Indefinite Integration

BASIC THEOREMS ON INTEGRATION

If f(x), g(x) are two functions of a variable x and k is a constant, then

(i)  k f (x) dx  k  f (x) dx

(ii)  [f(x)  g( x)]  
dx  f ( x) dx  g( x ) dx

(iii)
d
dx
 f (x) dx  f(x)
 d 
(iv)   dx f ( x )  dx  f ( x ) + c
SOME STANDARD FORMULAE

x n1 1
(i)  x n dx   c (n  1) (ii)  dx  loge x  c
n 1 x

x ax
e x dx  e x  c  a dx  log  c  a x loga e  c
(iii)  (iv)
ea

(v)  sin x dx   cos x  c

(vi)  cos x dx  sin x  c
(vii)  tan x dx  log | sec x |  c   log | cos x |  c

(viii)  cot x dx  log | sin x | c

 x
(ix)  sec x dx  log | sec x  tan x |  c   log | sec x  tan x |  c = log tan  4  2  + c
 

x
(x)  cosecx dx   log | cosec x  cot x | log | cosecx  cot x |  c = log tan   + c
2

(xi)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c

(xii)  cosec x cot x dx   cosec x  c
2
(xiii)  sec x dx  tan x  c

2
(xiv)  cosec x dx   cot x  c

[1]
[2] Indefinite Integration

1 1 x
(xv)  dx  tan 1   c
x 2  a2 a a

1 1 xa
(xvi)  2 2
dx  log  c (x > a)
x a 2a xa

1 1 ax
(xvii)  2 2
dx  log  c (x < a)
a x 2a ax

1 x x
(xviii)  dx  sin 1   c   cos 1   c
a x 2 2 a
  a

1 x
(xix)  dx  log | x  x 2  a2 | c  sinh1    c
2
x a 2
a

1 x
(xx)  dx  log | x  x 2  a2 |  c  cosh1    c
2
x a 2
a

x 2 a2 x
(xxi)  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x2  sin 1  c
2 2 a

x a2 x
(xxii)  x 2  a 2 dx  x 2  a2  sinh 1  c
2 2 a

x a2 x
(xxiii)  x 2  a 2 dx  x2  a2  cosh 1  c
2 2 a

1 1 x
(xxiv)  dx  sec 1  c
x x 2  a2 a a

ax eax eax   b 
(xxv)  e sin bx dx  (a sin bx  b cos bx)  c  sin bx  tan1    c
2 2
a b a2  b2   a 

e ax eax   b 
(xxvi)  e ax cos bx dx  2 2
(a cos bx  b sin bx )  c  cos bx  tan 1   c
a b a 2  b2   a 

(xxvii)  eax  b (af(x)  f '(x))dx  eax b f(x)  c

1
(xxviii)  f(ax  b)dx    ax  b  + c
a

METHOD OF INTEGRATION
Integration by Substitution
(a) When integrand is the product of two factors such that one is the derivative of the other i.e,

I=  f (x) f ' (x) dx

In this case we put f(x) = t to convert it into a standard integral.
(b) When integrand is a function of function
Indefinite Integration [3]

i.e.  f [  (x) ]  ' (x) dx

Here we put f(x) = t so that f ' (x) dx = dt and in that case the integrand is reduced to  f (t) dt .
(c) Integral of a function of the form (ax+b) dx

Here put ax + b = t and convert it into standard integral. Obviously if  f (x) dx  (x), then
1
 f(ax  b) dx 
a
 (ax  b)

(d) Some standard forms of integrals

The following three forms are very useful to write integral directly.

[ f ( x )]n 1
(i)  [ f ( x )]n f ' ( x ) dx   c (where n ¹ –1)
n1
f ' (x)
(ii)  f (x) dx  log [f (x)]  c
f ' (x)
(iii)  f ( x)
dx  2 f ( x )  c

dx
(e) Integral of the form  a sin x  b cos x
Putting a = r cos  and b = r sin  , we get
dx 1
I=  r sin ( x  )  r  cos ec (x  ) dx
1 1 x 1 b
= log tan (x/2 +  /2) + c =  log tan   tan 1   c
r 2
a b 2  2 2 a

(f) Standard Substitution

Following standard substitution will be useful-
Integrand form Substitution
1
(i) a 2  x 2 or x = a sin 
a  x2
2

1
(ii) 2
x a 2 or x = a tan  or x = a sinh 
x 2  a2

1
(iii) x 2  a 2 or x = a sec  or x = a cos h 
x  a2
2

x ax 1
(iv) or or x (a  x ) or x (a  x )
x = a tan2 
ax x

x ax 1
(v) or or x(a  x ) or x(a  x) x = a sin2 
ax x
[4] Indefinite Integration

x xa 1
(vi) or or x( x  a) or x( x  a) x = a sec2 
xa x

ax ax
(vii) or x = a cos 2 
ax ax

x
(viii) x
or ( x   )(  x ) (b > a) x = a cos2  + b sin2 q

(a) Integration by Parts :

 d  
If u and v are the differentiable functions of x, then  u.v dx  u  vdx    dx (u)    vdx  dx.

