1

CHAPTER I
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

Fluid Mechanics
- is a science concerned with the response of fluids to forces exerted upon them.
- its applications is of great importance in hydraulics and aeronautical engineering,
chemical engineering and zoology.

Kinds of fluids
1. Liquid
2. Gas

Differential Manometer – device used in comparing pressures exerted by fluids.

P = wh
P1 − P2 = ρgh

Where:
P = pressure
h = height
g = specific gravity
w or ρ
ρ = density
w = unit weight
 2

Problem 1.) In a given manometer, the fluid is mercury and the height is 10cm. Assume
specific gravity of mercury to be 7.50 and that the other lower end of the manometer is
exposed to the air. Compute the pressure at other end or upper foot of the manometer.

Sol’n.
P1 − P2 = w(h1 − h2 )
0 − P2 = w(h1 − h2 )
−P2 = w(0 − 10)
P2 = 9810N/𝑚3 (7.5)(0.1m)
𝐏𝟐 = 𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟕𝐍/𝒎𝟑
or
𝐏𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟓𝟕𝐊𝐏𝐚

Problem 2.) If the pressure at A point in the ocean is 60KPa, what is the pressure below
this point at a distance 27m (sg. 1.03) or at point B? Compute the pressures at other
points C and D, so its absolute pressures.
Sol’n.
Gage, P2 = P1 ± wh Ocean D
Absolute Pressure, P2 = P1 + wh + 101.3KPa 5m
60kPa A 60kPa

27m
PB = PA ± wh
9.81KN
PB = 60 + (1.03)(27) B
𝑚3
10m
PB = 332.82KPa, gage
C
PB = 332.82 + 101.3KPa = 434.12KPa, absolute

@ Point C @ Point D
PC = PB + wh PD = PA − wh
PC = 332.82 + (9.810)(1.03)(10) PD = 60 − (9.810)(1.03)(5)
𝐏𝐂 = 𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝐊𝐏𝐚 𝐏𝐃 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟖𝐊𝐏𝐚
 3

Problem 3.) An open tank contains 5.8 m water covered with 3.2m of kerosene (unit
weight of kerosene = 8kN/m3). Find the interface pressure of kerosene and water and at
the bottom of the tank.

Air
 A

Kerosene
3.2 m
Wk = 8 KN/m³
 B
Water
5.8 m
Ww = 9.81 KN/m³

C
Sol’n.
PB = PA + wh
PB = 8(3.2)
𝐏𝐁 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝐊𝐏𝐚

PC = PB + wh
PC = 25.6 + 9.81(5.8)
𝐏𝐂 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝐊𝐏𝐚
or
PC = PA + wk hk + ww hw
PC = 0 + 8(3.2) + 9.81(5.8)
𝐏𝐂 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝐊𝐏𝐚
 4

Problem 4.) Piston A has a cross section of 1200 cm2 while that of piston B is 950 cm2
with the latter higher than piston A by 1.75m if the intervening passages are filled with oil
whose specific gravity is 0.80, what is the difference in pressure between A & B?

Sol’n.
PC − PB = wh
PC = PB + wh
PC = PB + (9.81)(0.8){1.75 + X}
PC = PB + 13.73 + 7.85X Eq. 1
X
PC − PA = wh C
PC = PA + w(h)
PC = PA + (9.81)(0.8)(x) Eq. 2

Equation 1 = 2
PB + 13.73 + 7.85X = PA + (9.81)(0.8)(X)
𝐏𝐀 − 𝐏𝐁 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟑𝐊𝐏𝐚
OR,
PA − PB = wh = (9.81)(0.8)(1.75)
𝐏𝐀 − 𝐏𝐁 = 13.73KPa
 5

Problem 5.) A figure shown has a set up with a vessel containing a plunger and cylinder,
what force f is required to balance the system if the weight of the plunger is negligible.
FA = 44KN, AA = 0.32 𝑚2 and WB = negligible, AB = 0.00323 𝑚2 .

Sol’n.
F
P=A
F
PA = A

44KN 4.6m. B
PA = 0.323 𝑚2

PA = 136.22KPa A
PA − PB = wh Water
136.22 − PB = (9.81)(1)(4.6)
PB = 91.09KPa
F
B
91.09 = 0.00323

𝐅𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝐊𝐍
or
𝐅𝐁 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎𝐍
 6

PROBLEM SOLVING
CHAPTER I

PROLBEM 1)
The pressure in the air space above the gasoline surface S.G. = 0.60 in a tank is
120kpa absolute. What is the pressure 2.40m below its surface?

PROLBEM 2)
An open storage vessel has 3m of oil (S.G. = 0.82) and 6m of water. What is the
pressure at the bottom?

PROLBEM 3)
A vertical rectangular gate is submerged in a liquid (S.G. = 1.30) such that one of
its edges is flushed with the surface. What is the ratio of the hydrostatic pressure acting
on the upper half to that acting on the lower half?

PROLBEM 4)
If A closed tank contains 0.610m of mercury (sg= 13.6), 1.524m of water, 2.438m
of oil (sg=0.75) and an air space of 1.0m above the oil. If the pressure at the bottom of the
tank is 276kpa, what should be the reading of the gage in the top of the tank.

PROLBEM 5)

A pressure gage 6 m above the bottom of the tank containing a liquid reads 0 kPa.
Another gage height 4m reads 103 kPa. Determine the specific weight of the liquid.
 7

CHAPTER II

MANOMETERS
Manometer
- is a tube usually bent in a form of U, containing a liquid of known specific gravity,
the surface of which moves proportionally due to change in pressure.

Types of Manometers
 Open Type
- has an atmospheric surface in one leg and it is capable of measuring gage
pressures.
 Differential Type
- without atmospheric surface and capable of measuring only differences of
pressures.
 Piezometer
- the simplest form of open manometer.
– it is a tube tapped into a wall of a container or conduit for the purpose of
measuring pressures.

OPEN TYPE
PERSPECTIVE SIDE VIEW
Zero pressure

Known liquid
 8

DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETERS
PERSPECTIVE SIDE VIEW

PIEZONETER
PERSPECTIVE SIDE VIEW

GAGE PRESSURE
 9

Problem 1.) Determine the pressure at the center of the pipe shown in the figure with
only available data presented. The blue, mercury SG =13.6; yellow, oil = SG 0.82.

1m

1.5 m

Sol’n.
PB = PC + wh
PB = wh = 9.81(13.6)(1.0) PA = 133.42 + 9.81(0.82)(1.5)
𝐏𝐁 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟐𝐊𝐏𝐚 𝐏𝐀 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟗𝟐𝐊𝐏𝐚
PA = PB + wh

Problem 2.) Determine the value of Y in the manometer shown in the figure.
A

Sol’n.
PB − PA = who + whw − 𝑤hg

−5KPa = (9.81)(0.80)(3) + (9.81)(1.0)(1.5) − (9.81)(13.6)(Y)

Y = 0.04 m
 10

Problem 3.)Two vessels are connected to a different manometer with mercury inside.
The connecting tube is filled with water. The higher pressure vessel is 1.5m lower in
elevation than the other.
a.) If the mercury reading is h=100mm, what is the pressure difference in meters of
water (Hg, S.G=13.6)?
b.) If a carbon tetra chloride (S.G=1.59) was used instead of mercury, what would be
the value of “h” if the pressure difference reading is that of problems a?

A
1.5 m
B

x
h

Sol’n.
For a.)
PB − PA = ∑ ± wh
PB − PA = (9.81)(1)(1.5 + X) + (9.81)(13.6)(h) − (9.81)(1)(h + X)
PB − PA = (9.81)(1)(1.5) + (9.81)(1)(X) + (9.81)(13.6)(0.10) − (9.81)(0.1) − (9.81)(1)(X)
𝐏𝐁 − 𝐏𝐀 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟎𝟖𝐊𝐏𝐚

For b.)

27.08KPa = (9.81)(1)(1.5 + X) + (9.81)(1.59)(h) − (9.81)(1)(h + x)

𝐡 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒𝐦
 11

Problem 4.) Compute the pressure difference. White=water, green=Mercury S.G. = 13.6.

0.2 m

0.5 m

0.3 m

3 .0m

Sol’n.
PA − PB = 9.81(1)(−3.0) + 9.81(13.6)(0.3) + 9.81(1)(−0.5)
𝐏𝐀 − 𝐏𝐁 = 5.68 KPa
 12

Problem 5
Compute the presence difference between points A and B. Yellow, SG = 0.85;
white is water.

y
B
Y

0.6 8 m
1.7 m

Sol’n.
PB − PA = wh
PB − PA = 9.81(1)(−x) + 9.81(0.85)(−0.68) + 9.81(1)(y)
but, y+1.7 = x+0.68
PB − PA = −9.81x − 5.67 + 9.81y
PB − PA = −9.81(y + 1.02) − 5.67 + 9.81y
𝐏𝐁 − 𝐏𝐀 = −𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟕𝐊𝐏𝐚
 13

PROBLEM SOLVING
CHAPTER II

PROBLEM 1)
Find the absolute pressure in kPa at a depth of 10m below the free surface of oil
and the specific gravity 0.75 if the barometric reading is 752 mmHg.

PROBLEM 2)
If the pressure in the air space above an oil (s=0.75) surface in a closed tank is
115 kPa absolute, what is the gage pressure 2 m below the surface?

