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Linear Analysis and Effective Length Method

The document discusses different methods for analyzing internal forces and moments in structures, including first-order and second-order analysis. It describes linear analysis and the effective length method for first-order analysis, which does not consider second-order effects like buckling. It also discusses procedures for second-order analysis, including global P-Δ effects and member design P-δ effects, and analyzing sway and non-sway frames using effective buckling lengths.

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51 views4 pages

Linear Analysis and Effective Length Method

The document discusses different methods for analyzing internal forces and moments in structures, including first-order and second-order analysis. It describes linear analysis and the effective length method for first-order analysis, which does not consider second-order effects like buckling. It also discusses procedures for second-order analysis, including global P-Δ effects and member design P-δ effects, and analyzing sway and non-sway frames using effective buckling lengths.

Uploaded by

mnagasandeep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The internal forces and moments may generally be determined using either:

– first-order analysis, using the initial geometry of the structure or


– second-order analysis, taking into account the influence of the deformation of the structure.

Linear analysis and effective length method:

In the first-order linear analysis, the analysis finds the load in the columns and the buckling strength is
unknown. Unlike the second-order P-Δ−δ analysis which consider the increase in stress due to the
second-order and buckling effect, the first-order linear analysis needs to reduce the resistance of the
columns when taking the load without considering second-order moment. Notional force is applied and

Elastic Critical Load Factor λcr for assessing a sway and a non-sway frames should only be used for
rectilinear frames under gravitational loads and it should not be used in irregular frames or structures
dominated by lateral loads such as wind.

Non-Sway frame:

When λcr ≥10, the frame is considered as non-sway. Buckling lengths for members are determined
based on the stiffness of the connecting members.
Buckling length ratio Lcr / L for a column in a non-sway mode

Sway frame:

When 10 > λcr ≥ 5, it is a sway sensitive frame.

Elastic analysis of sway frames is an approach that includes the second order effects with amplification
of the design moments associated with the loading conditions. This method requires the adoption of
effective length of members for buckling checks equal to the one computed in the case of non-sway
frames.
Amplified moment sway Method for elastic analysis of sway frames

Buckling length ratio Lcr / L for a column in a sway mode


A second procedure, which still allows a first order elastic analysis, makes use of the effective length for
the columns as computed for sway frames. This procedure is known as the Sway Mode Buckling Length
Method. 

Second order analysis:

For

Unlike the first-order linear analysis, imperfections must be considered in any second-order analysis
since no real structure is perfect and possesses no residual stress and initial crookedness.

The effects of imperfections shall be taken into account for two conditions.

Global analysis : P-Δ effect

Member design : P-δ effect

The first method, the most general, consists of checking the safety of elements in buckling and strength
on the basis of the internal forces and moments computed with a second order elastic analysis as
described in Section 2.3.2. For this purpose the safety check of single elements is carried out assuming
values for effective length corresponding to the case of non-sway frames.

Alternatively for building structures, the approximate method known as the Equivalent Lateral Force
Procedure can be used. This procedure assumes there are no axial deformations in the members and
that the second order effects are due only to horizontal displacements.

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