Missouri University of Science and Technology

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International Specialty Conference on Cold- (2006) - 18th International Specialty Conference

Formed Steel Structures on Cold-Formed Steel Structures

Oct 26th, 12:00 AM

Introduction
Roger A. LaBoube
Missouri University of Science and Technology, laboube@mst.edu

Wei-wen Yu
Missouri University of Science and Technology, wwy4@mst.edu

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LaBoube, Roger A. and Yu, Wei-wen, "Introduction" (2006). International Specialty Conference on Cold-
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 Continuing Education

Eighteenth International Specialty Conference on

Cold-Formed Steel Structures

RECENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTS IN

COLD-FORMED STEEL
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Held in Orlando, Florida

October 26 & 27, 2006

Edited by
Roger A. LaBoube and Wei-Wen Yu

Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering

University of Missouri - Rolla
Rolla, Missouri

i
 Presented by

Department of Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering

Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures
University of Missouri-Rolla

Sponsored by
American Iron and Steel Institute
Metal Building Manufacturers Association
Metal Construction Association
Rack Manufacturers Institute
Steel Deck Institute
Steel Stud Manufacturers Association
University of Missouri-Rolla

In Cooperation with
ASCE Committee on Cold-Formed Members
Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute, Canada
SSRC Task Group on Thin-Walled Metal Construction
University of Strathclyde, Scotland, UK
Centre for Advanced Structural Engineering
of the University of Sydney, Australia

Conference Directors
Roger A. LaBoube, Director
Wei-Wen Yu, Co-Director
Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel Structures
University of Missouri-Rolla

Planning Committee
D. Allen – representative of SSMA
R.L. Brockenbrough - R.L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc.
H.H. Chen - representative of the American Iron and Steel Institute
J. Crews – Unarco Material Handling Inc.; Representative of RMI
W.S. Easterling – Virginia Tech
D.S. Ellifritt - University of Florida
S.R. Fox - representative of CSSBI, Canada
G.J. Hancock - representative of the University of Sydney, Australia
R.B. Haws - NUCONSTEEL
D.L. Johnson - Consultant
R.A. LaBoube - UMR; Conference Director
J.W. Larson – representative of the American Iron and Steel Institute
J. A. Mattingly - Nicholas J. Bouras, Inc.; representative of MCA
T.B. Pekoz - Cornell University
J. Rhodes - representative of the University of Strathclyde, Scotland, UK
B.W. Schafer – Johns Hopkins University; representative of
SSRC Task Group on Thin-Walled Metal Construction
W.E. Schultz – Nucor Research and Development; representative of SDI
P.A. Seaburg – Southern Illinois University - Edwardsville
W.L. Shoemaker - representative of MBMA
T. Sputo – Sputo and Lammert Engineering, LLC;
Representative of ASCE Committee on Cold-Formed Members
W.W. Yu - UMR; Conference Co-Director; representative of the Wei-Wen Yu Center
for Cold-Formed Steel Structures

ii
 CONTENTS
Preface.............................................................................................................v
Program......................................................................................................... vi
Biography of Don S. Wolford ..................................................................... xiv

TECHNICAL SESSION No. 1

Element and Cross-Section Behavior
Elastic Post-Buckling Behavior of Uniformly Compressed Plates
M.C.M. Baker, M. Rosmanit, and H. Hofmeyer........................1
Direct Strength Method for Lipped Channel Columns and Beams
Affected by Local-Plate/Distortional Interaction
N. Silvestre, P. Dinis, and D. Camotim......................................17
Buckling Analysis of Cold-Formed Steel Members Using
CUFSM: Conventional and Constrained Finite Strip Methods
B.W. Schafer and S. Adany .....................................................39
A Detailed Examination of Interactive Buckling
in Plain Channel Sections
A. Aziz, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, and D. Nash ....................55
Post Buckling in the Distortional Mode and Buckling
Mode Interaction of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled
Sections with Edge Stiffeners
D.C.Y. Yap and G.J. Hancock.................................................71

