Figure 2.

1 Software and hardware service layers in distributed systems

Applications, services

Middleware

Operating system
Platform

Computer and network hardware

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 1
 Figure 2.2 Clients invoke individual servers

Client invocation Server

invocation

result result
Server

Client
Key:
Process: Computer:

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 2
 Figure 2.3 A service provided by multiple servers
Service

Server
Client

Server

Client
Server

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 3
 Figure 2.4 Web proxy server

Client Web
server
Proxy
server

Client Web
server

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 4
 Figure 2.5 A distributed application based on peer processes

Application Application

Coordination Coordination
code code

Application

Coordination
code

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 5
 Figure 2.6 Web applets
a) client request results in the downloading of applet code

Client Web
server
Applet code

b) client interacts with the applet

Web
Client Applet server

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 6
 Figure 2.7 Thin clients and compute servers

Compute server
Network computer or PC

Thin network Application

Client Process

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 7
 Figure 2.8 Spontaneous networking in a hotel

Music
service Alarm
gateway service
Internet

Hotel wireless
network
Discovery
service
Camera

TV/PC Guest’s
Laptop PDA
devices

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 8
 Figure 2.9 Real-time ordering of event.

send receive receive

X
1 m1 4
m2
send
2 3 receive Physical
Y
receive time

send
Z
receive receive

m3 m1 m2
A
receive receive receive
t1 t2 t3

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 9
 Figure 2.10 Processes and channels

process p process q

send m receive

Communication channel
Outgoing message buffer Incoming message buffer

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 10
 Figure 2.11 Omission and arbitrary failures

Class of failure Affects Description

Fail-stop Process Process halts and remains halted. Other processes may
detect this state.
Crash Process Process halts and remains halted. Other processes may
not be able to detect this state.
Omission Channel A message inserted in an outgoing message buffer
never arrives at the other end’s incoming message
buffer.
Send-omission Process A process completes a send, but the message is not put
in its outgoing message buffer.
Receive- Process A message is put in a process’s incoming message
omission buffer, but that process does not receive it.
Arbitrary Process Process/channel exhibits arbitrary behaviour: it may
(Byzantine) or send/transmit arbitrary messages at arbitrary times,
channel commit omissions; a process may stop or take an
incorrect step.

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 11
 Figure 2.12 Timing failures

Class of Failure Affects Description

Clock Process Process’s local clock exceeds the bounds on
its rate of drift from real time.
Performance Process Process exceeds the bounds on the interval
between two steps.
Performance Channel A message’s transmission takes longer than
the stated bound.

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 12
 Figure 2.13 Objects and principals

Access rights Object

invocation

Client
result Server

Principal (user) Network Principal (server)

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 13
 Figure 2.14 The enemy

Copy of m

The enemy
m’
Process p m Process q
Communication channel

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 14
 Figure 2.15 Secure channels

Principal A Principal B

Process p Secure channel Process q

Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 ©Pearson Education 2001 15