infrastructures

Article
Smart Libraries
Joachim Schöpfel
GERiiCO Laboratory, University of Lille, 59653 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; joachim.schopfel@univ-lille.fr;
Tel.: +33-688-350-147




Received: 6 July 2018; Accepted: 27 September 2018; Published: 29 September 2018


Abstract: Can the smart city provide a new perspective for public and academic libraries? How does
the smart city impact the libraries as cultural and scientific assets? And how can libraries contribute
to the development of the smart city? An overview of recent library models, like the learning center
or the green library, reveals affinities with the concept of the smart city, especially regarding the
central role of information and the integration of technology, people, and institutions. From this
observation, the paper develops the outline of a new concept of the smart library, which can be
described in four dimensions, i.e., smart services, smart people, smart place, and smart governance.
However, the smart library concept does not constitute a unique model or project, but a process,
a way of how to get things done, that is less linear, less structured, and more creative and innovative.
Also, smartness may not be a solution for all library problems.

Keywords: smart library; smart city; library marketing; public library; academic library

1. Challenges
General models and concepts of the smart city contain several connected components, such as
industry and manufacturing, security, healthcare, retail and shopping, energy, waste management,
green spaces, transportation, home, and even farming. Cultural and political elements are also part of
these models, along with education and university or, on a more abstract level, society as a whole for
smart citizenship. Sometimes, they explicitly mention libraries.
Libraries can be described as social and technological-intellectual infrastructures, as essential
elements in a “larger network of public services and knowledge institutions of which each library is
a part” [1]. Their traditional function is to buy, preserve, and make available books, journals, and other
media to a given local, academic, or other community. But, as an information service, they also allow
connections between people, and they have the potential to become de facto community centers.
They are a physical space, a good place to go and have a good time, welcoming and comfortable,
highly accessible, inexpensive or free, with regulars, such as staff [2]. How can they contribute to the
smart city?
Libraries are cultural and scientific institutions, with holdings, book stacks, reading rooms,
physical learning spaces, as well as virtual hubs of knowledge consumption and production. They play
a role in education and information literacy. They are cultural assets, one of those rare places where
technology and even productivity meet communal and human values. How does the smart city impact
these assets?
Libraries have a problem with advocacy and marketing. For nearly forty years now, people
question the future of the library. Some of them even predict the end of the library, unable to cope
with the digital age and social change, unsustainable, some kind of vintage of the Gutenberg era;
having reached an impasse, they “may disappear like the dinosaurs” [3]. Can the smart city provide
a new perspective? Can it add to the library value and its “return on investment”?
Will the technological development contribute to the decline or “significant alteration” of the
traditional library? Is this the “end of wisdom” [4]? One thing is sure: the emerging urban environment

Infrastructures 2018, 3, 43; doi:10.3390/infrastructures3040043 www.mdpi.com/journal/infrastructures

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of information technologies and connectivity, mobility, digital nomads, and local community, is highly
relevant for the future development of libraries, and libraries must propose innovative solutions if
they are to stay in the game. In other words, libraries should interpret the challenge of the smart city
as an opportunity, not as a threat.
This is the topic of our paper: how can library management seize the opportunity of the smart city?
How can libraries be redefined in this new infrastructural ecology? How does the model of the smart
city impact the understanding of libraries? And what would be, in this context, the constituents of
a new concept of smart libraries? The paper is based on an overview of recent, relevant literature about
new developments in libraries and about models of the smart city. It does not present results from
an empirical study, and it does not make recommendations how to implement the different aspects of
this new concept. Its only objective is to present the concept of smart libraries to people interested in
smart cities and infrastructures, to show the potential value of libraries for the development of smart
cities, and to discuss a theoretical framework which may be helpful for the future development of
libraries, in specific environments.

2. Recent Models for the Development of Libraries

In coping with new social and technological challenges, library and information sciences
developed new concepts for the marketing and advocacy of public and academic libraries. There is
an abundant corpus of literature, surveys, case studies, etc. about how public and academic libraries
move forward and adapt to new technologies, new communities, new user needs and information
behaviors, and new public policies. Some of these concepts had impact, and were successful insofar
as they shaped the core values, and mission and vision statements of a new generation of libraries.
They are also relevant for another reason: main components have affinities with the core features of
the smart city. A short overview.

