PCT200 Series CT/PT Test System User Manual

PONOVO POWER CO., LTD

No. 139 Jinghai Third Road, BDA, Beijing, China, 100176

Office TEL. +86 (10) 59089666
E-Mail Info@relaytest.com
Website www.relaytest.com / www.ponovo.com.cn

PCT200 Series User Manual

VERSION: PCT200 -AE-1.05

DATE: APRIL 2019

This manual is the publication of PONOVO POWER CO., LTD. Any form of copy should obtain the
consent of it.

This manual represents the technical status for the moment of publishing. The product information,
description and specifications mentioned in the manual do not have any contact binding force and
PONOVO POWER CO., LTD remains the right to make modifications to the technical
specifications and configurations without prior notice. PONOVO POWER PONOVO explicitly
exonerates itself from all liability for mistakes in this manual
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PCT200 Series CT/PT Test System User Manual

Notes：

In order to prevent static electricity, the PCT and test CT must be connected to
ground safely before test.

Avoid electric shock accident when the output voltage is above 36V.

Short circuit is prohibited at output side while testing.

Connect wires in accordance with instructions.

External voltages and currents are prohibited to apply on the tester’s output.

Avoid the equipment being wet by rain.

Contact manufacturer timely and do not repair it when device works abnormally.

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Special Tips:
1. CT/PT testing system (called PCT) is applied in the electromagnetic and low leakage flux

current transformer (CT without gapped core or compensation) and inductive voltage

transformer (PT) of power system. It completes the following test items:

 CT load impedance

 CT secondary coil resistance (Rct)

 CT excitation characteristic

 CT ratio

 CT polarity

 PT ratio and polarity

 PT excitation characteristic

……

PCT is only used in the above fields and the wiring connection/ operations should be executed in

the guide of the user manual. Any other usage is invalid. The users must operate PCT in the

proper way. Otherwise, improper operation might cause damage. The manufacturer will not take

any responsibility for such damages. The users assume all responsibilities and risks.

2. The power supply must be accordance with the requirements described in user manual.

3. Users can’t maintain the PCT without manufacturer’s authorization. Otherwise the warranty

period statement is invalid.

4. Users can’t disassemble the PCT without manufacturer’s authorization. Otherwise the

warranty period is invalid.

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5. It is prohibited to maintain reform, extend or change the system or any other accessories.

6. Only original accessories are accepted in test and detection process.

7. Do not switch-on and operate PCT in the place having explosive gas or water vapor

8. Avoid the equipment to be wet by rain

9. Do not block the ventilation outlets

10. Don’t stand rightly under the joint point in case of clamps hurting.

11. It is not allowed to connect or disconnect the test object in the operation process. The high

voltage caused by energy, storing in external inductance, might damage the human, PCT and

test object.

12. Make sure that the terminals of the test objects are not charging to exit the program.

13. Please make wiring connection in the guide of user manual while making CT test. If the wiring

is wrong, the high voltage might damage the CT or PCT.

14. Please make wiring connection in the guide of user manual while making PT ratio and polarity

test. If the users connect the PCT output with the secondary side of PT, thousands of volts

high voltage might be generated in the primary side and damage the PT or PCT.

15. Please make wiring connection in the guide of user manual while making PT excitation test.

The PCT output must be connected with the secondary side of PT. If it is connected with the

primary side of PT, it might damage the PT or PCT.

16. The test of guess nameplate is only for reference.

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Content
1. General Description ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Functions ............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Technical Specifications ...................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Features ............................................................................................................................ 10
1.4 Operation Preparation ....................................................................................................... 12
1.5 Block Diagram ................................................................................................................... 13
2. Panel Description ....................................................................................................................... 14
3. Operation Instruction .................................................................................................................. 15
3.1 Select Test Functions ........................................................................................................ 15
3.2 Set Test Parameters.......................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Control Output ................................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Save Test Report ............................................................................................................... 16
3.5 PCT Report Tools User Manual ........................................................................................ 19
4. Burden Test................................................................................................................................. 31
4.1 Wiring Connection ............................................................................................................. 31
4.2 Test Operation ................................................................................................................... 32
5. CT Test ....................................................................................................................................... 33
5.1 Wiring Connection ............................................................................................................. 33
5.2 Test Operation ................................................................................................................... 35
5.2.1 Settings ................................................................................................................... 35
5.2.2 Rct Measuring ......................................................................................................... 39
5.2.3 Demagnetization ..................................................................................................... 40
5.2.4 Polarity Test ............................................................................................................ 41
5.2.5 Excitation Test ......................................................................................................... 42
5.2.6 Ratio Test ................................................................................................................ 44
5.3 Application Examples ........................................................................................................ 46
5.3.1 Transmission line CT Test ....................................................................................... 46
5.3.2 CT Test in Delta Connection Transformer .............................................................. 47
5.3.3 CT Test in the Star Connection Transformer .......................................................... 48
5.3.4 Bushing CT Test...................................................................................................... 49