TECHNICAL SESSION NO. 2

Flexural Members
Finite Element Modeling of Cold-Formed Steel Beams:
Validation and Application
C. Yu and B.W. Schafer ......................................................... 89
Effective Width Method Based Design for Distortional
Buckling of Cold-Formed Steel Beams
C. Yu and T. Lokie ................................................................105
Increasing the Strength and Stiffness of Cold-Formed Hollow
Flange Channel Sections for Web Crippling
T. Wilkinson, P. Liu, J. Magpayo, and H. Nguyen ...............119
Distortional Buckling of Simple Lipped Channel
in Bending –Results of the Experimental Analysis
versus Direct Strength Methods
C.E. Javaroni and R.M. Goncalves........................................133
Lateral Distortional Buckling Behaviour of a
New Cold-Formed Hollow Flange Channel Section
D. Mahaarachchi and M. Mahendran ....................................147
Section Moment Capacity of a New Cold-Formed
Hollow Flange Channel Section
M. Mahendran and D. Mahaarachchi........................................163

i
 Finite Element Analysis of Web Crippling
Behaviour of Cold-Formed Steel Flexural Members
M. Macdonald, M.A. Heiyantuduwa,
and J. Rhodes ...........................................................................177
Parameter Study for the First-Generation Sheeting
Failure using a Theoretical and FE Model
H. Hofmeyer, M. Rosmanit, and M.C.M Bakker ......................191

TECHNICAL SESSION NO. 3

Floor Joists and Floor Joist Assemblies
The Strength of Stiffened CFS Floor Joist Assemblies
with Offset Loading
S.R. Fox .................................................................................205
iSPAN, A Light Steel Floor System
D.M. Fox, R.M. Schuster, and R.M. Strickland.....................221
The Strength of CFS Floor Assemblies with Clip Angle
Bearing Stiffeners
S.R Fox ..................................................................................239
Vibration Characteristics and Acceptability of
Cold-Formed Steel Joists
Y.F. Chen...............................................................................253

TECHNICAL SESSION NO. 4

Compression Members
Impact of Holes on the Elastic Buckling
of Cold-Formed Steel Columns with Application
to the Direct Strength Method
C.D. Moen and B.W. Schafer ................................................269
Cold-Formed Steel Angles Under Axial Compression
G.M.B. Chodraui, Y. Shifferaw,
M. Malite and B.W. Schafer .....................................................285

TECHNICAL SESSION NO. 5

Rack and Frame Structures
Stability of Cold-Formed Steel Storage Racks
under Variable Loading
L. Xu, X.H. Wang and H.L. Wang .......................................301
Buckling Behavior of Cold-Formed Scaffolding Tubes
A. Hubner and H. Saal...........................................................315
GBT-Based Analysis of the Local and Global Buckling
Behavior of Cold-Formed Steel Frames
C. Basaglia, D. Camotim and N. Silvestre ............................331
Cold-Formed Steel Pitched-Roof Portal Frames of
Back-to-Back Plain Channel Sections and Bolted Joints
A. Stratan, Z. Nagy, and D. Dubina.......................................351

ii
 Development of a Portal Frame System on the Basis
of Component Testing
J. Rhodes and R. Burns..........................................................367

TECHNICAL SESSION NO. 6

Design Standards and Guides Development
A Design Guide for Bracing Cold-Formed Steel Structures
T. Sputo and J. Turner ...........................................................387
AISI Standards for Cold-Formed Steel Framing
J.W. Larson............................................................................397
AISI Test Procedures for Cold-Formed Steel Structural
Members and Connections
H. Chen, R.A. LaBoube,
T.M. Murray and T. Sputo.....................................................415
Organizations and the Move Toward Standardization
in the North American Cold-Formed Steel Framing Industry
D. Allen .................................................................................425
The New SDI Diaphragm Design Manual
D.Li........................................................................................437
MBMA-Sponsored Cold-Formed Steel Research
50th Anniversary Retrospective
W.L. Shoemaker ....................................................................453
Designing Cold-Formed Steel Using
the Direct Strength Method
B.W. Schafer .........................................................................475

