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Arc Flash Faults Calculations, Hazard Analysis and Reduction Methods

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 www.ijaceeonline.com ISSN: 2456 - 3935

International Journal of Advances in Computer and Electronics Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2019, pp. 1– 9

Arc Flash Faults Calculations, Hazard

Analysis and Reduction Methods
Serhan BAYKUL
Electrical Engineer, Graduate School of Science and Engineering,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
Email: serhanbaykul@gmail.com

Oktay ARIKAN
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
Email: oarikan@yildiz.edu.tr

Abstract: Nowadays, the consume of electrical energy has increased, so it has brought more high-power
systems and more need for electrical energy continuity. For that reasons, faults effects and damages get more
destructive. The increasing need for electrical energy and continuity has led to the analysis, reduction and take
necessary precaution for potential hazards in electrical power systems operation and maintenance. One of the
important faults which cause power failure on electrical power systems is arc faults. The arc can be defined as
an electrical discharge that is happened between two electrodes in insulation materials like air, gas, ex. In
electrical power systems, during arc faults the short circuits which is happened due to various reasons arise
uncontrollable energy, heat, pressure and light. Then it is also called arc flash faults. Because of this incident
energy and heat which appear in arc faults can damage switching equipments, can cause loss of life and
economic damage. Therefore, in electrical power systems arc fault current and incident energy calculations
shall be done, hazard analysis must be considered and arc incident energy should be reduced with taking
related precaution. In this work, arc flash calculations methods are explained and arc incident energy reduction
methods are examined. Additionally, in a simple power system arc flash calculation and risk analyses done with
using Electrical Power System Analysis and Operation Software (ETAP).

Keyword: arc fault; arc flash fault; arc incident energy calculation methods; arc incident energy reduction

1. INTRODUCTION In [1], general overview of the arc flash analysis

Arc flash event can be defined as a rapid release of and measures to avoid hazards are provided. Addi-
energy, caused by an arcing fault that results from a tionally, temporary change of relay coordination tech-
short circuit between two conductors. Because of the nique is investigated as a solution for the substations
that high energy release, arc faults have significant in which arc-flash hazard level is beyond acceptable
effect. This effect can be described as thermal impact, levels. They have made the calculation and simulation
pressure wave, flying particles, toxic impact, sound with DigSilent. In B. Gordon, K. Carr and N. Gra-
and light. These can hazard the personnel and equip- ham’s paper, comprehensive approach to classifying
ment. Therefore, arc faults lead to economic damages, the electrical shock hazards of all types of electricity,
voltage stability problems, power loss and quality including various waveforms and various types of
problems on power systems. To minimize the risk and sources of electrical energy is presented. Additionally,
hazard of the arc faults, arc flash calculations shall be arcs are categorized according to types and hazards.
done, risk must be analyzed and related precaution [2]
should be taken. The arc flash hazard assessment in distribution
In most of the previous researches, the arc flash system including Distributed Generations (DGs) is
calculations are presented and focused on one of the presented in [3]. It showed that the fault current con-
arc incident energy reduction methods. On the other tribution from DGs decreases the arcing time conse-
hand, there are so many researches which are just ex- quently decreases the incident energy. In [4], the ef-
plained some arc incident energy reduction methods. fects of critical parameters that influence incident
energy level at different locations in a power system
Cite this paper: are analyzed with ETAP and different mitigation
S. Baykul, O. Arikan, “Arc Flash Faults Calculations, Hazard techniques are also proposed to reduce incident en-
Analysis and Reduction Methods”, International Journal of
ergy. In another paper, voltage stability importance is
Advances in Computer and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3,
pp. 1-9, March 2019. pointed out which is really important for power sys-
 ISSN: 2456 - 3935