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5.3.5 Test CT with Tapping............................................................................................... 50

6. PT test ........................................................................................................................................ 51
6.1 Wiring Connection ............................................................................................................. 51
6.1.1 Polarity and Ratio Test ............................................................................................ 51
6.1.2 Excitation Test ......................................................................................................... 53
6.2 Test Operation ................................................................................................................... 54
6.2.1 Settings ................................................................................................................... 54
6.2.2 Polarity and Ratio Test ............................................................................................ 55
6.2.3 Excitation Test ......................................................................................................... 56
7. Assessment ............................................................................................................................. 57
8. Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................................... 60
9. Appendix: Glossary ................................................................................................................. 62

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1. General Description

1.1 Functions

PCT200i PCT200Ai

CT type P, TP, M P, TP, M(0.2S)

Ratio, polarity ◆ ◆

Coarse ratio ◆ ◆
Guess ratio ◆ ◆
Turn-ratio and error ◆ ◆
Ratio error and phase
◆ ◆
displacement
Rct ◆ ◆
Burden ◆ ◆
Excitation characteristic ◆ ◆
CT
CT demagnetization ◆ ◆
Knee point (V-I) ◆ ◆
Remanence flux (Kr) ◆ ◆
Secondary time constant (Ts) ◆ ◆
Unsaturated inductance (Lm) ◆ ◆
Saturated inductance (Ls) ◆ ◆
Instrument security factor (FS) ◆ ◆
Accuracy limit factor (ALF) ◆ ◆
Composite error (εc) ◆ ◆
Eal ◆ ◆
Transient dimensioning factor (Ktd) ◆ ◆

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Symmetrical short-circuit current ◆

◆
ratio (Kssc)
Peak instantaneous (total) error εˆ ◆ ◆
Guess nameplate △ △
Report tools ◆ ◆
Ratio △ △
PT Polarity ◆ ◆
Excitation characteristic △ △

Notes: The symbol “◆” indicates it has the function.

The symbol “△” indicates assessment not to guarantee the accuracy.
The symbol “/” indicates it doesn’t have the function.

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1.2 Technical Specifications

Items PCT200i PCT200Ai

Output voltage range 0-120V
Output current range 0-5Arms (15A peak)
Output power 0.0001-500VArms (1500VA peak)
Ratio test range 30,000:1-45,000:5
1-2,000 0.05% Typ. 0.10%Gur 1-2,000 0.02% Typ. 0.05%Gur
100% Ipn and 100% VA

Ratio test accuracy﹡ 2,000-5,000, 0.08%Typ. 0.15%Gur 2,000-5,000,0.03%Typ 0.10% Gur

5,000-30,000, 0.10%Typ. 0.20%Gur 5,000-30,000, 0.05%Typ. 0.20%Gur
Max. knee point voltage 45,000V
Burden test accuracy ±0.05% ±1mΩ Typ. ±0.1% ±1mΩ Gur. at 0.05-200Ω, resolution 0.1mΩ
Rct accuracy, resolution ±0.05%±1mΩ Typ. ±0.1%±1mΩ Gur. at 0.05-200Ω, resolution 0.1mΩ
1min Typ. 3min Gur. 1min Typ. 2min Gur.
Phase displacement﹡
resolution 0.01min resolution 0.01min
220Vac +20%~-15%/50-60Hz(Nominal)
Main supply 90-260Vac/45-65Hz (Permissible)
Input power: max 2,000VA
Operation temperature -10℃~50℃
Relative humidity ≤90%, non-condensing
Dimensions 470x200x245mm (WxHxL)
Weight 10kg/14kg
LCD display 8.4 inch, color display
Operating system Windows

Note: The corresponding temperature of each parameter is 23℃±5℃. It is suggested the preheat time is longer
than 15 minutes.
The symbol “﹡” indicates the knee voltage is more than 3V.