2.1. Information Commons

In the context of social media, the concept of efficient communal ownership and control of
resources has been applied to libraries, based on the sharing of information in online communities and
opposed to profit-dominated markets with their specific forms of enclosure [5].
Commons are resources or facilities shared by communities of producers or consumers. Their basic
ideas are collaboration, interaction, networking, shared governance, and non-profit business models.
The value of the resources is determined by participation and sharing, not by rarity. Sharing of
information is part of the core values of libraries: “Librarians and other information workers’ interest
is to provide the best possible access for library users to information and ideas in any media or format
( . . . ). They promote the principles of open access, open source, and open licenses” [6].
In library sciences, the term “information commons” has been used to describe specific
services and tools, e.g., library-based open access journals and free available digital libraries, as well
as the underlying core values and organizing principles, like openness, unrestricted access and
non-discrimination, non-profit, and so on. Libraries, as a public institution, build on the participation
of local or academic communities, and on the protection of intellectual freedom, i.e., freedom of
expression and information.
Information commons have been (and still are) a powerful concept for the marketing and
promotion of public and academic libraries, for nearly 15 years now. In the United Kingdom,
public libraries have been transformed into idea stores with several learning, informative, entertaining,
and cultural opportunities [7]. Regarding smart cities, two elements make the link: the community,
and the shared resources and facilities.

2.2. Learning Centres

Other models have emerged to increase the academic libraries’ attractiveness and performance on
campus, like learning commons, media commons and, above all, learning centres. These models shift the
Infrastructures 2018, 3, 43 3 of 11

library focus away from holdings and silent reading, to modular learning spaces, smart technologies,
and “great good place” features [2], which put students at the heart of the library. The focus is on
learning. Pedagogy has become a major driver for library design that should facilitate learning
processes centred on autonomy, self-monitoring, and personal knowledge management. Some of them
integrate elements from innovation and co-working spaces [8].
Design and architecture play a major role. What should an academic library do with its space?
What kind of building, physical environment, and technical equipment fits best to support and improve
the quality of student learning [9]?
Again, sharing resources and facilities are essential components of the concept. Other interesting
aspects are the attention paid to usage, experience, learning and cognition, and the role of social and
mobile technologies.

2.3. Green Libraries

How can the library contribute to the protection of the natural environment? Compared to power
plants, chemical industry or road transport, libraries are relatively clean, and their carbon footprint is
smaller than a coal plant or a blast furnace. Yet, libraries consume energy and water, buy chemicals,
and produce waste. As any other service, they are concerned by questions of environment and pollution.
The concept of the green library tries to provide an answer to the challenge of ecology [10].
The model of the green library offers the framework for a large range of actions in favor of waste
reduction, recycling, saving energy, and so on. Some actions are linked to new buildings or important
renovations (green roof); others can be implemented at any time (use of energy-efficient light bulbs,
recycling of paper). Other levels of action are education, awareness raising and advocacy, and access to
specialized information. Additionally, the model provides checklists and standards for the evaluation
of the libraries’ ecological impact [11].
The model of green libraries is not limited to academic libraries, but applicable to all kinds of
libraries. Buildings and “clean” technologies and equipment play a central role, but they are embedded
in training, education, and everyday environmental actions. Also, the model introduces the concept of
sustainability into the field of library sciences.

2.4. Global Library

Insofar as the green library model puts the focus on environmental issues, it remains a somewhat
reducing concept, at least as long as it does not include the other dimensions of sustainable
development, as defined by the UN (Agenda 21) and other international bodies. Libraries are cultural
institutions, supporting education and research, but they are more than that—they are also part
of the local community, sometimes as a kind of social agency; they are, like any other service,
potential contributors to the sustainable development of society and mankind, and they should
be evaluated within this framework. This means that library management and marketing should
develop a holistic approach (“global library”) and adapt the principles of corporate and organizational
social responsibility to the specific environment of public and academic libraries [12].

