AI TOOLS, TECHNIQUES &

APPLICATIONS

By
Dr. Yogananda Patnaik, M.tech PhD.
Asst. Professor MVGR College of Engineering (A)
Vizianagaram AP
 Course Introduction

 What is Artificial Intelligence?

 What is AI Technique?
 Course outline
 Introduction to modules
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
Father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, it is
“The science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-
controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar
manner the intelligent humans think.

AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how

humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem,
and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and systems.
 What is AI Technique?
In the real world, the knowledge has some properties:
 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
 It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
 It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge
efficiently in such a way that:
 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.
AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex
program it is equipped with.
 UNIT – I: INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
8hrs

 Concept of AI, history, Turing test, current status, scope, agents,

environments, Heuristic search, Depth First search, breadth
first search, Difference between convention and artificial
Intelligence Technique with example, Hill climbing, Branches of
Artificial intelligence, Knowledge Representation, Major
components of AI systems, Expert systems, Classification of
different search methods, Production system characteristics.
 Crisp & fuzzy sets- properties and operations, Fuzzification,
Membership functions and Defuzzification methods, Fuzzy rule
based system, Fuzzy toolbox using MATLAB, Fuzzy based PID
controller and Speed control of DC motor,
 Basics of genetics and fitness function, Terminology in Genetic
Algorithm, GA toolbox using MATLAB,
Minimization/maximization function, Design of Power System
Stabilizers using Genetic Algorithm.
UNIT-III: BASICS OF NEURAL NETWORK AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK LEARNING & TRAINING
12hrs
 Introduction- Biological neural networks, Artificial Neural network, Perceptron,
ADALINE, MADALINE, Model of an artificial neuron Activation functions, Hopfield
Network for Economic load dispatch, Architectures of Neural network, Radial Basis
function Characteristics-learning methods, Widrow Hoff /LMS, McCulloch & Pitts
model, Application of Neural Network.
 Back-propagation networks: architecture, Back propagation learning, Multilayer
perceptron, BP algorithm and effect of tuning parameters of BP algorithm,
Backpropagation learning-input layer, Momentum and learning rate, Calculation of
error, Selection of various parameters in BP networks, Training of ANN, Application of
BP algorithm and its limitations.
UNIT-IV: MACHINE LEARNING
 Introduction to Machine Learning, Regression (Simple Linear) and
Evaluation metrics in regression models, Model Evaluation in Regression,
Multiple Linear regression and Non Linear Regression, Introduction to
classification, KNN and Evaluation metrics. Decision Trees and Support
Vector, Machine Logistic Regression, Introduction to clustering-K-Means
Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering, Density-Based Clustering,
Recommendation systems- Content-based recommender systems
Collaborative Filtering.
 Decision Trees and Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression,
Introduction to clustering-K-Means Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering,
Density-Based Clustering, Recommendation systems- Content-based
recommender systems, Collaborative Filtering
UNIT – V: BASICS OF PYTHON AND ML USING PYTHON:

Introduction to Python and Basic syntax, Variables and Basic

Operators, Decision Making and Looping,Strings, Tuples, Lists
and Dictionary, Modules, Functions and File I/O, Numpy &
Pandas Libraries, Scikit-learn Library, Regression using Python,
Classification using Python, Clustering using Python.
TEXT BOOK:
 Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall,
2009.
 Rajasekaran and G.A. Vijayalakshmi Pai Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and Genetic Algorithms
Synthesis and Applications by S., PH India publication.
 Tom M. Mitchell Machine Learning, McGraw-Hill

REFERENCES:
 Timothy J. Ross, Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications by, Wiley India, 3rd edition.
 S. N. Sivanandam, Sumati.S, S.N. DEEPA, Introduction to fuzzy logic using MATLAB by
Springer
 S. N. Sivanandam, Sumati.S, S.N. Deepa, Introduction to Genetic algorithm by, Springer
 S. N. Sivanandam, Sumati.S, S.N. Deepa Introduction Neural Networks using MATLAB 6 by
McGraw-hill companies
 Simon Haykins Neural Networks 3rd ed by PHI
 Manohar Swamynathan Mastering Machine Learning with Python in six Steps by APRESS
 Sebastian Raschka Python Machine learning by PACKT Publishing- 2015
 Type of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence can be divided into three subfields:

 Artificial intelligence
 Machine learning
 Deep learning
 Machine Learning

 Machine learning is the art of study of

algorithms that learn from examples and experiences.
 Machine learning is based on the idea that there exist some patterns in the data that
were identified and used for future predictions.
 The difference from hardcoding rules is that the machine learns on its own to find such
rules.
 Deep learning
 Deep learning is a sub-field of machine learning. Deep learning does not mean the
machine learns more in-depth knowledge; it means the machine uses different layers to
learn from the data. The depth of the model is represented by the number of layers in
the model. For instance, Google LeNet model for image recognition counts 22 layers.
 In deep learning, the learning phase is done through a neural network. A neural
network is an architecture where the layers are stacked on top of each other.
 AI vs. Machine Learning

 Most of our smartphone, daily device or even the internet uses Artificial
intelligence. Very often, AI and machine learning are used
interchangeably by big companies that want to announce their latest
innovation. However, Machine learning and AI are different in some
ways.
 AI- artificial intelligence- is the science of training machines to perform
human tasks. The term was invented in the 1950s when scientists began
exploring how computers could solve problems on their own.
 Detail outline
• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Philosophy of AI
• Goals of AI
• What Contributes to AI?
• Programming Without and With AI
• What is AI Technique?
• Applications of AI
• History of AI
• What is Intelligence?
• Types of Intelligence
• What is Intelligence Composed of?
• Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence
 Philosophy of AI

While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the

curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine think
and behave like humans do?”

Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of

creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard
high in humans.
 Goals of AI

Goals of AI
 To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit
intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and
advice its users.
 To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines:
Creating systems that understand, think, learn,
and behave like humans.
 What Contributes to AI?

 Artificial intelligence is a science and technology

based on disciplines such as Computer Science,
Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and
Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the
development of computer functions associated with
human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and
problem solving.
 Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can
contribute to build an intelligent system.
Artificial intelligence
 Programming Without and With AI
Programming Without AI Programming With AI
A computer program without AI can A computer program with AI can answer
answer the specific questions it is
meant to solve. the generic questions it is meant to solve.
The programming without and with AI is different in
AI programs can absorb new
following ways:
Modification in the program leads to modifications by putting highly
change in its structure. independent pieces of information
together. Hence you can modify even a
minute piece of information of program
without affecting its structure.
Modification is not quick and easy. It
may lead to affecting the program Quick and Easy program modification.
adversely.
 Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as:
 Gaming
 AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker,
tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number
of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing
 It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
 Expert Systems
 There are some applications which integrate machine,
software, and special information to impart reasoning and
advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.
 Vision Systems
 These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual
input on the computer. For example,
 A spying aeroplane takes photographs which are used to
figure out spatial information or map of the areas.
 Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
 Police use computer software that can recognize the face of
criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.
 Speech Recognition
 Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their
meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different
accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in
 Handwriting Recognition
 The handwriting recognition software reads the text
written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can
recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into
editable text.

 Intelligent Robots
 Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.
They have sensors to detect physical data from the real
world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound,
bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors,
multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence.
 History of AI
 Here is the history of AI during 20th century:
Year Milestone / Innovation

1923 Karel Čapek’s play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in London, first use of the word "robot"
in English.

1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.

1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.

Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and published Computing Machinery and
Intelligence. Claude Shannon published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.
1950

John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the first running AI program at
1956 Carnegie Mellon University.

1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand natural language well enough to
1964 solve algebra word problems correctly.
 The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of
1973 using vision to locate and assemble models.

1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.
1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.
Major advances in all areas of AI:
 Significant demonstrations in machine learning
 Case-based reasoning
 Multi-agent planning
 Scheduling
 Data mining, Web Crawler
 natural language understanding and translation
1990
 Vision, Virtual Reality
 Games

1997 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.
Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face that
expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.
2000
 What is Intelligence?

The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive

relationships and analogies, learn from experience,
store and retrieve information from memory, solve
problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural
language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new
situations.
 Types of Intelligence
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental
psychologist, the Intelligence comes in multifold
Intelligence Description Example
Linguistic The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of phonology (speech
intelligence sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning).
Narrators, Orators
The ability to create, communicate with, and understand meanings made of Musicians, Singers,
sound,understanding of pitch, rhythm. Composers
Musical intelligence
Logical- mathematical The ability of use and understand relationships in the absence of action or Mathematicians, Scientists
intelligence objects. Understanding complex and abstract ideas.