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1.3 Features

 Apply the newest principle of multi point DC method and meet the standard of IEC 44-6
 The voltage measurement of ratio and phase displacement complies with standard of IEC
61869-2.
 Measure ratio differential and angle differential accurately. The max ratio differential error is
±0.1%, max angle differential error ±3min and the ratio measurement range is 1~30,000.
 Calibration certificate approved by National Center for High Voltage Measurement. The report
includes: angle differential, ratio differential test and stability test.
 8.4 inch LCD with colorful graphical interface for HMI.
 The whole integration structure, anti-vibration and anti-electromagnetic interference
combination chassis.
 Built-in computer for operation. All test items are completed automatically.
 Light weight and small dimension due to small voltage and power output.
 The voltage measurement is used to test the bushing CT and GIS CT that can’t be measured
by traditional way.
 The knee point voltage of CT ranges from 1-45,000V. And the excitation characteristic test
speed is fast. These features surpass that of traditional analyzer.
 Apply to various types of CT (including TP type) excitation, ratio, polarity, secondary winding
resistance, load, ratio differential and angle differential etc steady-state or transient
characteristic test.
 Automatically test knee point voltage/ current, ALF, FS, Ts, and Kr etc CT parameters.
 Users can select ten groups of excitation data to save.
 It lists the ratio error and phase error table and changes the report data in condition the rated
current 1%-300% be set.
 The PCT automatically memories test items, report items, and report setting items.
 The report can be converted into EXCEL format locally. More than thousands of reports are
saved in it for checking and printing.
 Users can export the test results by U disk as well as upgrade.
 The report tool software is convenient for report saving, converting and analyzing which is for
data contrast, judgment and assessment.
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 User-defined test according to the defined standards.

 PT test items: ratio, polarity and volt-ampere characteristic.

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1.4 Operation Preparation

Preparation:
CT secondary side load loop disconnection and secondary winding off-grounded
CT primary side disconnects with busbar

Order of connection:

1. The chassis of PCT is grounded.

2. One end of CT primary side grounded (P2)
Note: There is a grounding switch in one side of primary. No matter the grounding switch is in P1
or P2, only one end is supposed to ground.
3. The test lead connects with P1, P2 of CT.
4. The other end of the lead connects with P1, P2 of PCT200i.
5. One secondary side connects with one group of CT’s S1 and S2
6. The other Secondary side connects with S1, S2 of PCT200i.
7. Power on
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1.5 Block Diagram

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2. Panel Description

1) Connecting CT secondary side

2) Secondary side voltage test while testing CT/PT (PT Excitation only)
3) Primary side voltage test while testing CT
4) Connecting PT primary side
5) Secondary side voltage test while testing PT
6) Run lamp: output indicator--flashing while outputting
7) Rotary encoder: selecting menu and setting specifications
8) Run and stop buttons
9) Keyboard
10) USB interface
11) LCD display

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3. Operation Instruction

3.1 Select Test Functions

Choosing main menu button at any interface to enter, then rotating rotary encoder to change the
cursor position and select specified testing button. The selected operation is displayed in the
below.

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3.2 Set Test Parameters

Set variable parameters by pushing keyboard and pressing mouse.

3.3 Control Output

The run and stop buttons on the panel or the start test and stop test functions can control the
output. While output, the operation indicator will flash.

3.4 Save Test Report

After testing, select the report menu and enter into report save interface. The report name is put in
by keyboard and the content is selected by mouse selection. The report is saved automatically in
the CT report file. The report can be copied and converted into EXCEL format in PC by U disk.

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Synchronize CT Report: Synchronize today’s or all the reports into mobile disc showing below.
Save CT Report: Save the reports to Disc D.
Synchronize PT Report: Synchronize today’s or all the reports into mobile disc showing below.
Save PT Report: Save the reports to Disc D.
Report tools: For the operation of the Report tools, please refer to next chapter 3.5 PCT Report
Tools User Manual.
Turn off PC: It is suggesting exiting the operation system, then switch off the power supply after
reminder.

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1. Report folder: Select the report folder to be synchronized.

2. Target folder: Select the folder to save the synchronized reports.
3. Synchronize Folder: Synchronize all the reports in the folder.
4. Sync today’s CT/PT report: Synchronize the day’s CT/PT reports.
5. Back: Back to the test interface
6. Turn off PC: Exit the system and switch off the power supply.

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3.5 PCT Report Tools User Manual

Figure 1 Figure 2

In figure 1, it is the PC software interface installed Excel.

In figure 2, it is the PC software interface without Excel or in the PCT system.

