Hsslive-XII-Ch-1 - Solid State-Minhad
Hsslive-XII-Ch-1 - Solid State-Minhad
Parappur, Malappuram
Primitive Body-centered
Primitive
Hexagonal
Graphite, ZnO,
4. a = b ≠ c
CdS
900, = 1200
Primitive
Rhombohedral /
Trigonal Calcite (CaCO3),
5.
a=b=c HgS (Cinnabar)
≠ 900
Primitive End-centered
Monoclinic Monoclinic
6. a ≠ b ≠ c sulphur,
= 900, ≠ 900 Na2SO4.10 H2O
Primitive
Triclinic K2Cr2O2,
7. a ≠ b ≠ c CuSO4.5H2O,
≠≠ ≠ 900 H3BO3
4r
= 2√2r
Or, a =
√2
We know that, in ccp (fcc) or hcp, there are 4 spheres per unit cell
.
.. Volume of four spheres = 4 × (4/3) πr3
Volume of the cube = a3 = (2√2r )3
. Volume occupied by 4 the spheres in the unit cell
.. Packing Efficiency = × 100%
Total volume of the unit cell
4 × (4/3) πr3
= ×100 % = 74%
(2√2r)3
2) In Body-centred cubic (bcc) structures:
Consider a cube with edge length ‘a’, face diagonal ‘b’ and body
diagonal ‘c’. From the figure it is clear that the atom at the centre
is in contact with the other two atoms diagonally placed.
In ΔEFD, FD2 = EF2 + ED2
i.e. b2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
or, b = √2a
4r
Or, a =
√3
We know that, in a bcc, there are 2 spheres per unit cell
. 3
. . Volume of 2 spheres = 2 × (4/3) πr
Imperfections in Solids
Solids are not perfect in structure. There are different types of imperfections or defects in them. Point defects and line defects are common
types of defects.
I. Point defect - The irregularity or deviation from the ideal arrangement around a point (an atom) in a crystalline substance.
II. Line defect - The irregularity or deviation from the ideal arrangement along a row.
Types of Point defects
Point defects are of 3 types - stoichiometric defects, impurity defects and non-stoichiometric defects.
A. STOICHIOMETRIC DEFECTS:
The point defects which do not disturb the stoichiometry (the ratio of positive and negative ions) of the solid. They are also called intrinsic
or thermodynamic defects (since these defects can also develop when a substance is heated).
In non-ionic solids, stoichiometric point defects are present as–
i. Vacancy defect: When some of the lattice sites are vacant, the crystal is said to have vacancy defect.
This defect decreases the density of the solid.
ii. Interstitial defect: When some constituent particles occupy an interstitial site, the crystal is said to
have interstitial defect.
This defect increases the density of the solid.
Electrical Properties
Based on the electrical conductivity, solids are classified into 3 types:
(i)Conductors: They are solids which allow the passage of electricity through them. These generally include metals. Their conductivity ranges
from 104 to 107 ohm-1m-1.
Reason:-
A band is formed due to closeness of molecular orbitals. This band is partially filled or it overlaps with a higher energy unoccupied
conduction band. If an electric field is applied, the e- flow and shows conductivity.
(ii) Insulators: They are solids which do not allow electricity through them. Their conductivity ranges from 10-10
to 10-20 ohm-1m-1.
Reason:-
The gap between filled valence band and the unoccupied conduction band is large the e- cannot jump to it.
(iii) Semi-conductors: They are solids which have intermediate conductivity ranging from 104 to 10-6 ohm-1m-1.
Reason:-
The gap between the valence band and the conduction band is small. So some e- may jump from valence band to conduction band and show
some conductivity.
Their conductivity increases with rise in temperature, since more e- can jump to the conduction band. Such semiconductors are also called
intrinsic semiconductors. E.g.: Si, Ge etc.
Dopping: It is the addition of impurities in semiconductors to enhance their conductivity. It creates electronic defects in them. Such
semiconductors are called extrinsic semiconductors.
Magnetic Properties
Every solid has some magnetic properties associated with it due to the presence of e-. On the basis of magnetic properties, solids can be
classified into five types-
Properties Description Alignment of magnetic dipole Examples