33˚
Z Y N

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Example 3 Find the measures of

AB
and

of isosceles
BC A
Algebra Link triangle ABC if
A is the vertex angle.
Explore You know that A is the vertex angle.
Therefore, A



B
.
AC 5x  7 23

Plan Since A


B
, AB
AC. You can
AC
write and solve an equation.
B 3x  5 C
Algebra Review
Solve AB
AC
Solving Multi-Step
Equations, p. 723 5x  7
23 Substitution
5x  7  7
23  7 Add 7 to each side.
5x
30
5x 30

  Divide each side by 5.
5 5
x
6

B
To find the measures of A
and A

C

, replace x with 6 in the
expression for each measure.
AB BC
AB
5x  7 BC
3x  5

5(6)  7
3(6)  5

30  7 or 23
18  5 or 13
Therefore, AB
23 and BC
13.

Examine Since AB
23 and AC
23, the triangle is isosceles.

Check for Understanding

Communicating 1. Draw a scalene triangle.
Mathematics triangle
2. Sketch and label an isosceles triangle in which vertex
the vertex angle is X and the base is YZ. equilateral
isosceles
3. Is an equilateral triangle also an isosceles scalene
triangle? Explain why or why not.

Guided Practice Classify each triangle by its angles and by its sides. (Examples 1 & 2)
4. 30˚ 5. 6.
60˚ 45˚
10.6 cm 8 ft 8 ft
5.5 cm
125˚ 25˚ 60˚ 60˚
6.5 cm 45˚
8 ft

7. Algebra
ABC
 is an isosceles triangle C
with base BC. Find AB and BC. 5
(Example 3) A 3x  1
2x  3
B

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Exercises • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Practice Classify each triangle by its angles and by its sides.

8. 9. 10.
70˚ 11 m 60˚ 65˚
4.8 in. 7 in.
Homework Help 5.7 cm 6 cm
60˚ 11 m
For See 70˚ 40˚
Exercises Examples 7 in. 11 m 60˚ 60˚ 55˚
8–17 1, 2
6.3 cm
18–25 1, 2
26–27 3  11. 7.7 m 12. 7 in. 13.
40˚ 120˚ 7 in. 80˚
Extra Practice 30˚ 50˚
30˚
See page 734. 6.4 m 12 in.
10 m 50˚
50˚

14. 15. 30˚ 16.

35˚ 60˚

60˚
35˚ 110˚ 60˚ 60˚

17. Triangle XYZ has angles that measure 30˚, 60˚, and 90˚. Classify the
triangle by its angles.

Make a sketch of each

triangle. If it is not
possible to sketch the
figure, write not possible. B
18. acute isosceles
19. right equilateral
20. obtuse and not isosceles
21. right and not scalene
22. obtuse equilateral
D
Applications and 23. Architecture Refer to
Problem Solving the photo at the right.
W
al o Classify each triangle
Re

rld

by its angles and by

its sides.
a.
ABC
b.
ACD
c.
BCD
24. Art Refer to the A C
Data Update For optical art design on
the latest information about page 188. Classify the
optical art, visit: triangles by their
www.geomconcepts.com
angles and by their
sides. Alcoa Office Building, San Francisco, CA

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25. Quilting Classify the triangles that are used in the quilt blocks.
a. b.

Ohio Star Duck’s Foot in the Mud

26. Algebra
DEF is an equilateral triangle in which ED
x  5,

DF
3x – 3, and EF
2x  1.
a. Draw and label
DEF.
b. Find the measure of each side.
27. Algebra Find the measure C
of each side of isosceles 2x
triangle ABC if A is the x A
vertex angle and the
perimeter of the triangle is 2x
20 meters. B

28. Critical Thinking Numbers that can be represented by a triangular

arrangement of dots are called triangular numbers. The first four
triangular numbers are 1, 3, 6, and 10.

Find the next two triangular numbers.

Mixed Review Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line with the given
slope that passes through the given point. (Lesson 4–6)
29. m
3, (0, 4) 30. m
0, (0, 2) 31. m
2, (2, 1)
Find the slope of the lines passing through each pair of points.
(Lesson 4–5)
32. (5, 7), (4, 5) 33. (8, 4), (2, 4) 34. (5, 2), (5, 1)

35. Sports In the Olympic ski-jumping competition,

the skier tries to make the angle between his body
and the front of his skis as small as possible. If a
skier is aligned so that the front of his skis makes a
20˚ 20° angle with his body, what angle is formed by the
tail of the skis and his body? (Lesson 3–5)

Standardized 36. Multiple Choice Use the A B C D

Test Practice number line to find DA.
(Lesson 2–1) 5 0 5

A 10 B 6 C 6 D 10

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5–2 Angles of a Triangle

If you measure and add the angles in any triangle, you will find that the
What You’ll Learn
sum of the angles have a special relationship. Cut and fold a triangle as
You’ll learn to use the
Angle Sum Theorem. shown below. Make a conjecture about the sum of the angle measures of
a triangle.
Why It’s Important
Construction P
Builders use the
measure of the vertex
angle of an isosceles Q R Q 2 R 1 2 3
triangle to frame
P Q P R
buildings.
See Exercise 21.
You can use a graphing calculator to verify your conjecture.

Step 1 Use the Triangle tool on

the F3 menu. Move
the pencil cursor to
each location where
you want a vertex and
press ENTER . The
TI–92 Tutorial calculator automatically
See pp. 758–761. draws the sides. Label
the vertices A, B, and C.
Step 2 Use the Angle tool on the F6 menu to measure each angle.

Try These
1. Determine the sum of the measures of the angles of your triangle.
2. Drag any vertex to a different location, measure each angle, and find
the sum of the measures.
3. Repeat Exercise 2 several times.
4. Make a conjecture about the sum of the angle measures of any triangle.

The results of the activities above can be stated in the Angle Sum Theorem.

Words: The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle

Theorem 5–1 is 180.
Angle Sum Model: x˚
Symbols: x
y
z  180
Theorem
y˚ z˚

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You can use the Angle Sum Theorem to find missing measures in
triangles.