PROBLEM 3)
Tanks A and B containing oil and glycerine of sg = 0.78 and 1.25, respectively, are
connected by a differential gage. The mercury (sg=13.6) in the gage is at elevation 1.60m
on the A side and at elevation 1.10m on the B side. If the elevation of the surface of the
glycerine in tank B is 21.10m, at what elevation is the surface of the oil in tank A.

PROBLEM 4)
In a figure shown, if the
atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and
the absolute pressure at the bottom of
the tank is 213.30 kPa, what is the
specific gravity of an olive oil?

PROBLEM 5)
In the figure shown, determine
the weight that can be carried by the
1.5 KN force acting on the piston.
 14

CHAPTER III
HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON SURFACES
PLANE SURFACES

r= pA = KshA

yf = Y+e
hf = h+e
Where:
F = hydrostatic force
A = submerged area
W = specific weight
h and y prime = distance of CG from the surface
CG = center of gravity
e = eccentricity
𝐈 𝐈 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐚
e = 𝐀ħ ; e = 𝐀ȳ = 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚∗𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫

Where:
I = moment of inertia
A = area
Y = height of water
hf and yf = actual center or location of force
 15

Problem 1. Water stand on the one side of the vertical gate shown below. The water
surface being 1.5 m above the top of the gate. Find the magnitude and the location of the
hydrostatic force on each side.
w.s.

1.5 m
1.2 m

2.7 m

1.2 m
Sol’n:
 Consider the rectangle:
w.s.

1.5 m
Ћ
hf
2.7 m

1.2 m For location:

hf = Ћ + e hf = Ћ + e
F = wЋA But
bh³
Ћ = 1.5 + 2.7/2 I 12
e = Aħ = 𝑏ℎ (2.85)
Ћ = 2.85 m.
(1.2)(2.7)³
12
e= (1.2)(2.7)(2.85)
F= 9.81(2.85)(1.2x2.7)
F= 90.59 kN e= 0.21 m

hf = 2.85 + 0.21
hf = 3.06 m – from the surface of
the water.
 16

 Consider the triangle:

w.s.

1.5 m For the location:

Ћ
hf 1.2 m hf = h + e
C.G.
C.F. 2.7 m But
bh³
I 36
e= = 𝑏ℎ
Ah (2.4)
2
hf = Ћ + e
(1.2)(2.7)3
F = wЋA e= 36
(1.2)(2.7)
(2.4)
2
Ћ = 1.5 + 2.7/3
e = 0.17 m
Ћ = 2.4 m.
1.2∗2.7
F= 9.81(2.4)( ) hf = Ћ + e
2

F= 38.14 kN hf = 2.4 + 0.17

hf = 2.57 m – from the w.s.
 17

Problem 2. Find the force R that will start the gate to open. The gate is 4x5 m in
dimension.
Sol’n:

w.s.

4m 4m Hinged
Ћ
C.G.
5m
F C.F.
R

F = whA Hinged
hf = Ћ + e A

F = whA = (9.81)(h)(A) z
C.G.
5 u
h=4+2 F

h = 6.5 R

u=5m
F = 9.84 (6.5)(4*5)
5
F = 1275.3 KN z=2+e

z = 2.5 + 0.32
hf = h + e z = 2.82 m
𝑏ℎ³
I 12
e = Aħ = 𝑏ℎ(Ћ)
∑ 𝑀A = 0
4(5)³
12 0 = -F(z) + R(h)
e=
4(5)(6.5)
0 = -1275.3(2.82) + R(5)
e = 0.32
R = 719.27 KN
hf = 6.5 + 0.32
R > 719.27 KN
hf = 6.82 m
 18

Problem 3. Find the force Q in the figure shown to start the lifting of the rectangular gate
4m x 5m in dimensions with an angle of inclination of 45 degree with the horizontal.

Sol’n. 2.5
2
Sin 45 = 2/ 2.5 45

𝛼 = 1.77m

Compute for y. y
2+ 𝛼 = 3.77m.
Sin45 = 3.77/y 45
=
Y = 5.33m.

F = whA
F = 9.81(3.77)(4x5)
F = 739.67kN

Compute for e
e = I/Ay
e = bh^2/12/bh(5.33)
e=0.59m.
yf = y+e = 5.33+0.39
yf = 5.73m.

x X =2.5+e Qy=Qcos45 ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
F
X= 2.98m. Qy= 0.7071Q0=-739.67(2.69) + (0.7071)Q(5)
5m Q = 604 KN
Or

45
Q > 604 KN
Q
 19

CURVE SURFACES
Problem 1. In the figure shown, the gate in the shape of an arc of the circle has a radius
of 3m. and has a central angle of 45 degree. Find the magnitude and the locations of the
component forces N/V and N/h arc gate length of 2m.

Solution:

F=√𝐹ℎ 2 + 𝐹𝑣 2 Consider ABDC

Consider triangle ABE C X2 B

E
3m
h
45 .m 45
m
2.12m
D
A 3m.

Sin45=h/3 Determine area BCD

h = 2.12m. X2 + x1 =3m.

F = Fh = Ww x h x A Calculate x1

Fh = F = 9.81(2.12/2)(LxH)
3m
F = Mh = 9.81(2.12/2)(2x2.12) 2.12m
.m
45 m
F = 44.09kN.
X1
F =Fh ( location from the bottom is h/3)
h/3 = 2.12/3 =0.71m. Cos45= x1/3

X1 =2.12

X2=3-X1
Compute Fv
X2 =0.88m.
Fv = VABC x Ww
Area of ABCD = [(X2+3)/2}(h)]

= (0.88+3)/2 * (2.12)

Area ABCD = 4.11m2

 20

Find the area of ABC

45
AABD = 𝜋𝑟 2 (360 )
45
AABD = 𝜋(32 ) (360)

AABD =3.53 𝒎𝟐

Calculate ABCD
AABC = Area ABCD – AABD
AABC = 4.11 – 3.53
AABC = 0.58 𝒎𝟐
Then
VABC= AABC x Length
VABC = 0.58 x 2
VABC = 1.16 𝑚3
Fv= VABC x Ww
Fv = 1.16 X 9.81
Fv = 11.38 kN

∑ 𝑀A = 0
0 = Fh (ℎ/3) − 𝐹𝑣(𝑥3)
0 = 44.09(0.71) - 11.38(x3)
X3 = 2.75m

F = √𝐹ℎ2 + 𝐹𝑣 2

F= √44.092 + 11.382
F = 45.53 kN the actual hydrostatic force acting on a curve surface.
 21

STRESSES IN THIN-WALLED, CYLINDER/PRESSURE AND VESSEL

ST = tangential stress
SL = longitudinal stress

ST= PD/2t
Where:
t = thickness
L = length
D = diameter
P = internal pressure

SL = PD/4t
 22

S = 2STAh/PD

Where:
S = spacing of hoops
ST = allowable tensile stress
Ah = Area of hooping or ring
P = internal pressure
D = diameter of the pipe

Problem 1. A wood slave pipe is bounded by the steel rods which take the entire bursting
stress. Find the proper spacing of 1inch rods for a 72 inches wood slave pipe under a
head of 200ft of water. The working stress is 15000psi.
Solution:
S = 2SrAh/PD
1 2
Ah = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 (2) = 0.785𝑖𝑛2
62.4𝑙𝑏
P= wh =( 200𝑓𝑡) ( ) = 12480𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
𝑓𝑡 3

𝑙𝑏 1𝑓𝑡 2
P =12480𝑓𝑡 2 𝒙 (12𝑖𝑛 ) = 86.67𝑝𝑠𝑖.

D = 72 inches
ST = 15000psi.
(2)(15000)(0.785) S
S= (86.67)(72)

S = 3.77 inches or S<3.77”

 23

Problem 2. A cylindrical container 8m high and 3m in diameter is reinforced with two

hoops 1m from the cylinder’s end. What is the tension in each hoop due to water
pressure?

Sol’n.

P= wh ∑ 𝐹x = 0
F = whA 0 = 2T1 + 2T2-F
F = 981(8/2)(𝜋𝐷 𝑥 8) 0 = 2(411.74)+2(T2)-2958.63
F = 2958.63 kN.
T2 = 1067.58kN.

∑ 𝑀B = 0
0 =-F(a)+2h(v)
a = 2.67 - 1
a = 1.67

V = 6m
0 = -2958.63(1.67)+2t1(6)
T1 = 411.74kN.
 24

BUOYANCY

Buoyant force – is the upward net force acting on the submerged body.
Where:
BF = buoyant force

Wo Wo = weight of the object

Vd = volume displacement

Vd W= specific weight of the liquid

BF

Problem 1. An iceberg has a specific gravity of 0.92 on saltwater of SG = 1.03. If the

volume of the ice above the surface is 1000m^3, what is the total volume of the ice?
 25

Sol’n.