2.5. Convergent Features

Information commons, learning centres, and green and global libraries, represent different
responses to the same technological and societal challenges. Their concepts provide frameworks for
the marketing and management of libraries. They share the conviction that the present context offers
sufficient opportunities for the future development of libraries, and that the libraries, as “opportunity
institutions” [1], possess enough potential and flexibility to adapt and survive.
The strength of these models can be summarized by seven convergent features:

1. The epistemic framing as a cultural infrastructure in an ecosystem of knowledge institutions.

Infrastructures 2018, 3, 43 4 of 11

2. The strong connection with the community and the attention paid to the users’ needs, behaviors,
experiences, and information literacy.
3. The attention paid to the social and societal impact of the institution, with new social functions
(social responsibility).
4. The care for sustainability and environmental issues as criteria for strategic choices.
5. The principles of resource sharing, collaboration, networking and openness.
6. The importance of innovative technologies.
7. The vital role of the building.

These convergent features create a new and original conceptual environment for the development
of library services, organizational structures, and functioning. Also, in comparison with the recent
evolution of urbanism, there are obvious affinities with the concept of the smart city. Thus the smart
city may offer a new, inclusive approach to library science.

3. Affinities with the Smart City

The smart city has been described as an “urban labeling” phenomenon, a “fuzzy concept”, rather
than a consistent framing or one-size-fits-all definition [13]. In the same way, other authors have
characterized the smart city as an ambiguous, generic, and optimistic concept for the “city of the
future”, intended chiefly as an “efficient, technologically advanced, green and socially inclusive city” [14].
Several meanings and connotations have been linked to the term of “smart”, e.g., efficient,
sustainable, equitable, livable, instrumented, interconnected, intelligent city: “The use of Smart
Computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and services of a city (...)
more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient ( . . . ) A city that gives inspiration, shares cultures,
knowledge, and life, a city that motivates its inhabitants to create and flourish in their own lives” [13].
The relevant point for the development of public and academic libraries is not this assemblage of
“pre-existing urban imaginaries” [14]. Two other aspects are of interest, i.e. the focus on information
and the multidimensionality of the concept.

3.1. The Focus on Information

Smart cities have been described as a “ubiquitous digital eco-system”, made by a myriad of
information-centric services willing to interact with each other [15], as an environment for information
sharing, collaboration, interoperability, and seamless experiences. Technology makes the city intelligent;
people (“smart community”) create knowledge by means of information and communication
technologies that “strengthen the freedom of speech and the accessibility to public information and
services” [13]. Libraries are part of the informational ecosystem; they are, in themselves, technological
and intellectual infrastructures providing access to information, collecting data, producing information
and knowledge, and creating cultural and scientific value for the community. The affinity with the 3
I’s of the smart city, i.e., instrumentation (the capture and integration of live real-world data through
the use of data-acquisition systems, including the web and social networks), interconnectedness
(integration and interconnection across multiple processes and systems, including unstructured
or massive information, i.e., big data), and intelligence (complex analysis of this interconnected
information to provide new insights that drive decisions and actions that improve outcomes and
change the end-user experience or ecosystem) [16], is obvious.