Examples 1 Find m
T in RST. R

m
R
m
S
m
T  180 Angle Sum Theorem 54˚

54
67
m
T  180 Substitution
Algebra Review
121
m
T  180
Solving One-Step
Equations, p. 722 121  121
m
T  180  121 Subtract 121 67˚
m
T  59 from each side. S T

2 Find the value of each variable in DCE. E

y˚

ACB and
DCE are vertical angles.
Vertical angles are congruent, so B C
m
ACB  m
DCE. Therefore, x  85. 85˚ x ˚

Now find the value of y. A 55˚

m
D
m
DCE
m
E  180
D
55
85
y  180 Substitution
140
y  180
140  140
y  180  140 Subtract 140 from each side.
y  40
Therefore, x  85 and y  40.

Your Turn
a. Find m
L in MNL if m
M  25 a˚
and m
N  25.
b. Find the value of each variable in the
28˚ b˚ 65˚
figure at the right.

You can use the Angle Sum Theorem R S

to discover a relationship between the
acute angles of a right triangle. In RST,

R is a right angle.

m
R
m
T
m
S  180 Angle Sum Theorem

90
m
T
m
S  180 Substitution
90  90
m
T
m
S  180  90 Subtract 90 from each side.
Complementary m
T
m
S  90
Angles: Lesson 3–5
By the definition of complementary angles,
T and
S are
complementary. This relationship is stated in the following theorem.

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Words: The acute angles of a right triangle are

complementary.

Theorem 5–2 Model: Symbols: x
y = 90

x˚

y˚

Example 3 Find m
A and m
B in right triangle ABC. A

2x ˚
Algebra Link m
A
m
B  90 Theorem 52
2x
3x  90 Substitution
5x  90 Combine like terms.
5x 90

5
 5 Divide each side by 5.
3x ˚
x  18 C B

Now replace x with 18 in the expression for each angle.

A
B
m
A  2x m
B  3x
 2(18) or 36  3(18) or 54

An equiangular triangle is a triangle in

which all three angles are congruent. You
can use the Angle Sum Theorem to find P
the measure of each angle in an equiangular
triangle.

Triangle PQR is an equiangular triangle.

Since m
P  m
Q  m
R, the measure
Q R
of each angle of PQR is 180  3 or 60.
This relationship is stated in Theorem 5–3.

Words: The measure of each angle of an equiangular triangle

is 60.

Theorem 5– 3 Model: Symbols: x = 60

x˚

x˚ x˚

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Check for Understanding

Communicating 1. Choose the numbers that are not measures of
Mathematics the three angles of a triangle. equiangular triangle
a. 10, 20, 150 b. 30, 60, 90
c. 40, 70, 80 d. 45, 55, 80

2. Explain how to find the measure of the third angle of a triangle if you
know the measures of the other two angles.

Math Journal 3. Is it possible to have two obtuse angles in a triangle? Write a few
sentences explaining why or why not.

Guided Practice Find the value of each variable. (Examples 1 & 2)

4. 5. 6.
30˚ 63˚
68˚
a˚

58˚ x˚ y˚ y˚ b˚ 50˚

7. Algebra The measures of the angles of a triangle are 2x, 3x, and 4x.
Find the measure of each angle. (Example 3)

Exercises • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Practice Find the value of each variable.

8. 9. 10. x˚ x˚
x˚ 60˚
Homework Help
For See
Exercises Examples 50˚
8–12, 20, 21 1 x˚ 60˚
45˚
13–16 2
17–19, 22 3
Extra Practice 11. 12. 13. a˚
x˚
See page 734.
63˚
x˚ 35˚ 65˚
60˚ b˚ 35˚

14. y˚ 15. 16. x˚ x˚

x˚ 30˚
x˚
80˚
33˚ z˚
51˚ y ˚ z ˚ 65˚
40˚ y˚

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Find the measure of each angle in each triangle.

17. 18. 19.
75˚ 2x ˚ 63˚

(x
20)˚ 50˚ x˚
(x
15)˚ x˚

20. The measure of one acute angle of a right triangle is 25. Find the
measure of the other acute angle.

Applications and 21. Construction The roof lines of

Problem Solving many buildings are shaped like the
al Wo legs of an isosceles triangle. Find
Re

rld

the measure of the vertex angle of

the isosceles triangle shown at the
right.
41˚ 41˚
22. Algebra The measures of the
angles of a triangle are x + 5,
3x
14, and x + 11. Find the
measure of each angle.
23. Critical Thinking If two angles of
one triangle are congruent to two
angles of another triangle, what is
the relationship between the third
angles of the triangles? Explain
your reasoning.

Mixed Review 24. The perimeter of
GHI is 21 units. G

Find GH and GI. (Lesson 5–1)
x
3 x
4
25. State the slope of the lines perpendicular
to the graph of y  3x  2. (Lesson 4–6)
H 8 I
Exercise 24

Identify each pair of angles as alternate

interior, alternate exterior, consecutive 7 8 9 10
interior, or vertical. (Lesson 4–2) 6 1 2 11

26. 1, 5
5 4 3 12
27. 9, 11 16 15 14 13
28. 2, 3
29. 7, 15

Standardized 30. Short Response Points X, Y, and Z are collinear, and

Test Practice XY  45, YZ  23, and XZ  22. Locate the points on a number line.
(Lesson 2–2)

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5–3 Geometry in Motion

We live in a world of motion. Geometry helps us define and describe that

What You’ll Learn
motion. In geometry, there are three fundamental types of motion:
You’ll learn to identify
translations, translation, reflection, and rotation.
reflections, and
rotations and their Translation Reflection Rotation
corresponding parts.

Why It’s Important

Art Artists use motion
geometry to make
designs. See line
Example 6.
fixed point

In a translation, you In a reflection, you In a rotation, you turn

slide a figure from one flip a figure over a the figure around a
position to another line. The new figure fixed point. Rotations
without turning it. is a mirror image. are sometimes called
Translations are Reflections are turns.
sometimes called slides. sometimes called flips.

When a figure is translated, reflected, or rotated, the lengths of the

sides of the figure do not change.

Examples Identify each motion as a translation, reflection, or rotation.

1 2 3

rotation reflection translation

Your Turn

a. b. c.

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The figure below shows a translation.

Each point on A D Its matching

the original point on the
figure is called corresponding
a preimage. B figure is called
E its image.