International Journal of Advances in Computer and Electronics Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2019, pp. 1– 9

tems. Additionally, optimal placement study of Dis- creases. Mostly, it is used for applications more than
tributed Generators (DG) is presented for reducing the 15 kV.
power loss and improve voltage stability. [5] Moreo- Apart from these, R.L. Doughty, T.E. Neal and
ver in [6], for power system stability, optimal reactive H. Floyd have showed equations in their paper [14]
power control using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm that calculates incident energy for three-phase arc on
is presented. As mentioned, arc flash faults can cause systems rated 600 V and below; applies to short-cir-
also quality problems. [7], has presented extensive cuit currents between 16 kA and 50 kA. Additionally,
study of quality problems in railway transportation for DC systems, R. Ammerman, T. Gammon, P. Sen
systems. and P. Nelson’s paper [15] is showed DC arc models
In [8], causes and characteristics of arc-flash faults and incident energy calculations, in another paper
and overview of mitigation techniques of arc flash from D. Doan [16] has given equations for incident
hazards are shown. Zone selective interlocking system energy calculation in DC systems rated up to 1000 V.
is explained in detail. In another paper [9], The optical In chapter 4, arc flash calculations are presented
arc-flash detection (AFD) technology is selected and for a sample system. In that calculations IEEE 1584-
analyzed for arc flash protection. It showed that with 2002 and Lee method is used. Therefore, in the fol-
using AFD relay, incident energy can be reduced. In lowing parts, these methods are explained in detail.
R. Walsch and M. Price’s paper, a method has pre-
sented which is using a MV controllable fuse to miti- 2.1 IEEE 1584-2002 Method
gate the incident energy on the equipment connected IEEE Std 1584-2002 contains calculation methods
to the transformer secondary. [10] developed through testing by several sources to de-
Various opportunities to prevent arcing faults are termine boundary distances for unprotected personnel
presented, but mostly focused on protection for the and the incident energy at the working distance for
pressure wave in J.A Kay and L. Kumpulainen’s pa- qualified personnel working on energized equipment.
per. Additionally, A combination of arc eliminator The incident energy level can be used to determine
and current-limiting fuses has also been suggested for the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) re-
providing maximal protection, by minimizing the quired for personnel.
thermal impact, pressure wave, and even the me- The equations developed in the IEEE standard as-
chanical stress caused by the arc flash fault. [11] sess the arc flash hazard based on the available
In this paper arc flash calculations are presented; (bolted) fault current, voltage, clearing time, equip-
arc flash faults precautions and hazard mitigation ment type, grounding, and working distance. The
methods are classified as before arc fault and after arc working voltage is also used to determine other varia-
fault. In addition, a sample arc flash calculation is bles.
performed for a simple power system using ETAP. The equations have other variables that account for
grounding, equipment type, and construction. This
2. ARC FLASH CALCULATION method can also determine the impact of certain cur-
METHODS rent limiting low voltage fuses as well as certain types
In this chapter, calculation method, according to of low voltage breakers. It is an improvement over the
IEEE 1584-2002 is explained with details, followed previous work in that the calculations can be applied
by the calculations with Lee Method. A summary over a large range of voltages.
table of methods is shown in Table I.
2.1.1 Determine the Arcing Current
TABLE I: ARC FLASH CALCULATION METHODS According to IEEE 1584-2002, arcing current can
be determined. For calculating the arc flash current,
Arc Flash Calculation Methods equations are shown in Equations 1 and 2 [12];
IEEE 1584-2002, "Guide for Performing Arc Flash Cal- For applications under 1000V;
culations" [12]

Lee, “The Other Electrical Hazard: Electrical Arc Flash log10Ia = K + 0.662 log10Ibf + 0,0966 V + 0,000526 G
Burns” [12]-[13] + 0,5588 V(log10Ibf) – 0,00304 G (log10Ibf) (1)

For applications 1000V and higher;

IEEE 1584-2002 calculates incident energy and
arc flash boundary for: 208 V to 15 kV; three-phase;
log10Ia = 0,00402 + 0.983 log10Ibf (2)
50 Hz to 60 Hz; 700 A to 106,000 A short-circuit cur-
rent; and 13 mm to 152 mm conductor gaps.
where Ia is the arcing fault current [kA], K is the con-
Lee Method calculates incident energy and arc
stant that –0.153 for open configurations or –0.097 for
flash boundary for arc in open air; conservative over
box configurations, Ibf is the bolted fault current for
600 V and becomes more conservative as voltage in-

