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2nd Lab

1. Long bones have a hollow tubular structure which provides maximum resistance to loads with minimal material. This distribution of mass away from the central axis allows bones to better withstand bending and torsional forces. 2. The cross-sectional area of long bones directly influences their strength. Bones with a larger cross-sectional area, like the tibia, can withstand higher stresses than bones with a smaller area, like the fibula. 3. The length of bones impacts the magnitude of bending moments they experience. Longer bones are subjected to greater bending moments and tensile/compressive stresses.

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49 views7 pages

2nd Lab

1. Long bones have a hollow tubular structure which provides maximum resistance to loads with minimal material. This distribution of mass away from the central axis allows bones to better withstand bending and torsional forces. 2. The cross-sectional area of long bones directly influences their strength. Bones with a larger cross-sectional area, like the tibia, can withstand higher stresses than bones with a smaller area, like the fibula. 3. The length of bones impacts the magnitude of bending moments they experience. Longer bones are subjected to greater bending moments and tensile/compressive stresses.

Uploaded by

ahmad mobarki
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biomechanics 311PHT Page |1

Structural properties of bones:

1-Specific architecture of long bones


Long bones are hollow tubular structure with little mass near their
centers and most masses are at extreme outer fibers, this will help to:

a- Provide bone with maximum resistance to load with minimum material.

b- Enable the bone to distribute stresses more than solid cylindrical


structure of equal mass. As torsion and bending stresses are affected by
distribution of mass at a distance from the central axis, so a hollow
cylindrical structure can withstand various loading modes such as bending
and torsional loading.
Biomechanics 311PHT Page |2

2- Cross sectional area of the long bones


Tensile and compressive strength are directly proportional to the
cross-sectional area. As a result, thick bone as the tibia can withstand
higher stresses than a bone with small cross-sectional area as the fibula.
When the two bones are subjected to the same amount of load, the fibula
will fail first because of its less cross-sectional area and less mass
distribution about the center.

The following figure represents the significance of the specific geometrical


features of long bones (tubular shapes and cross sectional area).

A Is a solid cylindrical structure.

B Is a hollow structure that has the same cross section and the same mass
as A.

C Is a hollow structure that has twice cross-section and twice mass than B.

From the figure:

*On referring to tubular shape

-B, and C provide bone with maximal resistance and with minimum
material than A.

-B, and C are stronger in bending and torsional loads than A.


Biomechanics 311PHT Page |3

*On referring to cross sectional area

-C is stronger than A and B.

The following figure shows distal and proximal cross sections of a


tibia subjected to torsional loading. Although the proximal section of tibia
has slightly smaller bony area than does the distal section, it has much
higher polar moment of inertia because much of the bone tissue is
distributed at a Distance from neural axis. The distal section while it has a
larger bony area, is subjected to much higher shear stress. Clinically
torsional fractures of the tibia commonly occur distally.

3- Length of bones:

The longer the bone, the greater the magnitude of the bending
moment caused by application of force. The bending moment for the longer
beam is twice that for the shorter beam, Long bones are subjected to high
bending moments and high tensile and compressive stresses.
Biomechanics 311PHT Page |4

4- Action of skeletal muscles:

Muscles function to reduce bending stress in the bone. They act as


"guy wires" to reduce bending. In performing this function, the muscles
increase the compressive stress in the bone. This is considered as an
advantage, since bone, like most hard materials, has a greater resistance to
fracture in compression than in tension.

The effect of muscle function can be appreciated in a tibia subjected


to three point bending, as is the condition of the leg of a skier who is falling
forward, subjecting his tibia to a bending moment. In this situation, high
tensile stress is produced on the posterior aspect of the tibia, and high
compressive stress acts on the anterior aspect. Contraction of the calf
muscles produces a high compressive stress on the posterior aspect
neutralizing the high tensile stress and thereby protecting the tibia from
failure in tension.

Muscle contraction produces a similar effect in the hip joint. During


locomotion, bending moments are applied to the femoral neck and tensile
stress is produced on the (superior cortex. Contraction of the gluteus
Biomechanics 311PHT Page |5

medius muscle produces compressive stress that neutralizes this tensile


stress.

5- Shape of articulating surfaces of bones


Joint is a point of a stress relief Like in the bridge, articulations
reduce bending in each section of the roadway of the bridge, during
movement. especially when landing from a jump, forces are transferred
from one bone to the next via the joints. A large contact area between bones
results in less pressure on the ends of the bones, So large ends are
advantageous. Much of the material forming the enlarged ends of bone is
spongy, which absorbs energy during impact.
Biomechanics 311PHT Page |6

In addition, the shape of the articulating surfaces influences the


Stability of the joints and their ability to withstand any load. For example,
ball and socket joints as the hip joint are more stable and can withstand
higher loading than less stable joint as the knee joint. However, joints still
have weak points when the articular surfaces are in the loose packed
position. They are liable to dislocation. On the other hand when the
articular surfaces are in the close packed position the joints can withstand
higher stresses.

6- Weak points of bone


The bone is anisotropic material, i.e. it is not homogenous and not
elastic in all directions and exhibits different mechanical properties when
loaded in different directions.
Biomechanics 311PHT Page |7

When bones are subjected to load that may cause failure. The failure
occurs at the site of the weak points such as a) curvature as in the clavicle,
b) twisting as in middle 1/3 of the humerus, junction between the middle
and lower 1/3 of the tibia, c) angle: as the angle of the ribs and neck-shaft
angle of the femur.

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