C F

Each point on the preimage can be paired with exactly one point on its
image, and each point on the image can be paired with exactly one
point on the preimage. This one-to-one correspondence is an example
of a mapping.
Read
ABC →
DEF The symbol → is used to indicate a mapping. In the figure,
as triangle ABC maps to
ABC →
DEF. In naming the triangles, the order of the vertices
triangle DEF. indicates the corresponding points.
Preimage Image Preimage Image
A → D

AB
→

DE

B → E
C
B
→

EF

C → F

AC
→

DF

This mapping is called a transformation.

Examples In the figure,
XYZ →
ABC by a reflection.

4 Name the image of X. X

XYZ →
ABC

X corresponds to A.
So, A is the image of X. Z Y

5 Name the side that corresponds to

AB
.
C B
Point A corresponds to point X.

XYZ →
ABC

Point B corresponds to point Y.

A
So,

AB
corresponds to

XY
.

Your Turn

In the figure,
LMN →
QRS by M N

a rotation.
d. Name the image of M.
e. Name the angle that corresponds L R
to S. Q
f. Name the image of L
M

.

N
g. Name the side that corresponds to L
. S

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Translations, reflections, and rotations are all isometries. An isometry is

a movement that does not change the size or shape of the figure being
moved. Artists often use isometries in designs. One of the most famous
al Wo artists to use this technique was M. C. Escher.
Re

rld

Example 6 Identify the type of

Art Link transformation in the
artwork at the right.
Each figure can be moved to
match another without turning
or flipping. Therefore, the
motion is a translation.

M. C. Escher, Pegasus

Check for Understanding

Communicating 1. Explain the difference between a translation and
Mathematics a rotation. translation
2. Suppose
ABC →
RST. Antonio reflection
says that C corresponds to T. rotation
transformation
Keisha says she needs to see the drawing to preimage
know which angles correspond. Who is correct? isometry
Explain your reasoning. image
mapping
Guided Practice Identify each motion as a translation, reflection,
or rotation. (Examples 1–3)
3. 4. 5.

In the figure at the right, X R

XYZ →
RST. (Examples 4 & 5)

Y
6. Name the image of X
.
7. Name the angle that corresponds to Z Y T S
R.

8. Native American Designs The design below was found on food

bowls that were discovered in the ruins of an ancient Hopi pueblo.
Identify the transformations in the design. (Example 6)

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Exercises • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Practice Identify each motion as a translation, reflection, or rotation.

9. 10. 11.

Homework Help
For See
Exercises Examples
9–17 1–3
18–24 4, 5
25–27 6
Extra Practice
See page 734.
12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17.

In the figure at the right,
MNP →
FGH. M

18. Which angle corresponds to
N?
19. Which side corresponds to

MN
? N
20. Name the angle that corresponds to
H.
Q
21. Name the image of point Q. F

22. Name the side that corresponds to

GH
. P J
23. Name the image of

PQ
. H
K
24. If ABC → PQR, which angle corresponds G
to
R?

piston
Applications and 25. Engines Cams are important parts
Problem Solving of engines because they change
al Wo motion from one direction to
Re

rld

another. As the cam turns around,

the pistons move up and down.
Identify the transformation that
occurs in the cams. cam

Lesson 5–3 Geometry in Motion 201

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26. Art The figure at the left shows an untitled work by

M. C. Escher. Identify the type of transformation used
to complete the work.
27. Critical Thinking The transformation below is called
a glide reflection. How is this transformation different
from a translation, reflection, and rotation?

M. C. Escher, Flying Fish

Mixed Review 28. The measure of one acute angle of a right triangle is 30. Find the
measure of the other acute angle. (Lesson 5–2)

29. Algebra XYZ is an equilateral triangle in which XY
2x  2,

YZ
x  7, and XZ
4x  8. Find the measure of each side.
(Lesson 5–1)

Draw a figure for each pair of planes or segments. (Lesson 4–1)

30. parallel planes 31. skew segments 32. intersecting planes

Standardized 33. Multiple Choice Which ordered y t m

Test Practice pair represents the intersection of line t
and line m? (Lesson 2–4)
O x
A (2, 3)
B (2, 3)
C (2, 3)
D (2, 3)

Quiz 1 Lessons 5–1 through 5–3

> Classify each triangle by its angles and by its sides. (Lesson 5–1)
1. 2. 20˚ 3.
45˚ 60˚
9 in.
6 in.
25˚
135˚ 60˚ 60˚
45˚
4 in.

4. Algebra The measures of the angles of a triangle are 2x, 5x, and 5x.
Find the measure of each angle. (Lesson 5–2)
5. Identify the motion as a translation, reflection, or rotation.
(Lesson 5–3)

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5–4 Congruent Triangles

You’ve learned that congruent segments have the same length and
What You’ll Learn
congruent angles have the same degree measure. In the following activity,
You’ll learn to
identify corresponding you will learn about congruent triangles.
parts of congruent
triangles.

Why It’s Important

Crafts The pieces of
fabric used to make a Materials: grid paper scissors straightedge
quilt are congruent to
a template. Step 1 On a piece of grid paper, draw two triangles like the ones
See Exercise 27.
below. Label the vertices as shown.

A D E

C B F

Step 2 Cut out the triangles. Put one A F

triangle over the other so
that the parts with the same
measures match up.
C E B D

Try These
1. Identify all of the pairs of angles and sides that match or correspond.
2. Triangle ABC is congruent to
FDE. What is true about their
corresponding sides and angles?

If a triangle can be translated, rotated, A

or reflected onto another triangle so that
all of the vertices correspond, the triangles
Arcs are used to show are congruent triangles. The parts of
which angles are congruent triangles that “match” are called
congruent. Slash marks C B
are used to show which corresponding parts.
sides are congruent.
In the figure,
ABC

FDE. As in a F
mapping, the order of the vertices indicates
the corresponding parts.
Congruent Angles Congruent Sides
A
F 
AB
FD E D
B
D 
BC
DE
C
E 
AC
FE
These relationships help to define congruent triangles.

Lesson 5–4 Congruent Triangles 203

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Definition of If the corresponding parts of two triangles are congruent, then

Congruent the two triangles are congruent.
Triangles If two triangles are congruent, then the corresponding parts of
(CPCTC) the two triangles are congruent.