VTotal = Va + Vd
Va = VTotal - Vd Eq. 1
Va = 1000 m3
VTotal = 1000 + Vd
Vd = VTotal – 1000 Eq. 2

BF = Ww x Vd = Wo
Wo = Ww (VTotal)
Wo = 9.81(0.92)(1000+Vd) Eq. 3
Ww x Vd = 9.81(1.03)(Vd) Eq. 4

Use Eq. 3 & 4

9.81(0.90)(1000+Vd)=9.81(1.03)Vd
9.81(0.92)(1000)+Vd(9.81)(0.92)=9.81(1.03)Vd
Vd= 8,363.64 m3
Vol. total = 1000 + 8363.64
Vol.total = 9363.64 m3

BF = Ww x Vd =9.81(0.92)(9363.64)
BF = Ww x Vo = 9.81(1.03)(8363.64)
BF = 84508.72 = Wo
 26

Problem 2. A sphere 1m diameter floats half submerged in a tank of oil (s.g. = 0.80).
What is the weight of the sphere? If the sphere is attached to an anchorage of the
anchorage? Neglect the weight of the chain.
Solution:
Ws
Wo = BF = WlVs
VSD = 4/3 𝜋 3
VSD =4/3( 𝜋)0.53
A
Va VSD = 0.524 m^3
A Vsub = 0.524/2 = 0.262m3
s.g.= 0.80 oil BFA
Wo = BF = WLVsub
BF
BF = 0.262(9.81)(0.80)

Wb BF = 2.056kN.
Vb
BFB

s.g. =7.0

∑ 𝐹x = 0
0 = BFA – Wa + BFB – Wb
Wa+Wb = BFA +BFB
2.056+ (9.81)(Vb)(7.0)=(9.81)(0.80)(0.524)+Vb(9.81)(0.80)
Vb = 0.034 m3
Wb = Vb(Wl)(s.g.)
Wb = 0.034(9.81)(7.0)
Wb = 2.33 kN.
 27

DAMS ANALYSIS

∑ 𝐹y = Ry
Ry = W1+W2+W3+W4-U1-U2
∑ 𝐹x = Rx
Rx = F1 – F2
Hydrostatic uplift, U = w∑h x L x 1m strip; L = distance from heel to toe
Resisting Moment = all counterclockwise direction forces from the toe – weights and F2
Overturning Moment = all clockwise direction forces from the toe – F1, U1 & U2 only

Factor of safety = µ ∑ Ry/ ∑ Rx > 1 for RM

Factor of safety = RM/OM >1 for OM
µ = coefficient of friction - if there is friction, apply it, but if none it is equal to 1
 28

Problem 1. The dam shown below is a gravity type. The depth of the water at the
upstream side is 6m and the downstream is 2m. If the coefficient of the friction between
the base of the dam and the foundation is 0.6m, find the following:
a. Overturning moment of the dam
b. Resisting moment of the dam
c. Factor of safety against sliding
d. Factor of safety against overturning

Consider horizontal forces:

upstream
F1 = whA
= 9.81(6/2)(1x6)
= 176.58kN
downstream
F2 = whA
= 9.81(2/2)(1x2)
=19.62kN.
 29

Consider vertical forces for A1 For A2

4

A1 6 4m
A2

3m

WtA1 = Wtcon (vol.A1) (vol.A2) WtA2 = Wtcon

= 24(4x6x1) A2 = 24(3x3/2)(1)
WtA1 = 576 kN. A2 = 108 kN.

For A3 For A4 2m
11 m
2m 4m

Wt. A3 = Wt. con (vol.A3) wt.A4 = Wt.water (vol. A4)

= 24(2x11x1) 9.81(2x4x1)
A3 = 528kN. A4 = 78.48 kN.

Consider hydrostatic uplift

11 m

H1

H1-H2
∑ 𝐹y = Ry
Ry = Wt.A1 +Wt.A2+ Wt. A3 + Wt. A4
Ry = 576 + 108 + 528 + 78.48
Ry = 1290.48 kN.
 30

∑ 𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 = U1+U2
= 647.46 + 78.48
𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕 = 863.28kN.

For overturning moment (consider X only)

O.M. = Fxy = F1xY1 + F2xY2
O.M. = 176.58(2)+19.62(0.667)
O.M. = 366.25kN.m

For the resisting moment (consider y only)

RM = Wt.x-Ux=WtX1+Wt^2X2-Wt.X3+WtX4-U1X5-U2X6
RM = 576(7) + 108(4) +528(5.5) + 78.48(10) – 647.46(5.5) – 215.82(7.33)
RM = 3009.81kN.m

F.S.= (U(Ry-u)/Rx) > 1 for sliding

= (0.60(427.2)/156.96
=1.63 >1 safe

For overturning
F.S. = U(RM)/DM
= 0.6(3009.81)/366.25
F.S.= 4.93 > 1 safe.
 31

PROBLEM SOLVING
CHAPTER III

PROBLEM 1)
A vertical circular gate in a tunnel 8 m. in diameter has a oil specific gravity of 0.8
on one side and air on the other side. If oil is 12 m. above the invert and the air pressure
is 40 kPa, where will a single support be located above the invert of the tunnel to hold the
gate in position?

PROBLEM 2)
A closed cylindrical tank 2m in a diameter and 8 m deep with axis vertical contains
6 m deep of oil specific gravity of 0.8. The air above the liquid surface has a pressure of
0.8 kg/cm^2. Determine the total normal force in kg acting on the wall at its location from
the bottom of the tank.

PROBLEM 3)
A cubical box, 1.5m on each edge, has its base horizontal and is half-filled with
water the remainder of the box is filled with air under a gage pressure of 82 kPa. One of
he vertical sides is hinged at he top and is free to swing inward. To what depth can the
top of the box be submerge in an open body of fresh a fresh wter without allowing any of
the water to enter?

PROBLEM 4)
A dam is triangular in cross section with the upstream face vertical. Water is
flushed with the top. The dam is 8 m high and 6m wide at the base and the foundation is
0.8. Determine the maximum and minimum unit pressure on the foundation, and the
factors of safety against overturning and against sliding.

PROBLEM 5)
A 300 mm diameter steel pipe 12mm thick carries water under a head of 50 m of
water. Determine the stress in the steel.
 32

CHAPTER IV
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS
 Every particle of a liquid is at rest with respect to every other particle and to the
containing vessel. When the containing vessel is in motion with respect to the
earth, the liquid is also in motion along with its mass.
 There is negligible amount of friction between liquid and vessel.

LINEAR ACCELERATING VESSEL

 At the water particle Force

 Polygon of Forces

Where:
R = resisting force
W = weight of the object / particle
N = normal force
a = acceleration of the vessel
g = gravitational force constant
 33

 Inclined Motion

While:
P= wh ; F = PA

 Vertical Motion
- Upward
R = resisting Force
W w = weight of the H2O

0 = R+W-F

F = R+W but, F = PA

PA = R+W but, PA = ma + W wv
𝑊𝑉
𝑚= 𝑔
 34

When:

Volume = Ah – A* h

A = area of the vessel

h = height of the water

So that,
𝑊∗𝐴∗ℎ
𝑚= 𝑔

𝑊∗𝐴∗ℎ
𝑃𝐴 = (𝑎) + 𝑊𝐴ℎ
𝑔

𝑎
𝑃 = 𝑊 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑔 + 𝑊ℎ

𝑎
𝑃 = 𝑊ℎ(1 ± 𝑔)

NOTE:

Use (+) sign for upward motion and (-) sign for downward motion. Also note
that a is positive for acceleration and negative for deceleration.
 35

Problem 1. An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 5 m long 2 m wide and 2.5 m
high is filled with water to a depth of 2 m.
a. What maximum horizontal acceleration can be imposed on the tank w/o spilling
any water?
b. Determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass.
c. If the acceleration increased to 6 m/s2 , how much water is spilled out?

Sol’n:

Condition A]
𝑎 𝑦
tan ѳ = 𝑔 = 𝑥

𝑎 0.5
= 2.5
𝑔

0.5
a = 2.5 (9.81)

a = 1.962 m/s2

Condition B]
 1st Solution  2nd Solution
F = Fback - Ffront
F = ma
𝑊 Fback = whA
m= 𝑔
V
2.5
= 9.81 ( 2 ) (2.5) (2)
9810 (2)(2)(5)
m= Fback =61.31 kN
9.81

m = 20,000 kg
F = 20,000(1.962) Ffront = whA
1.5
= 9.81 ( 2 ) (1.5) (2)
F = 39,240 N
Ffront = 22.07 kN
F = 39.24 kN

F = 61.31 – 22.07
F = 39.24 kN
 36

Condition C]

𝑎 2.5
=
𝑔 𝑋

6 2.5
=
9.81 𝑋

x = 4.09 m

Compute for Vol. left

2.5(𝑋) Vspilled = Vorig. - Vleft
Vleft= (2)
2

2.5(4.09) = 2(2)(5) – 10.23

Vleft= (2)
2
Vspilled = 9.77 m3
3
Vleft = 10.23 m
 37

Problem 2. A closed horizontal cylindrical tank 1.5 m in diameter and 4 m long is

completely filled with gasoline (Specific gravity =0.82) and accelerated horizontally at 3
m/s2. Find the total force acting at the rear and at the front wall of the tank. Find also the
accelerating force on the fluid mass.
Sol’n:

F = w. h. A (S.G.) [Rear and Front] Frear = w. h. A (S. G.) where A = п.r2

= 9.8 (1.97) ( п x 0.752) (0.82)
tan ѳ = a/g = Y/4
Frear = 28 kN
3/9.81=Y/4
y = 1.22 m
Ffront = w. h. A (S. G.) where h = 1.5/2
= 9.8 (0.75) ( п x 0.752) (0.82)
h = 1.5/2 + Y
Ffront = 10.66 kN
= 0.75 +1.22
h = 1.97 m
Facceleration = Frear - Ffront
= 28 kN – 10.66 kN
Facceleration = 17.34 kN
 38

Problem 3. A vessel 3 m in diameter containing 2.4 m of water is being raised.

a.) Find the pressure at the bottom of the vessel in kpa when the velocity is
constant.
b.) Find the pressure at the bottom of the vessel when it is accelerated at 0.6 m/s 2.