1. CT multi-report analyze: to analyze the CT multi-report and curve.

2. Report folder: to generate the reports including Excel and JPG formats. In the PCT system,
the report is .pct format. All the reports are saved in Disc D.
3. CT report to excel: to convert the CT report into Excel format report, support multi-report
selection. The conversion process includes the tips ( conversion completion and the number
of conversion files)
4. PT report to excel: to convert the PT report into Excel format report, support multi-report
selection. The conversion process includes the tips (conversion completion and the number of
conversion files)
5. create ct excel report shortcut: to create the desktop file of CT report
6. create pt excel report shortcut: to create the desktop file of PT report

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Files:
1. open files: open the PCT report (ini format)
When the single file or less than 7 files are opened, it directly superposes the pictures and the
selected files are listed in the open file list. When more than 6 files are selected to open, it will
not open the pictures automatically. Users should open it after selection. Every time, users
select “open files”, it will refresh the files and not superpose the opened reports. If the number
of files is more than 50, it can’t open the files successfully. Users should open the files after
selection.
2. Files add: it superposes the opened files listing in the “open file list”. If the previous open
files are less than 6 (the correct PCT files), the superposition open files will be filled to 6. If
the number of files is more than 50, the files can’t be opened successfully. Users should
select the open files.

Delete report: if the number of opened files is less than 7, it will automatically list in the menu.
Each report is displayed in serial number and file name. Click to close the present report and
other reports will be listed by adjusting orders automatically. Meanwhile, the status of
selected files in “open files list” will be corrected automatically. If there is only one report, it is
not allowed to be moved the report.

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Save excel report: to save excel reports

If there is only one opened report, the report is the same as the test excel report and its
name is similar to the PCT files.
If there are more than one reports, the reports are excel reports based on new report model.
The present save file’s name is test + present system time. The report formats with more
than 3 reports and less than 3 reports are different.

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The following is sampling Excel format report, A4.

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Back: back to the main interface

Exit: exit the program.

Open file list: to list the open reports, files name and open serial number.
The successfully opened reports are displayed in red and the check boxes are selected. The
reports waiting for open are displayed in black and the check boxes are not selected. If the open
report has problem in format, the report ground is grey and not selected.
Click the check box and double click the files to open or move the reports. If users move the
reports, it will change in “delete report” menu synchronously.

JPG file list: List the screenshot files. Double click the files to check (JPG files are the default
program.)
There are three screenshots: PHRASE, RATIO, V-A
Three kinds of files names + present time (hour, minute and second)
Refresh the list automatically.

Excel file list: list the screenshot files. Double click the files to check (Excel is installed in the
system.)
The file is saved as “save excel file”.
Refresh the list automatically.

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Settings: set the present report

The number keys are switched the present open reports.
Double click to change the page script.

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Result: display the present test results

The number keys are switched the opened reports.
Double click to change the page script.

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V-A Curve: excitation curve analysis

Right-click menu (Back ground color): correct the curve background color
Right-click menu (Add user data): add the user data of each curve.
The number keys can choose one curve to display on the top and the lines are bold.
Click one curve color to change the present curve color (e.g.: Red-1-)
The mouse is located in the curve zone; the related curve calculation will change
automatically.
Add user data can calculate the curve values according to the inserted values.

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4. Burden Test

4.1 Wiring Connection

Connecting the instrument transformer according to the below direction, while doing secondary
load impedance test.

Wiring direction: The transformer’s output end S1 and testing end S1 are connected with one
side of secondary load the CT.
The transformer’s output end S2 and testing end S2 are connected with the
other side of secondary load of the CT.

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4.2 Test Operation

Entering the main menu and selecting the Rct/polarity/demagnification/load impedance test
unit, CT secondary burden measuring can be done. After entering this unit and moving the mouse
in the load impedance testing zone, the test software button is automatically available. The load
impedance test can be finished pressing start button. The test result will be shown in the data fill
bank, after testing, it stops automatically and the cursor is off.

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5. CT Test

5.1 Wiring Connection

While doing the CT secondary coil resistance, polarity, excitation, demagnetization and ratio test,
the instrument transformer tester should be connected according to the below diagram.

Wiring direction: The transformer’s output S1 and testing side S1 are connected with one
side of CT secondary.
The transformer’s output S2 and testing side S2 are connected with the
other side of CT secondary.
The transformer’s primary test side P1 is connected with one side of CT
primary.
The transformer’s primary test side P2 is connected with the other side of
the CT primary.