TECHNICAL SESSION NO. 7

Building Roof Systems
Component Stiffness Method to Predict Lateral Restraint Forces
in End Restraint Single Span Z-Section Supported Roof Systems
with One Flange Attached to Sheathing
M.W. Seek and T.M. Murray ................................................491
Influence of Non-Structural Components on Roof Diaphragm
Stiffness of Single-Storey Steel Buildings
S. Mastrogiuseppe, C.A. Rogers,
R. Tremblay and C.D. Nedisan..............................................507
Analysis of Conventionally Framed Hip Roofs Using
Cold-Formed Steel Members
L. Waldo, S.F. Stephens and R.A. LaBoube ............................533
Investigation of the Shear Stiffness of Profiled Steel
Sheeting Diaphragms with Only Two Edges Fastened
M. Duerr and H. Saal ................................................................549

iii
TECHNICAL SESSION NO. 8
Wall Studs and Stud Assemblies
Accumulation of Bracing Strength and Stiffness
Demand in Cold-Formed Steel Stud Walls
T. Sputo and K. Beery ............................................................561
Local and Distortional Buckling of Cold-Formed
Steel Studs Using Direct Strength
J. Tovar and T .Sputo...................…..............……....………577
Longwave Buckling of Cold-Formed Steel Studs
Using Direct Strength
T. Sputo and J. Tovar.............................................................589
Lateral Response of Sheathed Cold-Formed Shear Walls:
An Analytical Approach
L. Fiorino, G. Della Corte
and R. Landolfo ............................. ………………………….603
A Simplified Method of Evaluating Lateral Strengths of Shear
Wall Panels with Cold-Formed Steel Framing
L. Xu and J. Martinez ............................................................621
Testing and Design of Light Gauge Steel Frame/9mm
OSB Panel Shear Walls
C. Blais and C.A. Rogers .........................................................637
Web Crippling of Sigma-Shaped Metal Studs
in a Wall Assembly
M.S. Boylan, E.A. Sumner,
N.A. Rahman and E.R. di Girolamo.........................................663
TECHNICAL SESSION NO. 9
Connections
Shear Lag Effect on Bolted L-Shaped
Metal Studs in a Wall Assembly
C.L. Pan .................................................................................679
Single Bolted Tension Member Design:
A New Approach
D.M. Fox and R.M. Schuster .................................................695
The Influence of Insulation on the Shear Strength
of Screw Connections
A.R. Lease and W.S. Easterling.............................................715

iv
 PREFACE

Cold-formed steel members have been used in virtually every area of

construction. In order to review the research findings and the design methods
developed in this field, 17 International Specialty Conferences on Cold-Formed
Steel Structures have been held since 1971.
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of
design standards and in research studies of cold-formed steel members and
structural systems throughout the world. The Eighteenth International Specialty
Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures was held in Orlando, Florida on
October 26 & 27, 2006. It was sponsored by the American Iron and Steel Institute
(AISI), Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA), Metal Construction
Association (MCA), Rack Manufacturers Institute (RMI), Steel Deck Institute
(SDI), Steel Stud Manufacturers Association (SSMA), and the University of
Missouri-Rolla (UMR) in cooperation with the American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE) Committee on Cold-Formed Members, Canadian Sheet Steel Building
Institute (CSSBI), Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC) Task Group on
Thin-Walled Metal Construction, the University of Strathclyde in Scotland and the
Centre for Advanced Structural Engineering of the University of Sydney in
Australia.
This publication contains 45 papers presented at the conference. These
papers not only report the results of recent research but also discuss the technical
developments in cold-formed steel design and construction.
As Directors of the Conference, we are very grateful to all the sponsors and
supporting organizations for their financial and technical support and to all authors
for their contributions in the field of cold-formed steel structures. Appreciation is
also due to members of the Planning Committee (D. Allen. R.L. Brockenbrough,
H.H. Chen, J. Crews, W.S. Easterling, D.S. Ellifritt, S.R. Fox, G.J. Hancock, R.B.
Haws, D.L. Johnson, R.A. LaBoube, J.W. Larson, J.A. Mattingly, T.B. Pekoz, J.
Rhodes, B.W. Schafer, W.E. Schultz, P.A. Seaburg, W.L. Shoemaker, T. Sputo and
W.W. Yu) for review and selection of papers and their advice in preparation of the
conference. We would also like to thank all of the session chairpersons listed in the
program for their time and effort.
Special thanks are extended to Mrs. Christina Stratman and Mrs. Jaymie
Greenway for their assistance in preparing this publication.