CPCTC is an abbreviation for Corresponding Parts of

Congruent Triangles are Congruent.

Examples 1 If PQR
MLN, name the congruent angles and sides. Then
draw the triangles, using arcs and slash marks to show the
congruent angles and sides.
First, name the three P M
pairs of congruent
angles by looking at
the order of the
vertices in the statement

PQR

MLN. R Q L N

So, P
M, Q
L, and R
N.

Since P corresponds to M, and Q corresponds to L, 
PQ

ML.
R
Since Q corresponds to L, and R corresponds to N, Q 
.
LN
R
Since P corresponds to M, and R corresponds to N, P 

MN.
P M

R Q L N

2 The corresponding parts of two congruent triangles are marked on

the figure. Write a congruence statement for the two triangles.
List the congruent angles and sides. I J

I
K H

I KH H
G
J 
GH 
JH
GHI
JHK GI
JK
 
G K

The congruence statement can be written by matching the vertices of

the congruent angles. Therefore,
IGH

KJH.

Your Turn

The corresponding parts of two B

congruent triangles are marked D
on the figure. Write a congruence
statement for the two triangles. E
C
A F

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Example 3 RST is congruent to XYZ. Find the value of n.

Algebra Link S Z
50˚

R 40˚
(2n  10)˚
90˚
Y X
T

Since
RST

XYZ, the corresponding parts are congruent.

Algebra Review mS
mY
Solving Multi-Step 50
2n  10 Substitution
Equations, p. 723
50 – 10
2n  10 – 10 Subtract 10 from each side.
40
2n
40 2n

2

2 Divide each side by 2.
20
n

Check for Understanding

Communicating 1. Explain what it means when one triangle is
Mathematics congruent to another. congruent triangles
2. Describe how transformations are used to corresponding parts
determine whether triangles are congruent.

If ABC
DEF, name the corresponding side

Guided Practice Getting Ready or angle.
Sample: B Solution: B corresponds to E.

3. F 4. A 
5. AC 6. 
EF

7. If
XYZ

EDF, name the E

congruent angles and sides. Y D
Then draw the triangles, using
arcs and slash marks to show
the congruent angles and sides.
(Example 1)
F
X Z

Complete each congruence statement. (Example 2)

8. A F 9. C E F

B C D E A B D

ABC

____?____
CBA

____?____

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10. Algebra
RQP is congruent to R

O

ONM. Find the value of x. N
(Example 3)
(3x
5) m

70 m Q M
P

Exercises • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Practice For each pair of congruent triangles, name the congruent angles and
sides. Then draw the triangles, using arcs and slash marks to show
the congruent angles and sides.
Homework Help 11. A D 12. R
T
For See
Exercises Examples
11, 12, 19–23, 1
26, 27
13–18 2 C B
Q S
24, 25 3 V U
Extra Practice E F

ACB

EFD
QRS

TUV
See page 735.

Complete each congruence statement.

13. A C 14. A C
B

B D E D

BAD

____?____
BCD

____?____

15. C 16. F
B
A D
B
C
D
E E
A

AEB

____?____
____?____

DFE

17. T B C 18. B A

C D E
R
S A

RTS

____?____
AED

____?____

206 Chapter 5 Triangles and Congruence

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If
BCA

GFH, name the part that is congruent to each angle or

segment.
19. F A
20. B  21. A G
22. F  23. G
24. If
PRQ

YXZ, mP  63, and mQ  57, find mX.

Applications and 25. Algebra If
DEF

HEG, D H

Problem Solving what is the value of x?
10 5x
al Wo 6
Re

rld

E
F 8 G
26. Landscaping Two triangular gardens have the same size and shape.
The landscaper needed 24 feet of fencing for one garden. How much
fencing is needed for the second garden? Explain your reasoning.
27. Crafts Many quilts are designed using triangles. Quilters start with
a template and trace around the template, outlining the triangles to
be cut out. Explain why the triangles are congruent.

template fabric triangles

28. Critical Thinking Determine whether each statement is true or false.

If true, explain your reasoning. If false, show a counterexample.
a. If two triangles are congruent, their perimeters are equal.
b. If two triangles have the same perimeter, they are congruent.
Mixed Review Identify each motion as a translation, reflection, or rotation.
(Lesson 5–3)
29. 30. 31.

32. Communication A support cable called a

guy wire is attached to a utility pole to give it
stability. Safety regulations require a minimum
angle of 30° between the pole and the guy wire. guy
Determine the measure of the angle between the wire 30˚
guy wire and the ground. (Lesson 5–2)
Standardized 33. Short Response If mR  45, classify R as
Test Practice acute, right, or obtuse. (Lesson 3–2)
34. Multiple Choice Choose the false statement.
(Lesson 1–3)
A Two points determine two lines.
B A line contains at least two points.
C Three points that are not on the same line determine a plane.
D If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

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Chapter 5
Investigation

Materials Introducing the Congruence Postulates

patty paper
Is it possible to show that two triangles are congruent without showing
scissors that all six pairs of corresponding parts are congruent? Let’s look for a
shortcut.
straightedge

Investigate
1. Use patty paper to investigate three pairs of congruent sides.
a. Draw a triangle on a piece of patty paper.
b. Copy the sides of the triangle onto another piece of patty paper
and cut them out.

c. Arrange the pieces so that they form

a triangle.
d. Is this triangle congruent to the
original triangle? Explain your
reasoning.
e. Try to form another triangle. Is it
congruent to the original triangle?
f. Can three pairs of congruent sides
be used to show that two triangles
are congruent?

208 Chapter 5 Triangles and Congruence

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2. Use patty paper to investigate three pairs of congruent angles.

a. Draw a triangle on a piece of patty paper.
b. Copy each angle
of the triangle
onto a separate
piece of patty
paper and cut
them out. Extend
each ray of each
angle to the edge
of the patty paper.
c. Arrange the pieces so that they form a triangle.
d. Is this triangle congruent to the original triangle? Explain your
reasoning.
e. Try to form another triangle. Is this triangle congruent to the original
triangle?
f. Can three pairs of congruent angles be used to show that two
triangles are congruent?