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The comparison between four-cable and two-cable testing:

The transformer secondary tap is connected by claps and the following four-cable connection is
applied.

Four-cable connection Two-cable connection

Otherwise, the chuck resistance might affect measuring result and the CT tester might list the
incorrect measuring result.
Four-cable connection: CT output terminal and input terminal are connected with tested objects by
different claps.
Every testing cable needs a clap.---CORRECT
Two-cable connection: Single testing cable is applied in CT output terminal and input terminal. But
the testing cable is connected with the transformer by a public clap.
Two testing cables use a public clap.---INCORRECT
Physics background:
While two-cable is applied, if there is contact resistance in the CT clap, there will be big measuring
error between the differential error and other parameters. Because the contact resistance might
have change when the clap connect or disconnect with CT, the measuring result can’t be
repeated.
The max. contact resistance of two claps will be 0.5 and the max. overload would be 12.5VA. For
this, the lower the CT coil resistance, the bigger the contact resistance’s effect. When testing a
5ACT, such contact resistance might cause a completely wrong result. But if a higher resistance
such as 10Ω, the error can be igored. So the four-cable conection is absolutely applied in 5ACT
testing.

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5.2 Test Operation

5.2.1 Settings
Select CT parameter setting menu after entering into main menu. The CT nameplate parameters
can be set by mouse or keyboard. The testing result will be correct on condition that the settings
are right.
The related parameter settings are based on the selected CT type. All the parameters can be
selected in the drop-down menu or by mouse.

P type CT parameter setting:

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TPY type CT parameter setting:

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M type CT parameter setting:

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5.2.2 Rct Measuring

CT secondary winding resistance test can be done after selecting the Rct/Polarity/Demagnet/
Burden measuring unit. Entering the Rct measuring unit, the secondary winding Rct can run
automatically after pressing the run button. The measuring result 25 degrees celsius means the
resistance at current temperature and the 75 degrees celsius means the resistance at 75 degrees
celsius. After testing, it stops automatically and the lamp is off.

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5.2.3 Demagnetization

CT demagnetization can be done after selecting the Rct/Polarity/Demagnet/ Burden unit. The
process will automatically run when entering the unit and pushing the run button. After the process,
it will automatically stop and the lamp is off.

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5.2.4 Polarity Test

CT polarity check can be done after selecting the Rct/Polarity/Demagnet/ Burden unit. The
polarity test is automatically finished while pushing the run button. It stops automatically and the
lamp is off. The test method is negative polar.

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5.2.5 Excitation Test

CT excitation test can be done after selecting the Excita. unit.

The test will automatically run while entering the Excita. unit. It stops automatically after test and
the lamp is off.
The test result displays in curve, and the voltage and current are shown at knee point.

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Red cross will be shown at the knee point.

Press Cursor left, Cursor right or put in figures related to the value to observe.
Press excitation button, the excitation curve can be changed into data table pressing V-A data to
check every voltage, current, magnetic flux and inductance.

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5.2.6 Ratio Test

CT ratio test can be made in Ratio test. CT ratio, ratio error, phase displacement, composite error
and turns ratio error can be automatically tested.
When the test is completed, it stops automatically and the lamp is off.

Note: N stands for turn-ratio and N% stands for turn-ratio error.

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5.2.7 Auto Test

CT excitation, polarity, ratio, secondary side winding resistance and demagnetization tests all can
be done after selecting auto test unit and pushing run button. When it is finished, the test
automatically stops and the lamp is off. Ratio, excitation knee voltage, polarity, secondary side
resistance test result can be checked in this unit. Excitation test result should be checked in
excitation unit.

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5.3 Application Examples

5.3.1 Transmission line CT Test

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5.3.2 CT Test in Delta Connection Transformer

In order to reduce interference, other windings of the CT transformer should be short circuit.

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5.3.3 CT Test in the Star Connection Transformer

In order to reduce interference, other transformer’s windings should be short circuit.

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5.3.4 Bushing CT Test

In order to reduce interference, other windings of the CT transformer should be short circuit.

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5.3.5 Test CT with Tapping

All the windings in the same shank are all switched on while testing CT with tapping.

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6. PT test

6.1 Wiring Connection

6.1.1 Polarity and Ratio Test

Connect instrument transformer tester as illustrated in below when doing PT polarity, ratio test.