Roger A. LaBoube

Wei-Wen Yu

v
 PROGRAM

Wednesday, October 25, 2006

6-9 p.m. Registration: Rosen Centre Hotel

Thursday, October 26, 2006

7 a.m. – 4 p.m. Registration: Rosen Centre Hotel

8:00 a.m. Welcoming Remarks:

R.A. LaBoube, University of Missouri-Rolla

8:15 a.m. Remembering Don Wolford

W.W. Yu, University of Missouri-Rolla

8:30 a.m. Technical Session No. 1

Element and Cross Section Behavior

Chairpersons:
W.S. Easterling, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
D.L. Johnson, Maus Engineering, Wolfeboro, NH, USA

“Elastic Post-Buckling Behavior of Uniformly Compressed Plates”

M.C.M. Bakker, M.Rosmanit, and H. Hofmeyer, Technische Universiteit
Eindhoven, Einhoven, The Netherlands

“Direct Strength Method for Lipped Channel Columns and Beams

Affected by Local-Plate/Distortional Interaction”
N. Silvestre, P. Dinis, and D. Camotim, Technical University of Lisbon,
Lisbon, Portugal

“Buckling Analysis of Cold-Formed Steel Members Using CUFSM:

Conventional and Constrained Finite Strip Methods”
B.W. Schafer, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD, USA; and S. Adany,
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

“A Detailed Examination of Interactive Buckling in Plain Channel

Sections”
A. Aziz and J. Rhodes, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland; M.
Macdonald, Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland; and D. Nash,
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland

vi
 “Post-Buckling in the Distortional Mode and Buckling Mode Interaction
of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Sections with Edge Stiffeners”
D.C.Y. Yap and G.J. Hancock, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

9:45 a.m. Break

10:15 a.m. Technical Session No. 2

Flexural Members

Chairpersons:
D.S. Ellifritt, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
R.M. Schuster, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

“Finite Element Modeling of Cold-Formed Steel Beams: Validation and

Application”
C. Yu, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA; and B.W. Schafer, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

“Effective Width Method Based Design for Distortional Buckling of Cold-

Formed Steel Beams”
C.Yu and T. Lokie, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA

“Increasing the Strength and Stiffness of Cold-Formed Hollow Flange

Channel Sections for Web Crippling”
T. Wilkinson, P. Liu, J. Magpayo, and H. Nguyen, University of Sydney,
Sydney, Australia

“Distortional Buckling of Simple Lipped Channel in Bending - Results of

the Experimental Analysis Versus Direct Strength Methods”
C.E. Javaroni, UNESP, SP, Brazil; and R.M. Goncalves, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

“Lateral Distortional Buckling Behaviour of a New Cold-Formed Hollow

Flange Channel Section”
D. Mahaarachchi and M. Mahendran, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

“Section Moment Capacity of a New Cold-Formed Hollow Flange Channel

Section”
M. Mahendran and D. Mahaarachchi, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

vii
 “Finite Element Analysis of Web Crippling Behaviour of Cold-Formed
Steel Flexural Members”
M. Macdonald and M.A. Heiyantuduwa, Glasgow Caledonian University,
Glasgow, Scotland; and J. Rhodes, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,
Scotland

“Parameter Study for First-Generation Sheeting Failure using a

Theoretical and FE Model”
H. Hofmeyer, M. Rosmanit, and M.C.M. Bakker, Technische Universiteit
Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

12:15 p.m. Lunch

1:30 p.m. Technical Session No. 3

Floor Joists and Floor Joist Assemblies

Chairpersons:
T. Sputo, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
W.E. Schultz, NUCOR Research and Development, Norfolk, NE, USA

“The Strength of Stiffened CFS Floor Joist Assemblies with Offset

Loading”
S.R. Fox, Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute, Cambridge, Ontario,
Canada

“iSPAN, A Light Steel Floor System”

D..M. Fox, iSPAN, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; R.M. Schuster,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and M.R. Strickland,
Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada.