In this investigation, you will determine which three pairs of corresponding parts can be
used to show that two triangles are congruent.
Use patty paper or graphing software to investigate these six cases. (You have already
investigated the first two.)
1. three pairs of congruent sides
2. three pairs of congruent angles
3. two pairs of congruent sides and the pair of congruent angles between them
4. two pairs of congruent sides and one pair of congruent angles not between them
5. two pairs of congruent angles and the pair of congruent sides between them
6. two pairs of congruent angles and one pair of congruent sides not between them

Presenting Your Conclusions

Here are some ideas to help you present your conclusions to the class.
• Make a poster that summarizes your results.
• Make a model with straws that illustrates why certain pairs of corresponding parts
cannot be used to show that two triangles are congruent. Be sure to show
counterexamples.

Investigation For more information on the congruence

postulates, visit: www.geomconcepts.com

Chapter 5 Investigation Take a Shortcut 209

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5–5 SSS and SAS

Triangles are common in construction, because triangles, unlike squares,

What You’ll Learn
maintain thair shape under stress. You can see this yourself if you use
You’ll learn to use the
SSS and SAS tests for straws and a string to make a triangle and a four-sided figure.
congruence.

Why It’s Important

Construction
Architects add
strength to their
buildings by using
triangles for support.
rigid not rigid
See Exercise 7.
This rigidity hints at an underlying geometric concept: a triangle with
three sides of a set length has exactly one shape.

Construction

Materials: compass straightedge scissors

Step 1 Draw an acute scalene triangle on a B

piece of paper. Label its vertices A, B,
and C on the interior of each angle.
A C
Step 2 Construct a segment congruent
to

AC
. Label the endpoints of the
segment D and E. Step 1

Step 3 Adjust the compass setting to the

length of

AB
. Place the compass D E
at point D and draw a large arc Step 2
above D
E
.
Step 4 Adjust the compass setting to the F
length of

CB
. Place the compass
at point E and draw an arc to
intersect the one drawn from
point D. Label the intersection F.
Step 5
F
Draw D
and E

F

. D E
Step 4

Try These
1. Label the vertices of
DEF on the interior of each angle. Then cut out
the two triangles. Make a conjecture. Are the triangles congruent?
2. If the triangles are congruent, write a congruence statement.
3. Verify your conjecture with another triangle.

210 Chapter 5 Triangles and Congruence

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In the previous activity, you constructed a congruent triangle by using

only the measures of its sides. This activity suggests the following postulate.

Words: If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three

corresponding sides of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.
Model: B S

The abbreviation SSS is

Postulate 5–1
read as Side-Side-Side. SSS Postulate
A C R T

Symbols: If A
B
 R

S
, B
C
 S
T
, and C
A
 T
R
,
then
ABC 
RST.

Example 1 Q
In two triangles, P 

ML, P
R
 MN, and  

RQ . Write a
NL
congruence statement for the two triangles.
Draw a pair of congruent Q
triangles. Identify the congruent
parts with slashes. Label the
vertices of one triangle. P R
Use the given information Q L
to label the vertices of the
second triangle.
By SSS,
PQR 
MLN. P R M N

Your Turn
a. In two triangles,

ZY


, X
FE



Y DE
, and X

Z


. Write a
DF
congruence statement for the two triangles.

In a triangle, the angle formed by two given sides is called the included
angle of the sides.

C
C is the included
angle of AC and BC.

A B
A is the included B is the included
angle of AB and AC. angle of AB and CB.

Using the SSS Postulate, you can show that two triangles are congruent
if their corresponding sides are congruent. You can also show their
congruence by using two sides and the included angle.

www.geomconcepts.com/extra_examples Lesson 5–5 SSS and SAS 211

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Words: If two sides and the included angle of one triangle

are congruent to the corresponding sides and
included angle of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.

The abbreviation SAS Postulate 5–2 Model: B S

is read as Side-Angle- SAS Postulate
Side.

A C R T
Symbols: If A
B
 R

S
, A  R, and

R
AC
T
,
then
ABC 
RST.

Example 2 Determine whether the triangles M X

shown at the right are congruent.
If so, write a congruence statement
and explain why the triangles are
congruent. If not, explain why not.
Y
There are two pairs of congruent sides,
N



O YZ
and M

O

XZ
. There is one
pair of congruent angles, O  Z, N
which is included between the sides.
Therefore,
MNO 
XYZ by SAS. O Z

Q
Your Turn
D
b. Determine whether the triangles
shown at the right are congruent
by SAS. If so, write a congruence
statement and tell why the R
triangles are congruent. If not,
explain why not. P E
F

Check for Understanding

Communicating 1. Sketch and label a triangle in which X is the
Mathematics included angle of

YX
and Z

X
. included angle

2. Karen says that there is only one triangle with sides of

3 inches, 4 inches, and 5 inches. Mika says that there
can be many different triangles with those measures. Who is correct?
Explain your reasoning.

Guided Practice Write a congruence statement for each pair of triangles represented.
(Example 1)

T
3. R


, R
UW
S


, T
UV



S WV
4.

AB


GH
, B



C HI
, B  H

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Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent. If so, write a

congruence statement and explain why the triangles are congruent.
(Example 2)
5. B E 6. E
F
D C
A

D
C A B
F

7. Construction Most roofs on residential

buildings are made of triangular roof
trusses. Explain how the SSS postulate
guarantees that the triangles in the roof
truss will remain rigid. (Example 1)

Web member Gusset

Upper chord
12
5
Lower chord

Exercises • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Practice Write a congruence statement for each pair of triangles represented.



8.
JK
, L
MN



K
, K  N
ON 9.

CB


EF
, C

A


, B
ED
A

FD

10.
X
Y

CA
, X



Z CB
, X  C 11.

G
H

RT
I



, G RS
I



, H TS

Homework Help
For See Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent. If so, write a
Exercises Examples
congruence statement and explain why the triangles are congruent.
8–11, 20 1
12–15, 16–19, 22 2 12. B 13. A E
C
Extra Practice
D
See page 735.
A
F C B D F
E

14. B 15. D

A C D A B C

Use the given information to determine whether the two triangles are
congruent by SAS. Write yes or no.
C D E
16. A  D,
AB

DE
, B



C

EF
17.

EF


CA
, B



C ED
, C  E
18.

BC


DF
, B

A


EF
, B  F
19.