Sol’n:
3m

2.4 m a

Condition A]
𝑎
𝑃 = 𝑊ℎ(1 + 𝑔)

= 9.81 (2.4) (1)

p = 23.54 kPa

Condition B]
𝑎
𝑃 = 𝑊ℎ(1 + 𝑔)

= 9.81 (2.4) (1 + 0.6/9.81)

p = 24.98 kPa
 39

Problem 4. A closed rectangular tank 4 m long, 2m wide and 2 m high is filled with water
to a depth of 1.8 m. If the allowable force at the rear wall of the tank is 200 kN, how fast
can it be accelerated horizontally?
Sol’n:

Compute for Volumes

Vol. of air orig = 0.2 (2.0) (4.0) = 1.6 m3 By ratio and proportion
𝑌
F = w. h. A z/x = 4−𝑥; when y = 4.10
𝑥(4.10)
200 = 9.81 (h) (2) (2) z= 4−𝑥
h = 5.10 m and when, z = 1.6 / x
Equate Volumes 𝑥(4.10)
1.6/x = 4−𝑥
Volume original = Volume new
from the given equations
1.6 = ½ bh (width)
𝑥(4.10)
1.6/x =
1.6 = (1/2) x (z) (2); 4−𝑥

z = 1.6 / x 4.1 x2 = 6.4 – 1. 6 x

Compute for y: 4.1 x2 + 1.6 x – 6.4 = 0

h = 1.0 + y x = 1.07 m

5.1 = 1.0 + y so that when, tan ѳ = 𝑔 = Y

𝑎
/ (4 – x)
Y = 4.10 m
𝑎
= (4.10) / (4 – x); when g = 9.81m/s2
𝑎 𝑔
tan ѳ = = Y / (4 – x)
𝑔
a = 40.22 / (4 – 1.07)
and,
𝑎 a = 13.73 m/s2
tan ѳ = 𝑔 = z / x
 40

ROTATING VESSEL

W = angular speed
𝑣²
Normal acceleration = = w2x
𝑥

x = distance of water particles from the axis rotation

𝑤
Cf = 𝑔 w2x – force due to rotation

 Then the polygon of the forces

 Height of the parabola at any

and given x distance.

h = y = w2x2 = height of the parabola and by

squared property of parabola
𝑥₁² 𝑥₂²
=
𝑦₁ 𝑦₂

1
V = 2 πr2h = volume of the parabola
 41

LIQUID SURFACE CONDITION

 CONDITION 1
- For open cylindrical containers more than half-full of the liquid,
rotate about its vertical axis.
 42

 CONDITION 2
- For close vessel with more than half-full of liquid rotated about
vertical axis.
 43

 CONDITION 3
- For closed cylindrical containers completely filled with liquid.

 For PIPES and TUBES

 44

Problem 1. An open cylindrical tank 2 m in diameter and 4 m high contains water to a

depth of 3 m. It is rotated about its own vertical axis a constant angular speed w.
Compute the following:
a.) If w = 3 rad/sec, is there any liquid that spilled out?
b.) What is the maximum value of w (in rpm) can be imposed on the vessel without
any liquid spilling?
c.) If w = 8 rad/sec, how much water has spilled out and to what depth will the water
stand when it is brought to rest?
d.) What angular speed w (in rpm) will just zero the depth of water at the center of the
tank?
e.) If w = 100 rpm, how much area at the bottom of the tank is uncovered?

Sol’n :

Original Condition

FOR CONDITION A]
D=1
𝑤²𝑥²
h= 1
2𝑔
2 2 4
h = (3) (1) /2 (9.81)
4
3
h = 0.46 m 4

h/2 > D ; h/2 < D

0.46/2 > 1; 0.46/ 2 < 1
0.23 < 1

Therefore, no spilled out.

 45

FOR CONDITION B]
h/2 = D
h = 2D
h = 2 (1)
So that,
𝑤²𝑥²
2=
2𝑔

𝑤²(1)²
2 = 2(9.81)

w = 6.26 rad/sec
w = 6.26 x 30/п
w = 59.78 rpm

𝑤 = 8 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
FOR CONDITION C]
Computation for the volume
Voriginal = πr2h
= п (1) (1)
Voriginal = 3.1416 m3
𝑤 2𝑥 2
h= 2𝑔

(8)²(1)2
h= 2(9.81)

h = 3.26 m

Vparabola = ½ пr2h Vcylinder = пr2h

= ½ п (1) 2(3.26) 1.98 = п (1)2h
Vparabola = 5.12 m3 hair = 0.63
Water at rest
Vspilled = Vparabola – Voriginal
h = horig – hrest (air)
= 5.12 – 3.1416
h = 3 – 0.63
3
Vspilled = 1.98 m
hrest = 2.37
 46

FOR CONDITION D]
h=y=4m
4 = w2x2/ 2g
4 = w2 (1)2/ 2 (9.81)
w = 8.86 rad/sec
w = 8.86 x 30/ п
w = 84.60 rpm

FOR CONDITION E]
h>y
Compute for h
h = w2x2/ 2g
w = 100 rpm x 30/ п
w = 10.47 rad/sec
h = (10.47)2 (1)2/ 2 (9.81)
h = 5.59 m
y=y–4
y = 5.59 – 4
y = 1. 59

By squared property of parabola

𝑥₁2 𝑥2
=
𝑦₁ 𝑦
Ax = п x12
𝑥₁2 12
=
1.59 5.59 = п (0.53)2
x1 = 0.53 m Ax = 0.88 m2
 47

Problem 2. A 1.90 m diameter closed cylinder 2.75 m high is completely filled with oil
having S. G. = 0.8 under a pressure of 5 kg/cm2 at the top. Compute the angular speed
can be imposed on the cylinder so that the maximum pressure at the both of the tank is
14 kg/cm2.

Sol’n :

Conversions
P5 = (5 kg/cm2) (9.81) (1002/1 m2)
P5 = 490,500 Pa (1/1000)
P5 = 490.5 kpa
𝑝₅
h5 = 𝑤(0.8) y = h14 – h5 – 2.75

490.5 y = 175 – 62.5 – 2.75

h5 = 9.81(0.8)
y = 109.75 m
h5 = 62.5 m
𝑘𝑔
P14 = (14𝑐𝑚²) (9.81) (1002/1 m2) 𝑤 2𝑥 2
y= 2𝑔
1
P14 = 1,373,400 Pa (1000)
109.75 = w2 (0.95)2/ 2(9.81)
P14 = 1,373.4 kpa w = 48.55 rad/sec
𝑝₅
h14 = 𝑤(0.8) w = 48.55 x 30/ п
1,373.4 w = 463.62 rpm
h14 = 9.81(0.8)

h14 = 175 m
 48

Problem 3. An open cylindrical vessel 12 m in diameter and 2.1 m high is 2/3 full of
water. Compute the amount of water in liters that will be spilled out if the vessel is rotated
about its vertical axis at a constant angular speed of 90 rpm.

Sol’n :
Evaluation
𝑤 2𝑥 2
y= 2𝑔

w = 90 rpm п/30
w = 9.42 rad/sec
(9.42)2 (0.6)2
y=( )
2(9.81)

y = 1.62 m

y/2 > D ; y/2 < D

1.62/2 > D; 1.62/2 < D
0.81 > 0.7there is spilling

Vol. air orig. = пr2h

= п (0.6)2(0.7)
Vair original = 0.79 m3

Vol. of parabola = пr2h/2 but h = y

= п (0.6)2(0.7)/2
Vparabola = 0.92 m3

Vspilled = Vparabola – Vol. air orig.

= 0.92 – 0.79
Vspilled = 0.13 m3
 49

Problem 4. A 75 mm diameter pipe, 2m long is just filled with oil (S.G. = 0.82) and then
capped, and placed on a horizontal position. It is rotated at 27.5 rad/sec about a vertical
axis 0.5 m from one end (outside the pipe). What is the pressure in kPa at the far end of
the pipe?
Sol’n :

h = y2 – y1

w1 = 27.5 rad/sec
w2 = 27.5 rad/sec
x1 = 0.5 m
x2 = 2.5 m
(𝟐𝟕.𝟓)𝟐 (𝟐.𝟓)² (𝟐𝟕.𝟓)𝟐 (𝟎.𝟓)²
h= −
𝟐(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝟐 (𝟗.𝟖𝟏)

h = 231.27 m

P = wh
P = wh*S.G.
P = 9.81 (231.27) (0.82)
P = 1860 kPa
P = 1.860 MPa
 50

Problem 5. A cylindrical bucket 150 mm in diameter and 200 high contains 150 mm of
water. A boy swings the bucket describes a circle of radius 1m. How fast should it be
rotated so that no water will be spilled?