3.2. A Multidimensional Approach

Even if digital infrastructures and innovative technologies are preponderant components of the
smart city, the technological dimension of the concept is embedded in a larger context, i.e., the human
and the institutional dimensions. The smart city is more than new information and communication
technology (ICT) and connected objects. It builds on creativity, intellectual and social capital,
“intangible assets” [17], and it needs governance, policy and regulations, i.e., conscious decisions “to use
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that technology to transform life and work (...) in significant and positive ways” [13]. Technology
say, the
is the people
core make the
dimension, city,
but and the smart
technology alonepeople
does notmake
makethethe
smart city—the
smart people,
city. As and the society.
a psychologist would
This is another affinity with libraries and their cultural, societal, and human dimensions.
say, the people make the city, and the smart people make the smart city—the people, and the society.
This is another affinity with libraries and their cultural, societal, and human dimensions.
3.3. Towards a New Model
3.3. Towards a New Model
Both aspects, the focus on information and the multidimensionality, make the concept of the
smartBoth
city aspects,
attractivethe forfocus
the development
on information of libraries.
and the Since 2013, a couple ofmake
multidimensionality, studies,theespecially
concept of from
the
China and attractive
smart city India, have forintroduced the concept
the development of the smart
of libraries. library
Since 2013, (see forofinstance
a couple studies,[18]). However,
especially from
the
Chinatermandwas usedhave
India, in a non-consistent
introduced theway concept and of centered on technology
the smart library (seeand related work
for instance [18]).skills.
However,Like
the
the (interesting)
term was used Smart in Libraries Newsletterway
a non-consistent published by the American
and centered on technology Library andAssociation
related work [19],skills.
they
lay
Likethethemain focus onSmart
(interesting) radio-frequency identification
Libraries Newsletter published(RFID), theAmerican
by the Internet ofLibrary
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and connected [19],
objects,
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the main devices,
focus on infrastructures,
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Big Data. Less attention
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andand human
connected
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objects, mobile to the “soft”infrastructures,
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attention isand people
paid to the[17].
social and human
Yet, it istoabove
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the “soft” humanlike
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living, government, city, i.e.,and
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role and development of
[17].
creativity,
Yet, iteducation,
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the human dimensionthat makes
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1). An inclusive
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Conference on Information Literacy (ECIL) in 2015, where Adam Sofronijevic
An inclusive and multidimensional concept of a smart library was presented at the European Conference and his colleagues from
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study highlights the“informationality”;
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One
One may understand
understand smart libraries as synonymous with modern libraries. This This is
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opportunities and and threats.
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the term
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including
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and building and theInsofar,
the governance. governance.
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can be understood as an approach that introduces consistency into several recent, “modern” library consistency into several recent,
“modern”
developments, library developments,
in the in the urban
urban environment environment
of smart cities. of smart cities.

Figure 1. The smart library at the interface between library concepts and the smart city.
Figure 1. The smart library at the interface between library concepts and the smart city.
4. Dimensions of Smart Libraries
4. Dimensions of Smart Libraries
Smart city initiatives are a mix of hard (natural resources and energy, transport and mobility,
Smart city soft
buildings) and initiatives
(living,are a mix of hard
government, (natural
economy, andresources and energy,
people) domains. transport
Giffinger and
et al., formobility,
instance,
buildings) and soft (living, government, economy, and people) domains. Giffinger et al., for instance,
ranked 70 medium-sized European cities in six main innovation axes, i.e., smart economy, smart
Infrastructures 2018, 3, 43 6 of 11

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ranked 70 medium-sized European cities in six main innovation axes, i.e., smart economy,
mobility, smart smart
smart mobility, environment, smart smart
environment, people,people,
smart smart
living, living,
and smart governance
and smart [22]. This
governance [22].
comprehensive
This comprehensive approach integrates
approach “smart
integrates features”
“smart fromfrom
features” technology, people,
technology, and and
people, institutions.
institutions.
In fact,
fact, however,
however,hard hardand andsoftsoftdomains
domainsare areoften
often separated,
separated, andand
more moreattention
attentionis paid to the
is paid to
hard domains,
the hard especially
domains, transport
especially and natural
transport resources,
and natural than tothan
resources, government and people.
to government and “Many
people.
municipalities
“Many and their
municipalities and technology vendorsvendors
their technology mainly mainly
focus on technology,
focus not on not
on technology, people” [17]. [17].
on people”
Such a “smart strategy”
strategy” reflects
reflects a double error. Not only does it neglect the fundamental nature nature
of smartness, i.e., “smartness is centered
“smartness centered on a user perspective”
user perspective” [13], but it also virtually marginalizes
but it also virtually marginalizes
soft domains, which are important and relevant for citizens and their quality of living.
What doesdoesthis
thismean
mean for for the library?
the library? As anAs an institution
institution of cultureof and
culture and education,
education, as an
as an information
information
common, ascommon,well as aas wellplace,
third as a third place,appears
a library a library to appears
have more to have more
affinity affinity
with withdomains,
the soft the soft
domains,
with people withandpeople
withand withThe
living. living. Thecity,
smart smartin city, in its
its role as role as “learning
“learning city” or city” or “knowledge
“knowledge city”,
city”, is designed
is designed to encourage
to encourage the nurturing
the nurturing of knowledge
of knowledge and innovation
and innovation [13]. Adapting
[13]. Adapting the well-
the well-known
known definition
definition by Giffinger
by Giffinger et one
et al. [22], al. [22],
couldonesaycould
that say that library
a smart a smartislibrary is well-performing
well-performing in a
in a forward-
forward-looking
looking way, as an way, as an information-hub,
information-hub, providing providing access to information
access to information and improving andinformation
improving
information literacy;refers
literacy; the concept the concept refers to
to the search andthe search and identification
identification of intelligent
of intelligent solutions which solutions which
allow modern
allow modern
libraries libraries
to enhance theto enhance
quality theservices.
of the quality of the services.
The
The concept
concept of the smart library has a double character: it allows the consistent description description of
some particular developments and realizations of public and academic libraries in urban settings and
on scientific
scientificcampuses.
campuses.It It cancan
alsoalso contribute
contribute to a and
to a new newdynamic
and dynamic
vision ofvision of the oflibraries
the libraries tomorrow,of
tomorrow, helpful to define objectives and strategies how to get there and
helpful to define objectives and strategies how to get there and helpful, too, for library marketing helpful, too, for library
marketing
and advocacy. and advocacy.
For
For the description
description and and development
development of of smart
smart libraries,
libraries, itit can
can be
be useful
useful to distinguish
distinguish fourfour
dimensions, i.e., smart services, smart people, smart place, and smart governance (Figure 2).

