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Lecture 2.4 Protista

The document discusses the characteristics and classification of protists. Protists are eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial organisms that reproduce sexually and have motile stages with flagella or cilia. They are classified into algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds. Algae include green algae, brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, and red algae. Protozoa are heterotrophic and motile, and are classified based on their locomotor organelle.

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91 views27 pages

Lecture 2.4 Protista

The document discusses the characteristics and classification of protists. Protists are eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial organisms that reproduce sexually and have motile stages with flagella or cilia. They are classified into algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds. Algae include green algae, brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, and red algae. Protozoa are heterotrophic and motile, and are classified based on their locomotor organelle.

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Niña Viaña Binay
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KINGDOM

PROTISTA
Characteristics

■ Eukaryotic;
■ unicellular organisms and their immediate
multicellular descendants
■ sexual reproduction
■ flagella and cilia with 9.2 microtubules
Classification
Algae
– Phylum Chlorophyta: green algae

– Phylum Phaeophyta: brown algae

– Phylum Chrysophyta: diatoms and allies


CLASSIFICATION

– Phylum Dinoflagella: dinoflagellates

– Phylum Euglenophyta: euglenoids

– Phylum Rhodophyta: red algae


CLASSIFICATION
Protozoans*
– Phylum Sarcodina: amoebas and allies
– Phylum Ciliophora: ciliates
– Phylum Zoomastigophora: zooflagellates
– Phylum Sporozoa: sporozoa
CLASSIFICATIONS

SlimeMolds*
– Phylum Gymnomycota:
slime molds
WaterMolds*
– Phylum Oomycota: water
molds
ALGAE

■ Autotrophic (though some are heterotrops like Prototheca


zopfii, a colorless algae)
■ Aquatic- they do not need to protect the zygote and embryo
from drying out.
■ Commonly named for the pigment they contain
■ Algae are grouped according to their color and biochemical
differences, such as the chemistry of the cell wall and the
way they store reserve food.
Green Algae
■ live in the ocean, but they are more likely found in
fresh water and can even be found on land,
especially if moisture is available.
-Some have modifications that allow them to live
on tree trunks, even in bright sun.
■ closely related to the first plants because both of
these groups
1. have a cell wall that contains cellulose
2. possess chlorophylls a and b
3. store reserve food as starch inside the chloroplast.
UnicellularGreen Algae
■ Chlamydomonas -unicellular green
alga usually less than 25 mm long
that has two whiplash flagella
■ Contains pyrenoid
■ reproduces asexually; the adult
divides, forming zoospores
(flagellated spores)
Colonial Green Algae
■ Volvoxis a colony (loose
association of cells) in which
thousands of flagellated cells
are arranged in a single layer
surrounding a watery interior

■ cells cooperate in that the


flagella beat in a coordinated
fashion
■ Cells that are specialized for reproduction
divide asexually to form a new daughter colony
■ Sexual reproduction among these algae
involves heterogametes, that is, a definite
sperm and egg.
Filamentous GreenAlgae
Filaments
■ are end-to-end chains of cells that
form after cell division occurs in
only one plane.
■ Spirogyra, a filamentous green
alga, is found in green masses on
the surfaces of ponds and
streams. It has chloroplasts that
are ribbonlike and are arranged in
a spiral within the cell
Conjugation
■ the temporary union of two individuals during which there is
an exchange of genetic material, occurs during sexual
reproduction. The two filaments line up next to each other,
and the cell contents of one filament move into the cells of
the other filament, forming diploid zygotes.
Ulva
■ commonly called sea lettuce
because of its leafy appearance
■ thallus is two cells thick and can
be a meter long
■ alternationof generations life cycle
Alternations of Generations Life Cycle
Brown and Golden Brown Algae
■ have chlorophylls a and c in their chloroplasts and a
type of carotenoid pigment (fucoxanthin) that gives
them their color
■ diplontic life cycle
■ They are also a source of algin, a pectinlike material
that is added to ice
■ cream, sherbet, cream cheese, and other products to
give them a stable, smooth consistency.
Diatoms
■ diatoms reproduce, each receives only one old valve.
The new valve fits inside the old one.
■ The cell wall of a diatom has an outer layer of silica,
a common ingredient of glass.
■ serve as an important source of food for other
organisms.
■ they produce a major portion of earth’s oxygen
supply
■ mined as diatomaceous earth for use as filtering
agents, soundproofing materials, and scouring
powders.
Dinoflagellates
■ phylum Dinoflagella
■ bounded by protective cellulose plates
■ two flagella; one is free, but the other is
located in a transverse groove.
■ they cause a condition called “red tide”
■ They also live as symbiotes within the bodies
of some invertebrates.
Euglenoids
■ phylum Euglenophyta
■ small (10–500 ìm) freshwater unicellular
organisms that typify the problem of classifying
protists.
■ One-third of all genera have chloroplasts; the rest
do not.
■ Euglenoids grown in the absence of light have
been known to lose their chloroplasts and become
heterotrophic.
■ The pyrenoid produces an unusual type of
carbohydrate polymer (paramylon) not seen in
green algae.
Euglenoids
■ have two flagella
■ one of which typically is much longer than
the other and projects out of an anterior
vase-shaped invagination(tinselflagellum)
■ eyespot, which shades a photoreceptor for
detecting light
■ PELLICLE composed of protein strips lying
side by side, they can assume different
shapes as the underlying cytoplasm
undulates and contracts
Red Algae
■ multicellular, but they live chiefly in warmer seawater,
growing in both shallow and deep waters.
■ much smaller and more delicate than the brown
algae, although they can be up to a meter long
■ source of agar used commercially to make capsules
for vitamins and drugs
■ material for making dental impressions
■ base for cosmetics.
■ In the laboratory, agar is a culture medium for
bacteria.
■ When purified, it becomes the gel for electrophoresis
Protozoans
■ heterotrophic, motile, unicellular
organisms of small size
■ They are not animals.
■ usually live in water, but they can also be
found in moist soil or inside other
organisms
■ engulf whole food and are termed
HOLOZOIC
■ others are SAPROTROPHIC
■ others are PARASITIC
PROTOZOANS ANDTHEIR
LOCOMOTORORGANELLE
NAME LOCOMOTION EXAMPLE

Amoeboids Pseudopods Amoeba

Ciliates Cilia Paramecium

Zooflagellates Flagella Trypanosoma

Sporozoa No Locomotion Plasmodium


Amoeboids
■ protists that move and engulf their
prey with pseudopods.
■ Amoeba proteus is a commonly
studied freshwater member of this
group
– When amoeboids feed, they phagocytize
– have contractile vacuoles where excess
water from the cytoplasm collects before
the vacuole appears to “contract,”
Sporozoa
■ phylum Sporozoa
■ nonmotile parasites of animals.
■ Pneumocystis cariniicauses the
type of pneumonia seen primarily
in AIDS patients.
■ Plasmodium vivax - causes of
one type of malaria.
SlimeMolds and Water Molds

■ phylum Gymnomycota
■ might look like molds, but their
vegetative state is amoeboid, whereas
fungi are filamentous.
■ Saprotrophic
■ Plasmodial slime molds exist as a
plasmodium
■ Cellular slime molds, exist as
individual amoeboid cells
WATERMOLDS

■ phylum Oomycota
■ live in the water, where they parasitize fish, forming
furry growths on their gills.
■ Others live on land and parasitize insects and plants
■ Most water molds, like fungi, are saprotrophic and
have a filamentous body, but they have the diplontic
life cycle

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