Sol’n :

W = CF
𝑤
CF = (10)2 x
𝑦

𝑤 = 𝜔𝑉
Solve for 𝑤
𝑤 = 9810 (𝜋r2h)
𝑤 = 9810 (𝜋) (0.075)2 (0.15)
𝑤 = 26 N
x = 0.925
26
0.6 = 9.81 𝜔² (0.925)

𝝎 = 3.26 rad/sec

Convert to rpm
30
𝜔 = 3.26 ( π )

𝝎 = 31.13 rpm
 51

PROBLEM SOLVING
CHAPTER IV

Problem 1.] An open trapezoidal tank having a bottom width of 3 m is 2 m high, 1.5 m

wide, and has its sides inclined 60º with the horizontal. It is filled with water to a depth of

1.5 m. If the tank is accelerated horizontally along its length at 4.4 m/s 2, how much water

is spilled out?

Problem 2.] A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane inclined 15 º with the

horizontal at1.2 m/s 2. Determine the inclination of the oil surface when the motion is (a)

upwards, and (b) downwards.

Problem 3.] An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 300 mm and a height of 1.2 m is

full of water. How fast should it be rotated about its own vertical axis so that 75% of its

volume will be spilled out?

Problem 4.] A conical vessel with sides inclined 30º with its vertical axis is revolved about

another axis 1 m from its own and parallel. How many revolutions per minute must it

make in order that water poured into it will be entirely discharged by the rotating effect?

Problem 5.] A 75 mm diameter pipe, 2 m long is just filled with oil (S.G.=0.822) and then

capped, and placed on a horizontal position. It is rotated at 27.5 rad/sec about a vertical

axis 0.5 m from one end (outside the pipe). What is the pressure in kPa at the far end of

the pipe?
 52

CHAPTER V
FUNDAMENTAL OF FLUID FLOWS
PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY EQUATION
1. Compressible Fluids
W 1A1V1 = W 2A2V2 = WAV
Or P1A1V1 = P2A2V2 = PAV

2. Incompressible Fluids
A1V1 = A2V2 = Q = rate of flow

ENERGY EQUATION
1. Compressible Fluids
𝑉₁² 𝑝₁ 𝑉₂² 𝑝₂
+ ln 𝑝1 + 𝑧₁ = + ln 𝑝₂ + 𝑧₂
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

2. Incompressible Fluids
𝑉₁² 𝑝₁ 𝑉₂² 𝑝₂
+ + 𝑧 1 + 𝐻𝑝 = + + 𝑧 2 + 𝐻𝐿 + 𝐻𝐵
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

Where:
p = pressure
W = weight of the water
V = velocity
Z = elevation
P = power = QWE
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 * 100%

ENERGY FLOW

𝒗₁²
𝟐𝒈 𝒗₂²
𝟐𝒈
Q1 𝒑₁
𝒘 𝒑₂
𝒘

Q2
z1 z2
Datum

Q1 =Q2=Q
 53

Where:
𝑣₁²
= velocity head
2𝑔

𝑝₁
= pressure head
𝑤

z = elevation head
Hp = pump head
HL = head loss
HB = booster pump head

EXAMPLES:

Problem 1. What is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe with a diameter of
20mm and at a speed of 0.5 m/s. Neglecting potential energy, what is the power exerted
by the pump?

Sol’n :

Q 20 mm ∅

P = QWE
Q = AV 𝑉₁² 𝑝₁
E= + 𝑤 + 𝑧 1 + 𝐻𝑝
2𝑔
𝜋
= (0.02)2 (0.5) 0.5²
4
E= +0 + 0 + 0
2(9.81)
= 0.00015 m3/s
E = 0.013 m
Q = 0.16 l/s
P = 0.00016 (9810) (0.013)
P = 0.020 watts
 54

Problem 2. As shown in the figure a 50 mm ∅ pipeline leads downhill from a reservoir

and discharge into the air. If the loss of head between A and B is 44 m. compute the
discharge or the rate of flow.

Sol’n :
𝑉₁² 𝑝₁ 𝑉₂² 𝑝₂
+ + 𝑧₁ + 𝐻𝑝 = + + 𝑧₂ + 𝐻𝐿 + 𝐻𝐵
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

𝑉₂²
𝑧₁ = + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔
𝑉₂²
46 = + 44
2𝑔

𝑉₂²
= 2𝑚
2𝑔
V2 = 6.26 m/s

𝜋
Q = AV2 = 4 (0.05)2 (6.26)

Q = 0.012 m3/s
Q = 12 L/s
 55

Problem 3. A pump shown water from the reservoir A at elevation 10m and lifts it to
reservoir B at elevation 60 m. the loss of head from A to 1 is two times the velocity head
in the 200 mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is ten times the velocity
head in the 150 mm diameter pipe. Determine the rated horsepower of the pump and the
pressure heads at 1 and 2 in meters when the discharge is 0.03 m3s.

Sol’n :
 56

Sol’n :
 57

PROBLEM SOLVING
CHAPTER V

Problem 1.] A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 150 mm at
section 1 and 450 mm at section 2. Section 1 is 3.6 below section 2 and the pressures
are 90 kPa respectively. If the discharge is 150 lit/sec, determine the head lost and the
direction of flow.

Problem 2.] Water flows at the rate of 7.5 m/s through 75 mm diameter pipe (pipe 1) and
leaves through 50 mm diameter and 65 mm diameter pipes at the rate of 3 m/s and 3.5
m/s, respectively as shown in the Figure. Air at the top of the tank escapes through a 50
mm diameter vent. Calculate dh/dt and the velocity of the air flow through the vent.
Assume the flow to be incompressible.

Problem 3.] The pump shown draws water from reservoir A the elevation 10 m and lifts it
to reservoir B at elevation 60 m. The loss of head from A to 1 is two times the velocity
head in the 200 mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is tem times the
velocity head in the 150 mm diameter pipe. Determine the rated horsepower of the pump
and the pressure heads at 1 and 2 in meters when the discharge is 0.03 m3/sec.

Problem 4.] Waters enters a motor through a 600 mm diameter pipe under a pressure of
14 kPa. It leaves through a 900 mm diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 4 kPa. A
vertical distance of 2.5 m separates the centers of the two pipes at the sections where the
pressures are measured. If 500 liters of water pass the motor each second, compute the
power supplied to the motor.

Problem 5.] Determine the velocity and discharge through the 150 mm diameter pipe
shown (a) assuming no head loss and (b) considering a head lost of 200 mm.
 58

CHAPTER VI
ORIFICE, WEIRS AND TUBES

By Bernoullis Equation:
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤

 Theoretical Velocity
𝑣22 𝑣12 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝑝2
= + + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑤 𝑤

𝑣12 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑣2 = √2𝑔 [ + + 𝑧1 ]
2𝑔 𝑤

 When water is stagnant

𝑣22
= 0 ; 𝑝1 = 0 ; 𝑝2 = 0
2𝑔
Where: H= 𝑧1 = h

Then 𝑣 𝑇 = √2𝑔𝐻
 59

 When water is moving

𝑣12
H= 𝑧1 + 2𝑔

Then,

𝑣 𝑇 = √2𝑔𝐻

 When water is inside the pipe but no current or not moving

𝑝1 − 𝑝2
H= 𝑧1 + 𝑤

Then,

𝑣 𝑇 = √2𝑔𝐻

 If the water is inside the pipe flowing

𝑣2 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
H= 2𝑔1 + [ ] + 𝑧1
𝑤

Then,

𝑣 𝑇 = √2𝑔𝐻

FOR ORIFICE

a= diameter of vena contracta

d d= diameter of orifice or opening
Then: Where:
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑉𝑡 𝐴𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑎 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑡 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶𝑄𝑡 𝑄𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
 60

𝐻𝑜

𝒗𝟐𝒂
𝟐𝒈

𝑣𝑎2
𝐻𝑜 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = Actual velocity head
2𝑔

H= Elevation Head

𝒗𝟐
H= 𝑯𝒐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒂

When,

𝑉𝑎 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔𝐻
𝑣2 1
H= 2𝑔𝑎 (𝐶 2 )
𝑣

Then,
𝑣2
H= 𝐻𝑜 + 2𝑔𝑎

𝑣𝑎2
𝐻𝑜 = 𝐻 −
2𝑔

𝑣2 1 𝑣2
𝐻𝑜 = 2𝑔𝑎 (𝐶 2 ) − 2𝑔𝑎
𝑣

𝒗𝟐 𝟏
𝑯𝒐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒂 (𝑪𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝒗

Or when,
𝑣𝑎2
= 𝐶𝑣2 𝐻
2𝑔
𝑯𝒐 = 𝑯 (𝑪𝟐𝒗 − 𝟏)
 61

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
 62

WEIRS
Sharp – crested & free flowing

 THEORITICAL FLOW
2 𝑣2 𝑣²
QT = 3 √2𝑔 L {(𝐻 + 2𝑔 ) − (2𝑔 )2/3}

 ACTUAL FLOW
𝑣ₐ2 𝑣ₐ²
Qa = CL {(𝐻 + 2𝑔 ) − (2𝑔 )2/3}

Where,
C = Correction Factor (0.80)
H = Head over Crest
L = Length of the crest = length of the channel
W c = width of the channel
d = height of the upstream = (P + H)
P = height of the weir
𝑉𝑐²
If ≅0
2𝑔

Qa = CLH3/2
 63

FRANCIS FORMULA
C’ = 0.622
Qa = 1.89 LH3/2
𝑣ₐ2 𝑣ₐ²
Qa = 1.89 {(𝐻 + ) − (2𝑔 )2/3}
2𝑔