Figure 2.
Figure Four dimensions
2. Four dimensions of
of the
the smart
smart library.
library.

4.1. Smart Services

4.1. Smart Services
The first dimension can be described as the application of the “spirit of innovation” of smart cities
The first dimension can be described as the application of the “spirit of innovation” of smart
to the development of modern library services. Papers on smart libraries often focus on this dimension,
cities to the development of modern library services. Papers on smart libraries often focus on this
and present technological innovation as smart services, such as RFID, mobile and wireless access,
dimension, and present technological innovation as smart services, such as RFID, mobile and wireless
remote assistance, semantic web, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, machine translation,
access, remote assistance, semantic web, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, machine
voice and image recognition, natural language processing, augmented reality for delivering new
translation, voice and image recognition, natural language processing, augmented reality for
experiences in enjoying cultural heritage etc.
delivering new experiences in enjoying cultural heritage etc.
Some papers describe smart library services as library-based ICT platforms, for document
search, information retrieval, collaborative collection building etc. Another characteristic of smart
library services is the interoperability and interconnection with other information services. A smart
Infrastructures 2018, 3, 43 7 of 11

Some papers describe smart library services as library-based ICT platforms, for document search,
information retrieval, collaborative collection building etc. Another characteristic of smart library
services is the interoperability and interconnection with other information services. A smart library is
an information hub connected with other libraries and urban services in a larger informational ecosystem.
However, these innovative tools and services are smart only insofar as they are user-friendly
and user-centered. Smartness means that the development of new tools and services is based on the
assessment of real usage. The user defines the library. “Smart is more user-friendly than intelligent” [13].
Instead of trying to adapt the user to existing library services, smart libraries are required to adapt
themselves to the user needs.
The assessment of real usage can include mobile crowd sensing in order to support smart
mobility, usage of library space, and access to library facilities [23], agile management, UX design,
and personalized information discovery based on recommendations (algorithms).

