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Smart Walking Stick For Blind People

This document describes a smart walking stick project to help blind people navigate the environment. The stick uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles, water sensors to detect water, and GPS to track location and provide navigation guidance via voice prompts. The microcontroller analyzes sensor inputs and compares them to reference levels to determine if obstacles or water are present. It also tracks GPS location and guides the user to their chosen destination verbally if they go off course. The goal is to enable independent mobility and travel for blind people in unknown environments.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
350 views14 pages

Smart Walking Stick For Blind People

This document describes a smart walking stick project to help blind people navigate the environment. The stick uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles, water sensors to detect water, and GPS to track location and provide navigation guidance via voice prompts. The microcontroller analyzes sensor inputs and compares them to reference levels to determine if obstacles or water are present. It also tracks GPS location and guides the user to their chosen destination verbally if they go off course. The goal is to enable independent mobility and travel for blind people in unknown environments.

Uploaded by

TIMON KIPRONO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Academic Year 2014-15

Annexure I

1. Project Title: SMART WALKING STICK FOR BLIND PEOPLE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.1 Abstract 2-2

1.2 Motivation 2-2

1.3 Objective 3-3

2.1 Block Diagram and Working 4-6

2.2 Technical specifications 6-12

2.3 Result & Analysis 12-14

3.0 Conclusion 14-14

1
1. Abstract & Objective
1.1 Abstract

The objective of this project is to help the blind people because mobility of blind
people is always a great problem. The mobility of blind people in unknown environment seems
impossible without external help, because they don’t have any proper idea about their surroundings.
So, we are developing a smart walking stick which helps them to know about their surroundings
and also guide them during travelling.

Ultrasonic sensor and water sensor used in this system is to know about the surrounding
conditions of the blind people and they are connected as an input to the microcontroller. These
sensors are used to detect the obstacles and presence of water in front of them and give input to the
microcontroller. The microcontroller compares the input levels taken from the sensors with the
reference levels and provides the information to the user through voice and vibration. In these
keypad is used to select the desired location.

GPS receiver is used to track the position of the human and given to the level converter; the
level converter is used to change the logic of the signal from the GPS receiver which is acceptable
by the embedded system. Zigbee provide two friendly modes of communication - a simple serial
method of transmit/receive or a framed mode providing advanced features. These modules can
communicate point to point in a mesh network. . By using the keypad we can set the position of the
destination. The voice module and speaker is used to produce the voice if the human goes out of the
desired path.

1.2 Motivation

The mobility of blind people in unknown environment seems impossible without


external help, because they don’t have any proper idea about their surroundings. So, we are
developing a smart walking stick which helps them to know about their surroundings and also guide
them during travelling.

Main aim of our project:

1. Blind people finding of way through a complex environment

2. The orientation and navigation for these people in unknown environment seems possible

3. Blind peoples are fearless or comfortable about independent mobility or travel

2
1.3 Objective

The main objective of this project is to design a smart walking stick that alerts visually
impaired people over obstacles and water in front could help them in walking with less accident. It
outlines a better navigational tool for the visually impaired. It consists of a simple walking stick
equipped with sensors to give information about the environment. GPS technology is integrated
with pre-programmed locations to determine the optimal route to be taken. The user can choose the
location from the set of destinations stored in the memory and will lead in the correct direction of
the stick.

3
2. Block Diagram & Technical Specifications
2.1 Block Diagram and Working:

2.1.1. Block Diagram:

Figure 2.1.1 Block Diagram of Transmitter section in Smart walking stick

Figure 2.1.2 Block Diagram of Receiver section in Smart walking stick

4
2.1.3. Working:

The sensors and GPS receiver acts as an input to the Microcontroller. The proposed device
uses ultrasonic sensor and it can detect any object that lies on the ground, situated a distance of
certain meters from the user. The minimum size of the object that can be detected should not be less
than 3 cm width (or diameter). In operation a beam of ultrasound of 40 KHz frequency is
transmitted at a regular interval in the forward direction. The ultrasound will be reflected from a
nearby object, if any. The sensor will then detect the presence of any object that lies within that
meters by detecting the reflected sound beam. The time intervals at which the transmitter will
transmit ultrasound depend on the walking speed of the user. For water indication electrodes are
fitted at the bottom of the stick these electrodes are sensing water and conveying information to
blind people. The GPS based blind device with user input interfacing get alert the blind person
when reaches destination by voice .It consists of microcontroller and GPS and one voice module to
generate the voice. The Micro controller is the heart of the device. It stores the data of the current
location which it receives from the GPS system. So that it can make use of the data stored to
compare with the destination location of the user. Zigbee is a specification for a suite of high-level
communication protocols used to create personal area networks built from small, low-power digital
radios. Zigbee is based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Though its low power consumption limits
transmission distances to 10–100 meters line-of-sight, depending on power output and
environmental characteristics, Zigbee devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data
through a mesh network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. Keypad is used to set
the position of the destination. The voice module and speaker is used to produce the voice if the
human goes out of the desired path. Power supply present in the system is used to give power to all
the units present in the system.
In our project we are using LPC2148 microcontroller, AT89S52 microcontroller, APR9600
voice module, LS20030 GPS receiver, Tarang4 Zigbee module, HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor, water
level indicator circuit as Water sensor, 10 rpm dc motor as Vibrator to vibrate the stick, Keypad and
power supply from 12v battery. Microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (CPU),
non-volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output
(RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit and time. It is designed for a small set of specific function
to control a particular system. The reason of using microcontroller is has the ability to store and run
unique program.

5
Ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the obstacles that lie on ground, situated a distance of
certain meters from the user.The output of sensor converted to digital that easy connecting with
microcontroller. The Microcontroller uses the ADC pin for reading input from ultrasonic
sensor.The 10 bit ADC used to read input from ultrasonic sensor . Basic clocking for the A/D
converters is provided by the VPB clock. A programmable divider is included in each converter, to
scale this clock to the 4.5 MHz (max) clock needed by the successive approximation process. A
fully accurate conversion requires 11 of these clocks.
Water sensor is used to sense any water present in the path. Water sensor is connected to
any port of microcontroller because we are using transistor with electrodes as a water sensor. Here
transistor acts as a switch, whenever electrodes sense the presence of water the transistors activated
and convey the information to the Microcontroller.
GPS is used to track the position and alert the blind person, when reaches the distination.
GPS Receiver is an UART module, we need to interface at UART port of Microcontroller. Since
the voltage levels are different, we need to use a voltage converter which converts RS 232 voltage
levels to TTL and vice-versa.
DC motor is used as a vibrator. It used to alert the blind person. DC motor is not directly
connected to microcontroller due voltage level. It connected to Microcontroller through relay. Here
relay acts as a switch whenever it sense any input to Microcontroller then relay gets activated and
make DC motor to activate.
Zigbee is used to transmit the digital data. It connected to Microcontroller through RS232
which converts voltage levels to TTL and vice-versa.
Voice module is directly connected to ports of AT89S52. Voice module acts external interrupt to
the microcontroller.

2.2 Technical Specifications:

2.2.1. Arm Controller:

Arm is a 32-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RSIC). Instruction set architecture
named as Advanced RISC machine and, before that Acorn RISC machine. The ARM architecture
mostly used 32-bit instruction set architecture.

Features

 32-bit RSIC processor core (32-bit instructions)


 37 pieces of 32-bit integer registers (16 available)

6
 Pipelined (includes 3 stages)
 Cached (depending on implementation)
 Von Neumann-type bus structure (ARM7) and Harvard (ARM9)
 8 or 16 or 32-bit data types
 7 modes of operation
 Simple structure and reasonably good speed to power consumption. 

LPC2148 is the heart of system. Used in all three modules. It controls all the functions. It is
the widely used IC from ARM-7 family. It is manufactured by Philips and it is pre-loaded with
many inbuilt peripherals making it more efficient and a reliable option for the beginners as well as
high end application developer.
It has the following features:
 8 to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM. 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program memory.
 128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz operation.
 In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software
 Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes in 1ms
 Total 64 I/O pins

2.2.2. 89S52 Processor Architecture:

The microcontroller development effort resulted in the 8051architecture, which was first
introduced in 1980 and has gone on to be arguably the most popular micro controller architecture
available. The 8051 is a very complete micro controller with a large amount of built in control store
(ROM & EPROM) and RAM, enhanced I/O ports, and the ability to access external memory.