The ability to perceive visual or spatial information, change it, and re-create Map readers,
visual images without reference to the objects, construct 3D images, and to Astronauts, Physicists
move and rotate them.
Spatial intelligence

Bodily-Kinesthetic The ability to use complete or part of the body to solve problems or fashion
intelligence products, control overfine and coarse motor skills, and manipulate the objects.
Players, Dancers
Intra-personal intelligence The ability to distinguish among one’s own feelings, intentions, and Gautam Buddha
motivations.
Interpersonal The ability to recognize and make distinctions among other Mass Communicators,
intelligence people’s feelings, beliefs, and intentions. Interviewers

You can say a machine or a system is

artificially intelligent when it is equipped with
at least one and at most all intelligences in it.
What is Intelligence Composed of?

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of:

 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence
Let us go through all the components briefly:
• Reasoning: It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for
judgement, making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types:
 Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning
It starts with a general
It conducts specific observations statement and examines the
to makes broad general possibilities to reach a specific,
statements. logical conclusion.

Even if all of the premises are If something is true of a class of

true in a statement, inductive things in general, it is also true
reasoning
Example: allows for the for all members of that class.
Example:
“Nita is a teacher.
conclusion to be false.
All teachers are "All women of age above 60
studious. Therefore, years are grandmothers.
Shalini is 65 years.
Nita is studious.” Therefore, Shalini is a
grandmother."
Learning: It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying,
practising, being taught, or experiencing something. Learning
enhances the awareness of the subjects of the study.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-
enabled systems. Learning is categorized as:
Auditory Learning: It is learning by listening and hearing. For
example, students listening to recorded audio lectures.
Episodic Learning: To learn by remembering sequences of events
that one has witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.
 Motor Learning: It is learning by precise movement of
muscles. For example, picking objects, Writing, etc.

 Observational Learning: To learn by watching and

imitating others. For example, child tries to learn by
mimicking her parent.
 Perceptual Learning: It is learning to recognize stimuli that one
has seen before. For example, identifying and classifying objects
and situations.
Relational Learning: It involves learning to differentiate among
various stimuli on the basis of relational properties, rather than
absolute properties. For Example, Adding ‘little less’ salt at the time
of cooking potatoes that came up salty last time, when cooked with
adding say a tablespoon of salt.
Spatial learning: It is learning through visual stimuli such as images,
colors, maps, etc. For Example, A person can create roadmap in
mind before actually following the road.
Stimulus-Response Learning: It is learning to perform a particular
behavior when a certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog
raises its ear on hearing doorbell.
 Problem solving:
 Problem solving: It is the process in which one perceives
and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present
situation by taking some path, which is blocked by
known or unknown hurdles.
 Problem solving also includes decision making, which is
the process of selecting the best suitable alternative out
of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are
available.
 Perception:

 Perception: It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting,

and organizing sensory information.
 Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by
sensory organs. In the domain of AI, perception mechanism puts
the data acquired by the sensors together in a meaningful
manner.
 Linguistic Intelligence:

 Linguistic Intelligence: It is one’s ability to use,

comprehend, speak, and write the verbal and written
language. It is important in interpersonal communication.
 Difference between Human and
Machine Intelligence
Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence
 Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by
set of rules and data.
 Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it
by searching algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is
easy to remember, store and recall as its pattern is simple.
 Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of
it is missing or distorted; whereas the machines cannot correctly.
 Task Domains of Artificial Intelligence

Mundane (Ordinary) Tasks Formal Tasks Expert Tasks

Perception  Mathematics  Engineering

 Computer Vision
 Geometry  Fault finding
 Logic
 Integration and
Differentiation

 Speech, Voice  Manufacturing

 Monitoring
 Humans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks since their birth.
They learn by perception, speaking, using language, and
locomotives. They learn Formal Tasks and Expert Tasks
later, in that order.
 For humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to learn. The
same was considered true before trying to implement
mundane tasks in machines. Earlier, all work of AI was
concentrated in the mundane task domain.
 Later, it turned out that the machine requires more
knowledge, complex knowledge representation, and
complicated algorithms for handling mundane tasks. This is
the reason why AI work is more prospering in the Expert
Task domain now, as the expert task domain needs expert
knowledge without common sense, which can be easier to