AB


DF
A

, C


, C  F
DE A B F

Lesson 5–5 SSS and SAS 213

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Applications and 20. Carpentry Suppose you are building

Problem Solving a rectangular bookcase. How could you
Re al Wo provide additional support so that the back

rld
of the bookcase won’t shift?
21. Landscaping When small trees are planted,
they are usually supported with a wooden
stake as shown at the right. Explain how
the stake provides support against the wind.
22. Critical Thinking Name the additional
corresponding part needed to prove that
the triangles below are congruent by SAS.
R U

Exercise 21
S T W V

Mixed Review 23. If
PQR 
CAB, mP  45, and mR  38, find mA. (Lesson 5–4)
24. Word Processing The button
in some computer programs makes the
indicated change in the position of the
word “Hello.” Identify the change as a
rotation, reflection, or translation. (Lesson 5–3)

The coordinates of the endpoints of a segment are given. Find the

coordinates of the midpoint of each segment. (Lesson 2–5)
25. (1, 2), (3, 8) 26. (4, 8), (3, 4) 27. (0, 0), (x, y)

Standardized 28. Multiple Choice Express 0.0025 in scientific notation. (Algebra Review)
Test Practice A 2.5  103 B 2.5  104 C 2.5  103 D 2.5  104

Quiz 2 Lessons 5–4 and 5–5

> 1. Design Which triangles in the figure appear to be congruent?
(Lesson 5–4)
2. If
XYZ 
RST, which angle is congruent to S? (Lesson 5–4)
3. In two triangles, X
B

Z
C
, Y
A

Z
C
, and Y
A

X
B

. Write a
congruence statement for the two triangles. (Lesson 5–5) Exercise 1

Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent. If so, write a congruence

statement and explain why the triangles are congruent. (Lesson 5–5)
4. B C 5. M N
E P

Q
A
L
D F R

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5–6 ASA and AAS

The side of a triangle that falls between two given angles is called the
What You’ll Learn
included side of the angles. It is the one side common to both angles.
You’ll learn to use the
ASA and AAS tests
for congruence.
C
Why It’s Important AC is the included BC is the included
Surveying Surveyors side of A and C. side of B and C.
use the ASA Postulate
when setting up sight A B
markers.
AB is the included side of A and B.
See Exercise 10.

You can show that two triangles are congruent by using two angles and
the included side of the triangles.

Words: If two angles and the included side of one triangle

are congruent to the corresponding angles and
included side of another triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.
Postulate 5–3 Model: B S
The abbreviation ASA
is read as Angle-Side-
ASA
Angle. Postulate

A C R T

Symbols: If A  R, A
C
 R
T
, and C  T,

then
ABC 
RST.

Example 1 In
PQR \
KJL, R
K,
RQ



, and Q
L. Write a

KL
congruence statement for the two triangles.
Begin by drawing a pair of congruent triangles. R
Mark the congruent parts with arcs and slashes.
Label the vertices of one triangle P, Q, and R.
Locate K and L on the unlabeled triangle in the
same positions as R and Q. The unassigned P Q
vertex must be J.
K
Therefore,
PQR 
JLK by ASA.

Your Turn
J L
a. In
DEF and
LMN, D  N,
DE

NL
, and
E  L. Write a congruence statement for the two triangles.

Lesson 5–6 ASA and AAS 215

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The Angle-Angle-Side Theorem is called a theorem because it can be

derived from the ASA Postulate. In AAS, the S is not between the two
given angles. Therefore, the S indicates a side that is not included between
The abbreviation AAS is the two angles.
read as Angle-Angle-
Side.
C
CA and CB are nonincluded
sides of A and B.

A B

Words: If two angles and a nonincluded side of one triangle

are congruent to the corresponding two angles and
nonincluded side of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.
Theorem 5–4 Model: B S
AAS
Theorem
A C R T

Symbols: If A  R, C  T, and B
C
 S
T
,

then
ABC 
RST.

Example 2
ABC and
EDF each have one B F

E
pair of sides and one pair of angles
marked to show congruence. What
other pair of angles must be marked
so that the two triangles are
congruent by AAS?
A C D

If B and F are marked congruent, then

and E

AB
F
would be
included sides. However, AAS requires the nonincluded sides.
Therefore, C and D must be marked congruent.

Your Turn
b.
DEF and
LMN each have one pair of D L
sides and one pair of angles marked to
show congruence. What other pair of
angles must be marked so that the two
triangles are congruent by AAS? M

c. What other pair of angles must be

marked so that the two triangles are
congruent by ASA? F N
E

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Examples Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent by SSS, SAS,

ASA, or AAS. If it is not possible to prove that they are congruent,
write not possible.
A E P
3 4 M N
F

O
R
D Q
C B

There are two pairs of congruent There are two pairs of congruent
angles, A  F and B  D. sides,

MN


and N
RP
O


.
RQ
There is one pair of corresponding There is one pair of congruent
congruent sides,
CB

ED
, which angles, M  P, which is not
is not included between the angles. included between the sides.
Therefore,
ABC 
FDE Since SSA is not a test for
by AAS. congruence, it is not possible
to show the triangles are
congruent from this information.
Your Turn
d. H e. L

G
J I
K N M
X

L
Z Y

Check for Understanding

Communicating
Z
1. Sketch and label triangle XYZ in which X
is
Mathematics
Z
an included side. Then name the two angles X
included side
is between.

2. Explain how you could construct a triangle congruent to a given

triangle using ASA.
Math Journal 3. Write a few sentences explaining the SSS, SAS, ASA, and AAS tests for
congruence. Give an example of each.

Guided Practice Write a congruence statement for each pair of triangles represented.
(Example 1)
4. In
DEF and
RST, D  R, E  T, and



DE
.
RT
5. In
ABC and
XYZ, A  X, B  Y, and

BC


YZ
.

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Name the additional congruent parts needed so that the triangles

are congruent by the postulate or theorem indicated. (Example 2)
6. ASA 7. AAS
B D D
B

F E
C C
A E A F
Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent by SSS, SAS,
ASA, or AAS. If it is not possible to prove that they are congruent,
write not possible. (Examples 3 & 4)
8. C F 9. A D

C
B E
A B D E

10. Surveying Two surveyors 560 yards

apart sight a marker C on the other side
C
of a canyon at angles of 27° and 38°.
What will happen if they repeat their
measurements from the same positions 27˚ 38˚
on another day? Explain your reasoning. A B
Surveying land (Example 1) 560 yd

Exercises • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Practice Write a congruence statement for each pair of triangles represented.