4.2. Smart People

Smart libraries are made for and with smart people. Not only are smart library services
user-friendly and user-centered, they are also grounded in the vision or assumption of the smart
library user as an active (co)-producer of knowledge and not as a passive consumer of information.
The citizens of smart cities are described in terms of flexibility, creativity, tolerance, cosmopolitanism,
empowerment, and participation in public life. Their level of qualification is valued as human and social
capital (assets), and the services are required to contribute to the development of these characteristics
and skills.
In the specific environment of libraries, we can translate this concept of smart people as follows,
on two levels:
Smart community: in fact, the concept of smart people does not only include the smart citizen,
user of smart library services, but also the staff of the library, their skills, and job development.
The library staff is part of the smart people, for instance, when it comes to the production and analysis
of information and data (data librarian) or to the control of discovery tools.
Production of knowledge: the library user is a producer of knowledge, or co-producer alongside
with other users and/or the staff. Creation, enrichment, sharing of information and knowledge,
are other terms that describe the vision of the smart library user’s role and action. This vision is
converging with the conceptualization of the library as a “platform of the commons”, where knowledge
is produced by and with citizens [24].
Tomorrow, perhaps, the library will be more than ever a place of life, encounter, emancipation,
and artistic and scientific education, with space for reading, music, theater, exhibitions, cafeterias,
fab labs, etc. [25]. Tomorrow the main library function will be mediation and more, e.g., facilitation,
assistance, and co-production.
However, there may be one fundamental issue in need of particular attention, i.e., the potential
conflict between the goals and usage of smart technology and the traditional values associated with
libraries. Smart cities have been criticized as prone to mass surveillance and privacy invasion, at risk of
reducing citizens’ liberty [26]. This is not compliant with the respect of personal privacy, the protection
of personal data and the confidentiality of library transactions as described by the Code of Ethics of
the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). This potential conflict
between library ethics, institutional, local or national policies, and law, is not new; there has been
substantial debate on the topic, and there are solutions how to deal with it. But, it must be addressed in
the particular environment of smart libraries, in order to avoid misunderstanding, fear, and rejection,
not only by the library staff but, above all, in the user community itself. Smart people are generally
aware of the risk of surveillance and lost privacy, and they will not accept abusively reduced privacy
and confidentiality in “their” library, which always has been a protected place of individual liberty.
Infrastructures 2018, 3, 43 8 of 11

4.3. Smart Place

The third dimension refers to the library as a building and as a place. In a general manner,
this dimension can be described as “smart environment” and environmental monitoring. In fact,
we can distinguish two different aspects.
The first aspect is ecology, and similar to the concept of the green library mentioned before [10,11].
It covers, for instance, compliance with sustainable building rating systems, waste management,
attractiveness of natural conditions, lack of pollution, and sustainable management of resources, etc.
One part is sustainable architecture and engineering. The other is ecological functioning and management.
Together, they represent the libraries’ contribution to sustainable development and biodiversity.
The second aspect can be described as smart living related to buildings and means, for instance,
building monitoring and control, monitoring of electrical devices, personal safety, and a healthy
environment for the staff, as well as for the public. This aspect includes innovations that contribute
to improving the quality of life and attractiveness of the library as a building and as a place. We can
see similarities with the “hard” attributes of the library as a third place, with its architectural design,
functioning etc.
This third dimension, “smart place”, combines innovative qualities from the green library and
the “third place library”, and describes the transformation of the traditional library building and
functioning into a smart place that contributes as much to the sustainable development as to the
smartness of the city.

4.4. Smart Governance

The last dimension of the smart library is institutional and political. It includes all library features
that correspond to the concept of “smart governance” in the city, which encapsulate, for instance,
collaboration, cooperation, partnership, citizen engagement, and participation [27]. In the heart of the
smart governance is the community, which understands the potential of information technology for
the development of the library, as a means of reinvesting libraries for a new ecosystem. “Institutional
preparation and community governance are essential to the success of smart community cities” [13].
Again, we can distinguish two aspects.
Smart management: smart library management can include several initiatives, like increasing
transparency of the administration and management system, user participation in decision-making
processes, automatic and optimized administration procedures, real-time analysis of big data on library
usage to improve the quality of library strategies and decision-making etc. The library user becomes
stakeholder of the library and takes part in the library management and administration.
Smart networking: the second aspect of smart governance is networking or, in other words,
the library openness and embeddedness in its social and cultural environment. Also, decisions should
be taken collectively, not as an isolated institution but as an element in the larger ecosystem of other
libraries, information hubs, and third places.
The keyword of smart governance is collective intelligence, based on shared responsibilities
between the library staff, the library community, and other institutions. “Collective coherence will
be a critical success factor in gaining future traction in public policy” [28]. Smart governance is one
way to increase social coherence. The public library can contribute in many ways to the local policy,
with contributions to culture and education, filling the gap of information literacy and improving the
access to relevant information and social services [29].
Who will fund smart libraries, and who will benefit from this investment? The concept of smart
libraries applies to public and academic libraries and, so, the potential funders of smart library
developments will be the actual funders, e.g., local authorities, universities, academic funding
agencies, foundations, etc. As said before, the concept of smart libraries is precisely an argument
to justify new library investment, in a time where public investment has become a rarer resource.
Also, the context of smart cities may be helpful to identify other potential funding sources, such as
public–private partnerships for specific services or technologies. The second question—who will
Infrastructures 2018, 3, 43 9 of 11