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International Journal of Advances in Computer and Electronics Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2019, pp. 1– 9

three-phase faults (symmetrical RMS) [kA], V is the TABLE III: TYPICAL WORKING DISTANCE (D)
system voltage [kV], G is the gap between conductors
[mm] Typical working
Classes of Equipment
distance [mm]
2.1.2 Determine the Incident Energy 15 kV switchgear 910
Arc flash incident energy calculation is very im-
portant for arc flash hazard analysis. For calculating 5 kV switchgear 910
the arc flash incident energy, equations are are shown
in Equations 3 and 4 [12]; Low-voltage switchgear 610
First find the log10 of the incident energy normalized.
This equation is based on data normalized for an arc Low-voltage MCCs and panelboards 455
time of 0.2 seconds and a distance from the possible
arc point to the person of 610 mm. Cable 455

log En = K1 + K2 + 1.081 log Ia + 0.0011 G (3) to be determined

Other
En = 10logEn in field
*typical working distance is the sum of the distance
where En is the incident energy normalized for time between the worker standing in front of the equipment to
and distance [J/cm2], K1 is -0,792 (for open configu- the potential arc source inside the equipment
rations) or -0,555 (for box configurations), K2 is 0 (for
ungrounded or high resistance grounded system) or - TABLE IV: DISTANCE FACTOR (x)
0,113 (for grounded systems), G is the gap between
conductors [mm] System Typical gap
Equipment Distance
Then, incident energy formula is given below; voltage between con-
type factor (x)
[kV] ductors [mm]
Open air 10-40 2,000
(4)
Switchgear 32 1,473
where E is the incident energy [J/cm2 ], Cf is the cal- 0,208-1
MCC and
culation factor (for V> 1kV: 1, for V<1kV: 1,5), En is 25 1,641
panels
the incident energy normalized for time and distance
[J/cm2], t is the arcing time [seconds], D is the dis- Cable 13 2,000
tance from the possible arc point to the
person [mm], x is the distance factor Open air 102 2,000
Tables for typical bus gap (G), typical working
distance (D) and distance factor (x) is given in Table >1-5 Switchgear 13-102 0,973
II, Table III and Table IV, respectively.
Cable 13 2,000
TABLE II: TYPICAL BUS GAPS (G)
Open air 13-153 2,000
Typical bus
Classes of Equipment
gaps [mm] >5-15 Switchgear 153 0,973

15 kV switchgear 152 Cable 13 2,000

5 kV switchgear 104
2.1.3 Determine the Arc Flash Boundary
Low-voltage switchgear 32 The flash boundary is the distance from an arcing
fault where the incident energy is equal to 1.2 cal/cm2.
Equation 5 is for determining the arc flash boundary.
Low-voltage MCCs and panelboards 25 [12]

Cable 13

Other not required (5)

where DB is the distance of the boundary from arcing
point [mm], Cf is the calculation factor (for V>1kV ;

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International Journal of Advances in Computer and Electronics Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2019, pp. 1– 9