11. In
QRS and
TUV, Q
T, S
U, and  

QS .
TU
12. In
ABC and
DEF, 
AC
 , C
D, and B
F.
ED
Homework Help
13. In
RST and
XYZ, S
X, 

ST XZ, and T
Z.
For See
Exercises Examples 14. In
MNO and
PQR, M
P, N
R, and  NO
 RQ.
11–14 1
15–18 2
Name the additional congruent parts needed so that the triangles
19–22, 23 3, 4 are congruent by the postulate or theorem indicated.
Extra Practice 15. ASA C 16. AAS
See page 735.
F A F

D E B A C B D E

17. AAS 18. ASA

C F E C F
E

B A B D
A
D

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Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent by SSS, SAS,

ASA, or AAS. If it is not possible to prove that they are congruent,
write not possible.
19. A C 20. F D

H
E
B G J
D E

21. R S 22. T X

Y
L
T

U V Z
J K

Applications and 23. Math History The figure shows how the
Problem Solving Greek mathematician Thales (624 B.C.–547 B.C.)
al Wo determined the distance from the shore to
Re

rld

enemy ships during a war. He sighted the

ship from point P and then duplicated the
angle at QPT. The angles at point Q are
P Shore
right angles. Explain why QT represents Q
the distance from the shore to the ship.
24. Critical Thinking In
RST and
UVW,
R
U, S
V, and  RT
 UW. (Figure not
drawn to scale.)
So,
RST

UVW by AAS. Prove

RST

UVW by ASA. T

Mixed Review 25. In two triangles, 

MN
 , M
PQ O
 PR, and N
O
QR. Write a
congruence statement for the two triangles and explain why the
triangles are congruent. (Lesson 5–5)

If
HRT

MNP, complete each statement. (Lesson 5–4)

26. R
____?____
T
27. H 
____?____ In the Shade
28. P
____?____ Sales of sunglasses (billions)
1990 $1.3
Standardized 29. Multiple Choice The graph
Test Practice shows the sales of sunglasses 1991 $1.4
from 1990 to 1997. Between 1992 $1.5
which two years was the 1993 $1.9
percent of increase the $2.0
1994
greatest? (Statistics Review)
1995 $2.3
A 1990 to 1991
1996 $2.6
B 1991 to 1992 $2.6
1997
C 1992 to 1993
D 1994 to 1995 Source: Sunglass Association of America

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CHAPTER
Study Guide and Assessment
5
Understanding and Using the Vocabulary Review Activities
After completing this chapter, you should be able to define For more review activities, visit:
each term, property, or phrase and give an example or two www.geomconcepts.com
of each.
acute triangle (p. 188) included side (p. 215) rotation (p. 198)
base (p. 189) isometry (p. 200) scalene triangle (p. 189)
base angles (p. 189) isosceles triangle (p. 189) transformation (p. 199)
congruent triangle (p. 203) legs (p. 189) translation (p. 198)
corresponding parts (p. 203) mapping (p. 199) triangle (p. 188)
equiangular triangle (p. 195) obtuse triangle (p. 188) vertex (p. 188)
equilateral triangle (p. 189) preimage (p. 199) vertex angle (p. 189)
image (p. 199) reflection (p. 198)
included angle (p. 211) right triangle (p. 188)

State whether each sentence is true or false. If false, replace the underlined word(s) to
make a true statement.
1. Triangles can be classified by their angles and sides.
2. An isosceles triangle has two vertex angles.
3. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 360°.
4. An equiangular triangle is defined as a triangle with three congruent sides.
5. The acute angles of a right triangle are supplementary.
6. SSS, SAS, ASA, and AAS are ways to show that two triangles are congruent.
7. A translation is an example of a transformation.
8. An equilateral triangle is also an isosceles triangle.
9. AAS refers to two angles and their included side.
10. Reflections are sometimes called turns.

Skills and Concepts

Objectives and Examples Review Exercises
• Lesson 5–1 Identify the parts of triangles Classify each triangle by its angles and by
and classify triangles by their parts. its sides.
11. 12. 60˚
7.5 m 66˚ 8 in. 8 in.

48˚ 60˚ 60˚

6m
8 in.
7.5 m 66˚

The triangle is acute and isosceles.

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Chapter 5 Study Guide and Assessment

Objectives and Examples Review Exercises

• Lesson 5–2 Use the Angle Sum Theorem. Find the value of each variable.
13. x˚ 14. y˚ y˚
Find mA in
ABC.
120˚
B
120˚ 55˚
C 38˚

15. a˚
A
mA + mB
mC = 180
mA + 120 + 38 = 180
mA + 158 = 180 55˚ b˚ 30˚
mA + 158 – 158 = 180 – 158
mA = 22

• Lesson 5–3 Identify translations, reflections, Suppose
ABE →
CBD.

and rotations and their corresponding parts.
A B C

ABC →
RST by a A
translation.
E D
C B
R is the image of A. 16. Name the angle that corresponds to D.
17. Name the image of ABE.


BC
corresponds to

.
ST R
18. Name the image of

.
AE
19. Identify the transformation that occurred
T S in the mapping.

• Lesson 5–4 Name and label corresponding Complete each congruence statement.
parts of congruent triangles. 20. N 21. T
Write a congruence A D S
statement for the M O
Q V
two triangles.
R W

ABC 
DEF
P
C B E F
MNO 
____?____
RST 
____?____

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● Extra Practice
Chapter 5 Study Guide and Assessment See pages 734–735.