“The Strength of CFS Floor Assemblies with Clip Angle Bearing

Stiffeners”
S.R. Fox, Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada

“Vibration Characteristics and Acceptability of Cold-Formed Steel Joists”

Y.F. Chen, Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA

2:30 p.m. Technical Session No. 4

Compression Members

Chairpersons:
J. Rhodes, University of Stratclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
B.W. Schafer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

viii
 “Impact of Holes on the Elastic Buckling of Cold-Formed Steel Columns
with Application to the Direct Strength Method”
C. Moen and B.W. Schafer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

“Cold-Formed Steel Angles Under Axial Compression”

G.M.B. Chodraui, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Y. Shifferaw,
Johns HopkinsUniversity, Baltimore, MD, USA; M. Malite, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and B.W. Schafer, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, USA

3:00 p.m. Break

3:30 p.m. Technical Session No. 5

Rack and Frame Structures

Chairpersons:
J. Crews, Unarco Material Handling, Springfield, TN, USA
S.R. Fox, Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada

“Stability of Cold-Formed Steel Storage Racks under Variable Loading”

L. Xu, X.H. Wang, and H.L.Wang, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ontario,Canada

“Buckling Behavior of Cold-Formed Scaffolding Tubes”

A. Hubner and H. Saal, Universitat Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

“GBT-Based Analysis of the Local and Global Buckling Behavior of Cold-

Formed Steel Frames”
C. Basaglia, D. Camotim, and N. Silvestre, Technical University of Lisbon,
Lisbon, Portugal

“Cold-Formed Steel Pitched-Roof Portal Frames of Back-to-Back Plain

Channel Sections and Bolted Joints”
A. Stratan, Z. Nagy, and D. Dubina, Politehnica of Timisoara, Timisoara,
Romania

“Development of a Portal Frame System on the Basis of Component

Testing”
J. Rhodes, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland; and R. Burns,
Metsec PLC., Birmingham, UK

4:45 p.m. Adjourn

ix
5:30 – 6:30 p.m. Reception: Sponsored by
American Iron and Steel Institute
Metal Building Manufacturers Association
Metal Construction Association
Rack Manufacturers Institutes
Steel Deck Institute
Steel Stud Manufacturers Association

Friday, October 27, 2006

7 a.m. – Noon Registration: Rosen Centre Hotel

8:30 a.m. Technical Session No. 6

Design Standards and Guides Development

Chairpersons:
R. L. Brockenbrough, R.L. Brockenbrough and Associates, Pittsburgh, PA,
USA
W.W. Yu, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO, USA

“A Design Guide for Bracing Cold-Formed Steel Structures”

T. Sputo, Sputo and Lammert Engineering, Gainesville, FL, USA; and J.
Turner, Ground Floor Engineering, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA

“AISI Standards for Cold-Formed Steel Framing”

J.W. Larson, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C., USA

“AISI Test Procedures for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members and

Connections”
H. Chen, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C., USA;
R.A.LaBoube, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO, USA; T.M. Murray,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; and T. Sputo, University of Florida,
Gainsville, FL, USA

“Organizations and the Move Toward Standardization in the North

American Cold-Formed Steel Framing Industry”
D. Allen, Steel Framing Alliance, Steel Stud Manufacturers Association,
Washington, D.C., USA

“The New SDI Diaphragm Design Manual”

D. Li, Canam Steel Corporation, Point of Rocks, MD, USA

“MBMA-Sponsored Cold-Formed Steel Research 50th Anniversary

Retrospective”
W.L. Shoemaker, Metal Building Manufacturers Association, Cleveland, OH,
USA

x
 “Designing Cold-Formed Steel Using the Direct Strength Method”
B.W. Schafer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