1, for V<1kV; 1,5), En is the incident energy major part as shown in Table V, such as before arc
(cal/cm2) normalized for time and distance [J/cm2 ], V fault and after arc fault.
is the system voltage [kV], EB is the incident energy at
the boundary distance [J/cm2] (5 J/cm2 ), t is the arcing TABLE V: ARC FLASH HAZARD REDUCTION METHODS
time [seconds], x is the distance factor from Table III,
Ibf is the bolted fault current for three-phase faults Before Arc After Arc
(symmetrical RMS) [kA] Arc Effect Reduction and
Arc Prevention Methods
Protective Methods
2.2 Lee Method Arc Prediction Methods Arc Elimination Methods
For many years, the Lee Method has taken its place
in the literature as the only method for arc flash cal- 3.1 Before Arc
culations. Its biggest limitation is that it does not in- Arc flash faults can damage electrical equipment
clude a method of finding arc current, which is very and personnel, this damage might have destructive
important for cases under 1000 V. In addition, it does effect. Therefore, firstly arc faults preventions pre-
not provide a calculation method within the arcs cautions should be taken, secondly with using devel-
formed in the closed environment, it is another disad- oping technology like sensors arcs should be pre-
vantage especially for calculations in systems above 1 dicted and prevented.
kV. This method should be use where the IEEE 1584
Method is not suitable, such as those in open air and
3.1.1 Arc Prevention Methods
applications in more than 15 kV [12]-[13].
Arc prevention methods are quite important for
electrical systems. These can be summarized in under
2.2.1 Determine the Incident Energy following titles; education, design, high resistance
For cases where voltage is over 15 kV, or gap is grounding, insulated or bare conductor, maintenance,
outside the range of the model, Lee Method should be determining the working distance and warning labels.
use for determining the incident energy with follow- For determining the working distance; boundaries
ing Equation 6; are explained shortly according to NFPA 70E 2015
[17]. These values can also be determined according
to tables in NFPA 70E 2015. Boundaries are in Figure
(6)
1 and sample warning label is on Figure 2 shown.
Arc Flash Boundary: When an arc flash hazard ex-
where E is the incident energy [J/cm2], V is the system
ists, an approach limit at a distance from a prospective
voltage [kV], t is the arcing time [seconds],
arc source within which a person could receive a se-
D is the distance from the possible arc point to the
cond-degree burn if an electrical arc flash were to
person [mm] (Table II), Ibf is the bolted fault current
occur. A second-degree burn is possible by an expo-
for three-phase faults (symmetrical RMS) [kA]
sure of unprotected skin to an electric arc flash above
the incident energy level of 5 J/cm2 (1.2 cal/cm2).
2.2.2 Determine the Arc Flash Boundary Limited Approach Boundary: An approach limit at
According to Lee Method Arc Flash Boundary can a distance from an exposed energized electrical con-
be calculated with following Equation 7;
ductor or circuit part within which a shock hazard
exists.
Restricted Approach Boundary: An approach limit
at a distance from an exposed energized electrical
(7) conductor or circuit part within which there is an in-
creased likelihood of electric shock, due to electrical
where DB is the distance of the boundary from arc-
arc-over combined with inadvertent movement, for
ing point [mm], V is the system voltage [kV], Ibf is the
personnel working near the energized electrical con-
bolted fault current for three-phase faults (symmet-
rical RMS) [kA], t is the arcing time [seconds], EB is ductor or circuit part.
the incident energy at the boundary distance [J/cm2]
(5 J/cm2). 3.1.2Arc Prediction Methods
Arc prediction methods are important as much as
3. ARC FLASH HAZARD REDUCTION arc prevention methods. In some situations, arc could
happen even if you take all necessary precautions.
METHODS
Arc flash faults hazards prevention and mitigation Therefore, if you could able to predict it, just before it
happens, you can minimize the risk and hazards of the
methods are presented in this section of the paper. For
better classification; these methods are explained in 2 arc flash. Arc flash can be detected by analysis of
phase currents, based on zero sequence voltage or

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International Journal of Advances in Computer and Electronics Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2019, pp. 1– 9

current differential and sensor technologies such as

RF Antenna, piezoelectric sensor, ultraviolet sensor,
Rogowski coil, thermal sensor, chemical analyzers,
light sensor, etc. A sample sensor-based protection is
shown on Figure 3.

Figure 3: An example of a light and overcurrent detection-

Figure 1: Limits of approach [17] based arc-flash protection system. [18]

The hazard of the arc could be measured according

to arc incident energy in that point. So, the calculation
of the arc flash incident energy is for evaluating
needed safe working distances and personal protective
equipment (PPE) for employees. Arc flash energy is
mainly dependent on voltage, distance, arc current
and arcing time. The main factors that can be changed
in practice are arc current and arcing time. Because
the system voltage and working distance are not easily
changeable factors. Therefore, arc effect reduction
and protective methods can be summarized as fol-
lows:

-reducing or limiting arc current methods

-reducing arcing time methods
-using special protective equipment for arc faults
-using personal protective equipment (PPE)
Figure 2: sample of arc flash warning label [1]
3.2.2 Arc Elimination Methods
We can say that there are basically three different
3.2 After Arc equipment or technologies that extinguish the arc;
Even if you take all necessary preventive precau- fuses, breakers and arc eliminators. It’s obvious that
tions, and try to predict and prevent the possible arc, fuses and breaker are really important for system’s
arc flash faults can happen quite often. Therefore, protection especially for arcing time.
methods for minimizing arc flash fault hazard after it The arc eliminators are equipment that extinguish
happened, getting more important. the arcs very quickly by creating a parallel short cir-
cuit. Additionally, it mitigates the pressure wave
3.2.1 Arc Effect Reduction and Protective Methods
which happens after arc. Arc eliminators are not
Preventive or predictive measures cannot eliminate
widely used because they are defined as optional to
the risk of all arc faults. Direct human interaction or provide a high level of protection in the IEC 62271-
equipment malfunction may still lead to serious faults. 200 standard. [11]
That is the reason, why arc effect reduction and pro-
tective methods are significant.