Wiring directions：The output “A” of transformer is connected with one side of PT primary.
The output “N” of transformer is connected with one side of PT primary.
The secondary testing end “a” of transformer is connected with one side of
PT secondary.
The secondary testing end “n” of transformer is connected with
the other end of PT secondary.

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Note: The wiring for primary and secondary cannot be wrong, otherwise, it may give thousands of
voltage.

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6.1.2 Excitation Test

Connect transformer tester as illustrated in below when doing PT excitation test.

Single-phase voltage transformer

Three-phase voltage transformer

Wiring directions: The output S1 of PCT is connected with one side of PT secondary.
The output S2 of PCT is connected with the other side of PT secondary.
The primary end of PT is grounded, and other windings are open-circuit.
Notes: Keep off the instrument, in case that thousands of voltage may occur while doing
excitation test.

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6.2 Test Operation

6.2.1 Settings
Set parameters according to PT nameplate.

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6.2.2 Polarity and Ratio Test

The PT polarity, ratio test can be automatically finished after selecting polarity ratio and pushing
run button. It stops automatically and the lamp is off.

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6.2.3 Excitation Test

Enter into PT test unit, and then choose excitation test.
Every voltage and current value can be checked in the excitation curve.

Press Save button to save the testing report after finished the test.

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7. Assessment

In the CT Parameter Assess areas, the assessment items will be automatically activated
according to the test CT type and standards.

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In this case the FS is 5 on the CT nameplate, but the FS>4.016.

It means while making this kind of CT, the PCT can only test FS at 4.016 times, but can’t get the
exact FS value. It is not confirmed if the real FS value > or < 5.
In this regards, the NA option will be shown there. When NA shows, the assessment result save
will not be available showing below picture.

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In this case, the test engineer can decide to pass or fail the result separately and save the
assessment report.

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8. Troubleshooting
During the testing, there might be some failure messages occurred.
The followings are the measures we suggest for the corresponding failure messages for
reference.

1) Message “Output stop! Low Inductive Load!”, it might be caused by:

A. The tested tap is short-circuited in secondary side.
B. The other taps are short-circuited between the same coil.
C. The secondary wiring is connected to the primary side.
D. The incorrect wiring connections, for example S1S2 short-circuited at PCT port.
E. The low inductive in CT itself or CT with gap.

2) Message “Output stop! Please check the secondary wiring!”, it might be caused by
A. The S1 and S2 are not connected with the same coil.
B. The secondary wiring is connected unstably or open-circuited.
C. The RCT is too low to get low voltage (lower than the minimum value)

3) Virus message happened on PCT to do as following steps

A. Save all the reports on PCT into the USB
B. Format the Disc D in the PCT kit.
C. Re-start the PCT to run the software.

4) Error message in running the PCT report tool on PC

The engineers have to run the PCT report as Administrator.

5) The items “CT report to EXCEL” and “PT report to EXCEL” are not listed in below picture.

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The reason is the Office Excel is not installed in the present PC.

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9. Appendix: Glossary
CT: current transformer
PT: Voltage transformer
P/TP/M: the type of CT.
P: protection current transformer class P
M: measurement current transformer
PR: protection current transformer class PR
PX: protection current transformer class PX
TPY: protection current transformer class TPY
TPX: protection current transformer class TPX
TPZ: protection current transformer class TPZ
TPS: protection current transformer class TPS
Standard: including 60044-1(IEC60044-1), 60044-6(IEC60044-6), ANSI30, ANSI45
f :frequency
cosφ:
Ipn: rated primary current
Isn: rated secondary current
εc: composite error
ALF: accuracy limit factor
Class: accuracy class
FS: instrument security factor
VA: power
T-meas: temperature of measurement
Seq: sequence
Ktd: transient dimensioning factor
Ts: secondary loop time constant
Kssc: symmetrical short-circuit current factor
Tp(ms): specified primary time constant
Seq time test (ms)
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tal: permissible time to accuracy limit

t’’: the duration of second current flow
t’: the duration of first current flow
tal’: Specified accuracy being maintained in tal’
tal’’ Specified accuracy being maintained in tal’’
tfr: dead time(during auto-reclosing)
V-kn: The voltage of knee point
I-kn: The current of knee point
Rct: secondary winding resistance
Eal: equivalent limiting secondary e .m.f
Kr: remanence factor
Lm: Unsaturated inductance
Ls: Saturated inductance
Ktd: transient dimensioning factor
ε^: peak instantaneous( total) error
Upn: rated primary voltage
Usn: rated secondary voltage

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