Objectives and Examples Review Exercises

• Lesson 5–5 Use the SSS and SAS tests for Determine whether each pair of triangles
congruence. is congruent. If so, write a congruence
statement and explain why the triangles
S M L are congruent.
22. X Z 23. B
C
F
Y
R T N R

RST 
LNM by SAS. A

P Q E D

• Lesson 5– 6 Use the ASA and AAS tests for Determine whether each pair of triangles
congruence. is congruent by SSS, SAS, ASA, or AAS. If
it is not possible to prove that they are
X G congruent, write not possible.
24. M 25. L
P
M
K L
R T O
Z Y H F
N

XYZ 
GHF by AAS. S

Applications and Problem Solving

26. Maps Classify the triangle by its sides. 27. Algebra Find the measure of A in ABC.
(Lesson 5–1) (Lesson 5–2)
(x
32)˚ C
Tallahassee
A
95˚
Daytona Beach (x  11)˚
B
58 mi
Orlando
28. Construction The W-truss is the most
213 mi
widely used of light wood trusses. Identify
172 mi West Palm two pairs of triangles in the truss below
Beach that appear to be congruent. (Lesson 5–4)
C
B D
A E
G F

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CHAPTER CHAPTER
Test
5
Choose the letter of the description that best matches each term.
1. scalene triangle a. has a right angle
2. right triangle b. all sides are congruent
3. isosceles triangle c. no sides are congruent
4. acute triangle d. has a vertex angle
5. equilateral triangle e. all angles are acute
6. equiangular triangle f. all angles are congruent

Find the value of each variable.

7. 8. 9. 76˚
x˚ c˚
b˚

85˚ 35˚
c˚ c˚ 66˚ a˚

Identify each motion as a translation, reflection, or rotation.

10. 11. 12.

Complete each congruence statement.

13. B D 14. P A 15. F D
L

C
R C M
E Q B N E
A F

ABC 
__?___
__?___ 
ABC
__?__ 
FDE

16. In
CDE, identify the included angle for sides C

D

and E

C

.

Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent by SSS, SAS, ASA, or AAS.
If it is not possible to prove that they are congruent, write not possible.
17. 18. 19.

20. Sports The sail for a sailboat looks like a right triangle. If the angle at the top
of the sail measures 54°, what is the measure of the acute angle at the bottom?

www.geomconcepts.com/chapter_test Chapter 5 Test 223

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CHAPTER
Preparing for Standardized Tests
5
Statistics Problems
On some standardized tests, you will calculate the mean, median, and
mode of a data set. You will also choose the most appropriate measure Memory Tip A
for a data set. On the SAT and ACT, you will apply the concept of the highway median is
mean to solve problems. in the middle of the
sum of the numbers road. So a median is
mean 



number of numbers
the middle number of
median  middle number of a set arranged in numerical order an ordered data set.
mode  the number(s) that occurs most often

State Test Example SAT Example

The height of ten National Champion Trees If the average of five numbers is 32 and the
are listed in the table below. What is the average of two of the numbers is 20, then what
median, in feet, of the heights? is the sum of the remaining three numbers?
2
A 12 B 40 C 46
3

Height Height D 120 E 140
Tree (ft) Tree (ft)
Hint Use the formula for mean to calculate
American
115 Loblolly Pine 148 the sum of the numbers.
Beech
Black Willow 76 Pinyon Pine 69
Solution On the SAT, average is the same as
Coast
Douglas Fir
329 Sugar Maple 87 mean. First find the sum of the five numbers.
Then use the formula for the mean. You know
Coast
Redwood
313 Sugar Pine 232 the average (32) and the number of numbers
(5).
Giant Sequoia 275 White Oak 79
sum of the five numbers
32 



5
Hint If there is no single middle number,
find the median by calculating the mean of sum of the five numbers
5  32  5




the two middle values.

5

160  sum of the five numbers

Solution To find the median, first list the
heights in numerical order. Use the same method to find the sum of the
69 76 79 87 115 148 232 275 313 329 two numbers.
sum of the two numbers
Since there are ten numbers, there is no middle 20 



2
number. The two numbers in the middle are
40  sum of the two numbers
115 and 148. Calculate the mean of these two
numbers. You can find the sum of the other three
115  148 263 1




or 131

numbers by subtracting: (sum of the five
2 2 2
1 numbers)  (sum of the two numbers) 
The median is 131
2
feet. 160  40 or 120. The answer is D.

224 Chapter 5 Triangles and Congruence

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Chapter 5 Preparing for Standardized Tests

After you work each problem, record your 7. Jenny recorded high temperatures every
answer on the answer sheet provided or on day for a week. The temperatures, in
a sheet of paper. degrees Fahrenheit, were 48, 55, 60, 55, 52,
47, and 40. What was the mean
Multiple Choice temperature?
1. Mr. Mendosa planned to have the trim on his A 51 B 52 C 55 D 60
house painted and obtained estimates from
five different companies. The estimates were 8. What is the value of x in the figure?
$950, $850, $995, $1000, and $950. What is the A 10 B 18 1.5x ˚ 3.5x ˚
mode of these estimates? C 27 D 63
A $150 B $949 C $950 D $995 5x ˚

2. 
64  36  ? Grid In
A 10 B 14 C 28
D 48 E 100 9. There are 24 fish in an aquarium.
1 2
If
8
of them are tetras and
3
of the remaining
3. Jared’s study group recorded the amount of fish are guppies, how many guppies are
time they spent on math homework one day. there?
Here are the results (in minutes): 30, 29, 32,
25, 36, 20, 30, 26, 56, 45, 33, and 34. What
was the median time spent?
Extended Response
A 20 min B 25 min
C 30 min D 31 min 10. The table shows the percent of new
passenger cars imported into the United
4. The figure below shows an example of a— States by country of origin in 1997.

Percent of New Passenger Cars Imported

into U.S. by Country of Origin
Country New Cars (percent)
Canada 40
A dilation. B reflection.
Germany 7
C rotation. D translation. Japan 32
Mexico 13
5. Yoshi wants to buy a sweater priced at South Korea 5
$59.95. If the sales tax rate is 6%, which is Other 3
the best estimate of the tax paid on the Source: Bureau of Census, Foreign Trade Division
sweater?
A $3.00 B $3.60 Part A Make a circle graph to show the
C $4.00 D $4.20 data. Label each section of the graph with
the percent of imported cars.
6. How many even integers are there between Part B The total number of cars imported
2 and 100, not including 2 and 100? was about 4.4 million. Use this information
A 98 B 97 C 50 to determine the number of cars imported
D 49 E 48 from outside North America.

www.geomconcepts.com/standardized_test_practice Chapter 5 Preparing for Standardized Tests 225