10:15 a.m. Break

10:45 a.m. Technical Session No. 7

Building Roof Systems

Chairpersons:
W.L. Shoemaker, Metal Building Manufacturers Association, Cleveland, OH,
USA
R.B. Haws, NUCONSTEEL, Denton, TX, USA

“Component Stiffness Method to Predict Lateral Restraint Forces in End

Restraint Single Span Z-Section Supported Roof Systems with One Flange
Attached to Sheathing”
M.W. Seek and T.M. Murray, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

“Influence of Non-Structural Components on Roof Diaphragm Stiffness of

Single-Story Steel Buildings”
S. Mastrgiuseppe and C.A. Rogers, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and
R. Tremblay and C.D. Nedisan, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, Canada

“Analysis of Conventionally Framed Hip Roofs Using Cold-Formed Steel

Members”
L. Waldo, KPFF Consulting Engineers, San Diego, CA, USA; S.F. Stephens,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; and R.A. LaBoube, University
of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO, USA

“Investigation of the Shear Stiffness of Profiled Steel Sheeting Diaphragms

with Only Two Edges Fastened”
M. Duerr and H. Saal, Universitat Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

11:45 a.m. Lunch

1:00 p.m. Technical Session No. 8

Wall Studs and Wall Stud Assemblies

Chairpersons:
D. Allen, Steel Stud Manufacturers Association, Washington, D.C., USA
J.W. Larson, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C., USA

“Accumulation of Bracing Strength and Stiffness Demand in Cold-Formed

Steel Stud Walls”
T. Sputo and K. Beery, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA

xi
 “Local and Distortional Buckling of Cold-Formed Steel Studs Using Direct
Strength”
J. Tovar, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; and T. Sputo, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

“Longwave Buckling of Cold-Formed Steel Studs Using Direct Strength”

T. Sputo, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA; and J. Tovar, University
of Texas, Austin, TX, USA

“Lateral Response of Sheathed Cold-Formed Shear Walls: An Analytical

Approach”
L. Fiorino, G. Della Corte, and R. Landolfo, University of Naples “Federico
II”, Naples, Italy

“A Simplified Method of Evaluating Lateral Strengths of Shear Wall

Panels with Cold-Formed Steel Framing”
L. Xu and J. Martinez, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

“Testing and Design of Light Gauge Steel Frame/9mm OSB Panel Shear
Walls”
C. Blais and C.A. Rogers, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

“Web Crippling of Sigma-Shaped Metal Studs in a Wall Assembly”

M.S. Boylan and E.A. Sumner, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,
USA; and N.A. Rahman and E.R. diGirolamo, The Steel Network, Raleigh,
NC, USA

2:45 p.m. Technical Session No. 9

Connections

Chairpersons:
J. Mattingly, Nicholas J. Bouras, Inc., Summit, NJ, USA

H. Chen, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C., USA

“Shear Lag Effect on Bolted L-Shaped Cold-Formed Steel Tension

Members”
C.L. Pan, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.

“Single Bolted Tension Member Design - A New Approach”

D.M. Fox and R.M. Schuster, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada

“The Influence of Insulation on the Shear Strength of Screw Connections”

A.R. Lease, Cives Steel Corp., Winchester, VA, USA; and W.S. Easterling,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

xii
3:30 p.m. Closing Remarks:
R.A. LaBoube, University of Missouri-Rolla

3:45 p.m. Adjournment

xiii
 In Memory of
DON S. WOLFORD
1912 - 2006

xiv
 BIOGRAPHY OF DON S. WOLFORD
(1912 - 2006)

Private Life

Mr. Donovan Semler Wolford was born June 5, 1912 in Indianapolis, Indiana.
He was the only child of Emory Charles and Martha (Semler) Wolford. In 1917,
his family moved to Troy, Ohio, where he graduated from Troy High School in
1930. He received his bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Ohio
State University in 1934 and his ME in 1944. Upon leaving college, Don
accepted an engineering position at Waco Aircraft Company, Troy, Ohio. Since
1935, he was employed by Armco Steel Corporation (formerly American
Rolling Mill Company) Research Center in Middletown, Ohio. He retired at
Armco in June 1977. During a period of 42 years in steel industry, he held
various engineering positions at Armco including Research Assistant, Junior
Research Engineer, Research Engineer, Senior Research Engineer (1935 –
1957); Supervising Research Mechanical Engineer (1958 –1970); and Principal
Research Associate (1970 –1977).