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International Journal of Advances in Computer and Electronics Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2019, pp. 1– 9

with each other. The numerical results are given in

Table VI.
From the Table VI, it can be seen that; on scenario
2 when the generator is connected to the system, it has
a significant effect on short circuit current conse-
quently to arc current and arc flash incident energy.
Especially on Bus 4, short circuit current is %53 and
arc fault current is %52 increased. On the other hand,
on Bus 10, short circuit current is %13,6 and arc fault
current is %11,4 increased. The change on arc fault
current has also caused a change on the arc flash inci-
dent energy, so incident energy is changed on Bus 4
from 1,55 cal/cm2 to 2,85 cal/cm2 and on Bus 10 from
4,45 cal/cm2 to 5,01 cal/cm2. The increase of an arc
flash incident energy means more damage to equip-
ment and personnel. Therefore, arc flash boundary is
also changed on Bus 4 from 103,63 cm to 140,81 cm
and on Bus 10 from 88,08 cm to 93,26 cm.
TABLE VI: COMPRASION TABLE ACC. TO SCENARIO
AND LOCATION

Scenario 1 Scenario 2
(Gen. is not con- (Gen. is con-
nected) nected)

3-phase
short circuit Bus 4 Bus 10 Bus 4 Bus 10
Figure 4: PPE levels and appropriate equipment [1] location

4. ARC FLASH ANALYSIS ON SAMPLE 3-phase

SYSTEM short circuit 4,7 38,91 7,2 44,24
A sample system is selected from industry and an- current [kA]
alyzed with ETAP Software. (Electrical Power Sys-
tem Analysis & Operation Software) for arc flash cal- Arc fault
4,62 19,66 7,03 21,92
culations. current [kA]
This system is connected to 154 kV power grid
Arc flash
through 6 MVA 10/34.5 kV and 100 MVA 34,5/154 incident
kV Transformer. 1,55 4,45 2,85 5,01
energy
From 10 kV Bus, there is a 7.5 MVA Generator [cal/cm2]
connection. Additionally, there are five Distribution PPE
Transformers 10/0.4 kV which have different loads 1 2 1 2
Level
connected.
Arc flash
The single-line diagram of the system can be seen boundary 103,63 88,08 140,81 93,26
on Figure 5. [cm]

Two scenarios for arc flash calculations are taken into Additionally, it’s obvious that in different points
account at simulations; arc flash levels are distinctive. For instance, even if
Scenario 1: Generator is not connected from Bus 4, so Bus 10 has 0,4 kV, it has PPE level 2, because of high
loads are just fed from Power grid. fault current on low voltage part.
Scenario 2: Generator is connected from Bus 4 and According to scenario 2, when the Bus 4 and Bus
around 3 MVA power supplied to the system. 10 are faulted, arc flash analyses are realized, arc flash
According to these different scenarios, 3 phase level, incident energy, fault clearing time (FCT) and
short-circuit fault and arc flash analyze on Bus 4 and arc current are presented on Figure 6. Sources contri-
Bus 10 are realized and obtained results are compared bution to the arc current can be seen as well.

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Figure 5: System’s single-line diagram

Figure 6: Arc flash analyze when Bus 4 and Bus10 are faulted in scenario 2

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International Journal of Advances in Computer and Electronics Engineering

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5. CONCLUSION and Electronics Engineering (IJACEE), Volume 2, Issue 9,