 RECTANGULAR CONTRACTED WEIR

Qa = CLH3/2
0.10 H = francis correction for end contraction
Qa = 1.84 L’H3/2
Where,
L’ = L – (0.10 H) 2 = L – 2H’
 64

 TRINANGULAR OR V- NOTCH WEIR

 Theoretical Flow
8 𝜃
QT = 15 √2𝑔 tan 2 𝐻5/2

 Actual Flow
Qa = C𝐻 5/2
Where,
8 𝜃
C = C’ 15 √2𝑔 tan 2 if 𝜃 = 90o ; C = 0.60

Qa = 1.38 H5/2

BARNES FORMULA
Qa = 1.34 H3.48
C’t = correction factor for the triangular weir
NOTE:
𝜃 1
When tan 2 = , then weir is called Cipolletti weir,
4

Thus,
Qa = 1.86 LH3/2
 65

 TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR

Discharge
Q = Q R + QT
𝟐 𝟖 𝜽
Q = CR 𝟑 √𝟐𝒈𝑳𝑯3/2 + CT 𝟏𝟓 √𝟐𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 𝑯5/2

 FOR SUBMERGED WEIR

VILLEMONTE FORMULA
Qa = Q’ (1-5n)0.335
Where,
Q’ = discharge under head of H using the free flowing.
 66

 WEIR FORMULA

n = 1.5 = for rectangular weir

n = 2.0 = for triangular weir

𝐻′
s= 𝐻

 BROAD CRESTED WEIR

Qa = CLH3/2
Where,
𝑏
C = 1.49 for 2 <𝐻 < s
𝑏
C = 1.82 for <2
𝐻

 ROUNDED UPSTREAM WEIR

Qa = 1.71 LH3/2
 67

Problem 1. Water flows through an orifice at the vertical side of a large tank under a
constant head of 2.4m. How far horizontally from the vena contrata will the jet strikes the
ground 1.5m below the orifice?

Sol’n :

2.4

1.5m

?2.4

1
y = Vo sinѳ t± 2 𝑔𝑡 ²Eq.1

x = Vo cosѳ t Eq.2

Derive the formula When ѳ = 0

𝑥
Let, t =𝑉𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠ѳEq.3 1 𝑥² 1 𝑥²
-y = -2 𝑔 = -2 𝑔 𝑉𝑜²
𝑉𝑜 2 (1)

V₁ 𝑃₁ 𝑉 2 𝑃₂
Eq. 3 in 1 + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍₂
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
𝑥 1 𝑥
y = Vo sinѳ (𝑉𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ѳ) ± 2g (𝑉𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ѳ)2 𝑉𝑜 2
Z₁= 2𝑔 = 2.4 m
1 𝑥²
y = tanѳ x ± 2 𝑔(𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠²ѳ) Eq. 4
V₂= 6.86m/s = Vo

Then,
When, y = downward = -1.5 use(-)
1 𝑥2
1
-y= tanѳ x –2 𝑔
𝑥² -1.5 = -2 (9.81)(6.86² )
𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠²ѳ

x = 279 m
 68

Problem 2. A large cylindrical tank 4m high with its bottom on a level ground, contains
two layers of liquid. The bottom layer is water and 2meters deep. The top layer is
occupied by a liquid whose specific gravity is not known to a depth of 1meter. A 50 mm
diameter orifice with coefficient of velocity of 0.98 is situated one meter from the bottom of
the tank. The jet from the orifice hits ground 2.75 horizontally away from the vena
contrata. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid at the top layer.

Sol’n :

1 𝑥
y = tanѳ x -2 𝑔 𝑉𝑜² cos ²𝜃

But, y = -1m

x = 2.75m.

1 2.75²
-1 = -2 (9.81) (𝑉𝑜²(1)²)

Vo = 6.1 m/s

Vo = V₂

V₂ = 𝐶𝑣√2𝑔𝐻

V₂ = 0.98√2(9.81)𝐻

H = 1.97m

H = 1+1(S.G)

1.97 = 1+1(S.G)

S.G = 0.97
 69

Problem 3. A closed cylindrical tank 5m high contains 2.5 of water. A 100 mm circular
orifice in situation is situated 0.5m from its bottom. What air pressure must be maintained
in the space in order to discharge water at 10hp?

Sol’n :

P = QWE

𝑉²
E = 2𝑔

Q = AV
𝜋
Q= 4 (0.1)²𝑉₂

P = 10Hp x 0.76 = 7.46 kN

𝜋 𝑉₂²
7.46 = (0.1)²𝑉₂( )(9.810)
4 2(9.81)

V₂ = 12.38 m/s

V₁ 𝑃₁ 𝑉2 𝑃₂
+ + 𝐻 + 𝐻𝑝 = + + 𝐻. 𝐿 + 𝐻₂
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤(𝑠. 𝑔)

𝑃₁ (12.38)²
+2=
9,810(1) 2(9.810)

P₁ = 57.01 kPa
 70

Problem 1. A 900 V- notch is located at the end of the tank having a square section 10 m. If the
head is 1.20 m, how long will it take to discharge 100 m 3 of water over the weir?

Sol’n:

Vol. = 10(10)(1.20) = 120 m3

Vol. = 10(10) dH = 100 m3
dH = 1 m

if H = 1.20
H’ = 1.20 – 1
H’ = 0.20

Vdropped = Vorifice\weir
10 (10) dH = Qdt
100 dH = 1.38 H5/2 dt
100 dH
dt =
1.38 𝐻 5/2
5
−
1.20 100 𝐻 2
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0.20 1.38
𝑑𝑡
5
(− + 1)
100 𝐻 2 1.20
t= [ 5 ]
38 (− +1)
2
0.20
3
(− )
100 𝐻 2 1.20
t = 1.38 [ 3 ]
(− )
2
0.20
−100 1 1.20
t= 3 [ 3 ]
1.38( )
2 𝐻2 0.20

t = 500 sec.
 71

PROBLEM SOLVING
CHAPTER VI

Problem 1.] The discharge through a 75 mm diameter orifice at the bottom of a large tank
was measured be 1,734 liters in 1 minute. If the head over the orifice remain constant at
5.5 m, compute the coefficient of discharge.

Problem 2.] A 50 mm diameter circular sharp-edged orifice at the side of a tank

discharge water under a head of 3 m. If the coefficient of contradiction C c = 0.63 and the
head lost is 240 mm. Compute the discharge and the coefficients of velocity C v and
discharge C.

Problem 3.] A contracted rectangular weir is to be connected in a stream of water in

which the discharge varies from 55 to 1415 liters per second. Determine the length of the
weir, such that the measured head will never be less than 60mm or greater than one
third of the length of the weir.

Problem 4.] Find the length of a standard waste weir which will be large enough to
discharge a rainfall of 3cm per hour on a drainage area of 10sq.km. The head of the crest
of the weir is 1.20m. Use Francis formula.

Problem 5.] A standard short tube 100 in diameter discharge water under a head of 4.95
m. A small hole, tapped in the side of the tube 50 mm from the entrance, is connected
with the upper end of the piezometer tube the lower end of which is submerge in a pan of
mercury. Neglecting vapor pressure, to what height with the mercury rise in the tube?
Also determine the absolute pressure at the upper end of the piezometer tube.
 72

CHAPTER VII

FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

Types of steady flow

a.) Laminar flow : Re ≤ 2000
b.) Turbulent flow : Re ≥ 3000
Reynold’s # Re,
𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐷𝑃 𝑉𝐷𝑁
Re = = =
𝜗 𝜇 𝜇𝑔

Where :
V= mean velocity
D= diameter
𝜗= kinetic viscosity
µ= dynamic viscosity
Ϸ= density
g = gravitational force/ acceleleration

Velocity distribution
A.) Laminar Flow : Re ≤ 2000

B.) Turbent Flow : Re ≥ 3000

 73

Shearing stress of pipes walls

𝑓𝜌𝑉2 Ӡ- 𝑓𝑤𝑟 2
Ӡ= 8 8𝑔

Where:

Ӡ = shearing stress
𝜌 = density
M = mean

a.) due to sudden enlargement

𝑘𝑒𝑉12
He = 2𝑔

b.) due to bends

𝑘𝑏𝑣 2
Hb = 2𝑔

c.) due to the valves

𝐾𝑉𝑉 2
Hv = 2𝑔

HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY GRADINTS IN STRAIGHT PIPES

A.) Total energy at section

𝑃1 𝑉12
𝐸1 =𝑍1 + +
𝑊 2𝑔
 74

B.) Total energy at section 2

𝑃1 𝑉 22
𝐸2 = 𝑍2 + +
𝑤 𝑔

C.) Head losses between 1 and 2

ℎ𝐹 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2

D.) Slope of the energy grade line

𝐻𝑓
S= 𝐿

OTHER PIPES FORMULAS

𝑉 = C√𝑅𝑆

WHERE:

89 𝐴
C = √𝐹 ; R = 𝑃

R= hydraulic radius
A= cross sectional area
P= Wetted perimeter

MANNING’S EQUATION
1
V= 𝑛 𝑅2/3 𝑆 1/2

𝑉2
Kinetic head = 2𝑔

Potential head = P/W + Z

P = QWt
 75

PIPES IN SERIES CONNECTION

𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3

𝐻𝐿𝐴𝐷 = ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2 + ℎ𝑓3

PIPES IN PARALLEL

𝐻𝐿𝑎𝑑 = ℎ𝑓1 + {ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓3 = ℎ𝑓4 } + ℎ𝑓5

𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 + 𝑄4 = 𝑄5
 76

Problem 1.) Determine the discharge of the three cast-iron pipes connected in series
having a diameter of 15cm,20cm,and 25cm and have lengths of 300m, 400m, and 600m,
respectively. The total frictional loss is 5m. Use n=o.o11 for all pipes & neglected minor
losses.