During his long retirement after 1977, he produced separate genealogies for the
Wise, Dell, Sixt, Wolford, Semler, and Marlatt families, tracing their migrations
to the Midwest from Pennsylvania and New York, where they first entered
America from Europe. In this work, he traveled across the United States and
Europe and utilized his long-time interest in photography to copy old
photographs and tintypes, some dating back to the 1840s.

Don married Dorothy (Jordan) in July 1951. They were members of Zion
Lutheran Church, Middletown, Ohio. Their son, James J. Wolford, an
Electronics Engineer, resides in Bolingbrook, Illinois. Their daughter, Elizabeth
Ann (Wolford) Constantine, lives in Mechanicsburg, PA with her husband, Jan
A. Constantine, and their son and two daughters.

Professional Life

Don’s professional activities since 1941 have concentrated on structural design,

especially for cold-formed steel structural members used in steel buildings and
other structures. His early work involved carbon and stainless steel, then
magnetic steel testing. He then embarked on a long-range program in
developing structural design procedures for flat-rolled steels, both carbon and
stainless, using laboratory tests to confirm design formulas.

xv
In 1943, Don became associated with the major, dedicated effort leading to the
development of the American Iron and Steel Institute’s Specification for the
Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, as a member of the Technical
Subcommittee of the AISI Committee on Building Codes. Later he was
chairman of the Research Subcommittee of the AISI Committee on Building
Research and Technology. Since then he has served as a member of two
engineering subcommittees – one for the AISI Committee of Sheet and Strip
Steel Producers and the other for the AISI Committee of Structural Steel and
Steel Plate Producers. He has sat as a member of various task groups on
research projects initiated at various universities and institutions for the
promotion of the use of steel by these products.

For the design of cold-formed steel structural members using carbon and low-
alloy steel sheet, strip, plate or bar, Don provided important leadership and
made significant contributions to the development of the AISI specifications, as
a member and chairman of the AISI committees for more than 50 years. The
first edition of the AISI Specification was published in 1946. He continued to
supervise the AISI sponsored research on cold-formed steel and to participate in
the revision of the Specification until he retired from the AISI Specification
Committee in 1994.

With regard to cold-formed stainless steel design, in 1963 Don assumed the
chairmanship of the AISI Subcommittee to develop the first edition of the AISI
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members
published in 1968. This AISI Specification was revised in 1974 to reflect the
technical developments and the results of continuing research. Under Don’s
leadership, the AISI Specification was updated to the ASCE Standards
published in 1990 and 2002 (ANSI/ASCE-8-90 and SEI/ASCE 8-02). These
two Standards were based on the load and resistance factor design (LRFD)
concept with the allowable stress design (ASD) concept as an alternative.

In addition to Don’s outstanding achievements and important contributions to

the development of design specifications and standards, he published numerous
technical papers and articles in various engineering journals and conference
proceedings. He was also a contributor to engineering handbooks. His major
publications are listed in the Appendix. Don was a guest speaker at various
short courses, seminars, meetings, and conferences, and served as session
chairman at the International Specialty Conferences on Cold-Formed Steel
Structures for many years.

Professionally, Don was a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

He served as past chairman of the ASCE Committee on Cold-Formed Members

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from 1971 through 1974. He was a member of the Planning Committee of the
International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, the
Transportation Research Board of the National Academy of Science and
Engineering, the Building Research Institute, the American Iron and Steel
Institute, and Theta Tau, a Professional Engineering Fraternity. Don was a Past
Trustee and Past Elder of Bethlehem Lutheran Church of Middletown, Ohio;
Past Treasurer, Secretary and President of Middletown Camera Club; and Past
Vice President and President of Literary Critique Society of Southwestern Ohio.
He was a registered engineer in the State of Ohio and was listed in Who’s Who
in the Midwest, American Men of Science, and Who’s Who in Engineering.