The maximum clock frequency with an 8051 micro controller can execute instructions is
20MHZ. Microcontroller is a true computer on chip. The design incorporates all of the features

7
found in a microprocessor CPU, ALU, PC, SP and registers. It also has the other features needed to,
make complete computer ROM, RAM, parallel I/O, serial I/O, counters and a clock circuit.

 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory


 Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 Three-level Program Memory Lock
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Programmable Serial Channel
 Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

2.2.3. Serial Communication

RS232 (Recommended standard-232) is a standard interface approved by the Electronic


Industries Association (EIA) for connecting serial devices RS232 is a serial communications
standard which enables data to be transferred in serial from between two devices. Data is
transmitted and received in serial ‗bit stream‘ from one point to another. Standard RS232 is suitable
for data transfer to about 50m, although special low-loss cables can be used from extended distance
operation. Four parameters specify an RS232 link between two devices.

2.2.4 Global positioning system (GPS):

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system


that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth
where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.

The most essential function of a GPS receiver is to pick up the transmissions of at least four
satellites and combine the information in those transmissions with information in an electronic
almanac, all in order to figure out the receiver's position on Earth.

A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position
(latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can
determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the user's position has been
determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip
distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. With this information and its
built-in clock, the receiver can give you several pieces of valuable information

8
2.2.5 LS2030:

LS20030 are complete GPS smart antenna receivers, including an embedded antenna and GPS
receiver circuits, designed for a broad spectrum of OEM system applications. 66 channel GPS SMD
type receivers MC-1513 that use Media Tek chip solution. The GPS smart antenna will acquire up
to 66 satellites at a time while providing fast time-to-first-fix, one-second navigation update and
low power consumption. It can provide superior sensitivity and performance even in urban canyon
and dense foliage environment. Its far-reaching capability meets the sensitivity requirements of car
navigation as well as other location-based applications.

Figure : LS20030 GPS Receiving Module

2.2.6 Zigbee:

The explosion in wireless technology has seen the emergence of many standards, especially in
the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band. There have been a multitude of proprietary
protocols for control applications, which bottlenecked interfacing. Need for a widely accepted
standard for communication between sensors in low data rate wireless networks was felt. As an
answer to this dilemma, many companies forged an alliance to create a standard which would be
accepted worldwide.

Figure: ZigBee chip

9
2.2.7 Ultrasonic sensor:

Ultrasonic signals are like audible sound waves, except the frequencies are much higher. Our
ultrasonic transducers have piezoelectric crystals which resonate to a desired frequency and convert
electric energy into acoustic energy and vice versa.

Ultrasonic sensor types:

An object passing anywhere within the preset range will be detected and generate an output signal.
The detect point is independent of target size, material, or degree of reflectivity.

Figure : Objected detected – YES Objected detected – NO

Precise distance(s) of an object moving to and from the sensor are measured via time intervals
between transmitted and reflected bursts of ultrasonic sound.

Figure: Ranging Measurement of ultrasonic sensor

2.2.8 Keypad:

A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which usually bear digits, symbols
and usually a complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly contains numbers then it can also be
called a numeric keypad. Keypads are found on many alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices
such as calculators, push-button telephones, combination locks, and digital door locks, which
require mainly numeric input.

10
2.2.9 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

LCD is used to display the distance from the dust level present in the bin and acknowledgement
about message sent to the base station.

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in
between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which
define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between
the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined
orientation angle.

Figure : LCD display

A liquid crystal is a material (normally organic for LCDs) that will flow like a liquid but whose
molecular structure has some properties normally associated with solids. The Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) is a low power device.

2.2.10 DC motor:

A DC motor in simple words is a device that converts direct current (electrical energy) into
mechanical energy. In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current
carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic
field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of
the external magnetic field.