Sol’n.

USE n= 0.011

10.3𝑛 2𝐿𝑄2
𝐻𝐹 = 𝐷16/3

𝐻𝐿𝐴𝐷 = ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2 + ℎ𝑓3 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3

10.3( 0.011)2 (300)𝑄2 10.3(0.011)2 (400)𝑄2 10.3(0.011)2 (600)𝑄2

5= + +
(𝑂.15)16/3 (0.20)16/3 (0.25)16/3

Q2 = 0.00038

Q = 0.02 m3/s
Or
Q = 20 L/s
 77

Problem 2.) The total flow in the pipe system flow is 440 L/s. Determine the total head
loss from a to d. Use f = 0.020 for all pipe shown.

Sol’n.

𝑓𝐿𝑣²
hf = 𝑑2𝑔
𝑂. 𝑂83 𝑓𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5

ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓3 = ℎ𝑓4

ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐷 = ℎ𝑓𝐴𝐵 + ℎ𝑓𝐵𝐶 + ℎ𝑓𝐶𝐷
𝑂.𝑂83 𝑓𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑄²𝐴𝐵 𝑂.𝑂83 𝑓𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑄²𝐵𝐶 𝑂.𝑂83 𝑓𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑄²𝐶𝐷
ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐷 = + +
𝐷5 𝐷5 𝐷5

ℎ𝑓3 = ℎ𝑓2
𝑂.𝑂83𝑓𝐿3 𝑄²3 𝑂.𝑂83𝑓𝐿2 𝑄²2
=
𝐷5 𝐷5
𝐿3 𝑄²3 𝐿2 𝑄²2
=
𝐷5 𝐷5
500 𝑄²3 600 𝑄²2
=
0.255 0.305

Q32 = 0.48 Q22

Q3 = 0.69 Q2

𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 + 𝑄4
0.440 = 𝑄2 + 0.69 𝑄2 + 𝑄4 Then,
0.440 = 1.69 𝑄2 + 𝑄4 → Eq.1 0.440 = 1.69 𝑄2 + 𝑄4
0.440 = 1.69 𝑄2 + 1.78 𝑄2
ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓4 Q2 = 0.13 m3/s
𝑂.𝑂83𝑓𝐿2 𝑄²2 𝑂.𝑂83𝑓𝐿4 𝑄²4
=
𝐷5 𝐷5
𝐿2 𝑄²2 𝐿4 𝑄²4
= Q2 = 127 L/s
𝐷5 𝐷5
600 𝑄²2 800 𝑄²4 Q3 = 87 L/s
= Q4 = 226 L/s
0.35 0.45

Q42 = 3.16 Q22

Q4 = 1.78 Q2 ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐷 = ℎ𝑓𝐴𝐵 + ℎ𝑓𝐵𝐶 + ℎ𝑓𝐶𝐷
𝑂.𝑂83 (0.020)(1000)(0.440)²
ℎ𝐿𝐴𝐷 = +
0.755
𝑂.𝑂83 (0.020)(800)(0.220)²
+
0.405
𝑂.𝑂83 (0.020)(700)(0.440)²
0.755

𝒉𝑳𝑨𝑫 = 8.91
 78

Reservoirs and Head losses Problem

Problem 3.) A reservoir is at elevation 240m from reservoir A and is connected by a pipe
450mm in diameter which is 600m long that leads to point B with elevation 210m. The
discharge on pipe 450m in diameter is 200 liters per second. At point B, the pipe branched
into 300mm in diameter that is 3900m long to reservoir C at elevation 195m, and into a pipe
with unknown diameter but with a length of 1200m and leads to reservoir D with elevation
135m. Neglecting minor losses in all pipes, determine the diameter of the pipe from point B to
reservoir D if the f = 0.02 for all pipes.

Solution:
 79

PROBLEM SOLVING
CHAPTER VII

Problem 1) Two parallel pipes are point at A and B and has diameters and lengths euqla
to 450mm, 300mm and 1800m, 600m, respectively. If the head loss from A to B is 3.60m,
determine the total flow from A to B f = 0.20.

Problem 2) Pipes 1, 2, 3 and 4 have lengths 0f 300m, 240m, 210m and 450m. Pipes 2
and 3 are laid in parallel, both drawing water from pipe 1 and discharging into pipe 4. If
pipes 1, 2 and 4 have diameters of 200mm, 150mm and 250mm, respectively, determine
the diameter of pipe 3 when the system has a Q = 45 liters per second and a total dead
loss from the start of pipe 1 to the end of pipe 4 equal to 8.0m assume f = 0.020 fro all
pipes.

Problem 3) The water surface in reservoir A is 6m higher than that in reservoir B. A

150mm diameter pipe which is 270m long leads from A to a point where it connects with
100mm diameter pipe that is 150m long which is connected to reservoir B. Both pipes
converge at a certain point and discharges into a 720m long and 200mm diameter pipe
that has a Q = 40lps. Compute the difference in elevation between the end of the 200mm
diameter pipe that discharges the water into the air and the water surface of reservoir A. f
= 0.011 for all pipes.

Problem 4) A new 450mm diameter cast iron pipe and 600m long carries a Q = 0.25m3/s
from reservoir A, discharging into two new cast iron pipes each 450m long. One pipe is
300mm in diameter and leads to reservoir B in which the water level is 4.5m lower than
that in A. If the water surface in reservoir C is 6m lower than that in A, compute the
diameter of the pipe leading to reservoir C. Assume f = 0.020 for all pipes.

Problem 5) Water flows through commercial steel annulus 30m. long as shown in the
figure. Neglecting minor losses, estimate the reservoir level “h” needed to maintain a flow
of 10 lit./sec. Assume f=0.0232.
 80

CHATER VIII
OPEN CHANNELS

Energy equation
@1
V1 ² P1
E1 = + +Z1
2g γ
@2
𝑉2 ² 𝑃2
𝐸2 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝛾
THEN
H.L = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + 𝐻1 𝐿1
𝑉1 ² 𝑃1 𝑉2 ² 𝑃2
2𝑔
+ 𝛾
+ 𝑍1 = 2𝑔
+ 𝛾
+ 𝑍2 + H.L Eq.1

But:
𝑃1 𝑃2
= 𝑑1 ; = 𝑑2 Eq. 2
𝑊 𝑊
𝐻.𝐿
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =𝑆 Eq. 3
𝐿

𝑍1 − 𝑍2
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = 𝑆0
2𝑔
𝑛 2𝑉 2 𝑛2 𝑉 2
𝑆1 = 4 ; 𝑆2 = 4
𝑅3 𝑅3
 81

Eq. 2 in 1
𝑉2
1 𝑉2
2
(2𝑔 − 2𝑔 ) + (𝑑1 − 𝑑2 ) + (𝑍1 − 𝑍2 ) = H.L Eq. 5

Eq. 3 & 4 in 5
𝑉2
1 2 𝑉2
(2𝑔 + 𝑑1 ) − (2𝑔 + 𝑑2 ) + 𝑆𝑂𝐿 = SL

1 𝑉2 2 𝑉2
L=[2𝑔 + 𝑑1 ] − [2𝑔 + 𝑑2 ]

S - So

Specific gravity in open channels

𝑉²
Es = 2𝑔 + d

Note: Es is measured from the streamlined open channel formula

V =𝐶√𝑅𝑆

Q =𝐶𝐴√𝑅𝑆

Common C formula

a.) Kutter’s C Where:

1 0.00155 p = wetted perimeter

+ 23 +
𝑛 𝑆
𝐶= 𝑛 0.00155 n = roughness coefficient
1+ 𝑅
(23 + 𝑆
)
√
m = barzon coefficient
b.) Barzen’s C R = hydraulic radius
87 S = slope of E.G.L.
𝐶= 𝑚
1+
√𝑅
R=A/P
c.) Manning formula V= 𝐶√𝑅𝑆

1 1 2/3 1/2
𝐶= 𝑅1/6 𝑉= 𝑅 𝑆
𝑛 𝑛
 82

Alternative stage of flow in the lower and upper stage of critical depth
q= Q/b

q= d√2𝑔(𝐸𝑠 − 𝑑 )
Where:
d= depth of a water
Es= energy

Critical depth, dc for rectangular section

dc= 2/3(Es)

3 𝑎2
dc= √
𝑔

Critical velocity

VC= √(𝑑𝑐𝑔 )

From non-rectangular section

𝑄2/𝑔 = 𝐴3/𝐵 = 𝑓𝑑𝑐

Triangular channel

A= ½(2dc)dc
A=dc2
 83

Hydraulic jumps:

Height of jump:
hj= d2-d1
Length of jump:
4.3d1≤ 𝐿𝑗 ≤ 5.2𝑑2
Energy loss:
hj= (V^2/2g+d1)-(v^2/2g+d2)
Power loss:
Pj=QWE ; E=hj
 84

Problem 1) Calculate the flow in an earth lined (n= 0.020) trapezoidal canal having
bottom with 4m., side slope 1:2 land on a slope of 0.001 and having a depth of 2m.
a.) Use manning’s C
b.) Use kutter’s, C

Sol’n.
Q = AV
1
A = 2(6+4)(2) = 10 m2 V = 51.34 √1.18 ( 0.001)
V = 1.76 m/s

Using mannings C: Q = AV

V = C√𝑅𝑆 Q = 10(1.76)
1 Q = 17.6 m3/s
C = 𝑛 R1/6

S = 0.001
Using kutter’s C:
𝐴
R=𝑃 1 0.00155
+23+
𝑛 0.001
C= 𝑛 0.00155
P = (4 + 2T) 1+ (237
√𝑅 0.001
)

T 2 = 22 + 12 C = 51.34
T = 2.24 m V = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆
P = (4 + 2) (2.24) V = 51.34 √1.18 (0.001)
P = 8.48
V = 1.76 m/s
10
R = 8.48 = 1.18 m Q = AV
1
C = 0.020(1.18)1/6 Q = 10(1.76)
Q = 17.6 m3/s
C = 51.34
 85

Problem 2. What uniform flow exerts in a circular brick condition 1.50 m in diameter when the depth of
flow is 60 cm if it is laid on a slope of 0.005. Use manning’s C and kutter’s C and n = 0.015.