pp. 1-7, Sep 2017
In this paper, arc flash calculation methods are pre-
sented. Also, arc flash hazards prevention and reduc- [7] Fidan Pelin, Huseyin Akdemır, Kekezoglu Bedrı, Adıyıl
tion methods are explained. Additionally, arc flash Ismaıl, (2018), “Quality Problems in Railway Transportation
Systems”, International Journal of Advances in Computer and
analyses are simulated on sample system according to Electronics Engineering (IJACEE), Volume 3, Issue 7, pp. 1-
different operational scenario with ETAP. After that, 8, July 2018
results have been compared in varied locations ac- [8] Kumpulainen Lauri, Dahl S., Ma J., (2008), “Mitigation of
cording to separate scenarios. Arc-Flash Hazards and Reduction of Costs by Selective Arc-
In these analyses, its observed that Generator con- Flash Protection”, China International Conference on
tribution to the fault current is quite high; which can Electricity Distribution (CICED2008), pp 1-7
increase the short circuit current and arc fault current. [9] Hughes Bob, (2016), “Arc Flash Detection Prevents
As a result of these, arc flash incident energy on Bus 4 Catastrophic Damage”, IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop
is %83 and on Bus 10 is %12 increased in scenario 2. (ESW), pp 1-5
Moreover, arc flash boundary on Bus 4 %35 and on [10] Walsch Peter, Price Michael, (2016), “MV Controllable Fuses
Bus 10 %5 increased as well. Installed to Reduce Arc Flash on Transformers Secondary”,
IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW), pp 1-6
As explained in the paper, arc flash hazard analysis
is quite important, therefore correct calculation [11] Kay, John A., Kumpulainen, Lauri, (2013), “Maximizing
method should be used, related measures should be protection by minimizing arcing times in medium voltage
systems”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol:49, No:4, pp 1920-
taken accordingly. Because, arc flash faults have sig- 1927, July/August 2013
nificant effect on personnel and equipment. It’s really
important for stability, energy continuity, human life [12] IEEE Std 1584™, (2002), IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-
Flash Hazard Calculations, IEEE.
and economy.
[13] Lee Ralph, (1982),” The Other Electrical Hazard: Electric Arc
Blast Burns”, IEEE Transaction on industry applications, Vol:
6. FUTURE WORK IA-18, No:3, pp. 246-251, May/June 1982,
As a future work, new analyses according to vari-
[14] Doughty Richard. L., Neal Thomas E. and Floyd Landis H.,
ous fault types, fault locations and operation modes (2000), “Predicting Incident Energy to Better Manage the
are planned with solution suggestions. Electrical Arc Hazard on 600 V Power Distribution Systems”,
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John P., (2010), “DC-Arc Models and Incident-Energy
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Bara Adela, Oprea Simona, (2018), "Arc-Flash Risk Level 1810-1819, Sep/Oct 2010
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Flash Hazard in Distribution System with Distributed
Generation”, 2016 International Electrical Engineering
Congress (iEECON2016), pp 377 – 380 Authors Biography
[4] Khan Abeera, Aman Mohammed, (2018), “Investigation of
the effects of critical incident energy parameters using Serhan Baykul, received
ETAP® to reduce arc flash hazards”, 1st International his bachelor’s degree in
Conference on Power, Energy and Smart Grid (ICPESG), pp electrical engineering from
1-6
Yildiz Technical Univer-
[5] Kesavamoorthy Thangavelu, Sasiraja M. Rajamanickam, sity, Turkey, in 2016. Pres-
Muthulakshmi Karuppasamy, (2018), “Optimal Nodal Power ently, he is working on
Requirements towards Loss Minimization and Stability Automotive Industry and
Enhancement under Reverse Power Flow Constraint Defining doing his M.Sc. in Gradu-
DG Type”, International Journal of Advances in Computer
ate School of Science and
and Electronics Engineering (IJACEE), Volume 3, Issue 1, pp
1-9, Jan 2018
Engineering, Department of
Electrical Engineering,
[6] Rajaram P. Saraswathi, Murugan Athimoolam, Jegadeesan Yildiz Technical University, Turkey. His research interests
Mallanchettiar, Mahalakshmi Mahadevan, (2017), are electrical power systems, renewable energy and electri-
“Augmentation of Power System Stability through Optimal
cal vehicles.
Reactive Power Control using Artificial Bee Colony
Algorithm”, International Journal of Advances in Computer

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Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2019, pp. 1– 9

Dr. Oktay Arikan, is

working as a lecturer at the
Electrical Engineering De-
partment of Yildiz Tech-
nical University, Turkey.
He received his BSc, MSc
and PhD degrees all in
electrical engineering from
Yildiz Technical Univer-
sity, Turkey in 2001, 2003,
and 2009, respectively. His
research interests are power systems analysis, high voltage
engineering and power quality

Cite this paper:

S. Baykul, O. Arikan, “Arc Flash Faults Calculations, Hazard
Analysis and Reduction Methods”, International Journal of
Advances in Computer and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 4,
No. 3, pp. 1-9, March 2019.

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