Don’s hobbies included 35mm. amateur photography; tracing family genealogy;

symphonic, operatic and choral music; automobile repair; study of history;
appreciation of great paintings; and geopolitics.

.
Don’s dedication and commitment to the cold-formed steel industry were
exemplary and he will be fondly remembered by those who knew him.

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 Appendix

List of Major Publications of

Don S. Wolford

“Significance of the Secant and Tangent Moduli of Elasticity in Structural

Design,” Engineering Experiment Station News, The Ohio State University,
Vol. XV, No.3, June, 1943.

“Significance of the Secant and Tangent Moduli of Elasticity in Structural

Design,” Journal of the Aeronautical Science, J. Ae. S., Vol. 10, No.6, June,
1943.

“Single-Strip Compression Test for Sheet Materials,” (with Harry LaTour),

Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials, Vol. 45, 1945.

“Stiffening Effect of Porcelain Enamel on Sheet Iron: 1-11,” (with Glenn E.

Selby), Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 29, No.6, June, 1946.

Discussion of “Strength of Thin Steel Compression Flanges,” by George Winter,

(with E.L. Brown), American Society of Civil Engineers Transactions, Paper
No. 2305, Vol. 112, 1947.

“Sectional Properties of Corrugated Sheets Determined by Formula,” Civil

Engineering, February, 1954.

“Beam and Column Tests of Welded Steel Tubing with Design

Recommendations,” (with M.J. Rebholz), ASTM Bulletin, No. 233, October,
1958.

“Field Testing Grain Storage Buildings to Confirm Design,” (with Peter J.

Trepanier), Paper No. 60-409, presented at 1960 Annual Meeting of the
American Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Ohio
State University , Columbus, Ohio.

“Welded Steel Tubing Solves Structural Design Problem,” Tubular Steel

Progress, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1965.

“Lightweight Steel Design and Construction,” (with Paul S. Buker), Standard

Handbook for Civil Engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968 and 1976,
Section 10.

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“AISI Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members,”
Proceedings of the Structural Engineers Association of California, 38th Annual
Convention, Hawaii, 1969.

“General Review of the Related Research Work and Development of the AISI
Design Specification,” lecture notes, AISI-UMR Short Course on Design of
Cold-Formed Steel Structures, 1969, 1970, and 1971.

“Mechanical Properties of Steel Used in Cold-Formed Steel Construction,”

lecture notes, AISI-UMR Short Course on Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structures, 1969 and 1970.

“Steel Highway Accessory Structures,” Journal of the Structural Division,

Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 97, No. ST7, July,
1971.

“Cold-Formed Steel Construction,” Building Design and Construction

Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982 and 1994, Section 8.

“Commentary on the 1980 Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-
Formed Steel Structural Members,” (with A.L. Johnson, K.H. Klippstein, T.B.
Pekoz, G. Winter, and W.W. Yu), Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual, American
Iron and Steel Institute, 1983.

“Cold-Formed Steel Design and Construction,” Standard Handbook for Civil

Engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983 and 1996, Section 10.

“Commentary on the 1986 Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-
Formed Steel Structural Members,” (with R.E. Albrecht, D.S. Ellifritt, S.J.
Errera, A.L. Johnson, R.A. LaBoube, T.B. Pekoz, and W.W. Yu), Cold-Formed
Steel Design Manual, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1986.

“Golden Anniversary of the AISI Specification,” (with A.L. Johnson and W.W.
Yu), Proceedings of the 13th International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures, University of Missouri-Rolla, October, 1996.

“Cold-Formed Steel Construction,” (with Wei-Wen Yu), Building Design and

Construction Handbook, McGraw-Hill , 2001, Section 8.

“Cold-Formed Steel Design and Construction,” (with Wei-Wen Yu), Standard

Handbook for Civil Engineers, McGraw-Hill, 2004, Section 10.

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