11
2.2.11. Overall Schematic:

RXD

TXD
U1
RTS
62 19
XTAL1 P0.0/TxD0/PWM1
61 21
XTAL2 P0.1/RxD0/PW M3/EINT0 CTS
22
+3.3v P0.2/SCL0/CAP0.0
3 26
RTXC1 P0.3/SDA0/MAT0..0/EINT1
5 27
RTXC2 P0.4/SCK0/CAP0.1/AD0.6
29
P0.5/MISO0/MAT0.1/AD0.7
R1 57 30
RST P0.6/MOSI0/CAP0.2/AD1.0
31
P0.7/SSEL0/PW M2/EINT2
33
10k P0.8/TxD1/PW M4/AD1.1
34
P0.9/RxD1/PW M6/EINT3
35
P0.10/RTS1/CAP1.0/AD1.2
37
P0.11/CTS1/CAP1.1/SCL1
38
P0.12/DSR1/MAT1.0/AD1.3
39
C1 P0.13/DTR1/MAT1.1/AD1.4
41
P0.14/DCD1/EINT1/SDA1
45
P0.15/RI1/EINT2/AD1.5
100uF 46
P0.16/EINT0/MAT0.2/CAP0.2
47
P0.17/CAP1.2/SCK1/MAT1.2
53
P0.18/CAP1.3/MISO1/MAT1.3
54
P0.19/MAT1.2/MOSI1/CAP1.2
55 LCD1
P0.20/MAT1.3/SSEL1/EINT3 LM016L
1
P0.21/PW M5/AD1.6/CAP1.3
2
P0.22/AD1.7/CAP0.0/MAT0.0
58
P0.23
9
P0.25/AD0.4/AOUT
10
P0.26/AD0.5
11
P0.27/AD0.0/CAP0.1/MAT0.1
13
P0.28/AD0.1/CAP0.2/MAT0.2

VDD
VSS

VEE

RW
14

RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
P0.29/AD0.2/CAP0.3/MAT0.3

E
15
P0.30/AD0.3/EINT3/CAP0.0
17
+3V P0.31

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
P1.16/TRACEPKT0
12
P1.17/TRACEPKT1
49 8
VBAT P1.18/TRACEPKT2
4
P1.19/TRACEPKT3
63 48
VREF P1.20/TRACESYNC
7 44
V3A P1.21/PIPESTAT0
51 40
V3 P1.22/PIPESTAT1
43 36
V3 P1.23/PIPESTAT2
23 32
V3 P1.24/TRACECLK
28
P1.25/EXTIN0
59 24
VSSA P1.26/RTCK
50 64
VSS P1.27/TDO
42 60
VSS P1.28/TDI
25 56
VSS P1.29/TCK
18 52
VSS P1.30/TMS
6 20
VSS P1.31/TRST
LPC2138

RL1
12V

Figure: schematic diagram for Transmitter section in smart walking stick

Figure: schematic diagram for Receiver section in smart walking stick

2.3 Results & Analysis:

The Figure shows the practical smart walking stick for blind people. The system consists of
LPC2148 microcontroller, AT89S52 microcontroller, HR-SC(04) distance sensor, water sensor,
voice module, vibrator, zigbee module and GPS module. GPS receiver module is used to receive
the signals continuously from satellites, whenever the signals matches with predefined locations of
microcontroller then it alert the blind person. The ultrasonic sensor and water sensor are used to

12
detect the obstacles and presence of water in front of the user. These sensors are used as the input to
the microcontroller. The microcontroller compares the input from the sensors with the reference
levels and generates the results with respect to the corresponding levels and produce output through
vibrator and voice module. The primary language used in this system is embedded C. The
development and simulation of the program code is done using KEIL and proteus software.

Figure : Practical Smart walking stick for blind people

5.2 LCD Results:

Figure: Lcd Displayed Values For Sensors measurements

Lcd display is interfaced with LPC2148.it shows the sensors output and condition through display
and it is also shows the GPS condition when we reach the destination.

13
Figure: schematic diagram for Receiver section in smart walking stick

3.0 CONCLUSION

3.0 Conclusion:

From this project we can conclude that advance of technology can be also used for disabled persons
around us. The main theme of the project is to support the blind people in travelling from one place
to another place.

This project gives the development of an automatic system to support the visually impaired
persons. Even though the project is advantageous, the main disadvantage is less accurate. In this
project Sensors were used, as they are small in size and small range. Hence they are less accurate.
Implementation of more and more new innovative projects with the help of technologies and new
developments is possible.

14

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