benefit from smartness—seems simpler than it actually is. At first sight, the answer is: of course
the user community will be the first and principal beneficiary, insofar the new service development
is centered on its needs and practices. However, there are at least two other benefits—for the local
authority or academic institution, insofar as smart libraries will improve their global smart service
quality in the field of information and knowledge; and, for the ICT industry, as the main provider of
new technologies, compliant with the concept of smartness.
What about the library staff? Where new technologies have already be implemented, the impact on
library job skills and profiles is paradoxical and contradictory. Some profiles will need more skills (not
only ICT but also management, communication, and social skills) while other profiles will disappear
or be impoverished. Here is not the place to anticipate job developments or to make recommendations,
but the experience with ICT implementation in the libraries during the last decades (library systems
and databases, personal computers, internet, and the web, social media etc.) are there to remind that
each significant change is a source of fear, and needs a suitable human resource policy. As every new
paradigm, smartness bears risks. Smart governance, such as described above, is one way (but not
a guarantee) to anticipate, prevent, and deal with risks appropriately.

5. Conclusions
Can the smart city provide a new perspective for public and academic libraries? How does the
smart city impact the libraries as cultural and scientific assets? And how can libraries contribute to the
development of the smart city?
The recent models of public and academic libraries, such as the learning center or the green
library, show several affinities with the concept of the smart city, especially regarding the central role
of information and the integration of technology, people, and institutions.
From this observation, we developed the outline of a new concept of the smart library which can
be described on four dimensions, i.e., smart services, smart people, smart place, and smart governance.
As for the smart city, the concept of the smart library remains somehow “fuzzy”, open, and dynamic.
The smart library concept does not constitute a unique model or project, but a process, a way of how
to get things done, that is less linear, less structured, and more creative and innovative.
Even if it appears too early to forecast financial issues of the implementation of smart services,
the concept will probably increase library value in two different ways: insofar as smart libraries will
develop new services or take over other community functions of information access and knowledge
production, it will increase the return of public investment for the university or local authority. Insofar
as it improves the quality of traditional library functions and satisfies more and new users’ information
needs, it will also develop the “virtual” cultural and social library assets, as measured by methods like
contingent valuation [30,31].
Also, the concept may not apply to all libraries. Smartness may not be a solution for all library
problems. However, the concept of the smart city offers, at least for some libraries, an opportunity to
prove their social value. Not all libraries will (should) become smart. A library can be modern, improve
its service quality, develop new services, and implement new information technology without being
(or claiming to be) smart. For instance, for libraries in rural environments, smartness is surely not on
the top of the agenda, because of the lack of urban context. But, some libraries must adapt to emerging
smart environments, in the city or on the campus, where smartness becomes a topic. Smart urbanism
creates a new situation to which libraries have to respond. Our paper tries to illustrate some affinities
with recent library developments. It tries also to provide some elements how library marketing and
advocacy can seize the opportunities the smart city offers, for further development of library services.
Just being “modern” in a world that claims to be “smart” and that requires “smartness” is not enough
for further funding and investment.
In a world where information has become ubiquitous, libraries have to reinvent their role and
function in the new ecosystem. They do not enjoy an exclusive monopoly on information access and
management and some of their informational functions and roles may and will be externalized and
Infrastructures 2018, 3, 43 10 of 11

played by other institutions and structures. The future library may be very different from what we
see now. Perhaps “a new name is needed for buildings that contain many of the essential functions
of a ( . . . ) library but which have a different character of emphasis” [32]. Our idea is that, in the
urban environment and on the university campus, “smart library” may be one major candidate for
this new name. Traditional marketing says, without customers, no service. Setting this rule on its feet,
we would rather say that without smart services, no smart people. The smart library is an option to
stay in the game and defend the fundamental library assets as a “civic landmark” [1] in the upcoming
smart society.

Funding: This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Chérifa Boukacem-Zeghmouri (Lyon), Claude Poissenot (Nancy),
Isam Shahrour (Lille) and Isabelle Westeel (Grenoble) for helpful discussions on smart cities and smart libraries.
Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

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