Sol’n:

Q = AV

V = C√𝑅𝑆

Aseg = Asector = ATn

0.15 Aseg = Asector = ATn

Cos 𝛼 =
0.75

0.15 Aseg = 0.77 – 0.11

𝛼 = cos−1 (0.75)
Aseg = 0.66 m2
𝛼 = 78.46o

𝜃 = 2𝛼 𝜃
P = 2𝜋𝑟( )
360
𝜃 = 2(78.46) 157
P = 2𝜋(0.75)(360)
𝜃 = 157o
P = 2.06 m
𝑏
(2)2 = (0.75)2 – (0.15)2 R=
0.66
2.06
b = 1.47 m R = 0.32 m

𝜃 By manning’s C;
Asec = 𝜋𝑅²(360)
1
C = 𝑛R1/6
157
Asec = 𝜋(0.75)²(360) 1
C = 0.015(0.32)1/6
Asec = 0.77 m2
C = 55.14
V = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆
1
AT = 𝑏ℎ
2 V = 55.14√0.32(0.005)
1
AT = 2 (1.47)(0.15) V = 2.21 m/s
Q = AV
AT = 0.11 m2
Q = 0.66(2.21)
Q = 1.45 m3/s
 86

Problem 3. Determine the flow in a trapezoidal channel having base width of 4m and side slope of 1:1 if
the critical depth is 2.3m.

Sol’n:

Q² A³
=
g B
1
A = (b1 + b2)h
2
1
A = 2(4 + 8.6)(2.3)

A = 14.49 m2

B = (4 + 2.3 + 2.3)

B = 8.6 m

Q² (14.49)³
=
9.81 8.6
Q = 58.91 m3/s
 87

Problem 4) A reinforce concrete drainage is 2 m in diameter, was constructed w/o

uniform slope of 2:1000 and discharge to the sea. The figure below shows that during
heavy rainfall, the drainage discharge in 2.05 m3/s. Assume steady flow and n = 0.015.
Determine the distance between manhole 1 and 2.
Sol’n:
 88

PROBLEM SOLVING
CHAPTER VIII

Problem 1) A wide rectangular channel excavated from clean earth has a flow of 4.5
m^3/s per meter width. Determine the maximum specific gravity.

Problem 2) Determine the critical slope for a rectangular smooth concrete flume (n =
0.013) 4.5m. wide w/ch is to carry 4.5m^3/s meter width of channel.

Problem 3)Water is flowing at a depth of 1.5m. in a 3m. wide rectangular channel having
(n = 0.013) and s=0.0009. what is the stage of flow? Determine the critical depth, and
determine the critical slope.

Problem 4) Determine the flow in a trapezoidal channel having base width of 4m. and
side slope of 1:1 if the critical depth is 2.3m.

Problem 5) Water is moving with a velocity of 0.3m/s and a depth of 0.9m. in a

rectangular channel. It approaches a smooth rise in the channel bed of 0.3m. What
should the estimated depth be after the rise?
 89

CHAPTER IX
HYDRODYNAMICS
- Concrete of dynamic force on fixed object.

Qw
Px = (Vox – Vfx)
𝑔

Qw
Py = (Voy – Vfy)
𝑔

 Components of dynamic force on moving object.

Uo = Vo – V
Then,
Q′w
Px = (Vox – Vfx) @ Point 1
𝑔
Vox = Vo
Q′w Voy = 0
Py = (Voy – Vfy)
𝑔
 90

@ Point 2
Vfx = V + Uf cos Ѳ
Vfy = Vf sin Ѳ
Then,
Q = VoA
𝑄
A = Vo

Q’ = VoA
𝑄
Q’ = Uo (Vo)
Uo
Q’ = Vo 𝑄

 Components of the total force on a reducing bend.

1. Dynamic Force
2. Static Force

Qw
Px = (V1x – V2x)
𝑔

Qw
Py = (V1y – V2y)
𝑔

P = √𝑃𝑥 2 + 𝑃𝑦 2 - Resultant of dynamic force.

Rx = Px Sx
Ry = Py Sy

R = √𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
 91

STATIC FORCE
S1 = P1A1
S2 = P2A2
Sx = S1x – S2x

S = √𝑆𝑥 2 − 𝑆𝑦 2 - Static Force

DYNAMIC FORCE

1 2 L

QWV
F= 𝑔

W=F
QWV₂
But ; F2 = 𝑔

QWV₁
F1 = 𝑔

V22 = V12 ± 2gh

 92

Problem 1. A 6” by 6” vertical column fixed at the bottom is hit by a horizontal jet of water
1” in diameter at the point 8 ft from the bottom. The velocity of the stream is reduced to
zero upon striking the column. What is the velocity of the stream if the maximum fiber
stream in the column is 1116 psi?

Sol’n:
v
F

8 ft = L

Qw
P=F= (V1 – V2) Eq. 1
𝑔

Q = VA Eq. 2
M = FL - bending Eq. 3
f
M = 6 𝑏𝑑2 - flexure Eq. 4
𝜋 1
Q = AV = 4 (12) 𝑉

Q in Eq. 1
𝜋 1
( )𝑉 (62.4)𝑉
4 12
F= 32.2

F = 0.11V2 Eq. 5
Eq. 6 in Eq. 4
6 6
(1116)(144)( )( )²
12 12
M = FL 0.088 V2 = 6

M = (0011) V2 (8) V = 199.05 ft/s

M = 0.088 V2 Eq. 6
 93

Problem 2. Water under head of 100 ft issues vertically from a nozzle of one inch
diameter with CV = C = 0.98, compute the height to which can support weight of 50 lb.

Sol’n:

50 lb
100 ft Vf
F h
Vv

P = wh ∑ 𝑭𝒗 = 𝟎
F=W
H = 100 ft 0=F-W 𝑄𝑊𝑉
50 = 𝑔
Vn = CV √2𝑔𝐻 head of water 𝑥 1
(0.98)( )( )²Vn (64.2)Vn
4 12
50 = 32.2
Vn = 0.98 √2(32.2)(1000)
VN50 = 68.10 ft/s
Vn = 78.64 ft/s
𝑄𝑊𝑉𝑛
F= 𝑄𝑊𝑉𝑛
𝑔 F=
𝑔
Q = AV
𝜋 1 2
(0.98)( )( ) (64.2)(68.10)²
Aa = CcAg 4 12
F=
32.2
Vn = Cv√2𝑔ℎ
F = 50 lb
C = Cc Cv
Cc = 1
𝜋 1 2
VF2 = VN2 – 2gh
( ) (78.64)(62.4)(78.64)
4 12
F= (68.10)2 - (78.64)2 = 2(-32.2)h
32.2

F = 67.25 lb h = 24.02 ft
 94

PROBLEMS
CHAPTER IX

1. Find the thrust developed when water is pumped through a 300 mm diameter
pipe in the bow of boat at 2 m/s and emitted through a 200 mm diameter pipe in
the stern.

2. A 300 mm diameter pipe is connected to a 600 mm diameter water main by a

reducer. The velocity at the 300 mm pipe being 5 m/s and the pressure is 420
kPa. Neglect losses, find the resultant force exerted by water on the reducer.

3. A jet having a diameter of 50 mm and a velocity of 15 m/s is deflected by a

vane which is curved through an angle of 60 o and which is moving with a
velocity of 6 m/s in the same direction as the jet. Determine the X and Y
components of the force exerted by the jet and its direction and velocity as it
leaves the vane.

4. A jet of water flowing at the rate of 0.12 m3/s hits a vertical building wall
horizontally at close range with a force of 7000N. Determine the diameter of the
jet in mm.

5. A hose and nozzle discharges a horizontal water jet against a nearby vertical
plate. The flow rate of water is 0.03 m3/s, and the diameter of the nozzle tip is
30 mm. find the horizontal force necessary to hold the plate in place.
 95

References

Books

Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics for Computerized Engineering Licensure

Examination, 1996, Besavilla Jr. Venancio I.

Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Revised Edition, 2003, Gillesania, Diego

Inocencio T., ISBN 971-8614-28-1, GPP Gillesania Printing Press.

Internet Website

https://www.mathalino.com