i.e. Integral of the product of two functions = first function x integral of second function –  [derivative of
first) x ( Integral of second) ]
(i) How to choose Ist and IInd function : If two functions are of different types take that function as Ist which
comes first in the word ILATE, where I stands for inverse circular function, L stands for logrithmic function,
A stands for algebric functions, T stands for trigonometric and E for exponential functions.
(ii) For the integration of logarthmic or inverse trigonometric functions alone, take unity (1) as the second
function
x
(b) If the integral is of the form  e [f( x)  f ' (x)] dx then by breaking this integral into two integrals, integrate one
integral by parts and keep other integral as it is, By doing so, we get -  e x [f(x)  f '(x) ] dx  e x f(x)  c

(c) If the integral is of the form  [ x f ' (x)  f (x)] dx then by breaking this integral into two integrals integrate one

integral by parts and keep other integral as it is, by doing so, we get  [x f ' (x)  f ( x)] dx  x f (x)  c
Integration of the Trigonometrical Functions
dx dx
(i)  a  b sin 2
x
, (ii)  a cos 2
x b

dx dx

(iii) a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x , (iv)  (a cos x  b sin x ) 2
.

(For their integration we multiply and divide by sec2x and then put tan x = t.)
Some integrals of different expressions of ex

ae x
(i)  b  ce x
dx [put ex = t]

1
(ii)  1 e x
dx [multiplying and divide by e–x and put e–x = t]

1
(iii)  1 e x
dx [multiplying and divide by e–x and put e–x = t]

1
(iv) e x
dx [multiply and divided by ex]
 ex
Indefinite Integration [5]

e x  e x  f ' ( x) 
form
(v) e x
e x
dx 
 f ( x ) 

ex  1
(vi) e x
dx [multiply and divide by e–x/2]
1

2
 e x  e x 
  dx [integrand = tanh2 x]
(vii)   e x  e x




2
 e2x  1 
(viii)   2x  dx [integrand = coth2 x]
 e  1

1 1
(ix)  (e x
e x 2
)
dx [integrand =
4
sech2x]

1 1
(x)  (e x
 e  x )2
dx [integrand =
4
cosech2x]

1
(xi)  (1  e x
)(1  e  x )
dx [multiply and divide by ex and put ex = t]

1
(xii)  1 e x
dx [multiply and divide by e–x/2]

1
(xiii)  1 ex
dx [multiply and divide by e–x/2]

1
(xiv)  e 1 x
dx [multiply and divide by e–x/2]

1
(xv)  2e x  1
dx [multiply and divide by 2e  x / 2 ]

(xvi)  1  e x dx [integrand = (1 – ex) / 1 e x ]

(xvii)  1  e x dx [integrand = (1 + ex) / 1  ex ]

(xviii)  e x  1 dx [integrand = (ex – 1) / ex  1 ]

ex  a
(xix)  dx [integrand = (ex +a) / e2x  a2 ]
ex  a

x2  1
8.  x 4  kx 2  1 dx (Divide N.r and Dr by x2 then put x ±1/x = t)

x2  1
9.  x 4  kx 2  1 dx (Divide N.r and Dr by x2 then put x ±1/x = t)
[6] Indefinite Integration

d
Nr = A (Dr) + B (Dr) + C
dx

x2 1
10.  x 4  kx 2  1 dx x2 = {(x2 + 1) + (x2 – 1)}
2

1 1
11.  x 4  kx 2  1 dx 1= {(x2 + 1) – (x2 – 1)}
2

1 1
12.  x 4  a4 dx 1 {(x 2  a2 )  (x 2  a 2 )}
2a 2

1
13.  (ax  b) dx ; Put (x + d) = t2
cx  d

1 1
 dx
14. ; Put (px + q) =
(px  q) ax 2  bx  c t

1
15.  (ax 2  bx  c) px  q
dx ; Put (px + q) = t2

1
16.  dx; Put (x = 1/t)
(Ax 2  B) cx 2  D

1
17.  (a sin2 x  b sin x cos x  c.cos2 x) dx

1 2 tan x / 2
18.  (a  b sin x) dx ; put sinx =
1  tan2 x / 2

1  1  tan2 x / 2 
19.  dx put cosx =  2  & put tan x/2 = t
(a  b cos x)  1  tan x / 2 

1
20.  (asin x  bcos x  c) dx
P sin x  qcos x  r
21.  a sin x  bcos x  c dx